Article(id=1198628502003090270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1396, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671379200000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-19, revisedDate=1675267200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904317, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904317, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904317, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1347, endPage=1353, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628502284108642, articleId=1198628502003090270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and evaluation of Indigo Naturalis dry suspension based on powder surface modification, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A dry suspension of Indigo Naturalis (IN) based on lactose-IN composite particles was designed by powder modification technology to meet the clinical needs of IN. The contact angle was used as an evaluation index to investigate the effects of the type of modifier lactose, the amount of lactose, and the co-grinding time of lactose and IN on the hydrophilicity of IN. The difference between IN before and after modification was compared through physical properties such as particle size and scanning electron microscope, as well as hydrophilic properties such as surface free energy and multiple light scattering. The optimal process of lactose-IN composite particles is as follows: after lactose is ground alone for 2 minutes, it is co-ground with IN at a ratio of 1∶1 for 6 minutes. The results of the investigation of powder properties show that the particle size d0.9 of IN is reduced from 112.75 μm to 87.30 μm after modification. The BET and Langmuir specific surface areas decreased by 8.661 m2·g-1 and 12.512 m2·g-1, respectively. SEM shows that lactose is attached to the surface of modified IN (MIN); surface element analysis shows that Si, Ca, and Mg elements of MIN are smaller than IN, and O elements are larger. The infrared spectrum shows that the MIN possesses the characteristic peaks of both IN and lactose. Compared MIN with IN, the contact angle and the non-polar surface free energy decreased by 35.1° and 9.975 mJ·m-2, respectively; the polar surface free energy and the surface free energy increased by 36.956 and 26.950 mJ·m-2, respectively. The results of multiple light scattering showed that the light transmittance of MIN was 35% lower than that of IN, and the backscattered light intensity was increased by about 25%. Only one excipient was used to successfully prepare IN dry suspension with good wettability and suspending property, which provided a basis for the development of new preparations of IN.

, correspAuthors=Ding-kun ZHANG, Li HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-jie HUANG, Juan SU, Chun-li GE, Jin XIE, Zhi-ping GUO, Ming YANG, Zhen-feng WU, Ding-kun ZHANG, Li HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628504700027796, articleId=1198628502003090270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于粉体表面改性的青黛干混悬剂制备与评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用粉体改性技术, 设计了一种基于乳糖-青黛复合粒子的青黛干混悬剂, 实现润湿性与沉降性的平衡, 满足青黛饮片临床用药需求。以接触角为评价指标, 考察改性剂乳糖研磨时间、乳糖用量以及乳糖青黛共研时间对亲水改性效果的影响, 并通过粒径、扫描电镜、红外光谱、表面自由能、多重光散射技术等对比改性前后青黛的差异。结果表明乳糖-青黛复合粒子最优工艺为: 乳糖单独研磨2 min后, 以1∶1的比例与青黛共研6 min。青黛改性后粒径d0.9由112.75 μm降至87.30 μm。BET和Langmuir比表面积分别下降8.661和12.512 m2·g-1。SEM显示改性青黛表面附着有乳糖; 表面元素分析显示改性青黛的Si、Ca、Mg元素小于普通青黛, O元素大于普通青黛; 红外光谱显示改性青黛同时拥有青黛和乳糖的特征峰。亲水性考察结果显示改性青黛接触角和非极性分量较未改性青黛分别降低35.1°和9.975 mJ·m-2, 极性分量和表面自由能分别增加36.956和26.950 mJ·m-2。多重光散射结果显示改性青黛透光度较未改性青黛降低35%, 背散射光强增加约25%。本研究仅使用一种辅料成功制备了润湿性与混悬性良好的青黛干混悬剂, 为青黛饮片的临床应用提供了便利。

, correspAuthors=张定堃, 韩丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张定堃, E-mail: ;
韩丽, E-mail:
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(A), modified Indigo Naturalis (MIN) prepared with lactose under different grinding time (B), MIN prepared with different lactose/IN ratio (C) and MIN prepared by different lactose/IN co-grinding times (D). a, b, c, d, e, and f indicate significant differences by Duncan's multiple range test (<sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05), <i>n</i> = 5 , figureFileSmall=UsLDDzOLfWk9Sx0cepQ7OQ==, figureFileBig=DTNRWu8ERAudjmnjQakrXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960130223075785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502003090270, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=20CbEzssMDa4c3HLy5n3kw==, figureFileBig=7vTfqsXOscNFHf6IBWQq2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960130357293527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502003090270, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Dispersion of each sample in water. 1: IN; 2: The physical mixture of lactose and IN; 3: MIN; 4: <i>α</i>-Lactose-IN; 5: 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基于粉体表面改性的青黛干混悬剂制备与评价
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黄胜杰 1 , 苏娟 1 , 葛春丽 1 , 谢锦 1 , 郭治平 2 , 杨明 3 , 伍振峰 3 , 张定堃 1, * , 韩丽 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(5): 1347-1353
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(5): 1347-1353
基于粉体表面改性的青黛干混悬剂制备与评价
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黄胜杰1, 苏娟1, 葛春丽1, 谢锦1, 郭治平2, 杨明3, 伍振峰3, 张定堃1, * , 韩丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.四川厚德医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610041
  • 3.江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

通讯作者:

*张定堃, E-mail: ;
韩丽, E-mail:
Preparation and evaluation of Indigo Naturalis dry suspension based on powder surface modification
Sheng-jie HUANG1, Juan SU1, Chun-li GE1, Jin XIE1, Zhi-ping GUO2, Ming YANG3, Zhen-feng WU3, Ding-kun ZHANG1, * , Li HAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. Sichuan Houde Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1396
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采用粉体改性技术, 设计了一种基于乳糖-青黛复合粒子的青黛干混悬剂, 实现润湿性与沉降性的平衡, 满足青黛饮片临床用药需求。以接触角为评价指标, 考察改性剂乳糖研磨时间、乳糖用量以及乳糖青黛共研时间对亲水改性效果的影响, 并通过粒径、扫描电镜、红外光谱、表面自由能、多重光散射技术等对比改性前后青黛的差异。结果表明乳糖-青黛复合粒子最优工艺为: 乳糖单独研磨2 min后, 以1∶1的比例与青黛共研6 min。青黛改性后粒径d0.9由112.75 μm降至87.30 μm。BET和Langmuir比表面积分别下降8.661和12.512 m2·g-1。SEM显示改性青黛表面附着有乳糖; 表面元素分析显示改性青黛的Si、Ca、Mg元素小于普通青黛, O元素大于普通青黛; 红外光谱显示改性青黛同时拥有青黛和乳糖的特征峰。亲水性考察结果显示改性青黛接触角和非极性分量较未改性青黛分别降低35.1°和9.975 mJ·m-2, 极性分量和表面自由能分别增加36.956和26.950 mJ·m-2。多重光散射结果显示改性青黛透光度较未改性青黛降低35%, 背散射光强增加约25%。本研究仅使用一种辅料成功制备了润湿性与混悬性良好的青黛干混悬剂, 为青黛饮片的临床应用提供了便利。

干混悬剂  /  难溶性  /  青黛  /  超微粉碎  /  粉体表面改性

A dry suspension of Indigo Naturalis (IN) based on lactose-IN composite particles was designed by powder modification technology to meet the clinical needs of IN. The contact angle was used as an evaluation index to investigate the effects of the type of modifier lactose, the amount of lactose, and the co-grinding time of lactose and IN on the hydrophilicity of IN. The difference between IN before and after modification was compared through physical properties such as particle size and scanning electron microscope, as well as hydrophilic properties such as surface free energy and multiple light scattering. The optimal process of lactose-IN composite particles is as follows: after lactose is ground alone for 2 minutes, it is co-ground with IN at a ratio of 1∶1 for 6 minutes. The results of the investigation of powder properties show that the particle size d0.9 of IN is reduced from 112.75 μm to 87.30 μm after modification. The BET and Langmuir specific surface areas decreased by 8.661 m2·g-1 and 12.512 m2·g-1, respectively. SEM shows that lactose is attached to the surface of modified IN (MIN); surface element analysis shows that Si, Ca, and Mg elements of MIN are smaller than IN, and O elements are larger. The infrared spectrum shows that the MIN possesses the characteristic peaks of both IN and lactose. Compared MIN with IN, the contact angle and the non-polar surface free energy decreased by 35.1° and 9.975 mJ·m-2, respectively; the polar surface free energy and the surface free energy increased by 36.956 and 26.950 mJ·m-2, respectively. The results of multiple light scattering showed that the light transmittance of MIN was 35% lower than that of IN, and the backscattered light intensity was increased by about 25%. Only one excipient was used to successfully prepare IN dry suspension with good wettability and suspending property, which provided a basis for the development of new preparations of IN.

dry suspension  /  insoluble  /  Indigo Naturalis  /  superfine pulverization  /  powder surface modification
黄胜杰, 苏娟, 葛春丽, 谢锦, 郭治平, 杨明, 伍振峰, 张定堃, 韩丽. 基于粉体表面改性的青黛干混悬剂制备与评价. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1347 -1353 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1396
Sheng-jie HUANG, Juan SU, Chun-li GE, Jin XIE, Zhi-ping GUO, Ming YANG, Zhen-feng WU, Ding-kun ZHANG, Li HAN. Preparation and evaluation of Indigo Naturalis dry suspension based on powder surface modification[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1347 -1353 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1396
青黛(Indigo Naturalis) 为植物马蓝、蓼蓝或菘蓝的叶或茎叶经加工制得的药物[1], 对于小儿高热、结肠炎等疾病的治疗有确切疗效[2]。由于青黛特殊的物质组成和微观结构, 强疏水性的靛蓝、靛玉红等有机成分大量吸附于碳酸钙表面, 使得青黛呈现出体轻质松状态, 漂浮于水面[3]; 即使在搅拌下, 也很难使青黛浸入水中。为解决润湿性差的问题, 药学工作者通过制粒的方式减少青黛的表面积、增加重力, 能使其浸润入水中, 但颗粒沉降速率过快, 内部润湿不够, 同样影响服药的适口性。
为使青黛更好的应用于临床, 课题组拟将其制备成干混悬剂。干混悬剂能在临用时加水振摇分散成为混悬液[4], 它满足服用前几分钟混悬均匀, 沉降缓慢, 且沉降后不应结块的特点, 也可在复方应用时, 直接加入汤剂中服用。为达到这一要求, 通常在干混悬剂中加入润湿剂、助悬剂、矫味剂、絮凝剂与反絮凝剂等辅料[5]。这些辅料能使混悬液处于较稳定状态, 但辅料的复杂程度也会带来研究过程的复杂性与生产成本的提高, 因此, 在实现药物所需功能时尽量减少辅料的种类与用量非常必要。
本研究拟采用粉体表面改性技术, 构建乳糖包覆于青黛粉末表面的复合粒子, 制备亲水性与混悬性良好的青黛干混悬剂。通过探索乳糖改性的工艺条件, 以及对比改性前后的粉体学性质与制剂学性质差异, 旨在提供一种青黛干混悬剂制备的新方法, 为青黛的临床应用提供便利。
仪器  SYFM-8Ⅱ型振动式药物超微粉碎机(济南倍力公司); OCA20视频光学接触角测定仪(德国Dataphysics公司); Microtrac S3500激光粒度仪(美国麦奇克有限公司); Micromeritics ASAP 2460全自动比表面积及孔隙度测定仪[麦克默瑞提克(上海) 仪器有限公司]; ZEISS GeminiSEM 300扫描电镜及能谱仪(德国卡尔·蔡司股份公司); Thermo Scientific Nicolet 6700傅立叶红外光谱仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪(法国Formulaction公司); ZRS-8GD智能溶出试验仪(天津天大天发科技有限公司); LC-10AVP高效液相色谱仪(日本岛津公司); 优普超纯水制造系统(UPH-Ⅱ-10T, 成都超纯科技有限公司); KQ-500DE型数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 赛多利斯电子分析天平[QUINTIX35-1CN, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京) 有限公司]。
药品与试剂  青黛饮片(雅安迅康, 经成都中医药大学药学院中药炮制教研室许润春副教授鉴定合格, 批号: 20210228); 无水乳糖(山西锦洋药用辅料有限公司, 80目, 批号: 20210303); α-乳糖、直接压片乳糖(镇江市康富生物工程有限公司, 80目, 批号分别为: 20220901、20220619); 无水乳糖与青黛物理混合物(自制, 以1∶1比例轻研混合); 甲酰胺、丙三醇、N, N-二甲基甲酰胺、溴化钾(成都市科隆化学品有限公司, 批号分别为2019022201、2021110201、2022092301、2018092001); 甲醇(成都卓谱仪器有限公司, 批号: 2022092301)。
原辅料接触角测定测定普通青黛与乳糖的接触角以便确定乳糖是否具有高润湿性以改善青黛的疏水性, 并考察不同研磨时间下乳糖的润湿性。取4份300 g无水乳糖置于振动式药物超微粉碎机中(参数为不锈钢柱状介质, 填充率为80%, 振幅5.5 mm), 分别研磨1~4 min。采用视频光学接触角测定仪测定普通青黛与不同研磨时间下乳糖的接触角。测定前将粉体压制成片, 每片0.3 g, 直径12 mm, 测定时选择光滑的下表面为测试面, 测试液选择双蒸水, 每次测试液体积为60 μL, 速率为0.3 μL·s-1。每种粉体测5次[6]
改性青黛制备工艺
改性剂乳糖研磨时间的筛选  取300 g无水乳糖4份, 分别于振动式药物超微粉碎机中研磨1、2、3、4 min, 后加入等量青黛, 分别共研磨6 min, 得4种不同的改性青黛, 测定其接触角。
改性剂乳糖用量的筛选  取研磨2 min后的无水乳糖于振动式药物超微粉碎机中, 分别按照无水乳糖: 青黛为4∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、1∶4的比例加入青黛, 共研磨6 min, 得5种改性青黛, 测定其接触角。
共研时间的筛选  分别取7份无水乳糖于振动式药物超微粉碎机中研磨2 min, 随后加入等量青黛, 分别共同研磨1~7 min, 测定接触角。
不同规格乳糖适用性验证  根据单因素实验结果, 在最佳改性工艺条件下分别采用α-乳糖与直压乳糖为辅料对青黛进行改性, 以验证本研究技术的适用性。分别称取普通青黛、乳糖青黛物理混合物(以下简称“物理混合物”)、改性青黛、α-乳糖-青黛、直压乳糖-青黛各2 g, 缓慢倒入装有60 mL水的烧杯中, 观察状态。
改性青黛前后物理表征
粒度分布测定  采用激光粒度仪测定研磨了2 min的乳糖、改性前后的青黛粉末以及物理混合物的粒度分布。将样品分别置于干法进样器的样品盘中。样品测定时间10 s, 背景时间12 s, 采样信号强度0.5~6.0。
比表面积及孔隙率测定  分别取约1 g的乳糖、改性前后的青黛粉末以及物理混合物, 在25 ℃脱气8 h, 然后在-195.8 ℃下通过N2吸附进行分析。采用全自动比表面积及孔隙率测定仪测定普通青黛与改性青黛的比表面积及孔隙率。
电镜扫描分析  分别取乳糖、改性前后的青黛粉末以及物理混合物各少许于离子溅射装置中, 镀金后扫描电镜观察外观形态特征, 观察四种样品的表面形态差异。
表面元素分析  青黛含O、Ca、Si、Mg等无机元素[7]。利用能谱仪的Mapping模式对各样品选定区域进行面扫描(有效面积为80 mm2, 采集计数 > 200 000 cps, 典型分辨率MnKa 125 eV), 获得元素面分布图像。
红外光谱测定  采用溴化钾压片法分别测定乳糖、改性前后的青黛粉末以及物理混合物在500~4 000 cm-1内的红外光谱。
X射线衍射法  取适量乳糖、普通青黛、改性青黛以及物理混合物进行X射线衍射法分析。测试条件: 扫描范围为10°~80°, Cu-Kα, 扫描速度为1°·min-1, 管电压和管电流分别为30 kV和30 mA, 采用Jade软件对图谱进行分析。
稳定性考察  取适量普通青黛、改性青黛与物理混合物于洁净蒸发皿中, 平铺成小于5 mm厚度的薄层。将样品分别置于高温(60 ℃)、高湿(25 ℃, 湿度90% ± 5%) 以及强光(4500 Lx ± 500 Lx) 条件下, 在第5天和第10天取样进行靛蓝、靛玉红含量测定。
改性前后青黛亲水性考察
接触角  采用视频光学接触角测定仪测定乳糖、改性前后的青黛粉末以及物理混合物的接触角, 测定条件同: “原辅料接触角测定”项下。
极性分量、非极性分量、表面自由能  结合Young方程和Owens-Wendt-Kaelble法测定各样品的极性分量、非极性分量与表面自由能[8]。测定3种已知极性分量$ \gamma_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{p}}$、非极性分量$ \gamma_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{d}}$和液体表面能γL的探测液在固体表面上形成的接触角, 以$ \gamma_{\mathrm{L}}(1+\cos \theta) / 2\left(\gamma_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{d}}\right)^{1 / 2}$$ \left(\gamma_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{p}} / \gamma_{\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{d}}\right)^{1 / 2}$作直线, 由直线斜率和截距可求得$ \gamma_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{p}}$$ \gamma_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{d}}$, 两者相加可得固体表面自由能。
沉降容积比  分别取4 g普通青黛和8 g改性青黛和物理混合物于装有200 mL水中的烧杯中, 通过磁力搅拌器充分搅拌制成混悬液, 各取100 mL混悬液于具塞试管中, 密封, 用力振摇, 记录混悬液原始高度H0, 每2 min记录一次沉降物高度, 沉降体积比按F = H/H0计算, 绘制沉降容积比曲线。
水中分散性考察  分别取0.4 g普通青黛和0.8 g改性青黛和物理混合物缓慢加入装有20 mL去离子水的玻璃瓶中, 分别用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪在恒温25 ℃条件下进行测量。每2 min扫描一次样品, 共扫描30 min[9]
混悬稳定性考察  分别将0.4 g普通青黛和0.8 g改性青黛和物理混合物倒入20 mL去离子水中, 采用磁力搅拌器充分搅拌, 后转移入样品玻璃瓶用Turbiscan Lab稳定性分析仪进行测量。测量参数同上。
色谱条件  色谱柱为Welchrom C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 mm); 检测波长289 nm; 流动相为甲醇∶水(70∶30); 体积流量为1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温为30 ℃; 进样量为10 μL。
指标性成分溶出  按照《中国药品检验标准操作规范》制备人工胃液作为溶出介质, 分别称取10 g普通青黛、改性青黛、物理混合物于150 mL溶出介质中搅拌, 设定转速为100 r·min-1, 温度为37 ℃, 分别于0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3 h取样, 按“色谱条件”下方法测定靛蓝、靛玉红含量。
测定结果见图 1A。由结果可知, 乳糖接触角远远小于青黛接触角, 表明采用乳糖对青黛进行亲水改性具有可行性, 且不同研磨时间下乳糖的亲水性有所差异, 其中乳糖单研2 min时的亲水性与其他时间差异较显著。
不同研磨时间下的乳糖具有不同的接触角, 故筛选乳糖的研磨时间。测定结果见图 1B。乳糖单研1~4 min时, 制备的改性青黛接触角分别为33.64°、31.54°、32.40°和35.28°。接触角随乳糖研磨时间的增加, 出现先减小后增加的趋势, 可能是因为随着乳糖研磨时间的增加, 乳糖粒径逐渐变小, 更易附着在青黛表面。随着乳糖研磨时间延长, 粒径更小, 比表面积越大, 表面能越高, 越容易发生团聚, 导致乳糖研磨4 min时改性青黛的效果有所降低。故选择最佳乳糖研磨时间为2 min。
结果如图 1C所示。由结果可知, 亲水改性效果随乳糖比例的增加而增加, 接触角从42.30°降低到25.56°。当乳糖/青黛比例大于1后, 亲水性增加幅度减小, 且乳糖用量的增加亦会导致成本以及服用量的增加, 因此选择乳糖与青黛1∶1为宜。
结果如图 1D所示。由结果可知, 随共研磨时间的增加, 改性青黛接触角呈先降后增的趋势。当共研时间从1到6 min时, 改性青黛接触角从44.52°降到31.54°, 当共研7 min时, 接触角反而增加为34.22°。这可能与共研磨时间过长导致青黛在乳糖表面的反向包覆有关[6]
结果如图 2所示。普通青黛与物理混合物几乎全部漂浮于液面上而未进入水中, 改性青黛、α-乳糖-改性青黛、直压乳糖-改性青黛则快速浸入水中呈混悬状态, 说明青黛改性后在水中的润湿性与分散性强于普通青黛和物理混合物, 且不同规格乳糖在该改性工艺下均对青黛润湿性有所改善, 即该改性工艺适用于不同规格乳糖。
结果显示, 普通青黛、改性青黛、物理混合物的d0.9分别为112.8、87.3和126 μm, 表明与物理混合物相比, 共研磨后的粒度明显减小。
结果显示, 改性青黛的BET和Langmuir比表面积较普通青黛分别下降了8.661和12.512 m2·g-1, 比表面积的减小降低了颗粒团聚的机会。改性青黛孔径(216.219 Å) 较普通青黛(194.511 Å)、物理混合物(188.986 Å) 大, 孔容则普通青黛最大(0.077 cm3·g-1), 改性青黛为0.039 cm3·g-1, 这提示改性青黛相较于普通青黛拥有更少的微孔数量和更小的孔径容量, 不容易捕获和储存气体分子, 增加了微粒浸入水中的能力。
结果如图 3A所示。由图可知, 乳糖呈致密的晶状结构, 且表面存在由振动磨的剪切作用引起的裂纹; 普通青黛表面粗糙, 疏松多孔; 改性青黛呈附聚物的状态, 表面附着有振动磨共研磨下的乳糖; 物理混合物同时包含有疏松多孔的青黛和较平整的乳糖。
结果如图 3B所示。乳糖O元素接近100%, 改性青黛和物理混合物的O元素为74.15%和76.88%, 大于普通青黛(56.72%)。改性青黛的Si、Ca、Mg元素(2.65%、18.65%、4.54%) 小于普通青黛(3.55%、29.08%、10.64%), 这是由于改性青黛中的乳糖对表面元素的摄取产生了影响, 导致能谱仪所获取的青黛表面的Si、Ca、Mg元素有所下降。
图 3C所示, 普通青黛与乳糖的特征吸收峰存在差异。普通青黛在3 600 cm-1处有特征吸收峰, 而乳糖于2 900、890、910 cm-1处有较尖锐的吸收峰, 此外, 乳糖在2 000~2 200 cm-1处有较宽的吸收峰。改性青黛与物理混合物在上述波长段内均有吸收, 即同时具有青黛和乳糖的特征。
实验结果如图 3D所示, 三种青黛的XRD分析相似, 说明青黛改性后晶相结构并未发生太大改变, 经国际无机晶体结构数据库(ICSD) 卡片定性分析, 检索得到普通青黛、改性青黛与物理混合物中均含物相CaCO3、Ca(OH)2, 而改性青黛与物理混合物中含有C12H22O11
结果表明, 光照对样品有效成分的含量影响最大, 第10天时普通青黛、改性青黛、物理混合物中的靛蓝分别减少0.55%、0.52%和0.5%, 靛玉红分别减少0.05%、0.05%、0.03%。高温对三种青黛的影响较大, 第10天时普通青黛、改性青黛、物理混合物中的靛蓝分别减少0.39%、0.3%、0.44%, 靛玉红分别减少0.02%、0.03%和0.08%。湿度对于三者的影响较小。因此青黛改性后应于阴凉处储存。
结果表明, 改性青黛接触角(31.54°) 小于普通青黛(66.64°) 和物理混合物(62.74°), 即青黛经改性后亲水性增加。
图 4A展示了各探测液的极性分量、非极性分量以及表面自由能, 图 4B为各样品在三种探测液中的接触角。改性青黛在水、丙三醇、甲酰胺中的接触角比普通青黛分别降低了35.1°、18.22°、17.58°, 比物理混合物降低了31.2°、22.34°、13.84°。图 4C为各样品的极性分量、非极性分量以及表面自由能值。与普通青黛相比, 改性青黛的极性分量与表面自由能增加了36.93和26.95 mJ·m-2, 非极性分量降低了9.98 mJ·m-2; 与物理混合物相比, 改性青黛的极性分量与表面自由能增加了33.77和26.10 mJ·m-2, 非极性分量降低了7.67 mJ·m-2。结果表明, 改性青黛亲水性优于普通青黛和物理混合物。
结果见图 5E。实验结果表明改性青黛的沉降容积比小于普通青黛, 故改性青黛混悬液较普通青黛混悬液更稳定。
结果如图 5AB。普通青黛样品瓶底部的透射光强度(T%) 约为100%, 中部和顶部T%约为85%和0%; 物理混合物底部和中部透射光强在90%和70%~80%间, 说明普通青黛和物理混合物绝大多数漂浮于水面而未进入水中。改性青黛样品透光强度在10%~60%间, 这是因为改性青黛在水溶液中能得到很好地分散, 阻碍光束透过玻璃瓶, 故改性青黛样品的透光率较普通青黛低。结果说明, 改性青黛在水中具有更好的分散性。
图 5C中透射光强度变化可知, 顶部透射光强度随时间增加而增加, 说明顶部逐渐变澄清; 由图 5D中背射光散射图可知, 中间部分的背散射光强度随时间延长而减小, 说明中间部分溶液逐渐澄清; 左侧的背散射光强度随时间延长而逐渐增大, 说明溶液底部出现颗粒聚集。普通青黛底部扫描的背散射光, 自第二次就与第一次相差较大, 即普通青黛在两次扫描之间快速沉降, 在之后的扫描中可变化范围变小; 改性青黛和物理混合物底部的背散射光强从第一次扫描开始之后逐渐增大, 且改性青黛的变化程度较物理混合物小, 表明改性青黛在数次扫描间逐渐沉降, 故背散射光强逐渐增加。同理, 普通青黛中部的背散射光强变化较改性青黛和物理混合物快, 其中改性青黛变化最缓, 即说明改性青黛中部沉降较缓。综上, 改性青黛在水中的稳定性较普通青黛好, 沉降速率较普通青黛更为缓慢。
结果如图 5FG所示。由图可知, 在3 h内, 改性青黛的靛蓝累积溶出含量(4.59%) 高于物理混合物(0.09%), 而普通青黛靛蓝未检测出; 改性青黛的靛玉红累积溶出含量(11.15%) 高于物理混合物(10.88%) 和普通青黛。青黛改性后溶出增加的原因可能有以下几点: ①青黛经振动磨粉体改性后粒度降低, 比表面积增加, 在Hixson-Crowell立方根定律中, 溶解速率常数随比表面积的增加而增加[10]。②在振动磨的共研条件下, 乳糖和青黛可能形成固体分散体。共研磨技术是制备固体分散体的一种常用技术, 可提高难溶性药物的溶解度和生物利用度。乳糖是固体分散体的常用辅料, 在共研条件下乳糖和青黛可能形成了固体分散体, 故改性青黛的溶出度提高[11]
青黛对小儿高热、溃疡性结肠炎以及银屑病等疾病具有显著疗效, 然而青黛在水溶液或极性溶液中的弱溶剂化自由能使得疏水部分聚集, 疏水表面牢固黏附, 致使青黛与液滴接触时存在较大的接触角[12]。此外, 青黛表面的粗糙度和非均质性亦增加了液滴浸润其表面的难度[13]。即使在剧烈的剪切流动下青黛浸润入水中, 颗粒的团聚以及重力的影响因素使得青黛在溶液中的混悬状态极不稳定, 沉降较快。
本研究采用粉体表面改性技术对青黛进行润湿性与沉降性的改善。以乳糖为改性剂, 通过振动磨介质的高频研磨挤压作用使乳糖与青黛表面进行物理结合[14]。在每分钟上万次运动接触的机械运动下, 一方面青黛与乳糖产生强烈的剪切、研磨挤压效应, 使得粉体细化, 减缓了微粒因重力因素导致的沉淀, 同时增加了药物颗粒的溶出面积, 增加有效成分的溶出效果; 另一方面乳糖直接吸附、或因受力产生热能导致表面软化而粘连嵌合于青黛表面, 使之亲水性增加。且乳糖吸附于青黛表面形成的屏障层亦可防止沉降时与沉降后的药物微粒之间的聚集, 增加悬浮物的稳定性和再分散性。改性青黛接触水面时首先因与水良好的亲和性而被水浸湿, 随即进入水中, 在下沉的同时扩散成更细小的颗粒而均匀分散在水中, 形成较为稳定的混悬液。
通常难溶性药物制备干混悬剂时需加入多种辅料以维持混悬液的稳定体系, 如采用HMPC、黄原胶为助悬剂[15], 阿斯巴甜、谷氨酸钠为矫味剂[16]。这些干混悬剂中的辅料用量较大, 使患者服用量增加。本研究提供了一种简化辅料的青黛干混悬剂制备方法。以乳糖为改性剂, 采用粉体改性技术制备了亲水性良好的改性青黛, 提高了青黛的润湿性和有效成分溶出度, 同时减缓了颗粒在混悬液中的沉降速度。与通常的干混悬剂相比, 本文的青黛干混悬剂减少了辅料的用量, 降低了复杂辅料所带来的工艺制备难度。
作者贡献: 黄胜杰、苏娟、葛春丽设计并进行实验; 谢锦、郭治平、杨明、伍振峰进行数据分析与整合; 黄胜杰、张定堃、韩丽撰写、修改论文。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173976)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81773918)
  • 江西中医药大学创新药物与高效节能降耗制药设备国家重点实验室开放基金课题项目(GZSYS202003)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1396
  • 接收时间:2022-12-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-19
  • 修回日期:2023-02-02
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173976)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81773918)
江西中医药大学创新药物与高效节能降耗制药设备国家重点实验室开放基金课题项目(GZSYS202003)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
    2.四川厚德医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610041
    3.江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

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韩丽, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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