Article(id=1198656151391925155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1357, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670515200000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-09, revisedDate=1683216000000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711496445, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711496445, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711496445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711496445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2785, endPage=2793, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656151790384055, articleId=1198656151391925155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=pH and GSH dual-responsive silybin nano-micelles for inhibition of breast cancer activity and metastasis in vitro, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The clinical tumor therapy was greatly challenged due to the complex characteristics of tumor microenvironment, however, which also provide arena for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(lactic acid)-SS-poly(β-amino ester (PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE) triblock copolymers with pH and GSH double response were synthesized, polymer micelles were prepared by thin film hydration method for loading of silybin to improve its antitumor activity. The critical micelle concentration was determined by pyrene fluorescence method as 1.8 μg·mL-1. The particle size was 155.30 ±1.80 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering, with polydispersity index of 0.168 ±0.004. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency of the micelles were determined by HPLC as (5.48 ±0.04)% and (68.52 ±0.48)%, respectively. The in vitro drug release profiles showed that the micelles have low pH sensitivity and high GSH responsiveness, and exhibited sustained release profiles. The good biocompatibility of the material was proved by measuring the hemolysis rate and cytotoxicity of the blank micelle. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of tumor cells showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles had significant inhibitory effect and apoptosis-inducing effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of wounding healing assay and Transwell invasion test showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles could significantly inhibit the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells. The PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE drug-loaded micelles prepared in this study have good inhibitory effect on tumor growth and anti-tumor metastasis in vitro, which lays the foundation for the further application of silybin.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-yu JIA, Dan-li HAO, Jia-ying YANG, Ran XIE, Ge-jing DE, Hong YI, Chen ZANG, Yu ZHAO, Qing-he ZHAO, Yan-jun CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu ZHAO, Qing-he ZHAO, Yan-jun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656156425089145, articleId=1198656151391925155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肿瘤微环境双重响应性水飞蓟宾纳米胶束体外抗乳腺癌活性及转移研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肿瘤微环境的复杂特征为肿瘤治疗带来考验的同时也为新型治疗策略提供了新的途径。本研究合成了肿瘤微环境pH响应和谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)响应的聚(2-乙基-2噁唑啉)-聚乳酸-二硫键聚β氨基酯[poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly (lactic acid)-SS-poly (β-amino ester), PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE]三嵌段共聚物, 通过薄膜水化法负载水飞蓟宾(silybin)制备胶束, 以提高水飞蓟宾抗肿瘤活性。通过芘荧光探针法测定该聚合物的临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC)为1.8 μg·mL-1。动态光散射法测定胶束粒径为155.30 ±1.80 nm, 多分散指数(polydispersity index, PDI)为0.168 ±0.004。HPLC测定胶束的载药量和包封率为(5.48 ±0.04)%和(68.52 ±0.48)%。其体外释放结果表现出胶束具有pH与GSH敏感性, 具有缓释效果。通过测定空白胶束的溶血率和细胞毒性试验证明材料具有良好的生物相容性。载药胶束组细胞毒性实验和细胞凋亡实验表明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束对MDA-MB-231细胞具有显著的抑制效果和诱导其凋亡的效果。细胞划痕实验与Transwell侵袭实验结果显示PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束能够显著抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的转移。因此, 本研究制备的PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束具有良好的体外抑制肿瘤生长以及抗肿瘤转移的作用, 为水飞蓟宾的进一步应用铺垫了基础。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

, authorsList=贾玲玉, 郝单丽, 杨佳颖, 谢冉, 德格晶, 易红, 臧琛, 赵钰, 赵庆贺, 陈燕军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵钰, 赵庆贺, 陈燕军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵钰, E-mail: ;
赵庆贺, ;
陈燕军,
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Baltimore: United Book Press, 2020: 5157., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960234619306349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, doi=10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=131, pageEnd=135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Torchilin V, journalName=Adv Drug Deliv Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Torchilin V . Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect[J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2011, 63: 131-135., articleTitle=Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960230034932684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, awardId=81974461, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81974461), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960230152373210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, awardId=22005344, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22005344), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960221461774404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960221470163015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, companyId=1198960221461774404, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960221478551622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, companyId=1198960221461774404, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960227308634832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=voe+I0aZIDjA5kmv1/pRWQ==, figureFileBig=+rPQOK9OQruYpJXy5Qz/WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227488989918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The schematic illustration of the synthesis route of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(lactic acid)-SS-poly(<i>β</i>-amino ester), PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE (PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE). ① Boc-OTs, ② Boc-PEOz, ③ Boc-PEOz-PLA, ④ Boc-PEOz-PLA-A, ⑤ Dithiodiethanol diacrylate, ⑥ PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE , figureFileSmall=voe+I0aZIDjA5kmv1/pRWQ==, figureFileBig=+rPQOK9OQruYpJXy5Qz/WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227694510831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/3gIlgzI5QEjn54MM/Brgw==, figureFileBig=rB5JY9VDRg+jD4CNpAiS6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960227837117177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of synthetic products: PEOz (A), PEOz-PLA (B), PEOz-PLA-A (C), PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE (D) , figureFileSmall=/3gIlgzI5QEjn54MM/Brgw==, figureFileBig=rB5JY9VDRg+jD4CNpAiS6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228109746958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vH0WPV6rdDuiihv5B3yF7w==, figureFileBig=B/j/koxRwVZugbjFq54yTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228327850785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The particle size and size distribution, as well as the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of PEOz-PLA micelles (A), and PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles (B), as well as the stability of the respective micelles at 4 ℃ and 37 ℃ (C). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=vH0WPV6rdDuiihv5B3yF7w==, figureFileBig=B/j/koxRwVZugbjFq54yTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228537565998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xVJHVhQZpa56MXPJokVUQQ==, figureFileBig=RrEaCNH+7JA+VstmYkKyJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228655006526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Cumulative release of silybin loaded PEOz-PLA and PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles <i>in vitro</i>. A: The release of silybin from two micelles under different pH; B: The release of silybin from the two micelles with GSH; C: The release of silybin from the two micelles at pH 7.4, with or without GSH; D: The release of silybin from the two micelles at pH 6.0, with or without GSH. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles; <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> PEOz-PLA micelles , figureFileSmall=xVJHVhQZpa56MXPJokVUQQ==, figureFileBig=RrEaCNH+7JA+VstmYkKyJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228814390095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZCVkn0Qs0DCAqIYmq0133A==, figureFileBig=w3ZhgKuHn6XBWaJp9BVIsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960228936024921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity assay of different blank micelles and silybin micelles on MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with different blank micelles for 24 h (A), 48 h (B) and 72 h (C). The cytotoxicity of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with free drugs and the two drug-loaded micelles for 24 h (D), 48 h (E) and 72 h (F). <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> silybin group; <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> PEOz-PLA group. N.S.: Not significant , figureFileSmall=ZCVkn0Qs0DCAqIYmq0133A==, figureFileBig=w3ZhgKuHn6XBWaJp9BVIsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229091214191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+gY1IV+ro1SHd96mmQlV8Q==, figureFileBig=qsyDaaVY4H6BkxAq3lHYaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229254792059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The apoptosis rate of MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with different silybin preparations. A: Flow cytometry analysis <i>via</i> Annexin V/PI staining; B: The quantitative analysis of tumor cells apoptosis after incubation with different silybin preparations for 24 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> silybin group; <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> PEOz-PLA group , figureFileSmall=+gY1IV+ro1SHd96mmQlV8Q==, figureFileBig=qsyDaaVY4H6BkxAq3lHYaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229355455364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1cA94wuLWM+sN9N4wLTQRg==, figureFileBig=ZlQnB/332V3xAX7VJnsWAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229506450323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The inhibition effect of different silybin preparations on the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. A: Wound healing images of different preparations; B: The migration rate of different preparations. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> silybin group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> PEOz-PLA group , figureFileSmall=1cA94wuLWM+sN9N4wLTQRg==, figureFileBig=ZlQnB/332V3xAX7VJnsWAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229665833891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=X/v9+25hSpn2Uik5SjuEAg==, figureFileBig=aMWO0fPu9jTfsQ9cM/6joQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960229791663025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656151391925155, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= The inhibition effect of different silybin formulations on the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. 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肿瘤微环境双重响应性水飞蓟宾纳米胶束体外抗乳腺癌活性及转移研究
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贾玲玉 # , 郝单丽 # , 杨佳颖 , 谢冉 , 德格晶 , 易红 , 臧琛 , 赵钰 * , 赵庆贺 * , 陈燕军 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(9): 2785-2793
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (9) : 2785 -2793
肿瘤微环境双重响应性水飞蓟宾纳米胶束体外抗乳腺癌活性及转移研究
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贾玲玉#, 郝单丽#, 杨佳颖, 谢冉, 德格晶, 易红, 臧琛, 赵钰* , 赵庆贺* , 陈燕军*
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
通讯作者:
*赵钰, E-mail: ;
赵庆贺, ;
pH and GSH dual-responsive silybin nano-micelles for inhibition of breast cancer activity and metastasis in vitro
Ling-yu JIA, Dan-li HAO, Jia-ying YANG, Ran XIE, Ge-jing DE, Hong YI, Chen ZANG, Yu ZHAO* , Qing-he ZHAO* , Yan-jun CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1357
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肿瘤微环境的复杂特征为肿瘤治疗带来考验的同时也为新型治疗策略提供了新的途径。本研究合成了肿瘤微环境pH响应和谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)响应的聚(2-乙基-2噁唑啉)-聚乳酸-二硫键聚β氨基酯[poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly (lactic acid)-SS-poly (β-amino ester), PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE]三嵌段共聚物, 通过薄膜水化法负载水飞蓟宾(silybin)制备胶束, 以提高水飞蓟宾抗肿瘤活性。通过芘荧光探针法测定该聚合物的临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC)为1.8 μg·mL-1。动态光散射法测定胶束粒径为155.30 ±1.80 nm, 多分散指数(polydispersity index, PDI)为0.168 ±0.004。HPLC测定胶束的载药量和包封率为(5.48 ±0.04)%和(68.52 ±0.48)%。其体外释放结果表现出胶束具有pH与GSH敏感性, 具有缓释效果。通过测定空白胶束的溶血率和细胞毒性试验证明材料具有良好的生物相容性。载药胶束组细胞毒性实验和细胞凋亡实验表明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束对MDA-MB-231细胞具有显著的抑制效果和诱导其凋亡的效果。细胞划痕实验与Transwell侵袭实验结果显示PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束能够显著抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的转移。因此, 本研究制备的PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束具有良好的体外抑制肿瘤生长以及抗肿瘤转移的作用, 为水飞蓟宾的进一步应用铺垫了基础。

还原响应  /  pH敏感  /  胶束  /  水飞蓟宾  /  体外抑制肿瘤转移

The clinical tumor therapy was greatly challenged due to the complex characteristics of tumor microenvironment, however, which also provide arena for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(lactic acid)-SS-poly(β-amino ester (PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE) triblock copolymers with pH and GSH double response were synthesized, polymer micelles were prepared by thin film hydration method for loading of silybin to improve its antitumor activity. The critical micelle concentration was determined by pyrene fluorescence method as 1.8 μg·mL-1. The particle size was 155.30 ±1.80 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering, with polydispersity index of 0.168 ±0.004. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency of the micelles were determined by HPLC as (5.48 ±0.04)% and (68.52 ±0.48)%, respectively. The in vitro drug release profiles showed that the micelles have low pH sensitivity and high GSH responsiveness, and exhibited sustained release profiles. The good biocompatibility of the material was proved by measuring the hemolysis rate and cytotoxicity of the blank micelle. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate of tumor cells showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles had significant inhibitory effect and apoptosis-inducing effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of wounding healing assay and Transwell invasion test showed that the drug loaded PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE micelles could significantly inhibit the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells. The PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE drug-loaded micelles prepared in this study have good inhibitory effect on tumor growth and anti-tumor metastasis in vitro, which lays the foundation for the further application of silybin.

reductive response  /  pH sensitivity  /  micelle  /  silybin  /  tumor metastasis
贾玲玉, 郝单丽, 杨佳颖, 谢冉, 德格晶, 易红, 臧琛, 赵钰, 赵庆贺, 陈燕军. 肿瘤微环境双重响应性水飞蓟宾纳米胶束体外抗乳腺癌活性及转移研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2785 -2793 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1357
Ling-yu JIA, Dan-li HAO, Jia-ying YANG, Ran XIE, Ge-jing DE, Hong YI, Chen ZANG, Yu ZHAO, Qing-he ZHAO, Yan-jun CHEN. pH and GSH dual-responsive silybin nano-micelles for inhibition of breast cancer activity and metastasis in vitro[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2785 -2793 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1357
根据国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) 发布的GLOBOCAN 2020统计[1], 乳腺癌新增人数超过肺癌, 成为2020年全球癌症发病率的首要原因。在中国, 乳腺癌的发病率和死亡率都居于女性恶性疾病的首位[2]。未发生转移的乳腺癌患者的5年总生存率大于80%[3], 然而, 发生转移将导致这一比率急剧下降至约25%[4]。根据乳腺癌的分子分型, 三阴性乳腺癌侵袭性最强、预后效果最差, 通常在晚期被诊断出, 容易导致高复发率和低存活率, 且三阴性乳腺癌不表达雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体2, 导致其缺乏有效的靶向治疗手段, 容易发生转移[5]。肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 由复杂基质中的不同细胞群组成[6]。TME在不同程度上帮助肿瘤形成肿瘤标志物, 与肿瘤细胞共同维持增殖信号、抵抗细胞死亡、诱导血管生成、激活侵袭和转移、引发促肿瘤炎症和避免免疫破坏等[7]。整个肿瘤微环境形成一些独特的特征, 成为治疗癌症的靶点, 例如: 酸性、高GSH浓度、低氧、免疫微环境等, 这些与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。这些特性也可以被用于设计智能药物递送平台, 以定点在肿瘤组织中释放药物。
水飞蓟宾从水飞蓟素的醇提物中分离得到, 是两个非对映异构体的近似等摩尔混合物[8]。研究发现水飞蓟宾可通过调控激酶、转录因子和细胞信号通路等多个环节抑制癌细胞生长, 影响肿瘤细胞转移、侵袭等作用[9, 10]。例如: Wu等[11]研究发现水飞蓟宾通过使β-catenin/ZEB1信号失活, 阻断膀胱癌细胞上皮-间充质转化, 降低肿瘤细胞干性, 抑制肿瘤转移; Si和Lashgarian等[12, 13]研究发现水飞蓟宾通过降低Rac1基因的表达水平、诱导线粒体融合等通路抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移。但由于水飞蓟宾的疏水性质, 其溶解度极低(< 0.04 mg·mL-1), 导致水飞蓟宾生物利用度较低, 从而限制了其临床应用[14]
纳米胶束具有改善药物分子的溶解性、延长包封药物的体内循环时间、提高药物的靶向性、降低药物毒副作用等优点[15]。聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉) [poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), PEOz] 共聚物通过阳离子开环聚合而成, 表现出良好的生物相容性, 其作为胶束亲水性外壳使用, 可以降低网状内皮系统对胶束的非特异性清除[16-18]。聚乳酸[poly(lactic acid), PLA] 安全性高、可生物降解, 已获得美国食品药品监督管理局批准, 在纳米给药系统的开发中得到广泛应用[19, 20]。含二硫键聚-β-氨基酯[poly(β-amino ester), PBAE] 嵌段共聚物是由合成的含二硫键的二丙烯酸酯类化合物和胺类化合物聚合而成, 聚合物中二硫键在肿瘤微环境GSH浓度高的条件下发生断裂[21], 叔胺在肿瘤微环境酸性条件下发生质子化, 引起聚合物链之间的静电排斥效应, 使得胶束膨胀, 药物释放; 且其原料廉价、合成简单、毒性相对较低, 是一种在全身给药中应用前景广阔的药物载体[22]。本研究将上述三种材料制备成三嵌段共聚物, 赋予其pH-GSH双重响应性, 同时负载水飞蓟宾制备成纳米胶束, 借助渗透和滞留效应[enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect] 被动富集于肿瘤部位[23], 基于肿瘤部位微环境酸性、高GSH浓度的特征释放药物。通过体外实验初步评价了其对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的抗肿瘤及抗转移活性。
材料  丙交酯(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 6-氨基-1-己醇(阿拉丁控股集团有限公司); 丙烯酰氯(上海阿达玛斯贝塔化学试剂有限公司); 芘(阿拉丁控股集团有限公司); 水飞蓟宾(北京谨明生物科技有限公司); 透析袋MD44、L-15培养基、0.4%台盼蓝染液、0.1%结晶紫水溶液、青霉素-链霉素溶液、3-(4, 5-二甲基噻唑基)-2, 5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐(MTT) (北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 红细胞(50%, 北京互持生物科技有限公司); MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞(中国医学科学院细胞库); 胎牛血清(FBS, 上海文韧生物科技有限公司); 胰蛋白酶(美国Gibco公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, HyClone公司); Corning Matrigel Invasion Chambers (美国康宁公司); FITC偶联Annexin-V凋亡检测试剂盒(美国BD公司); PEOz与二硫代二乙醇丙烯酸酯均为本实验室自制; 水为去离子水; 乙腈、甲醇为色谱纯; 其他试剂均为分析纯。
仪器  核磁共振仪(Ascend-600, 德国Bruker公司); 荧光分光光度计(F-7000, 日立公司); 激光粒度仪(Nano ZS90, 英国马尔文仪器有限公司); 透射电镜(H7650, 日立公司); 冷冻干燥机(LGJ-10C, 北京四环科学仪器厂); 高效液相色谱仪(Agilent 1260, 安捷伦科技有限公司); 旋转蒸发器(RE-2000, 上海亚荣生化仪器厂); 循环冷却器(DL-400, 郑州长城科工贸有限公司); 倒置显微镜(CKKX41, 奥林巴斯(中国) 有限公司); 酶标仪(SYNERGY H1, 美国伯腾仪器有限公司); 流式细胞仪(FACS Calibur, 美国BD公司)。
PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE材料的合成  聚合物材料的合成过程如图 1所示, 通过取代的方法, 将N-(叔丁氧羰基)乙醇胺与对甲苯磺酰氯反应, 得到引发剂Boc-OTs[24]。以此引发剂引发2-乙基-2-噁唑啉(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, EOz) 的开环聚合反应, 得到亲水性聚合物聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉) [poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), Boc-PEOz), 在此基础上以辛酸亚锡Sn(Oct)2为催化剂, 利用Boc-PEOz的末端羟基引发丙交酯的开环聚合, 得到聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)-聚乳酸[poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(lactic acid), Boc-PEOz-PLA], 加入三乙胺和丙烯酰氯进行丙烯酰化反应, 得到丙烯酰化后的产物Boc-PEOz-PLA-A, 加入6-氨基-1-己醇, 二硫代二乙醇丙烯酸酯(以丙烯酰氯和二硫代二乙醇为原料, 在三乙胺的催化下合成) 按照1∶10∶11的摩尔比进行迈克尔加成反应, 合成最终产物PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE。
PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE聚合物核磁共振(1H NMR) 表征  称取5 mg聚合物材料溶于氘代氯仿, 以四甲基硅烷为内标, 用核磁共振仪扫描1H NMR图谱, 解析图谱。
聚合物材料CMC的测定  采用芘荧光探针法测定聚合物的CMC值[25], 分别称取聚合物PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE材料各10 mg于100 mL量瓶中, 加去离子水溶解并定容至刻度, 配成100 μg·mL-1的聚合物溶液, 备用。称取2 mg芘于100 mL量瓶中, 加入丙酮溶解并定容至刻度, 再稀释得到1×10-5 mol·L-1芘溶液, 备用。取10 μL芘溶液于10 mL量瓶中, 室温静置过夜, 挥去丙酮, 向其中加入不同浓度的各聚合物溶液(0.01~100 μg·mL-1), 50 ℃超声2 h, 使芘充分混匀进入胶束, 避光条件下室温静置过夜, 待测。使用荧光分光光度计, 固定发射波长390 nm, 激发光扫描波长范围为300~360 nm, 激发狭缝为5 nm, 发射狭缝为10 nm, 获得各溶液的激发光谱。以336和334 nm处荧光强度的比值, 对聚合物浓度作图, 通过曲线的突变点确定各共聚物的CMC值。
空白及载药胶束的制备  采用薄膜水化法制备胶束[26]。空白胶束的制备, 分别称取PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE两种材料各20 mg。载药胶束的制备, 分别称取PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE两种材料各20 mg, Silybin 1.7 mg。分别加入10 mL甲醇溶解, 50 ℃真空状态下旋蒸30 min, 加入10 mL去离子水, 常压状态下, 水化5 min, 过孔径0.45 μm滤膜, 得到空白及载药纳米胶束, 冻干备用。
胶束粒径、稳定性及形态学表征  采用激光粒度仪测定胶束的粒径分布, 称取胶束冻干粉各10 mg加5 mL去离子水溶解, 制备成2 mg·mL-1胶束溶液, 取适量至马尔文粒径样品池中, 设置温度为25 ℃, 每个样品平行测量3次取平均值。将各胶束放置于4 ℃冰箱及37 ℃条件下, 于不同时间点取样, 测定其粒径大小。
称取聚合物胶束用去离子水配成2 mg·mL-1溶液, 铜网放置于滤纸上, 吸取胶束溶液滴于铜网上, 静置过夜, 利用透射电子显微镜观察胶束形态。
溶血性考察  通过PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE两种材料的空白胶束与红细胞孵育来检测溶血作用。材料起始浓度从1 000 μg·mL-1开始, 使用二倍稀释法将材料稀释后分别与等量的红细胞样品在37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中孵育1 h, 其中PBS溶液为阴性对照(A阴性), 1%曲拉通100溶液为阳性对照(A阳性)。将混合物离心, 使用酶标仪测定上清液在540 nm处的吸光度。每组重复3次, 取平均值。通过以下公式计算: 溶血率= (A实验- A阴性) / (A阳性- A阴性) × 100%。
水飞蓟宾纳米胶束载药量和包封率的测定  配制浓度为6.25、12.5、25、50、100、200 μg·mL-1的水飞蓟宾溶液, 根据美国药典中检测水飞蓟宾的色谱条件[27], 采用高效液相色谱(HPLC) 测定水飞蓟宾的含量, 并绘制标准曲线。称取2 mg水飞蓟宾纳米胶束于离心管中, 加入甲醇溶解, 通过上述实验所得标准曲线计算其载药量和包封率。载药量=胶束中水飞蓟宾质量/材料与药物投料量×100%; 包封率=胶束中水飞蓟宾质量/水飞蓟宾投药量×100%。
水飞蓟宾纳米胶束体外释药性能研究  采用透析法分别考察两种载药胶束在pH 7.4或pH 6.0, 含有10 mmol·L-1 GSH或不含GSH条件下的释药性能, 将两种载药胶束配制成7 mg·mL-1的胶束溶液, 吸取3 mL于透析袋(MWCO = 3 500) 中, 置于含12 mL不同释放介质的离心管中, 于37 ℃恒温振荡培养箱中, 100 r·min-1振荡, 分别在预定的时间取出750 μL的上清液并用相同体积的相应释放介质替换, 取出样品用HPLC测定其含量, 计算每个时间点的累积释放率。每组三个平行样, 计算后取平均值。
细胞毒性实验  精密称取游离药物、空白胶束及各载药胶束冻干粉适量, 使用L-15培养基分别配制空白胶束浓度为200、400、600、800、1 000 μg·mL-1的溶液。使用L-15培养基配制水飞蓟宾浓度12.5、25、37.5、50、100、150 μg·mL-1的游离药物与两种水飞蓟宾胶束溶液。将MDA-MB-231细胞以1×104个/孔接种于96孔板中, 37 ℃孵育过夜后, 加入上述配制的系列浓度空白胶束、游离药物以及各载药胶束溶液。分别孵育24、48、72 h后, 每孔加10 μL MTT溶液继续培养4 h之后, 移除L-15培养基, 每孔加入150 μL DMSO置摇床上低速振荡10 min, 使结晶充分溶解, 在酶标仪570 nm处测量每孔吸光度值(A实验)。以不加药的孔作为对照组(A对照), 同时设置背景孔(A空白), 测量并计算每孔的细胞存活率。公式如下: 存活率= (A实验- A空白) / (A对照- A空白) × 100%。
细胞凋亡实验  采用Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测载药胶束对MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的影响。将MDA-MB-231细胞以2×105个/孔接种于6孔板内, 待细胞贴壁后, 加入含水飞蓟宾50 μg·mL-1浓度的游离药物及各载药胶束溶液。每组分别设置3个复孔, 孵育24 h后, 消化细胞, 离心机2 000 r·min-1、4 ℃离心5 min。弃上清, 再用预冷的PBS洗涤细胞两次, 加入300 μL binding buffer重悬细胞。加入Annexin V-FITC 5 μL混匀后室温避光染色15 min, 加入PI 5 μL混匀后室温避光染色5 min, 加入200 μL binding buffer, 通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。
细胞划痕实验  取对数生长期的MDA-MB-231细胞, 以1×106个/孔接种至6孔板, 待细胞贴壁后, 用200 μL枪头在细胞上划痕, 用PBS洗3次, 加入用不含血清的L-15培养基配制的含水飞蓟宾50 μg·mL-1浓度的游离药物及各载药胶束溶液, 孵育24 h后吸去培养液, 置倒置荧光显微镜下观察、拍照。
Transwell侵袭实验  取对数生长期的MDA-MB-231细胞, 消化、离心后, 加入无血清培养基重悬并计数, 制备成每毫升5×105的单细胞悬液。取基质胶包被的孔径为8 μm的Transwell小室, 向小室内分别加入100 μL无血清培养基制备的细胞悬液和100 μL用无血清培养基配制的含水飞蓟宾50 μg·mL-1浓度的游离药物及各载药胶束溶液。小室外的24孔板中加入600 μL含10% FBS的培养基配制的含水飞蓟宾50 μg·mL-1浓度的游离药物及各载药胶束溶液, 置37 ℃孵育24 h。24 h后, 取出小室, 用棉签擦去上层的基质胶和没有穿过碳酸脂膜的细胞, 用4%多聚甲醛固定下层细胞。PBS洗涤三次, 并用0.1%结晶紫室温染色10 min, PBS洗三次去除多余染料, 适当风干后, 倒置显微镜下观察, 拍照6个不同视野并对每个视野内的细胞计数。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行分析, 数据用$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示。数据两组采用t test进行统计比较, 多组采用one-way ANOVA分析进行统计学检验, P < 0.05认为有显著性差异。
按照上述过程合成聚合物材料PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE, 通过1H NMR验证了产物的结构, 结果如图 2所示, 聚合物材料氢归属为: PEOz重复单元结构中δ 1.11 (-C-CH2-CH3), δ 2.40 (-C-CH2-CH3), δ 3.44 (-N-CH2-CH2-O-), 证明PEOz段成功合成; PLA重复单元结构中δ 1.54 (-O-CH(CH3)-O-), δ 5.17 (-O-CH(CH3)-O-), 证明PLA段成功嵌合到产物中; PBAE重复单元结构中δ 4.33 (-O-CH2-CH2-), δ 2.82 (-S-CH2-CH2-), δ 2.92 (-N-CH2-), δ 1.30 (-N-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-), δ 3.61 (-CH2-OH), 证明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE材料合成成功。亲水性聚合物嵌段PEOz分子量通过凝胶渗透色谱测定其数均分子量为2591 Da, 计算得其聚合度为26, 最终产物PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE的分子量主要根据核磁图谱中不同基团的氢积分高度比进行计算, 得PLA嵌段共聚物的聚合度为11 (分子量792 Da), PBAE嵌段共聚物为4 (分子量379 Da)。
采用芘荧光探针法考察了聚合物材料的临界胶束浓度, 随着聚合物材料浓度的增加, 芘的荧光强度增大, 最大激发波长从334 nm红移到336 nm, 以聚合物浓度的对数值为横坐标, 以I336/I334为纵坐标作图, 求得PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE的临界胶束浓度分别为1.2和1.8 μg·mL-1
利用动态光散射法测定了胶束的粒径及分布, 结果如图 3所示, PEOz-PLA胶束的粒径为69.25 ± 1.09 nm, PDI为0.260 ± 0.003; PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE胶束的粒径为155.30 ± 1.80 nm, PDI为0.168 ± 0.004, 粒径分布较均一。分别考察两种胶束在4 ℃和37 ℃条件下的稳定性, 在预定时间测量其粒度的变化, 各胶束粒径随时间变化的曲线如图 1C。在4 ℃时, 两种胶束的粒径变化在72 h内均较为稳定, 37 ℃时, 两种胶束在48 h后, 均有较大变化, 表明将胶束储存于4 ℃的环境下, 更有利于保持其稳定性。透射电镜下观察两种胶束形态, 均呈现球形或类球形状态, 大小均一, 分散良好。
对制备的两种材料的空白胶束溶血性进行了测定, PEOz-PLA、PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE材料的空白胶束在考察的浓度范围(7.8~1 000 μg·mL-1) 内, 溶血率均未超过5%, 证明制备的聚合物材料具有良好的血液相容性。
使用HPLC测定PEOz-PLA载药胶束和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束中水飞蓟宾的浓度, 计算得到PEOz-PLA胶束的载药量和包封率为(7.03 ± 0.10)%和(89.55 ± 1.29)%, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE胶束的载药量和包封率为(5.48 ± 0.04)%和(68.52 ± 0.48)%。
研究了水飞蓟宾两种载药胶束在不同pH值和还原条件下的释放, 图 4A表明, PEOz-PLA载药胶束在PBS (pH 7.4) 和PBS (pH 6.0) 的环境下, 72 h内的累积释放量分别为(36.74 ± 0.21)%和(43.90 ± 1.24)%。PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束在PBS (pH 7.4) 和PBS (pH 6.0) 的环境下, 72 h内的累积释放量分别为(35.38 ± 0.64)%和(44.46 ± 2.26)%。两种胶束在pH变化的情况下, 药物释放量无显著差别, 可能是由于PBAE嵌段位于胶束内部, 针对pH改变, 未能及时响应。
图 4B表明, 在不同pH条件下, 加入GSH, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束的释放显著加快。在PBS (pH 6.0+GSH) 条件下时, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束在72 h内的释放累积量达到最大(64.54 ± 0.67)%, 说明酸性和还原环境共同促进了药物释放。
图 4CD表明, 当两种载药胶束处于相同pH环境中时, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束在含有GSH的释放环境下, 与不含GSH的释放环境相比, 药物释放量有显著性差异, 而PEOz-PLA载药胶束药物释放量无显著差别。
采用MTT法考察了空白胶束、游离药和各载药胶束对MDA-MB-231细胞的毒性。如图 5所示, MDA-MB-231细胞在不同浓度的空白胶束作用下, 72 h内细胞存活率大于80%, 说明材料具有良好的安全性。MDA-MB-231细胞在不同浓度游离药和各载药胶束作用下, 对细胞的杀伤作用呈现出对水飞蓟宾的剂量依赖性。当水飞蓟宾浓度相同时, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组对MDA-MB-231细胞的毒性明显要大于游离药与PEOz-PLA载药胶束组, 说明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE材料能够有效地将水飞蓟宾转运进入细胞内, 发挥水飞蓟宾的药效。
采用Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡检测试剂盒检测载药胶束对MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的影响, 如图 6所示, 经PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组处理的MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡比例高于PEOz-PLA载药胶束组与游离药组, 两两之间差异显著, 表明水飞蓟宾载药胶束组通过诱导细胞凋亡使癌细胞死亡从而达到抗肿瘤的目的。
MDA-MB-231是三阴性乳腺癌细胞, 具有侵袭和迁移能力, 通过划痕实验检测游离药和各载药胶束抑制细胞迁移的能力。如图 7所示, 与对照组相比, 各给药组的细胞迁移受到不同程度的抑制, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组与PEOz-PLA载药胶束组和游离药组相比, 能够更大程度抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移, 差异显著。
采用Transwell侵袭实验检测不同给药组对MDA-MB-231细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用。结果如图 8所示, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组的每视野内的平均细胞数明显小于PEOz-PLA载药胶束组和游离药组每视野内的平均细胞数, 表明相对于PEOz-PLA载药胶束组和游离药组, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组更能显著地抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭。
本研究依据肿瘤微环境特征, 设计并合成了两亲性聚合物材料PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE, 并负载水飞蓟宾制备胶束, 针对该材料进行了一系列表征和体外抗肿瘤实验。
通过测定CMC值来评价了该聚合物材料在溶液中形成胶束的稳定性, 结果说明该材料在较低的浓度下能够在水溶液中自组装形成胶束, 较为稳定。最终制备的胶束粒径为(155.30 ± 1.80) nm, 在符合通过EPR效应被动靶向于肿瘤部位的粒径范围内[28], 透射电镜结果能够观察到形成的胶束大小均一、形状规则、分散均匀。
为了验证该聚合物胶束的pH、GSH响应性, 考察了载药胶束在不同pH以及有无GSH条件下水飞蓟宾的释放行为, 结果表明, 当缓冲介质的pH从7.4下降至6.0时, PEOz-PLA和PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE两种胶束中水飞蓟宾的释放量都有一定范围的提升, 分析原因可能是亲水端PEOz中含有叔胺, 在酸性条件下发生质子化, 增加了药物的释放量; 但两种胶束在酸性环境下释放量无差别, 分析原因可能是由于PBAE端包裹在胶束内部, 未能有效针对环境中pH的改变做出响应; 当缓冲介质中加入GSH后, PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE胶束中水飞蓟宾的释放量明显增加, PEOz-PLA胶束的释放量却没有变化, 说明二硫键断裂并释放更多的水飞蓟宾; 释放结果显示在PBS (pH 6.0+GSH) 环境下药物释放量最高, 说明二硫键的断裂加速PBAE端叔胺的质子化, 使得药物释放量达到最高, 证明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束对肿瘤微环境具有双重响应性。
溶血性考察与空白胶束的毒性实验说明该材料具有较好的生物相容性与安全性, 为后续实验奠定基础。细胞毒性实验与细胞凋亡实验结果一致, 表明PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组对细胞的杀伤作用远高于游离药物与PEOz-PLA载药胶束组, 且能显著地引起MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡。说明该双重响应性的材料更能够提高药物的利用率, 实现对癌细胞的最大杀伤。细胞划痕实验与Transwell实验证明了PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载药胶束组能够显著地抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的转移与侵袭。本研究初步证明了PEOz-PLA-SS-PBAE载水飞蓟宾胶束抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞生长与转移的作用, 为后续开展动物实验, 进一步评价其药效奠定了基础。
作者贡献: 贾玲玉负责进行实验和结果分析, 完成文章撰写; 郝单丽、杨佳颖指导材料合成实验和结果分析; 谢冉、德格晶指导药效实验; 易红、臧琛提供实验仪器支持及指导; 赵钰指导数据分析、论文写作与修改; 赵庆贺是文章构思者及负责人; 陈燕军负责文章审查和实验监督。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81974461)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22005344)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1357
  • 接收时间:2022-12-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-09
  • 修回日期:2023-05-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(81974461)
国家自然科学基金(22005344)
作者信息
    中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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