Article(id=1198628608769098167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1371, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670774400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-12, revisedDate=1678809600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704929772, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704929772, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704929772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704929772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1685, endPage=1692, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628609209500140, articleId=1198628608769098167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on long-acting analgesic lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Long-acting analgesia is a common clinical treatment method after surgery. The slow-release injection with long-acting analgesia has the advantages of less medication frequency and stable effect. In this study, the analgesic drug lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection was prepared, and its sustained release mechanism, drug release and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated. The results of polarizing microscope and freeze-transmission electron microscope showed that the lyotropic liquid crystal injection of the liquid crystal precursor preparation of lappaconitine hydrobromide could be obtained by the combination of glycerol monooleate (GMO) and soybean lecithin (SPC) in different proportions. The results of dissolution study in vitro showed that the drug release rate of different forms of liquid crystal preparations was layered liquid crystal > cubic liquid crystal > hexagonal liquid crystal. The mathematical model fitting results of the release data showed that the external release of layered liquid crystal, cubic liquid crystal and hexagonal liquid crystal conforms to the Ritger-Peppas model, and the release mechanism was Fick diffusion. The results of pharmacodynamics study in vivo showed that the analgesic effect of lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection lasted for 3 days, and there was no abnormality in the incision and local tissue, showing good safety and tolerance. The study on drug release and elimination process of the in vivo gel repository showed that lappaconitine hydrobromide could be completely released from the lyotropic liquid crystal 3 days after administration, and the sustained-release materials could be gradually eliminated locally. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2021-08-GY-61) and the experiments were conducted in accordance with the relevant guiding principles and regulations. The lyotropic liquid crystal injection of lappaconitine hydrobromide prepared in this study presented a solution state at room temperature, and underwent phase transition in contact with the body fluid at the administration site, formed a drug depot and exerted a slow drug release effect. This preparation can reduce systemic toxicity, prolong the duration of analgesia, reduce the number of administrations, improve the compliance of postoperative patients, and provide a reference for the design of long-term sustained release analgesic preparations.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-xiu YUAN, Zhi-Chao XIAO, Yin-yin SUN, Rong-rong CHEN, Shi-yan GUO, Yong GAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong GAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628611264709276, articleId=1198628608769098167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=长效镇痛氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长效镇痛是手术后常用临床治疗手段, 长效镇痛作用的缓释注射剂具有用药频次少, 作用平稳等优势。本研究制备了镇痛药物氢溴酸高乌甲素的溶致液晶注射剂, 评价了其缓释机制、释药及药效学特征。偏光显微镜和冷冻透射电镜表征结果显示, 用不同比例的单油酸甘油酯(glycerol monoleate, GMO)与大豆卵磷脂(soybean lecithin, SPC)组合可获得层状、立方相、六角相氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂; 体外溶出研究结果显示, 不同形态液晶制剂的释药速率为层状液晶 > 立方相液晶 > 六角相液晶; 释放数据数学模型拟合结果显示层状液晶、立方相液晶、六角相液晶体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas模型, 释放机制为Fick扩散; 体内药效研究结果显示, 氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂镇痛效果可持续3天, 切口及局部组织均未见异常, 呈现良好的安全性和耐受性; 体内凝胶储库的药物释放及消除过程研究显示, 氢溴酸高乌甲素给药后3天可从溶致液晶中基本释放完全, 缓释材料可在局部逐渐消除。所有动物实验获得中国科学院上海药物研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021-08-GY-61)且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行。本研究制备的氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂常温下呈现溶液状态, 在给药部位与体液接触发生相变, 形成药物储库, 发挥缓慢释药作用。该制剂可降低系统毒性, 延长镇痛持续时间, 减少给药次数, 提高术后患者顺应性, 为后续长效缓释镇痛制剂的设计提供参考。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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*甘勇, Tel: 86-21-20231000-1423, E-mail:
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ComponentFormulation AFormulation BFormulation C
LA2%2%2%
GMO50%40%10%
SPC20%30%60%
CO7.65%7.65%7.65%
PG20%20%20%
MA0.35%0.35%0.35%
), ArticleFig(id=1199640571527660457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628608769098167, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Proportion of components in different formulations. LA: Lappaconitine; GMO: Glycerol monoleate; SPC: Soybean lecithin; CO: Castor oil; PG: 1, 2-Propanediol; MA: Maleic acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentFormulation AFormulation BFormulation C
LA2%2%2%
GMO50%40%10%
SPC20%30%60%
CO7.65%7.65%7.65%
PG20%20%20%
MA0.35%0.35%0.35%
), ArticleFig(id=1199640572693676973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628608769098167, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Liquid crystal structureCubic
phase
Hexagonal phaseLamellar phase
Zero order dynamic modelR20.824 10.793 00.505 7
First order dynamic modelR20.901 00.910 00.905 4
Higuchi modelR20.958 60.939 80.790 1
Ritger-Peppas modelR20.985 30.975 60.966 8
n0.346 80.331 80.219 4
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Mathematical model fitting of different lyotropic liquid crystals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Liquid crystal structureCubic
phase
Hexagonal phaseLamellar phase
Zero order dynamic modelR20.824 10.793 00.505 7
First order dynamic modelR20.901 00.910 00.905 4
Higuchi modelR20.958 60.939 80.790 1
Ritger-Peppas modelR20.985 30.975 60.966 8
n0.346 80.331 80.219 4
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长效镇痛氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂的研究
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袁文秀 1, 2, # , 肖志超 3, # , 孙银银 4 , 陈蓉蓉 4 , 郭仕艳 4 , 甘勇 1, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(6): 1685-1692
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (6) : 1685 -1692
长效镇痛氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂的研究
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Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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袁文秀1, 2, #, 肖志超3, #, 孙银银4, 陈蓉蓉4, 郭仕艳4, 甘勇1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.南通市海门长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226133
  • 3.扬子江药业集团有限公司, 江苏 泰州 225300
  • 4.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 新药研究国家重点实验室, 上海 200125
通讯作者:
*甘勇, Tel: 86-21-20231000-1423, E-mail:
Study on long-acting analgesic lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection
Wen-xiu YUAN1, 2, Zhi-Chao XIAO3, Yin-yin SUN4, Rong-rong CHEN4, Shi-yan GUO4, Yong GAN1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2. Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China
  • 3. Yangtze River Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200125, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1371
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长效镇痛是手术后常用临床治疗手段, 长效镇痛作用的缓释注射剂具有用药频次少, 作用平稳等优势。本研究制备了镇痛药物氢溴酸高乌甲素的溶致液晶注射剂, 评价了其缓释机制、释药及药效学特征。偏光显微镜和冷冻透射电镜表征结果显示, 用不同比例的单油酸甘油酯(glycerol monoleate, GMO)与大豆卵磷脂(soybean lecithin, SPC)组合可获得层状、立方相、六角相氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂; 体外溶出研究结果显示, 不同形态液晶制剂的释药速率为层状液晶 > 立方相液晶 > 六角相液晶; 释放数据数学模型拟合结果显示层状液晶、立方相液晶、六角相液晶体外释放均符合Ritger-Peppas模型, 释放机制为Fick扩散; 体内药效研究结果显示, 氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂镇痛效果可持续3天, 切口及局部组织均未见异常, 呈现良好的安全性和耐受性; 体内凝胶储库的药物释放及消除过程研究显示, 氢溴酸高乌甲素给药后3天可从溶致液晶中基本释放完全, 缓释材料可在局部逐渐消除。所有动物实验获得中国科学院上海药物研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021-08-GY-61)且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行。本研究制备的氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂常温下呈现溶液状态, 在给药部位与体液接触发生相变, 形成药物储库, 发挥缓慢释药作用。该制剂可降低系统毒性, 延长镇痛持续时间, 减少给药次数, 提高术后患者顺应性, 为后续长效缓释镇痛制剂的设计提供参考。

氢溴酸高乌甲素  /  溶致液晶  /  体外表征  /  体内药效  /  制剂消除

Long-acting analgesia is a common clinical treatment method after surgery. The slow-release injection with long-acting analgesia has the advantages of less medication frequency and stable effect. In this study, the analgesic drug lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection was prepared, and its sustained release mechanism, drug release and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated. The results of polarizing microscope and freeze-transmission electron microscope showed that the lyotropic liquid crystal injection of the liquid crystal precursor preparation of lappaconitine hydrobromide could be obtained by the combination of glycerol monooleate (GMO) and soybean lecithin (SPC) in different proportions. The results of dissolution study in vitro showed that the drug release rate of different forms of liquid crystal preparations was layered liquid crystal > cubic liquid crystal > hexagonal liquid crystal. The mathematical model fitting results of the release data showed that the external release of layered liquid crystal, cubic liquid crystal and hexagonal liquid crystal conforms to the Ritger-Peppas model, and the release mechanism was Fick diffusion. The results of pharmacodynamics study in vivo showed that the analgesic effect of lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection lasted for 3 days, and there was no abnormality in the incision and local tissue, showing good safety and tolerance. The study on drug release and elimination process of the in vivo gel repository showed that lappaconitine hydrobromide could be completely released from the lyotropic liquid crystal 3 days after administration, and the sustained-release materials could be gradually eliminated locally. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2021-08-GY-61) and the experiments were conducted in accordance with the relevant guiding principles and regulations. The lyotropic liquid crystal injection of lappaconitine hydrobromide prepared in this study presented a solution state at room temperature, and underwent phase transition in contact with the body fluid at the administration site, formed a drug depot and exerted a slow drug release effect. This preparation can reduce systemic toxicity, prolong the duration of analgesia, reduce the number of administrations, improve the compliance of postoperative patients, and provide a reference for the design of long-term sustained release analgesic preparations.

lappaconitine hydrobromide  /  lyotropic liquid crystal  /  in vitro characterization  /  efficacy in vivo  /  preparation elimination
袁文秀, 肖志超, 孙银银, 陈蓉蓉, 郭仕艳, 甘勇. 长效镇痛氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂的研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1685 -1692 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1371
Wen-xiu YUAN, Zhi-Chao XIAO, Yin-yin SUN, Rong-rong CHEN, Shi-yan GUO, Yong GAN. Study on long-acting analgesic lappaconitine hydrobromide lyotropic liquid crystal injection[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1685 -1692 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1371
术后疼痛往往会持续数天, 对术后疼痛进行有效管理有利于患者尽快恢复, 缩短住院时间, 减轻医疗负担。目前临床疼痛治疗药物阿片类具有呼吸抑制、易成瘾性的缺点; 非甾体类抗炎药可能导致凝血功能障碍、肝肾功能损害等。高乌甲素(lappaconitine, LA)是从毛茛科植物高乌头(Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai)根中提取的一种二萜类生物碱[1], 具有无成瘾性、镇痛及抗炎作用强的优点, 在临床上具有良好的应用前景。高乌甲素不溶于水, 临床常用其微溶于水的氢溴酸盐(图 1A), 已上市氢溴酸高乌甲素注射液规格为2 mg·mL-1, 体内半衰期为1.03 ± 0.29 h[2], 需要长时间频繁给药才能达到止痛效果, 患者的顺应性差[3, 4]。开发一种氢溴酸高乌甲素缓释制剂以达到体内长效作用, 提高疼痛患者的依从性, 对于临床疼痛疾病的治疗具有重要意义。
溶致液晶系统是一种均匀的混合体系, 其具有提高药物稳定性、降低药物刺激性、提高药物的生物利用度、缓慢持续释放药物等优点[4]。可根据调整单油酸甘油酯(glycerol monoleate, GMO)/大豆卵磷脂(soybean lecithin, SPC)脂质双组分的比例形成不同液晶相, 如层状、立方、六角相(图 1B~D)[5, 6]。层状液晶由脂质分子呈线性排列, 亲水的头部与水接触, 疏水尾部指向层状的中心, 体系呈现层状结构。立方相是一个蜂巢结构, 其中两亲性化合物分子聚集在三维空间, 两条水道连续但不相交且被脂质层分隔。六角相以圆柱形闭合胶束排列[7]。水通道的畅通、闭合影响液晶结构释药速率, 对于层状液晶, 水层被亲脂层隔开, 而六角相存在一维的平行水层, 立方相的水通道是连续但不相交的[8, 9]。由于上述结构特征, 立方相液晶和六角相液晶具有较层状液晶更好的缓释效果, 在诸多领域得以广泛应用, 尤其是在长效递送药物方面表现出明显的优势和应用前景[10]
本研究通过调整单油酸甘油酯与大豆卵磷脂比例, 制备了具有不同液晶结构的氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂, 对其结构、体外溶出、体内药效和消除行为进行了探索性研究, 验证其长效镇痛作用, 并初步阐明释放机制。本研究制备的氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂使氢溴酸高乌甲素缓慢释放, 达到了持续镇痛效果, 并在动物模型上验证了其长效镇痛效果。
实验仪器  离心机(Eppendorf 5424, 德国Eppendorf公司); Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪(Agilent HPLC-1260, 美国Agilent公司); 旋转蒸发仪(RV10, 德国IKA公司); 电子天平(XS205、ME204, 瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); 光学显微镜(DMI 4000B型, 美国Leica公司); pH计(PB-10, 德国Sartorius公司); 溶出仪(ZRS-3ST, 北京佳航博创科技有限公司); Von-Frey纤维丝(美国Danmic公司); 超纯水仪(Milli-Q, 美国Millipore公司); 200 kV冷冻透射电镜(FEI Tecnai G2 F20, 美国FEI公司)。
实验试剂  氢溴酸高乌甲素(批号: J26HS175076, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 单油酸甘油酯(批号: 183764, 嘉法狮); 大豆卵磷脂(批号: 579010-1210118-08, 德国Lipoid公司); 丙二醇(批号: 20200902, 南京威尔公司, 1, 2-propanediol, PG); 蓖麻油(批号: X12M160902, 湖北葛店人福药用辅料有限责任公司, castor oil, CO); 无水乙醇、马来酸、无水磷酸二氢钠、磷酸、十二烷基硫酸钠(批号分别为: 20210510、20141024、20220419、20190213、20221012, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 甲醇(批号: L8B0W38, 北京百灵威科技有限公司); 注射用盐酸替来他明盐酸唑拉西泮(批号: 2022.02, 法国Virbac公司); 超纯水(由Millipore公司Milli-Q超纯水系统制备)。
实验动物  健康雄性SD(Sprague-Dawley)大鼠购自上海实验动物中心, 许可证号: SCXK(沪)2022-0004, 体重(200 ± 20)g。所有动物实验获得中国科学院上海药物研究所实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2021-08-GY-61)。
氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂制备  如表 1所示, 称取50∶20、40∶30、10∶60比例的单油酸甘油酯与大豆卵磷脂作为处方A、B、C, 各加入相同比例的氢溴酸高乌甲素、蓖麻油、丙二醇、过量乙醇及与药物等摩尔比的马来酸至圆底烧瓶中, 超声使其完全溶解。采用减压真空(45 ℃, 80 r·min-1, 30 min)除去多余的无水乙醇, 得到的黄色澄清透明的液体, 分装至西林瓶中, 121 ℃灭菌12 min。
形态结构表征  
相变能力考察  将氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂1 mL缓慢注入30 mL PBS(phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4)中[11], 观察不同处方在PBS中的物态变化。
偏光显微镜表征  偏光显微镜常用于溶致液晶的光学性质观察[12, 13], 将相变能力考察项下形成的半固体凝胶取出, 放到载玻片上, 用盖玻片压制均匀并于偏光显微镜下观察, 拍摄其照片。
冷冻透射电镜表征  将制剂与PBS以1∶20涡旋混合后离心处理, 并于培养箱放置1天过夜。通过超声波破碎法将凝胶分散, 得到分散体。利用Vitrobot冷冻制样机制样, 在200 kV冷冻透射电镜下对溶致液晶的结构进行表征。
溶出方法的建立及释放度测定  人体体液的pH范围为7.35~7.45, 因此选择pH 7.4缓冲溶液作为本品溶出介质, 并在溶出介质中添加0.5%十二烷基硫酸钠, 以使氢溴酸高乌甲素达到漏槽条件。经考察采用50 r·min-1时药物1 h体外累计释放度为76.72%, 20 r·min-1时为15.62%, 且制剂给药后于机体皮下活动幅度较小, 故从有效表征缓释制剂的释放特性及体内给药后制剂处于皮下状态的角度考虑, 采用转速为20 r·min-1 [14]。综上所述, 采用直接扩散法模拟氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂的体内释放过程, 将自制三组氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂加入250 mL溶出介质中, 保持溶出介质温度为37 ℃, 搅拌转速为20 r·min-1, 于不同时间点取样5 mL, 补液, 此方法符合给药后制剂的物态变化和释药环境[15]。采用HPLC法测定氢溴酸高乌甲素的释放度, 色谱条件如下, 色谱柱: Agilent Zorbax XDB C18柱(150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 柱温40 ℃; 检测波长252 nm; 流速1 mL·min-1; 流动相为甲醇-0.2 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(磷酸调至pH 4.0)30∶70; 进样量10 μL[2]。对照品溶液: 精密称取10 mg氢溴酸高乌甲素至50 mL量瓶中, 加甲醇涡旋超声混匀后稀释至刻度, 摇匀, 制成200 μg·mL-1对照品溶液, 平行配制两份。供试品溶液: 将各时间点的溶出样品采用10 000 r·min-1离心10 min的方法处理。
不同液晶结构释放机制研究  数学模型对药物体外释放机制的阐释具有重要意义。目前, 药物体外释放动力学的常用数学模型主要包括零级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、Higuchi模型等[16]。2020年版中国药典中缓控释制剂指导原则规定缓释制剂的释药数据可用一级方程和Higuchi方程等拟合。将三组处方的释放度数据采用零级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、Higuchi模型、Ritger-Peppas模型拟合, 根据不同数学模型的相关系数R2判断其拟合程度, 进而阐明不同液晶结构释放机制。将各组氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂释放数据采用零级动力学模型、一级动力学模型、Higuchi模型拟合, 得到相关系数R2, 采用Ritger-Peppas模型拟合得到相关系数R2及特征指数n, 评价不同液晶结构的释药动力学和释药机制。根据不同数学模型的相关系数R2判断其拟合程度, R2越大, 拟合效果越好[17]
凝胶储库药物释放和消除行为考察  为了测定注射部位凝胶库中残留药物含量, 将大鼠皮下注射六角相氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂(2.5 mg·kg-1), 于1、2、4、8、12、24、48、72、96 h解剖大鼠, 将凝胶储库与皮肤筋膜剥离并用3 mL甲醇溶解, 采用10 000 r·min-1离心15 min提取药物, 按照释放度测定方法对上清液进行高效液相色谱分析, 计算出注射部位凝胶中残留氢溴酸高乌甲素含量的百分比。收集大鼠背部皮下注射自制制剂(2.5 mg·kg-1)后12 h、3天、21天的注射部位残留凝胶, 通过观察注射部位形成的凝胶形态及偏光显微镜下液晶结构来考察凝胶储库的消除行为。
药效学考察及安全性评价  探索自制氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂在大鼠背部切口模型中皮下给药的药效情况及自制制剂对伤口愈合情况的影响。试验制剂为六角相氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂。雄性SD大鼠在手术前适应环境2~3天, 剔除特别敏感或特别迟钝的动物。筛选后的大鼠用盐酸替来他明盐酸唑拉西泮进行麻醉。无菌条件下, 在大鼠背部中线左侧做2 cm的纵向切口, 直达筋膜层, 不损伤肌肉, 分离筋膜和肌肉, 用缝合线在切口部位不连续缝合皮肤。以1 mL·kg-1皮下注射氢溴酸高乌甲素速释制剂对照组、自制制剂低、中、高剂量组(2.5、5、10 mg·kg-1), 并设置未给药切口组作为空白对照组。于给药前及给药后1、2、3、4、8、12、24、36、48、60、72、84 h用不同Von-frey纤维丝(提供0.008~300 g触觉刺激力[18])刺激切口附近, 连续测试5次其中至少3次引起大鼠皮下肌肉收缩等撤退反应时使用的Von-frey纤维丝代表的g数即为疼痛阈值。在给药后3、10、14天肉眼观察给药部位切口愈合情况并于第14天收集注射部位周围皮肤样品, 用4%多聚甲醛固定, 石蜡包埋, 苏木精和伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H & E)染色进行组织病理学分析。
数据分析  采用Origin 2022进行不同溶致液晶结构氢溴酸高乌甲素制剂释放数据的数学模型拟合。其他数据均采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件分析。结果用平均值±标准差($\bar{x}$ ± s)表示; 比较组间差异, P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
制剂于过量PBS中形成凝胶形态, 三组处方与PBS接触后, 发生相变, 变为半透明至白色, 均可形成储库状物质(图 2A)。当单油酸甘油酯比例为50%时, 形成凝胶为米白色半透明不规则片状团块, 易变形; 当单油酸甘油酯比为40%时, 形成凝胶为米黄色半透明团状, 亦可形成不规则圆球状; 当单油酸甘油酯占比为10%时, 形成米白色半固体块状, 形态较紧实。凝胶形态差异随处方中加入大豆卵磷脂的比例增加而变紧实。
不同处方形成的液晶表现出不一致的结构特征(图 2B)。处方A呈现暗背景, 与文献[19]中报道立方相液晶偏光显微镜下光学性质一致; 处方B形成的扇形结构及扇形纹理的液晶与文献[19-22]中报道的六角相液晶形态相对应, 处方C形成多数十字花纹, 文献[23-25]中报道层状液晶具有马尔他十字花纹, 髓鞘条纹, 油性条纹等结构, 故为层状液晶。
处方A粒子为致密紧实状(图 2C), 与文献[26-28]报道立方相液晶一致。处方B形成内部具有弯曲条纹的粒子为六角相结构[29-31]。处方C形成为单层或多层囊泡结构, 为层状液晶结构[32]
不同溶致液晶结构的氢溴酸高乌甲素制剂在释放介质中药物的累积释放曲线如图 3。结果可见, 立方相液晶60 h基本释放完全; 六角相液晶, 72 h基本释放完全; 层状液晶, 36 h基本释放完全。
层状液晶为畅通水通道组成的一维结构, 内外水通道互通, 与水接触面积大; 立方相由两亲性分子双层在三维空间无限循环堆叠成晶胞, 晶胞继续堆叠形成曲面度极小的紧密结构, 其两条水通道互不相通, 一条水通道与外水道相连, 而另一条是封闭状态; 而六角相液晶水通道为闭合状态, 内外水通道不直接接触[33-36]。据文献[37]报道液晶结构中水通道的畅通与闭合、直径、弯曲程度影响液晶结构释药速率, 疏水性药物与亲水性药物在液晶结构中的扩散方式一致, 主要是通过内外水通道的物质交换来实现药物的扩散[8, 38]。故氢溴酸高乌甲素在不同液晶结构中释放时, 根据不同液晶结构内外水通道畅通、闭合情况得到不同形态液晶释药速率为层状液晶最快, 立方相液晶次之, 六角相液晶最慢, 与实验数据一致。
不同溶致液晶结构的氢溴酸高乌甲素制剂释放数据采用模型拟合的结果见表 2, 三组处方相关系数R2表明均属于Ritger-Peppas方程模型。该模型中释药曲线特征指数用n值表示, 当n ≤ 0.45, 药物释放机制为Fick扩散; 当0.45 < n < 0.89, 药物释放机制为non-Fick扩散, 即药物扩散和骨架溶蚀的共同作用; 当n ≥ 0.89, 药物释放机制为骨架溶蚀[39]。三组处方n值均小于0.45, 故立方相、六角相液晶、层状液晶的释药机制均为Fick扩散[40-44]
药物通过溶剂之间的交换, 扩散到释放介质中。对于层状液晶, 氢溴酸高乌甲素加载于其平面脂质层, 药物释放通过介质交换穿过亲水层释放; 对于立方相液晶, 氢溴酸高乌甲素通过溶剂交换在两条连续不相交的水通道中扩散出来; 六角相液晶, 药物加载于封闭的脂质层里, 氢溴酸高乌甲素垂直于扩散方向的水通道中释放出来[45]。故本研究制备的氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂中, 药物均以扩散方式在不同液晶结构中释放出来。
体内缓释效果研究结果表明, 注射部位凝胶储库中药物残留量随时间变化(图 4A), 给药1 h后测得药物残留88.30%, 72 h剩余0.47%, 96 h未检测到药物, 以此说明自制制剂皮下给药后形成凝胶储库, 缓慢释放药物可达3天。
解剖观察大鼠体内皮下注射后不同时间点给药部位的制剂形态(图 4B), 结果显示自制制剂皮下注射后发生相变, 12 h为淡黄色半透明凝胶状储库, 存在于组织和皮肤之间, 呈轻微扁平肿块。给药后储库在3天内保持完整, 呈凝胶状固态, 21天时变为黏稠状液体, 说明凝胶储库的体内消除是逐渐进行的, 这一现象可以解释为含有单油酸甘油酯的凝胶储库在体内给药后会遇到人体的脂肪酶, 特别是三酰甘油脂肪酶, 单油酸甘油酯经过三酰甘油脂肪酶的脂解作用, 完全生物降解为人体循环系统固有的生物分子甘油和游离脂肪酸[26]
在消除过程中, 偏光显微镜下观察到其内部结构(图 4C)为具有扇形结构的六角相, 与体外表征结果一致。单油酸甘油酯经过降解, 21天时形成十字花纹的层状液晶, 与文献[11, 20, 28]报道一致。这些结果表明自制制剂于体内形成的药物储库是一种可消除的缓释给药系统。
在大鼠背部切口模型中的镇痛药效学研究结果见图 5A, 速释制剂组4 h后疼痛阈值降为给药前100 g, 判断基本无药效; 各个剂量组3天疼痛阈值均高于初始值, 镇痛作用较速释制剂持久。经GraphPad Prism 9.0软件分析氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂2.5、5、10 mg·kg-1组72 h的疼痛阈值与空白切口、速释制剂组有显著差异; 氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶制剂不同剂量组72 h的疼痛阈值虽无显著差异, 但高剂量组较低、中剂量组可承受的疼痛阈值高, 且高剂量组在84 h时疼痛阈值显著高于低、中剂量组, 说明具有一定剂量依赖性。故缓释制剂低、中、高剂量组均可维持3天镇痛, 与速释制剂相比起效时间未延迟, 具有长效镇痛效果。
自制制剂经大鼠皮下给药后切口3天结痂, 10天痂脱落, 14天背部切口基本愈合(图 5B), 与未给药组无显著差异, 说明自制制剂对于术后切口愈合无影响。在给药后3、10、14天内, 各组大鼠的运动行为均正常, 肉眼观察所有动物的注射部位和周围组织均无异常, 14天后组织病理变化与未给药组无明显差异, 如出血、异物、溃疡等(图 5C)。自制制剂对局部组织均未见明显的刺激性, 呈现出良好的安全性和耐受性。
氢溴酸高乌甲素镇痛作用明显[46], 维持时间较长且具有抗炎作用, 非成瘾性是其最大优势, 但其微溶于水, 体内半衰期短, 导致临床应用受到限制[47]。溶致液晶作为天然载药系统, 具有自组装特性, 制备方法简单、缓释时间较长, 可作为缓释制剂载体进行制剂制备研究; 且能够改变药物进入人体的方式以及在体内的分布, 为亲水性、亲脂性和两亲性药物提供一个多功能的递送平台; 同时能够提高药物的稳定性及生物利用度, 实现药物的持续释放[47], 从而减少给药次数; 还具有生物相容性、可降解等优点, 是一种值得研究的药物载体。故将其应用于长效缓释制剂, 作为长效释药的载体体系具有良好的应用价值, 值得进行更深入的研究。
本研究设计的长效镇痛氢溴酸高乌甲素溶致液晶注射剂, 由于氢溴酸高乌甲素镇痛作用强、非成瘾性且具有抗炎效果, 将其应用于围术期疼痛优势明显; 通过采用溶致液晶缓释载药平台, 实现了药物的持续释放, 进而发挥了长效镇痛效果。故本研究对术后疼痛患者的治疗可延长术后疼痛镇痛时间, 减少给药频率, 提高术后患者顺应性, 利于术后康复, 减轻医疗负担, 并且为后续长效缓释镇痛制剂的设计提供参考。
作者贡献: 袁文秀、肖志超负责文献查阅、实验实施、文章撰写等工作; 陈蓉蓉参与实验实施工作; 郭仕艳和孙银银负责实验设计、文章修改等工作; 甘勇负责课题整体设计及思路。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104078)
  • 药物制剂新技术国家重点实验室开放课题(2021年)
  • 中国科学院关键人才项目(人字2019-62号)
  • 中华人民共和国科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2020YFE0201700)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1371
  • 接收时间:2022-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-12
  • 修回日期:2023-03-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104078)
药物制剂新技术国家重点实验室开放课题(2021年)
中国科学院关键人才项目(人字2019-62号)
中华人民共和国科学技术部国家重点研发计划(2020YFE0201700)
作者信息
    1.江西中医药大学, 江西 南昌 330004
    2.南通市海门长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226133
    3.扬子江药业集团有限公司, 江苏 泰州 225300
    4.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 新药研究国家重点实验室, 上海 200125

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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