Article(id=1198656148388803440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673193600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-09, revisedDate=1680451200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495730, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495730, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2632, endPage=2639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656150720836484, articleId=1198656148388803440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates and their research progress in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The morbidity and mortality of gastrointestinal malignancies are the highest in the world. For patients with poor response to conventional chemotherapy, new treatment methods are urgently needed. In recent years, under the background of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with high tumor specificity and potent toxicity have become a hot research spot in the field of biomedicine. However, due to the complex structure and mechanism of ADCs, its pharmacokinetic research is facing great challenges which are the biggest resistance to the development of ADCs at present. In this case, it is of great significance to understand the pharmacokinetic properties of ADCs and make use of it to improve the efficacy of ADCs in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Based on the basic composition and mechanism of ADCs, this review summarizes the pharmacokinetic properties of ADCs, discusses its recent advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies, in order to provide more references for follow-up research on ADCs.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wan-ting BAI, Jin-ping HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jin-ping HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656152268534757, articleId=1198656148388803440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗体偶联药物的药代动力学特征及其在消化道系统癌症治疗中的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

消化道系统癌症的发病率和致死率位于世界前列, 对于传统化疗放疗效果不佳的患者, 亟需新型的治疗手段。近年来, 在精准医疗的时代背景下, 抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs) 因其同时具有抗体的精准靶向优势和细胞毒性药物的高效杀伤优势而成为了生物医药领域炙手可热的研发产品, 获得了长足发展。然而由于ADCs复杂的基本结构及作用机制为其药代动力学研究带来了诸多困难与挑战, 是目前ADCs发展的最大阻力。因此, 全面深入地了解ADCs的药代动力学特性并加以改善利用对提升其在消化系统癌症治疗中的疗效具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文将从ADCs的基本结构组成及作用机制、药代动力学特性及其在消化系统癌症治疗中的研究进展做一较为翔实的介绍, 为ADCs的进一步研发提供参考。

, authors=null, authorsList=白婉婷, 扈金萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=扈金萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*扈金萍, Tel: 86-10-50927172, E-mail:
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Lancet, 2017, 389: 56-66., articleTitle=Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960227824529868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656148388803440, doi=10.1593/neo.10476, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=650, pageEnd=658, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Neoplasia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=McClaine RJ, Marshall AM, Wagh PK, et al. Ron receptor tyrosine kinase activation confers resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer cell lines[J]. 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Species Pharmacokinetic information
Antibody Characterize the expression of targets in vivo and unintended off-target binding
ADC Evaluate the stability of the linker to reflect the stability of ADC
Determine the influence of conjugation site on the pharmacokinetic properties of ADC
Determine the DAR and drug load distribution of ADC
Cytotoxic payload Characterize whether metabolites inhibit or promote CYP450, leading to potential drug-drug interaction
P-gp substrate or inhibitor
), ArticleFig(id=1198960219960210119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656148388803440, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Various studies characterizing the pharmacokinetic properties of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). DAR: Drug-antibody ratio

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Pharmacokinetic information
Antibody Characterize the expression of targets in vivo and unintended off-target binding
ADC Evaluate the stability of the linker to reflect the stability of ADC
Determine the influence of conjugation site on the pharmacokinetic properties of ADC
Determine the DAR and drug load distribution of ADC
Cytotoxic payload Characterize whether metabolites inhibit or promote CYP450, leading to potential drug-drug interaction
P-gp substrate or inhibitor
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抗体偶联药物的药代动力学特征及其在消化道系统癌症治疗中的研究进展
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白婉婷 , 扈金萍 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(9): 2632-2639
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (9) : 2632 -2639
抗体偶联药物的药代动力学特征及其在消化道系统癌症治疗中的研究进展
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白婉婷, 扈金萍*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
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*扈金萍, Tel: 86-10-50927172, E-mail:
Pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates and their research progress in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies
Wan-ting BAI, Jin-ping HU*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0019
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消化道系统癌症的发病率和致死率位于世界前列, 对于传统化疗放疗效果不佳的患者, 亟需新型的治疗手段。近年来, 在精准医疗的时代背景下, 抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs) 因其同时具有抗体的精准靶向优势和细胞毒性药物的高效杀伤优势而成为了生物医药领域炙手可热的研发产品, 获得了长足发展。然而由于ADCs复杂的基本结构及作用机制为其药代动力学研究带来了诸多困难与挑战, 是目前ADCs发展的最大阻力。因此, 全面深入地了解ADCs的药代动力学特性并加以改善利用对提升其在消化系统癌症治疗中的疗效具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文将从ADCs的基本结构组成及作用机制、药代动力学特性及其在消化系统癌症治疗中的研究进展做一较为翔实的介绍, 为ADCs的进一步研发提供参考。

抗体偶联药物  /  消化道系统癌症  /  药代动力学  /  肿瘤靶向治疗

The morbidity and mortality of gastrointestinal malignancies are the highest in the world. For patients with poor response to conventional chemotherapy, new treatment methods are urgently needed. In recent years, under the background of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with high tumor specificity and potent toxicity have become a hot research spot in the field of biomedicine. However, due to the complex structure and mechanism of ADCs, its pharmacokinetic research is facing great challenges which are the biggest resistance to the development of ADCs at present. In this case, it is of great significance to understand the pharmacokinetic properties of ADCs and make use of it to improve the efficacy of ADCs in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Based on the basic composition and mechanism of ADCs, this review summarizes the pharmacokinetic properties of ADCs, discusses its recent advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies, in order to provide more references for follow-up research on ADCs.

antibody-drug conjugate  /  gastrointestinal malignancy  /  pharmacokinetics  /  tumor targeted therapy
白婉婷, 扈金萍. 抗体偶联药物的药代动力学特征及其在消化道系统癌症治疗中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2632 -2639 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0019
Wan-ting BAI, Jin-ping HU. Pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates and their research progress in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2632 -2639 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0019
消化系统癌症是癌症家族中最庞大的一支。临床研究数据表明, 食管癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌和肝癌等消化道癌症约占癌症发病总数的70%。并且, 由于消化系统癌症的高度异质性以及转移复发率极高, 平均中位生存期仅有7.5~12个月[1], 临床预后效果很差。
传统化疗方案所使用的细胞毒性药物因为不能区分快速分裂的健康细胞和癌细胞而导致严重的不良反应, 如脱发、呕吐、疲劳和贫血。自科勒和米尔斯坦发现杂交瘤技术以来, 高度特异性的单克隆抗体成为了靶向治疗中最具吸引力的药物。然而, 虽然单抗抗癌药物能够改善患者预后, 但部分患者的生存率和总体治愈率仍然较低且不可避免地会出现获得性耐药的问题[2]。因此, 探索新型高效、安全的治疗方法迫在眉睫。
在德国化学家Paul Erlich提出的“Magic bullets”概念的启发下, 研究人员将抗体和高效力的细胞毒性药物通过连接子偶联起来, 抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADCs) 应运而生。与抗体疗法相比, ADCs携带的细胞毒性药物能够显著增强抗体的效力[3]。与单一的化疗方案相比, ADCs的靶向性好、不良反应小、血清中循环时间长、治疗效果更好。因此, ADCs成为了生物医药领域炙手可热的研发产品。截至目前, 除了美国食品和药品管理局(FDA) 已批准上市的trastuzumab deruxtecan (DS-8201a) 和维迪西妥单抗(RC48) 外, 全球还有超过30种用于治疗消化系统癌症的ADCs正处于基础及临床研究中, ADCs进入了黄金发展时代[4-6]。然而, 由于ADCs复杂的结构组成及作用机制, 其体内药代动力学研究仍然面临着很大的难度和挑战, 体现在吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等过程中[7], 是目前ADCs发展最主要的限制因素。因此, 全面深入地了解ADCs的药代动力学特性并加以改善利用对提升其在消化系统癌症中的疗效至关重要。本文将从ADCs的基本结构组成和作用机制出发, 对ADCs的药代动力学特性及其在消化系统癌症中的研究进展进行全面阐述, 为ADCs的进一步研发提供参考。
ADCs由与肿瘤表面抗原特异性结合的抗体、高效的细胞毒性药物和稳定的化学连接子三个部分组成。抗体需要具有高靶点亲和力, 最小化的免疫原性和适宜的循环半衰期。细胞毒性药物通过干扰微管蛋白合成和诱导DNA损伤引起肿瘤细胞的凋亡。连接子是抗体和细胞毒性药物间的桥梁, 必须保证其在血液循环中十分稳定而经内化进入肿瘤细胞后又能够快速释放细胞毒性药物。除了上述ADCs的三个部分之外, 细胞毒性药物和抗体这两个部分之间的比例即ADCs的药抗比(drug-antibody ratio, DAR) 对于ADCs的疗效和安全性也有着举足轻重的影响。若ADCs的DAR值过小, 肿瘤细胞中细胞毒性药物浓度过低, 会使其药效不足。相反, 若ADCs的DAR值过大, 单个抗体上所连接的细胞毒性药物含量过高会大大增加ADCs脱靶毒性的风险, 其空间位阻效应还可能干扰抗原抗体的正常结合, 影响ADCs在肿瘤细胞中的内化。因此, 在药物的分子设计中, 要根据ADCs的生物活性、小分子药物的细胞毒性及肿瘤细胞的靶点表达量综合考量, 选择最佳的DAR值, 以期达到最好的治疗效果。
ADCs的抗肿瘤作用机制为: ADCs特异性识别靶细胞表面的抗原, 由网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入细胞, 和溶酶体融合酶解连接子, 释放细胞毒性药物, 引起靶细胞的凋亡。由于肿瘤细胞的高通透性, 疏水的细胞毒药物也能够通过细胞膜扩散, 从而导致邻近的肿瘤细胞的凋亡, 即旁观者效应[8]。旁观者效应是ADCs在靶抗原表达异质性肿瘤中发挥药效的重要推助力[9, 10]。此外, ADCs的抗体部分还能够和效应细胞(如巨噬细胞、T细胞、B细胞) 结合, 诱导抗肿瘤免疫反应的产生, 进一步增强ADCs的药效。
ADCs复杂的结构组成和作用机制大大增加了其在人体内产生免疫原性、脱靶毒性以及较低药效的可能。因此, 为确保ADCs的安全性和有效性, 其稳定性、体内分布、代谢和排泄等药代动力学研究就显得尤为重要。
ADCs最主要的两个部分抗体和细胞毒性药物在分子量和空间体积上差距悬殊。就分子量而言, 抗体约为细胞毒性药物的150倍[11]。因此, ADCs的整体药代动力学行为和抗体高度一致, 既具有与抗体相关的积极属性, 包括清除慢、半衰期长、分布量小、组织特异性强。但也保留了一些不理想的特性, 包括口服生物利用度差, 肌肉或皮下给药后吸收不完全, 免疫排斥反应强烈及治疗窗口相对狭窄[12]
此外, 受到化学工艺的限制, ADCs通常是由抗体、细胞毒性药物以及不同DAR值的抗体药物偶联物组成的混合物。药物和抗体结合的比例以及结合位点的不同导致了ADCs的异质性。例如trastuzumab emtansine和brentuximab vedotin两种ADCs的DAR值都在0~8之间, 均一性较差[13]。与此同时, ADCs进入体内后, 经过酶解以及受到体内复杂环境的影响, 细胞毒性药物还会不同程度地从抗体上解离下来, 进一步增加了ADCs在体内的异质性[14]。这种动态变化的多样性是ADCs在药代动力学研究过程中的最大的障碍。连接子的稳定性、抗体的代谢、沉积及清除特性、ADCs的分布, 以及不同DAR值的ADC的定量分析, 都在ADCs的药代动力学分析范畴内[15]表 1总结了各种类型的研究, 用以表征ADCs的药代动力学特性。
ADCs的结构在生物系统中的稳定性可直接对ADCs的治疗窗口及安全性产生影响[5, 14, 16]。在先导候选药物的选择和开发的过程中, 对ADCs的稳定性进行详尽的体内外评估具有重要意义。
药物连接子是ADCs稳定性的关键决定因素, 一直是ADCs技术发展的重点。第一代ADCs如gemtuzumab ozogamicin中使用的腙类早期连接剂不稳定, 导致ADCs在到达目标组织之前, 细胞毒性药物在体循环中快速释放。第二代ADCs使用更加稳定的化学连接子, 被设计成为可裂解的, 如brentuximab vedotin中使用的二肽连接剂; 或者不可裂解的, 如trastuzumab emtansine中的硫醚连接剂[17, 18]。具有可裂解连接子的ADCs主要通过解偶联来释放细胞毒性药物, 而具有不可裂解的连接子的ADCs则需要抗体分解代谢才能释放细胞毒性药物[17, 19]
改良连接子能够有效地增强ADCs的稳定性。早期的ADCs多采用maleimide chemistry的方法, 通过形成硫代琥珀酰亚胺键将药物连接到抗体上的半胱氨酸残基上。硫代琥珀酰亚胺能发生马来酰亚胺消除反应, 并将药物连接子与反应性硫醇转移到血浆的其他成分上[20], 破坏ADC分子的稳定性。连接子中琥珀酰亚胺的水解可以防止马来酰亚胺的转移。根据这一点, Lyon等[21]设计了一种新型的药物连接子, 其基本氨基与马来酰亚胺结合, 可在中性pH和室温条件下催化环水解, 在完全水解后, 形成了高度稳定的ADC。除了稳定马来酰亚胺外, 还有其他的共轭化学方法, 例如使用乙酰胺连接子, 也能够使ADC在血液中不被降解, 稳定存在长达14天[22]
抗体与药物偶联之后会影响抗体的稳定性, 例如曲妥珠单抗与伊美坦辛偶联后, 平均半衰期从28.5天缩短至6天。这可能是由于偶联会引入更多的疏水化学基团到单抗导致较低的胶体稳定性和更大的ADC聚集潜力。因此, 具有较高DAR值的ADCs更倾向于聚集形成高分子量的粒子[23, 24]。对抗体偶联位点进行特异性修饰以实现抗体和细胞毒性药物的定点偶联能够有效增加ADCs的稳定性。Kristensen等[25]使用内切糖苷酶S2对曲妥珠单抗进行糖基化修饰, 使其能够和p-SCN-Bn-去铁胺定点偶联。结果显示, 与随机偶联产生的ADCs相比, 位点特异性偶联产生的ADCs的体外稳定性和肿瘤摄取率更强, 免疫反应性更低。
ADCs的分布与抗体相似, 给药初期主要分布在血管中, 分布体积即为血浆体积[26]。ADCs的分子量大, 扩散缓慢, 在血流量较大的组织, 如肝脏、肺、肾脏和皮肤中分布较高。此外, 靶抗原的表达水平及可达性、抗原抗体的亲和力、细胞内化速率、不同的DAR值以及转运蛋白都会进一步影响ADCs的分布[27, 28]。高DAR值的ADCs导致的严重的肝毒性和转运蛋白导致的ADCs的药效降低是ADCs在分布层面所面临的主要问题。
高DAR值的ADCs可能会导致严重的肝毒性。这是由于高DAR值的ADCs的疏水性更强, 更容易引起聚集和免疫原性的产生, ADCs和抗药抗体(antidrug antibody, ADA) 结合后形成的复合物被肝脏摄取并清除, 同时在肝脏中释放出大量的细胞毒性药物, 造成严重的肝损伤[21]。Herbertson等[29]在对ADC药CMD-193的生物分布研究中证明了这一点, 和亲本抗体hu3S193相比, CMD-193在血液中的清除速率更快, 肿瘤细胞中的分布减少, 大部分的CMD-193集中在肝脏中。针对严重的肝毒性问题, Yurkovetskiy等[30]使用亲水性的聚合物fleximer作为连接子构建了新型ADC, 使其在DAR值高达20的情况下, 仍然具有较长的血清半衰期, 大部分的ADC聚集在肿瘤细胞中, 不会造成肝损伤。Li等[31]则使用双表位抗体通过增加抗原抗体的亲和力来强化肿瘤细胞对于ADC的捕获。
外排转运蛋白P-gp能够将细胞毒性药物泵出到肿瘤细胞外, 从而导致ADCs的疗效降低[32-34]。研究表明, 几类代表性的ADCs的细胞毒性载荷, 如美登素类衍生物和澳瑞他汀类衍生物等微管蛋白抑制剂以及多卡霉素和多柔比星等DNA损伤剂都是P-gp转运蛋白的外排底物[35, 36]。由于P-gp的高外排泵出作用, 细胞毒性药物不能够保留在肿瘤细胞中。因此, 在P-gp高表达的细胞中, 以上述细胞毒性药物作为载荷的ADCs的疗效并不理想。大多数报道的P-gp的底物都是疏水性的, 利用这一点, Kovtun等[32]对使用N-马来酰亚胺甲基-环己烷-1-羧酸盐(SMCC) 连接子连接抗体和美登素衍生物DM1的ADC进行了改造, 将疏水性的SMCC换成了亲水性的PEG4Mal连接子, 制备成了一种全新的ADC。结果显示, 新型的ADC在高表达P-gp的靶细胞中呈现出更高的保留率, 由于P-gp的外排作用而导致的多药耐药性大大降低。另外一种改善耐药性的方法是可以选用P-gp的底物药物如地高辛、维拉帕米等, 竞争性抑制P-gp介导的药物外排。此外, 采用新兴的纳米粒技术增加ADCs的组织渗透性以及使用非P-gp底物的细胞毒性药物作为载荷都能够从不同的角度避免ADCs的耐药问题[26]
ADCs的代谢主要分为两个过程: 一个是去耦合过程, 通过酶促化学反应降解偶联抗体或连接子释放出细胞毒性药物, 另一个是分解代谢过程, 即低分子量的细胞毒性药物在体内经过化学修饰的过程, 如CYP450的氧化代谢。抗体蛋白的解离和连接子的裂解同时发生, 以哪种过程为主主要取决于ADCs的DAR值, 偶联方式及连接子的稳定性[37]
ADCs经酶代谢释放出的细胞毒性药物可能也会影响酶的作用。体外实验表明, brentuximab vedotin的细胞毒性载荷MMAE既是CYP3A4和CYP2D6的底物, 同时也是CYP3A5的抑制剂。上述结果提示, 从ADCs上解离下来的细胞毒性药物可能不仅仅局限于对肿瘤的作用, 还会扩散血浆中, 受到CYP450的调节诱导后, 体内暴露量发生变化, 表现出药物-药物相互作用和毒性[20, 38]
完整的ADCs分子由于分子量较大, 不可能通过肾小球的滤过作用进行排泄, 而是被肿瘤或者其他组织通过蛋白水解代谢, 生成的肽片段与氨基酸参与机体的能量供应和新蛋白质的合成。细胞毒性药物则遵从小分子化合物的排泄规律, 代谢产物一般从尿液排出。在ADCs的清除过程中, 最重要的两个影响因素是转运蛋白和ADA。转运蛋白会改变ADCs的细胞毒性药物的清除过程, 而ADA则是导致ADCs清除速率较快的主要原因。
ADCs的代谢物除了经尿液排出外, 还可能通过转运蛋白的介导经胆汁或粪便排出体外。根据临床前的数据显示, 在大鼠静脉注射DS-8201a后, DS-8201a的分解代谢产物主要通过胆汁/尿液的途径清除, 给药后24 h内, 71.5%的代谢物从胆汁排出, 19.8%的代谢物在尿液中被回收, 粪便中的分解代谢产物的量极少仅有1%。体外研究中发现, DS-8201a的细胞毒性载荷DXd是OATP1B1、OATP1B3、P-gp和BCRP的底物, 这可能是绝大多数的代谢物通过胆汁排泄的主要原因[39]。因此, 在ADCs的设计过程中需要对细胞毒性药物和转运蛋白的关系进行考量, 这对明确ADCs的排泄途径至关重要。
ADCs由于偶联了细胞毒性药物, 在抗体的基础上进一步增强了免疫原性。ADCs给药后会诱导机体产生ADA, ADA会作为中和抗体大大提高ADCs的清除速率, 从而降低药效。因此, 目前上市的ADCs的抗体部分主要是人源化的免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 抗体, 其中IgG1是最常用的亚型[40]
早期的ADCs受限于复杂分子结构导致的药代动力学特性未能获得良好的疗效。但随着生物科技的进步, ADCs的药代动力学特性得到改善, 已有多个ADCs在临床上被广泛用于治疗多种类型的肿瘤, 尤其在消化道癌症治疗领域备受瞩目[41-43]。迄今为止, 针对消化系统癌症有良好治疗效果的代表性的ADCs总结, 如图 1所示。
DS-8201a是一种由曲妥珠单抗、酶切四肽连接剂和exatecan的衍生物DXd组成的ADC, 于2021年1月获得FDA的批准用于治疗局部晚期或转移性HER2阳性胃癌或胃食管交界腺癌。DXd是一种较弱的P-gp底物, 因此对于P-gp介导的多重耐药的肿瘤细胞仍然有效。DS-8201a的DAR值约为8, 释放的DXd能够跨膜扩散并进入邻近的细胞, 较高的DAR值使得DS-8201a在HER2低表达的胃癌细胞中也能达到很强的抗肿瘤作用[44]。可酶切的四肽连接子具有足够的亲水性, 保证了DS-8201a即使在高载药量的情况下也不聚集, 在循环中表现出高度的稳定性。此外, 最小的组织特异性滞留和DXd能够以非代谢的形式快速排泄到粪便中也是成就DS-8201a近乎完美的药代动力学特性的关键因素。
DS-8201a在胃癌患者的Ⅰ期临床试验中显示出良好的抗肿瘤效果, 获益显著, 疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR) 达到了94%。FDA对于DS-8201a的批准基于一项开放标签、多中心的Ⅱ期临床试验[45], 该项目共纳入了187例胃癌和胃腺癌患者, 研究结果显示DS-8201a组客观有效率(objective response rate, ORR) 达到了51.3%, 中位总生存期为12.5个月, 均显著优于传统化疗组。总体上, DS-8201a在消化系统癌症的标准化治疗领域显现出了卓越的活性, 随着药物可及性逐渐增强, 相信会为更多的HER2突变癌症患者带来希望。
2021年6月, 国家药品监督管理局宣布我国首个原创性ADC新药-维迪西妥单抗通过优先审评审批程序, 附条件批准以商品名爱地希上市, 适用于至少接受过2种系统化疗的HER2阳性胃癌(包括胃食管接合部腺癌) 患者的治疗。RC48由重组的人源化HER2抗体通过可裂解的缬氨酸-瓜氨酸连接子与微管抑制剂MMAE组成。RC48给药后肿瘤组织中的MMAE的峰值浓度和暴露量均显著高于血清。此外, RC48的DAR值为4, 适宜的DAR值确保RC48在保证疗效的同时, 不会因为ADA的产生而导致ADC的清除率和细胞毒性药物的脱载率增加, 产生全身的不良反应[46]。这些优异的药代动力学特性为RC48的高效力低毒性奠定了基础。
从药效学的角度来看, RC48的表现非常出色。对于HER2过表达的胃癌患者, 既往PD-1单药的有效率低于15%, 抗血管生成药物的实际有效率也不足5%, 但RC48的单臂、开放、多中心临床试验结果表明, 在入组的57例患者中, 所有患者的ORR和DCR分别为21%和49.10%[47]。相比之下, RC48组患者的ORR大幅提高, 同时患者生存期也明显延长。RC48良好的安全性和突出的疗效为曲妥珠单抗耐药的晚期转移性胃癌患者带来了一线生机。
P-cadherin是一种细胞表面糖蛋白, 可介导肿瘤细胞黏附、增殖和侵袭, 在食道癌和胃癌中均有过表达[48]。PCA062是由全人源化anti-P-cadherin抗体(PF-03732010) 通过不可裂解的硫醚连接子与强效的美登素衍生物DM1共价连接组成的ADC。Sheng等[49]前期的实验表明, 可切割的连接子组成的ADC的稳定性较差, 通过脱靶效应在大鼠体内会产生强烈的皮肤毒性。为了增强整体ADC的稳定性, 最终由不可裂解连接子连接而成的PCA062成为临床候选药物。
PCA062血清稳定性良好, 在临床前研究中显现出了强大的抗肿瘤活性。在P-cadherin阳性的食管癌细胞模型中, PCA062在5 mg·kg-1的剂量下单次给药可观察到显著的肿瘤生长停滞或消退等疗效反应, 抑制效果长达86天。同时, PCA062还具有一定的耐受性, 绝大多数不良反应为轻中度且可控[50]。PCA062临床前的安全性和有效性为其Ⅰ期临床试验的开展奠定了基础[51]
肝癌细胞对于化疗药物的高耐药性一直是困扰众多研究者的难题。目前FDA批准的治疗药物索拉非尼和瑞格拉非尼提供的治疗效果有限, 患者的中位生存期只能延长不足3个月, 并且伴有繁多的不良反应。hYP7-DC是一种用于治疗肝癌的ADC, 由anti-GPC3的单抗hYP7和多卡霉素通过双肽连接子连接组成。磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3 (glypican-3, GPC3) 是在细胞膜表面的一种糖蛋白, 在70%以上的肝细胞肝癌中高表达, 从而增加hYP7-DC的靶向分布[52]。此外, hYP7是全人源化的抗体, 降低了整体ADC的免疫原性和清除速率, 使ADC的血浆半衰期得以延长。
hYP7-DC良好的药代动力学特性使其能够高效精准地清除肝癌细胞, 在GPC3阳性的肝癌细胞株(Hep3B)的异种移植瘤模型中, 5 mg·kg-1剂量单次注射hYP7-DC可诱导肿瘤快速减小。此外, hYP7-DC联合吉西他滨使用具有协同增效性。与吉西他滨或hYP7-DC作为单一药物相比, 联合治疗能够将Hep3B异种移植瘤模型小鼠的生存期显著延长2倍[53]。综上所述, hYP7-DC表现出的抗肿瘤活性令人鼓舞, 但其治疗效果仍需进一步的临床试验来验证。
RON受体酪氨酸激酶的异常过表达会破坏结直肠癌中负责细胞生长、侵袭和化疗耐药性的细胞内信号通路的激活, 是良好的抗结直肠癌的药物靶点。单一的RON靶向抗体的肿瘤抑制作用有限, 只能够达到40%~50%的抑制率[54]。Feng等[55]将RON靶向Zt/g4抗体通过硫醚连接与DM1偶联形成了Zt/g4-DM1。和其他临床批准的ADCs一样, Zt/g4-DM1的PK药时曲线符合二室模型的特点, 体内半衰期较长, 清除较慢。Zt/g4-DM1的药代动力学性质稳定, 绝大部分分布在RON高表达的癌细胞中, 选择性强。药效学实验结果表明, 在结直肠癌小鼠异种移植模型中, 15 mg·kg-1的剂量下单次给药后, Zt/g4-DM1可显著抑制肿瘤生长, 抑制作用持续长达20天。Zt/g4-DM1强大的治疗潜力为未来结直肠癌的治疗提供了一种新的策略, 有望实现新的突破。
Trop-2是一种细胞表面糖蛋白, 在胰腺癌细胞中过表达。IMMU-132是通过CL2A将SN-38和人源化的Trop-2单抗(hRS7) 连接起来制成的ADC[56]。IMMU-132的DAR值高达7.6, 高浓度的SN-38有利于旁观者效应的产生, 使得IMMU-132即使在Trop-2低表达的胰腺癌细胞中也能达到很好的效果。高DAR值的IMMU-132没有发生失稳聚集主要得益于其CL2A连接子经过了聚乙二醇的修饰, 亲水性增加, 从而确保了IMMU-132的整体稳定性。
IMMU-132具有良好的抗肿瘤活性, 在Trop-2阳性胰腺癌细胞株(Capan-1) 的小鼠异种移植瘤模型中, 400 μg·kg-1的剂量下每周给药两次, 可观察到显著的肿瘤消退现象。与传统胰腺癌化疗药物伊立替康相比, 在IMMU-132给药组中SN-38及其代谢产物的肠道浓度降低了9倍, 大大降低了患者的胃肠道毒性(主要表现为腹泻) 的隐患。综上, IMMU-132能够在确保抗肿瘤药效的同时降低胃肠道的不良反应, 是一种具有临床研究价值的消化道癌症的靶向ADC[57]。2014年6月, FDA授予IMMU-132治疗胰腺癌的孤儿药资格, 期待后续结果的进一步公布[58]
胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) 是最具侵袭性的癌症之一, 其五年的生存率不足10%。目前传统的化疗手段虽然能够暂时改善PDAC患者的症状, 但PDAC癌细胞会快速对吉西他滨等传统化疗药物产生耐药性, 并且使患者在不到一年的时间内死亡。因此开发一种有效提高PDAC患者生存率的全新治疗方法迫在眉睫。Jin等[59]利用在PDAC细胞膜上具有高表达和定位的MET为靶点, 将高细胞毒性的吡咯并苯二氮䓬类化合物(pyrrolobenzodiazepines, PBD) 和全人源化的anti-MET抗体(hD12) 连接起来制备成了TR1801-ADC。
TR1801-ADC的药代动力学性质优异。首先, PBD不是外排转运蛋白的底物, 因此即使在对传统化疗药物产生耐药性的PDAC癌细胞中也能产生预期的抗肿瘤效果。此外, TR1801-ADC利用非天然氨基酸定点偶联专利技术, 精确控制偶联有效负载, 生成的ADC均一性能达到97%, 稳定性良好。TR1801-ADC的循环终末半衰期长达14天, 血清浓度与总抗体无差, 无显著的脱偶联反应。药效学结果显示, TR1801-ADC能够在PDAC细胞株中诱导特异性的细胞毒性。在胰腺导管腺癌小鼠异种移植模型中, 0.5 mg·kg-1的剂量下单次给药, TR1801-ADC可将肿瘤细胞在三周内完全清除。2019年2月, FDA宣布接受TR1801-ADC的研究性新药(investigational new drug, IND) 申请, 并启动了TR1801-ADC的Ⅰ期临床试验。目前, TR1801-ADC表现出了初步的临床缓解和良好的耐受性, 确切的治疗效果仍需要进一步的临床试验数据的支持。
综上所述, 在精准医学的时代背景下, ADCs作为新兴的靶向治疗消化系统癌症的药物已经获得了长足发展, 但距离最初的设计目标仍然有很长的路要走。ADCs基本结构和作用机制独特, 由此导致的复杂的ADCs体内药动学行为是研究过程中的着力点。对ADCs的药代动力学特性进行全面深入的了解, 并加以改良利用对其在消化系统癌症的治疗中实现高效、低毒、精准的效果具有重要的理论与现实意义。
在当前个体化精准治疗的要求下, ADCs的研究还应该结合更多的临床数据的支持以及精准的疾病分型检测才能够真正意义上应用于临床实践。随着ADCs的不断改良与优化, 我们相信未来ADCs会成为真正意义上的“魔法子弹”, 清除消化系统恶性肿瘤, 为癌症患者带来一线生机。
作者贡献: 白婉婷负责撰写全文, 并进行修改; 扈金萍负责选题, 对文章进行指导并提出合理的修改意见。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0019
  • 接收时间:2023-01-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-09
  • 修回日期:2023-04-03
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 创新药物非临床药物代谢及PK/PD研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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