Article(id=1198656216634327164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673452800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-12, revisedDate=1677427200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711512001, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1697040000000, pubDateStr=2023-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711512001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711512001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711512001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656209390764948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='10', pageStart='2835', pageEnd='3150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1697040000000', pubDateStr='2023-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711510274, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711659007, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656833280897540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656209390764948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2970, endPage=2978, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656216948899993, articleId=1198656216634327164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of IRE1α inhibitors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), a widespread transmembrane protein in mammals, is an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) receptor. Among the three signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the IRE1α pathway is the most conservative. And there is a growing body of evidence that the occurrence and development of tumors is closely related to the over-expression of IRE1α. Therefore, the study of the IRE1α inhibitors is of great significance to the discovery of new anti-tumor drugs and has been attracting more and more attention. In the hope of providing ideas for the research of targeting IRE1α for cancer therapy, this paper reviewed the data of representative IRE1α inhibitors, including inhibitory activity, the mechanism of action, structural characteristics, and so on.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wei FENG, Ya-fei XIE, Dong-dong HUA, Hui SHI, Lei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui SHI, Lei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656220807659867, articleId=1198656216634327164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=IRE1α抑制剂的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肌醇需求酶1α (inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha, IRE1α) 是一种内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER stress) 感受器, 广泛表达于哺乳动物中。IRE1α通路在未折叠蛋白反应(unfoided protein response, UPR) 的3条信号通路中是最保守的。研究表明, IRE1α过表达与肿瘤的发生、发展有着密切的联系, 因此, IRE1α抑制剂的研究对新型抗肿瘤药物的发现有着重要的意义。本文综述了具有抗肿瘤活性的IRE1α抑制剂, 并从作用机制、结构特点、抑制活性等方面进行了总结, 希望为靶向IRE1α治疗肿瘤的研究提供思路。

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*石慧, E-mail: ;
刘磊, E-mail:
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IRE1α抑制剂的研究进展
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冯伟 , 谢亚非 , 华东东 , 石慧 * , 刘磊 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(10): 2970-2978
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (10) : 2970 -2978
IRE1α抑制剂的研究进展
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冯伟, 谢亚非, 华东东, 石慧* , 刘磊*
作者信息
  • 天津药物研究院有限公司, 天津市新药设计与发现重点实验室, 天津 300301
通讯作者:
*石慧, E-mail: ;
刘磊, E-mail:
Research progress of IRE1α inhibitors
Wei FENG, Ya-fei XIE, Dong-dong HUA, Hui SHI* , Lei LIU*
Affiliations
  • Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
出版时间: 2023-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0042
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肌醇需求酶1α (inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha, IRE1α) 是一种内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER stress) 感受器, 广泛表达于哺乳动物中。IRE1α通路在未折叠蛋白反应(unfoided protein response, UPR) 的3条信号通路中是最保守的。研究表明, IRE1α过表达与肿瘤的发生、发展有着密切的联系, 因此, IRE1α抑制剂的研究对新型抗肿瘤药物的发现有着重要的意义。本文综述了具有抗肿瘤活性的IRE1α抑制剂, 并从作用机制、结构特点、抑制活性等方面进行了总结, 希望为靶向IRE1α治疗肿瘤的研究提供思路。

内质网应激感受器  /  未折叠蛋白反应  /  IRE1α  /  IRE1α抑制剂  /  抗肿瘤

Inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), a widespread transmembrane protein in mammals, is an endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) receptor. Among the three signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the IRE1α pathway is the most conservative. And there is a growing body of evidence that the occurrence and development of tumors is closely related to the over-expression of IRE1α. Therefore, the study of the IRE1α inhibitors is of great significance to the discovery of new anti-tumor drugs and has been attracting more and more attention. In the hope of providing ideas for the research of targeting IRE1α for cancer therapy, this paper reviewed the data of representative IRE1α inhibitors, including inhibitory activity, the mechanism of action, structural characteristics, and so on.

endoplasmic reticulum stress receptor  /  unfolded protein response  /  IRE1α  /  IRE1α inhibitor  /  anti-tumor
冯伟, 谢亚非, 华东东, 石慧, 刘磊. IRE1α抑制剂的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2970 -2978 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0042
Wei FENG, Ya-fei XIE, Dong-dong HUA, Hui SHI, Lei LIU. Research progress of IRE1α inhibitors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (10) : 2970 -2978 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0042
癌症是全球疾病和死亡的主要原因之一, 严重危害了人类健康。为了克服传统化疗药物的局限性, 近几年发展了精准靶向肿瘤细胞研发药物治疗癌症的策略。有研究表明, 内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER stress) 所产生的未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR) 与肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药性密切相关[1]。肌醇需求酶1α (inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha, IRE1α) 信号通路是UPR中最保守的信号通路[2]。因此, 针对该靶点的研究备受关注。
内质网是一种动态的“营养敏感”细胞器, 负责蛋白质的合成与修饰, 同时还参与葡萄糖代谢、钙的储存与调节和脂质稳态的维持。一些外源性或内源性的因素会导致不正确折叠的蛋白在内质网中累积, 从而引起内质网应激, 最终破坏内质网的正常生理功能[3]。为了缓解内质网应激, 内质网触发了一种适应性反应—UPR[4]。UPR有3个主要的内质网压力应激感受器, 分别是IRE1α、双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK) 和活化转录因子6 (activating transcription factor 6, ATF6)[2]。这3个内质网应激感受器的内质网管腔域通常与内质网伴侣蛋白(binding immunoglobulin protein, Bip) 结合, 使其处于非活性状态, 当发生内质网应激时Bip解离, 从而引发UPR (图 1)[5]
IRE1α通路是UPR的3条通路中最保守的信号通路, 广泛表达于哺乳动物中。它是一种Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白, 由3部分结构域组成: ①内质网管腔域: 与内质网腔内的BiP结合, 可以感知未折叠蛋白; ②胞质激酶结构域; ③胞质核糖核酸内切酶(endoribonuclease, RNase) 结构域[6]。当内质网应激发生时, 内质网内累积的未折叠或错误折叠蛋白质与IRE1α竞争性结合BiP, 导致IRE1α和BiP解离, 解离后的IRE1α发生磷酸化。磷酸化的IRE1α通过3种途径发挥其功能[2, 7]: ①促进剪接型X盒结合蛋白1 (spliced X-box binding protein 1, XBP1s) 的表达。IRE1α在磷酸化之后诱导构象变化, 激活其RNase结构域, 以催化XBP1 mRNA中26个核酸的内含子的切除, 再通过连接酶重新连接, 转化为一种活性转录因子—XBP1s。XBP1s能够通过上调内质网应激相关基因的表达, 增强内质网折叠和降解蛋白质的能力, 从而缓解内质网应激; ②通过激活RNase结构域, 从而引发调节型IRE1α依赖的衰减(regulated IRE1α-dependent decay, RIDD) 过程, 降解多种与内质网相关的mRNA, 该过程也能够导致细胞凋亡的发生; ③结合TNF受体相关因子2 (TRAF2), 激活凋亡信号调节激酶1/c-Jnk氨基末端激酶信号通路, 引发细胞凋亡(图 2)。
肿瘤细胞在缺氧、缺乏营养或致癌因子表达等因素的作用下通过IRE1α信号通路的XBP1 mRNA的剪接或者RIDD, 从而促进肿瘤的发生、发展和产生耐药性[1], 同时IRE1α也在肿瘤免疫中发挥重要作用[8]。目前, 多种策略已被用来开发有效的IRE1α抑制剂以达到抗肿瘤的作用。IRE1α RNase活性对于细胞在应激条件下的适应能力至关重要。在IRE1α信号通路中XBP1 mRNA的剪接和RIDD的发生均与RNase结构域的激活有关, 因此可通过抑制IRE1α RNase的活性以达到抗肿瘤的作用。在已报道的IRE1α抑制剂中, 根据结合于不同结合位点可分为: ①作用于RNase结构域的共价抑制剂; ②作用于激酶结构域的变构抑制剂; ③作用于RNase区域的二聚体界面的抑制剂。
目前直接作用于RNase结构域的抑制剂研究较多的是共价抑制剂, 该类共价抑制剂均含有一个共同的羟基芳基醛(hydroxy-aryl-aldehyde, HAA) 片段。该片段与IRE1α RNase结构域内特定的亲核残基(Lys907) 通过Schiff反应形成稳定的亚胺键。HAA类抑制剂能有效地抑制IRE1α RNase活性, 从而防止内质网应激诱导的XBP1 mRNA的裂解。
水杨醛类似物是最早发现的HAA抑制剂(图 3)[9]。水杨醛类似物是选择性的IRE1α RNase抑制剂, 在体内和体外均具有活性。在使用毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin, Tg) 作为应激源的条件下, 在HEK293细胞中测试了化合物3-乙氧基-5, 6-二溴-水杨醛(1) 和3-甲氧基-6-溴-水杨醛(2) 的活性, 发现呈剂量依赖性抑制XBP1的形成。同时, 将化合物12与其他的应激源[二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DDT) 和衣霉素(tunicamycin, Tm)] 同时加入到骨髓瘤细胞系人多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM) 1中, 发现化合物均可抑制XBP1的剪接, 并且发现在内质网应激剂处理前、期间或之后添加化合物均可以抑制XBP1的剪接。此外, 通过体内研究发现, 小鼠在注射化合物2之后, 肝脏和肾脏中XBP1的剪接均受到80%的强烈抑制。
通过高通量筛选, Cross等[10]发现了双环的IRE1α RNase抑制剂3 (4µ8c, 图 3)。该抑制剂可以阻断底物进入IRE1α的活性位点, 并选择性地抑制XBP1的剪接和IRE1α介导的mRNA降解(IC50 = 4.6 μmol·L-1)。在细胞实验中发现, 与IRE1-4µ8c复合物在体外的稳定性相比, 在交换培养基后, 化合物3介导的XBP1的剪接的抑制作用迅速恢复, 同时结合对hIRE1α蛋白进行的分子动力学研究证实了化合物3对IRE1α RNase活性的抑制作用是可逆的。
MKC8866 (4) 是选择性IRE1α RNase抑制剂(图 3), 在RNase催化位点内与IRE1α结合, 并抑制XBP1的剪接和RIDD活性。在乳腺癌细胞中化合物4通过抑制IRE1α RNase活性从而减少致癌因子[IL-6、IL-8和colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF)] 的生成, 从而抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖[9, 11]。目前化合物4已进入临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期阶段, 拟用于晚期实体瘤、特发性肺纤维化治疗和乳腺癌(临床编码: ORIN1001)。
Xiao等[12]报道了化合物4和AZD1775在TP53突变的卵巢癌细胞中具有协同作用。AZD1775是WEE1激酶的选择性小分子抑制剂, 在TP53突变的卵巢癌患者中显示出了良好的抗肿瘤活性。他们通过使用AZD1775处理的OVCAR8细胞进行了RNA测序(RNA-seq) 分析和蛋白质印迹分析技术发现了AZD1775在TP53突变的卵巢癌细胞中会触发UPR。基于这一结果, 评估了抑制IRE1-XBP1通路是否会增强AZD1775对TP53突变的卵巢癌细胞的抗肿瘤作用。用固定比例的AZD1775和化合物4 (1∶2.5) 以一系列浓度处理细胞。在OVCAR8和HOC7细胞中, AZD1775和化合物4联合给药比单独使用任何一种药物表现出更强的细胞活性抑制作用。
Vieri等[13]报道了靶向BCR-ABL1和IRE1α诱导费城阳性急性淋巴细胞(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL) 白血病的合成致死。有研究表明BCR-ABL1会影响IRE1α的功能, 导致与正常B细胞前体相比, BCR-ABL1阳性的急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞中XBP1的表达和活性增加[14]。基于这一研究, Vieri等[13]研究了使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(尼洛替尼) 和IRE1α抑制剂(化合物4), 通过同时抑制BCR-ABL1和IRE1α来评估对费城阳性(Ph+) ALL的疗效。首先通过人费城阳性的ALL细胞系SUP-B15和TOM-1进行了滴定试验确定化合物4和尼洛替尼的疗效范围, 分别为30和0.5 μmol·L-1。之后以SUP-B15和TOM-1为模型, 检测了尼洛替尼和化合物4联合使用对细胞增殖的生物学效应。用羧基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE) 染色的细胞显示, 单药化合物4或尼洛替尼后增殖率没有显著降低, 联合靶向时增殖率显著降低。
Sanches等[15]报道了化合物5 (MKC9989)、化合物6 (OICR464) 和化合物7 (OICR573) 这三个化合物结合于IRE1α蛋白的晶体结构(PDB ID: 4PL3、4PL4和4PL5)。它们能够抑制小鼠和人IRE1α RNase活性, 但对酵母IRE1α RNase的抑制活性较低。同时其抑制活性随着与IRE1α的预孵育时间增加而增强(图 3)。通过对3个晶体结构的分析总结出HAA类抑制剂的共有结合模式(图 4): ① HAA醛基和Lys907的胺基之间形成的Schiff碱共价键相互作用; ② HAA羟基与Tyr892侧链之间的氢键相互作用; ③ HAA芳香环与Phe889和His910侧链的π-π堆叠作用。同时, 以8 (MKC3437) 为骨架进行了构效关系分析验证了该结合模式, 为该类可逆共价抑制剂的改造奠定了基础(图 5)。
Papandreou等[16]基于表型筛选得到了抑制剂15 (STF-083010, 图 6)。在生理条件下, 化合物15发生水解使醛基暴露出来, 从而发挥活性。它能在内质网应激后抑制IRE1α RNase活性, 而不影响其激酶活性。将RPMI 8226 MM细胞作为皮下肿瘤的异种移植物在小鼠中造模。当肿瘤平均体积达到150 mm3时, 2组小鼠(每组5只小鼠) 分别给予30 mg·kg-1化合物15或空白药物治疗, 每周1次, 连续2周。结果表明, 单独腹腔注射化合物15 (第1天, 第8天) 可显著抑制这些肿瘤的生长。
Tang等[17]合成了一类新的三环骨架的HAA抑制剂16 (图 6), 能够有效抑制XBP1的表达并诱导细胞凋亡。为了优化化合物16的细胞活性, 同时提高化合物的水溶性, 合成了化合物17。化合物17抑制小鼠慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL) 细胞的生长的能力优于化合物16。选择了携带肿瘤的小鼠(CLL细胞占外周血中淋巴细胞的大部分), 每周前5天给小鼠腹腔注射50 mg·kg-1的化合物17, 持续治疗3周, 明显观察到外周血中CLL细胞衰退。通过免疫印迹分析, 证实了化合物17抑制了小鼠外周血中收集的CLL细胞中XBP1s的表达。同时发现注射化合物17对小鼠没有明显的不良反应或毒性。通过液质分析, 证明了化合物17结构中的1, 3-二噁烷保护部分能够增强细胞对药物的摄取, 一旦进入细胞, 就会分解为具有生物活性的醛基, 从而发挥IRE1α RNase抑制活性。
2019年与Tang同实验室的Shao等[18]报道了一种独特的前药策略, 可用于精确控制IRE1α抑制剂的活性。首先通过先导化合物的优化发现了具有强荧光的化合物D-F07, 同时在D-F07的羟基上引入光不稳定的片段, 最终得到了化合物18 (PC-D-F07, 图 6)。这种对羟基的化学修饰可以显著稳定1, 3-二噁烷缩醛保护基团, 从而允许特定刺激介导的抑制活性控制。在光激活后, D-F07上暴露出的羟基触发1, 3-二噁烷缩醛的缓慢分解, 从而发挥抑制IRE1α RNase的活性。
2022年Shao等[19]报道了同时具有内质网应激诱导和XBP1s抑制作用的IRE1α RNase抑制剂19 (TC-D-F07, 图 6), 基于D-F07的结构基础在羟基上连接二硝基苯磺酰基(Dns), 具有强吸电子性的Dns基团稳定了邻位的1, 3-二噁烷缩醛。相对于正常细胞, 含有巯基片段的谷胱甘肽(GSH) 和半胱氨酸(Cys) 在癌细胞的表达水平更高, 而Dns基团容易与巯基发生反应, 因此在肿瘤细胞中化合物19能更容易转化为前药D-F07。同时, 在细胞实验中发现了Dns与硫醇(GSH和Cys) 的加合物可以诱导内质网应激, 导致肿瘤细胞中XBP1s的表达增加。但是, 随着D-F07逐渐分解为具有活性的IRE1α抑制剂, 最终抑制了肿瘤细胞的XBP1s活性, 与其他未引入Dns片段的类似物相比, 化合物19可以导致更严重的细胞凋亡。正是由于TC-D-F07具有内质网应激诱导和XBP1s抑制的双重作用, 与单独或联合诱导内质网应激并抑制XBP1s活性的化合物相比, TC-D-F07抑制剂在肿瘤细胞中表现出更高的细胞毒性。
该类变构抑制剂属于Type Ⅱ激酶抑制剂, 结合于ATP结合位点, 选择性地稳定ATP结合位点的非活性构象。它们能够通过与ATP结合位点和邻近的变构位点接触来阻断自磷酸化和RNase活性。
Wang等[20]首次报道了化合物20 (KIRA3)。即使是在内质网应激期间也可以抑制XBP1 mRNA的剪接(IC50 = 3.12 μmol·L-1), 随后在化合物20的基础上发展了抑制激酶的核糖核酸内切酶衰减剂(kinase-inhibiting RNase-attenuators, KIRAs)。为了确定哪些片段能够影响KIRAs的活性, Feldman等[21]以化合物20为基准, 进行了系统的构效关系研究(图 7): ① R1代表烷基, 其中R1为1-甲基环丙基时活性最高(kinase IC50 = 1.3 ± 0.1 μmol·L-1, RNase IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.1 μmol·L-1); ② R2代表含有取代基的芳环, 和萘环相比, R2为3-氟苯基时, 化合物保持了亚微摩尔活性(kinase IC50 = 0.85 ± 0.05 μmol·L-1, RNase IC50 = 0.39 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1); ③ R3代表含有3-或4-取代的苯基氨基, 但只有当R3为3-氟苯基氨基时显示出与化合物17相同的活性(kinase IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1, RNase IC50 = 0.22 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1); ④对R4进行结构研究, 当R4为脲基团时, 表现出最佳的活性。
KIRAs为Type Ⅱ激酶抑制剂结合于ATP结合位点, 选择性地稳定ATP结合位点的非活性构象(DFG-out构象), 如图 8A所示, 当这类Ⅱ型抑制剂与蛋白激酶的DFG-out形式结合时, 芳基-脲部分的芳基占据了一个疏水口袋, 该口袋是在DFG-基序的Phe侧链运动时形成的, 同时脲基团作为一个连接体与DFG基序的主链形成氢键[20]。因此也验证了上述构效关系的研究。
Harrington等[22]基于高通量筛选出的先导化合物(25) 进行结构优化, 最终得到了选择性和活性均较好的化合物26 (KIRA8, IRE1 Enz IC50 = 0.013 μmol·L-1 and XBP1 IC50 = 0.099 μmol·L-1, 图 7)。相比较于先导化合物, 化合物26对JNK3的选择性显著性提高。如图 8B所示, 化合物26与hIRE1复合物的晶体结构(PDB ID : 6URC) 表明: 磺酰胺基团与DFG基序的Asp711和Phe712形成两个氢键, 与Lys599 (3.0 Å) 接近表明磺酰胺NH在结合态脱质子化; 2-氨基嘧啶片段可以与Cys645形成氢键; 哌啶基团具有立体选择性, 可以与Glu651形成盐桥[23]
化合物27 (GSK2850163, 图 9)[24]是在高通量筛选中发现的一类新骨架。在骨髓瘤细胞系中, 能够呈剂量依赖性地抑制RNase (IC50 = 200 nmol·L-1) 和激酶活性(IC50 = 20 nmol·L-1)。但其选择性不高, 对PERK激酶活性也具有抑制作用。通过对化合物27结合于IRE1α蛋白的晶体结构(PDB ID: 4YZ9, 图 10A) 分析发现其以一种不寻常的方式结合在激酶口袋中: 该配体采用U型构象, 并与氨基酸残基Glu612和Lys599的侧链发生相互作用; 并且只有R对映体符合配体的电子密度, 并显示出RNase的抑制活性。化合物27在激酶口袋的结合也被观察到诱导整个IRE1的构象变化, 导致二聚体界面的改变, 特别是, RNase结构域之间的距离增加(~4 Å), 共同破坏其mRNA的剪接能力。
Colombano等[25]报道具有双重抑制作用的咪唑并吡嗪骨架(28, 图 9)。如图 10B所示(PDB ID: 6HX1), 咪唑并吡嗪环与Cy645、苯并吡唑环上的NH与Tyr628发生相互作用。结合化合物28与IRE1蛋白的结合示意图, 通过结构优化合成了活性最佳的化合物29, 对IRE1α激酶(IC50= 160 nmol·L-1) 和RNase (IC50 = 80 nmol·L-1) 的抑制活性均具有纳摩尔水平。通过抑制剂探针与重组人蛋白和脂质激酶结构域的结合证实了化合物2829具有广泛的激酶选择性(在1 μmol·L-1浓度下测试了针对455种野生型和突变型重组人蛋白和脂质激酶), 相比较于最初筛选的化合物28, 化合物29对激酶的选择性有了明显提高(由26/455中达到 > 70%抑制提升为4/455中达到 > 70%抑制)。
Beveridge等[26]通过高通量筛选得到了氨基喹唑啉骨架的BRaf激酶抑制剂(30), 能够靶向IRE1α。在此基础上进行结构优化以期提高化合物的活性和选择性, 最终筛选出了化合物31 (图 9), 表现出良好的抑制IRE1α RNase的活性(提高了约10倍, IRE1α RNase IC50值由0.200 μmol·L-1变为0.022 μmol·L-1), 并且对BRaf的抑制活性降低了大约50倍(BRaf Ki值由0.0023 μmol·L-1变为0.11 μmol·L-1)。如图 10C所示(PDB ID: 6XDD), 与KIRA8类似, 磺酰胺基团与DFG基序的Phe712形成氢键, 与Lys599 (4.0 A) 接近; 氨基喹唑啉片段可以与Cys645形成氢键; 二氨基环己烷具有立体选择性, 可以与Glu651形成盐桥。值得注意的是, 二氨基环己烷Glu651形成盐桥的相互作用是提高IRE1α的选择性的关键(因为在BRaf中此处为His539, 不能形成该作用)。
Amarasinghe等[27]针对IRE1α RNase区域的二聚体界面进行了虚拟筛选, 从FDA批准药物的数据库中筛选出了4个具有抑制IRE1α RNase活性的化合物32~35 (neomycin、pemetrexed、quercitrin和rutin)。这些化合物可以避免与靶向IRE1α激酶结构域时发生的选择性相关的问题, 以及靶向RNase结构域的共价抑制剂所带来的脱靶效应。他们用HEK293T细胞测试活性化合物的IRE1磷酸化和用体外荧光测定IRE1α RNase活性均显示亚微摩尔的活性(图 11)。
IRE1α信号通路的过度激活与肿瘤的发展和产生耐药性等密切相关, 靶向抑制IRE1α可用于抗肿瘤药物的研发。近年来IRE1α抑制剂的研发取得了较大的进展, 目前已有药物进入临床阶段(ORIN1001)。IRE1α有3个主要的结合位点, 包括激酶结构域、RNase结构域和二聚体界面, 对于结合于激酶结构域、RNase结构域的抑制剂虽然具备抗肿瘤活性, 但仍有潜在的脱靶风险、选择性等问题。对于结合于二聚体界面的抑制剂可以避免与靶向IRE1α激酶结构域时发生的选择性相关的问题, 但报道较少。对于UPR的3个感受器的选择性问题是在研究IRE1α抑制剂过程中不可忽略的, 比如化合物24在抑制IRE1α通路时也会抑制PERK, 长期使用这种化合物会产生显著的不良反应, 包括体重减轻和轻度糖尿病[28]; 此外, 对于其他激酶的选择性也是应该关注的问题, 比如化合物25经过结构优化之后对于其他激酶的选择性有了显著的提高。IRE1α共价抑制剂能够通过与IRE1α RNase结构域内特定的亲核残基形成共价键从而有效地抑制IRE1α RNase活性, 与其他共价抑制剂相同, 虽然能够减少药物给药剂量, 但其可能发生脱靶作用, 会带来不可逆转的伤害, 因此, 在之后的研究中应关注其潜在脱靶风险。最后, 目前大多的研究都是通过抑制IRE1α的活性来达到抗肿瘤的目的, 但也有研究表明, 诱导IRE1α的过度激活将促进稳态转化为促进细胞死亡, 因此可能是癌症治疗的一种替代策略[29]。因此, 对于抑制剂或激动剂的选择以及二者之间是否存在联系是之后应该关注的问题。
由于IRE1α信号通路调节多种肿瘤的发展和化疗耐药性有关, 如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、MM、白血病和胶质母细胞瘤[30, 31], 已经有许多尝试通过联合使用IRE1α抑制剂来改进现有的临床治疗, 比如化合物4和尼洛替尼联合诱导费城阳性急性淋巴细胞白血病的合成致死; 化合物4在体内外与临床前列腺癌药物(恩杂鲁胺) 有协同作用[31]。因此, 对于IRE1α抑制剂与现有药物的联合治疗是之后研究的选择之一。
利用蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interactions, PPIs) 来进行药物设计是药物研发过程中使用的策略之一, 比如运用小分子直接阻断Keap1-Nrf2蛋白-蛋白相互作用来治疗氧化应激和相关疾病; 干扰MDM2-p53蛋白与蛋白的相互作用以达到抗肿瘤的目的[32, 33]。在IRE1α信号通路中多处涉及PPIs, 比如自身的寡聚化、与Bip的结合和IP3受体的PPIs, 这些相互作用都可能用于开发PPI抑制剂或稳定剂[34]。在之后的抑制剂研究中, 研究者可以通过调节涉及IRE1α的PPIs来重新编程其功能。
蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimeras, PROTAC) 技术广泛应用于药物的研发中[35, 36]。其中就包括应用于与IRE1α酶活性相似的跨膜蛋白[37], 基于具有较多高亲和力的IRE1α配体, 因此, 将PROTAC应用于IRE1α也是之后药物研发的选择之一。
作者贡献: 冯伟、谢亚非、华东东共同参与了文章的撰写; 石慧提供了修改意见; 刘磊提供了撰写思路, 并参与了文章的修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。

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2023年第58卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0042
  • 接收时间:2023-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-12
  • 修回日期:2023-02-27
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    天津药物研究院有限公司, 天津市新药设计与发现重点实验室, 天津 300301

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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