Article(id=1198628503215239890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668528000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-16, revisedDate=1675612800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904606, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904606, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1328, endPage=1337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628504762938123, articleId=1198628503215239890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title="Liquid seal to detoxification – drying and puffing" of two stage processing technology design and pharmacodynamic study of aconite (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) processed by microwave, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Establish a production line with controllable process and high intelligence, contribute to improve the quality and production efficiency of aconite processed by microwave, and promote the transformation and application of aconite processed by microwave. According to the principle of aconite detoxification and the characteristics of industrial microwave equipment, an industrial production line of aconite processed by microwave was established with diester alkaloids and monoester alkaloids as indicators, and pilot production was carried out. At the same time, the content of active constituents and efficacy were compared with that of the main processed products, such as Shengfupian, Baifupian and Heishunpian. The results showed that the industrial production of aconite processed by microwave can be divided into two stages:"Liquid seal to detoxification - drying and puffing". The content of monoester alkaloids in 10 batches of aconite processed by microwave was 0.071%-0.166% and the content of diester alkaloids was 0.004%-0.016%, which met the relevant requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2020. Compared with Heishunpian and Baifupian, the retention rate of the effective components of aconite processed by microwave was higher. Pharmacological experiments showed that aconite processed by microwave not only retained the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Heishunpian and Baifupian, but also significantly increased the levels of leukocytes and lymphocytes in mice with liver cancer chemotherapy, enhanced the CD4/CD8 ratio in spleen cells of mice (P < 0.05), thus regulating the body's immunity. However, this effect of Baifupian was weak, while Heishunpian and Shengfupian had no such effect. Through the above research, this study established microwave processing line with controllable process and high intelligence, as well produced the aconite processed by microwave with low toxicity and stable quality. It laid a foundation for the industrialized continuous production and clinical positioning of aconite by microwave processed, and provided scientific support for the development and application of microwave technology in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. All animal experiments in this study were reviewed and approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine before being carried out (Approval No. 2020-28).

, correspAuthors=Ming YANG, Ding-kun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-nan HE, Xin YANG, Jing WU, Yu-sen HOU, Qi HU, Run-chun XU, Qin-wan HUANG, Ming YANG, Ding-kun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628508680418269, articleId=1198628503215239890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=微波炮附子“液封减毒-干燥膨化”两阶段炮制工艺设计及药效评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立过程可控、智能化程度高的生产线, 有助于提升微波炮附子的品质及生产效率, 促进微波炮附子的转化与应用。本研究根据附子减毒原理及工业化微波设备特点, 以双酯型生物碱及单酯型生物碱为指标, 建立微波炮附子工业化生产线, 并进行中试生产。同时与附子主流炮制品生附片、白附片以及黑顺片的有效成分含量及药效进行对比。结果表明, 微波炮附子工业化生产主要分为“液封减毒-干燥膨化”两阶段。中试生产10批微波炮附子的单酯型生物碱含量为0.071%~0.166%;双酯型生物碱含量为0.004%~0.016%, 均符合2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》相关要求。与黑顺片和白附片相比, 微波炮附子的有效成分保留率更高。药理实验表明, 微波炮附子不仅保留了黑顺片、白附片的抗炎、镇痛活性, 同时可显著提高肝癌化疗小鼠的白细胞、淋巴细胞的水平, 增强小鼠脾脏细胞中CD4/CD8比值(P < 0.05), 调节机体免疫, 而白附片的这种作用较弱, 黑顺片和生附片则无该作用。通过以上研究, 建立了过程可控、智能化程度高的微波炮附子生产线, 并用优化工艺生产出了毒性低、质量稳定、疗效确切的微波炮附子, 为微波炮附子的工业化连续生产和临床应用奠定了基础, 为微波技术在中医药领域的发展和应用提供了科学支撑。本研究中所有动物实验在开展前经过成都中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: 2020-28)。

, correspAuthors=杨明, 张定堃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨明, ;
张定堃, Tel: 13568982018, E-mail:
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MA: Mesaconitine; AC: Aconitine; HA: Hypaconitine; BMA: Benzoylmesaconine; BAC: Benzoylaconine; BHA: Benzoylaconine; DDA: Diester-diterpene type alkaloids; MDA: Monoester- diterpene type alkaloids; TA: Total alkaloids. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=iNppMraIc5qyX9nI44xELQ==, figureFileBig=LoxzriwYZplNZeM+W7LW3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960130537652853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vCKzKfK5mdD50MM57y9pxA==, figureFileBig=Op0M5nBTCqf2i1Dfnq8qGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960130692842118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of processing temperatures (A) and time (B) on alkaloids of Fuzi processed by microwave. DT: Detoxification phase; DY: Drying phase. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=vCKzKfK5mdD50MM57y9pxA==, figureFileBig=Op0M5nBTCqf2i1Dfnq8qGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960130889974425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9d4KP6Hk62Ou4eFUryIRzA==, figureFileBig=UjGj9QlUGKV2ecGbJVPiFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131028386471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Samples photo (A) and alkaloid content (B) of Fuzi processed by microwave. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=9d4KP6Hk62Ou4eFUryIRzA==, figureFileBig=UjGj9QlUGKV2ecGbJVPiFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131154215609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uwdVx7G/yzVRvDGKO+Dpsw==, figureFileBig=C9zsATTcaf+upkDlcsO3cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131275850437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Contents of 13 alkaloids in different processed products of Fuzi. S: Shengfupian; P: Paofupian; B: Baifupian; H: Heishunpian; DA: Indaconitin; PA: Pyroaconitine; AN: Aconine; NE: Neoline; HI: Higenamine; CO: Coryneine; SA: Salsolinol. <i>n</i> = 10, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=uwdVx7G/yzVRvDGKO+Dpsw==, figureFileBig=C9zsATTcaf+upkDlcsO3cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131414262487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ILZH0ILB6VEC9UVfJEwrVg==, figureFileBig=4Z+X26bD6SZB38KmGWG70A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131561063149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Analgesic (A) and anti-inflammatory (B) results of different processed products of Fuzi. M: Model group; PO: Positive group; S: Shengfupian group; P: Paofupian group; B: Baifupian group; H: Heishunpian group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> M , figureFileSmall=ILZH0ILB6VEC9UVfJEwrVg==, figureFileBig=4Z+X26bD6SZB38KmGWG70A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131682697979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uu9TJ/ioMy43RJ3hAVL9fw==, figureFileBig=esUz3TUrji54k2aq5HY96w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960131842081546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503215239890, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Therapeutic effect of different processed Fuzi products combined with cyclophosphamide on liver cancer mice. A: Thymus index; B: Spleen index; C: Tumor weight; D: Tumor photo; E: CD4/CD3 level; F: CD8/CD3 level; G: CD4/CD8 level; H: White blood cells; I: Lymphocytes; J: Platelets. 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贺亚男 1 , 杨欣 1 , 吴京 2 , 侯寓森 1 , 胡琦 1 , 许润春 1 , 黄勤挽 1 , 杨明 3, * , 张定堃 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(5): 1328-1337
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(5): 1328-1337
微波炮附子“液封减毒-干燥膨化”两阶段炮制工艺设计及药效评价
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贺亚男1, 杨欣1, 吴京2, 侯寓森1, 胡琦1, 许润春1, 黄勤挽1, 杨明3, * , 张定堃1, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.贵阳新奇微波工业有限责任公司, 贵州 贵阳 550000
  • 3.江西中医药大学, 创新药物与高效节能降耗制药设备国家重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

通讯作者:

张定堃, Tel: 13568982018, E-mail:
"Liquid seal to detoxification – drying and puffing" of two stage processing technology design and pharmacodynamic study of aconite (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) processed by microwave
Ya-nan HE1, Xin YANG1, Jing WU2, Yu-sen HOU1, Qi HU1, Run-chun XU1, Qin-wan HUANG1, Ming YANG3, * , Ding-kun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. Guiyang Xinqi Microwave Industry company with limited liability, Guiyang 550000, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1229
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建立过程可控、智能化程度高的生产线, 有助于提升微波炮附子的品质及生产效率, 促进微波炮附子的转化与应用。本研究根据附子减毒原理及工业化微波设备特点, 以双酯型生物碱及单酯型生物碱为指标, 建立微波炮附子工业化生产线, 并进行中试生产。同时与附子主流炮制品生附片、白附片以及黑顺片的有效成分含量及药效进行对比。结果表明, 微波炮附子工业化生产主要分为“液封减毒-干燥膨化”两阶段。中试生产10批微波炮附子的单酯型生物碱含量为0.071%~0.166%;双酯型生物碱含量为0.004%~0.016%, 均符合2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》相关要求。与黑顺片和白附片相比, 微波炮附子的有效成分保留率更高。药理实验表明, 微波炮附子不仅保留了黑顺片、白附片的抗炎、镇痛活性, 同时可显著提高肝癌化疗小鼠的白细胞、淋巴细胞的水平, 增强小鼠脾脏细胞中CD4/CD8比值(P < 0.05), 调节机体免疫, 而白附片的这种作用较弱, 黑顺片和生附片则无该作用。通过以上研究, 建立了过程可控、智能化程度高的微波炮附子生产线, 并用优化工艺生产出了毒性低、质量稳定、疗效确切的微波炮附子, 为微波炮附子的工业化连续生产和临床应用奠定了基础, 为微波技术在中医药领域的发展和应用提供了科学支撑。本研究中所有动物实验在开展前经过成都中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: 2020-28)。

微波炮制  /  生物碱含量  /  中试生产  /  抗炎镇痛  /  免疫调节

Establish a production line with controllable process and high intelligence, contribute to improve the quality and production efficiency of aconite processed by microwave, and promote the transformation and application of aconite processed by microwave. According to the principle of aconite detoxification and the characteristics of industrial microwave equipment, an industrial production line of aconite processed by microwave was established with diester alkaloids and monoester alkaloids as indicators, and pilot production was carried out. At the same time, the content of active constituents and efficacy were compared with that of the main processed products, such as Shengfupian, Baifupian and Heishunpian. The results showed that the industrial production of aconite processed by microwave can be divided into two stages:"Liquid seal to detoxification - drying and puffing". The content of monoester alkaloids in 10 batches of aconite processed by microwave was 0.071%-0.166% and the content of diester alkaloids was 0.004%-0.016%, which met the relevant requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2020. Compared with Heishunpian and Baifupian, the retention rate of the effective components of aconite processed by microwave was higher. Pharmacological experiments showed that aconite processed by microwave not only retained the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Heishunpian and Baifupian, but also significantly increased the levels of leukocytes and lymphocytes in mice with liver cancer chemotherapy, enhanced the CD4/CD8 ratio in spleen cells of mice (P < 0.05), thus regulating the body's immunity. However, this effect of Baifupian was weak, while Heishunpian and Shengfupian had no such effect. Through the above research, this study established microwave processing line with controllable process and high intelligence, as well produced the aconite processed by microwave with low toxicity and stable quality. It laid a foundation for the industrialized continuous production and clinical positioning of aconite by microwave processed, and provided scientific support for the development and application of microwave technology in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. All animal experiments in this study were reviewed and approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine before being carried out (Approval No. 2020-28).

microwave processing  /  alkaloid content  /  pilot production  /  anti-inflammatory and analgesic  /  immune regulation
贺亚男, 杨欣, 吴京, 侯寓森, 胡琦, 许润春, 黄勤挽, 杨明, 张定堃. 微波炮附子“液封减毒-干燥膨化”两阶段炮制工艺设计及药效评价. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1328 -1337 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1229
Ya-nan HE, Xin YANG, Jing WU, Yu-sen HOU, Qi HU, Run-chun XU, Qin-wan HUANG, Ming YANG, Ding-kun ZHANG. "Liquid seal to detoxification – drying and puffing" of two stage processing technology design and pharmacodynamic study of aconite (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) processed by microwave[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1328 -1337 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1229
微波技术是近年来新兴的中药炮制技术, 具有升温快、加工效率高、数字化程度高等优势, 已被证实可用于替代烘法、煨法、炮法、炒法、煮制、液体辅料炙等传统炮制方法。同时, 其在中药改性、矫味矫臭、杀青固色、灭菌等方面也有广泛研究, 是现代中药炮制的创新体现[1, 2]。然而, 尽管微波炮制提出了近30年, 但并未实现工业化转化与应用, 其原因主要与微波设备有关。目前常用的微波炮制设备是家用微波炉, 具有方便、安全、价格低的优势。但是家用微波功率和频率相对恒定, 可控性差, 容量小, 更容易出现“尖角效应”“外焦里生”等现象, 难以满足大规模的中药炮制需求[3]。另外, 现代工业微波设备大多来源于食品加工和木材加工, 缺乏适用于中药材炮制和加工的微波设备, 进一步限制了中药微波炮制的转化和应用[3]
微波炮附子在80年代末期由杨明教授首次提出, 是微波技术在中药炮制领域应用的开端[4]。微波炮附子是利用微波技术内部加热特性, 使附子快速升温, 促进双酯型生物碱水解, 达到安全减毒的目的[5]。但由于附子形态不规则, 家用微波炉功率恒定等问题, 为消除“尖角效应”和增加制备过程的可控性, 引入了油砂炮制[5]。然而在实际生产过程中, 油砂难以彻底去除, 微波炮附子废品率仍高居不下。为此, 本研究为实现微波炮附子的工业化连续生产, 首次采用带有实时监控、数字化控制的大型工业化微波设备(图 1), 以双酯型生物碱和单酯型生物碱含量为指标, 对微波炮附子生产工艺进行探索, 确定炮制过程的关键控制参数, 建立微波炮附子生产线, 并将生产的微波炮附子与市售的黑顺片、白附片品质进行对比, 以期为微波炮附子的工业化连续生产和临床定位奠定基础, 为微波技术在中药领域的应用与转化提供科学支撑。
药材  10批生附片、白附片和黑顺片于2020年10月~2021年9月分别购买于四川兴盛源药业有限公司、绵阳神农药业有限公司、四川佳能达攀西药业有限公司、四川天雄药业有限公司、四川新荷花药材市场、正元锦康大药房、北京同仁堂等。生附片批号为: 201001、210801、210901、210902、201002、S210701、S210702、210701、210702、210901, 白附片生产批号为2021020402、2021020403、2021061204、2021061205、2020102202、2020102203、2021100201、2021100202、2021100203、2021082401, 黑顺片生产批号为2021020401、2021050201、2021061201、2021061202、2021061203、2020102201、2019122401、2019122402、2020041201、2020041202 (为避免商业纷争, 故不列出各批次的厂家信息), 经江西中医药大学国家重点实验室杨明教授鉴定为毛茛科植物乌头Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.的子根加工品。
仪器  LC-10A高效液相色谱仪(Shimadzu, 日本); Phenomenonex Gemini C18色谱柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Phenomenonex, 美国); WBD-20微波真空干燥机(贵阳新奇微波有限责任公司, 中国); 1260高效液相色谱仪配有在线脱气机、四元泵、自动进样器、6460C三重串联四极杆液质联用仪配有ESI离子源(Agilent公司, 美国); BD FACSCalibur流式细胞仪(Becton, Dickinson and Company, 美国)。
试剂  色谱级乙腈、甲醇由美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司提供; 分析级二甲亚砜、醋酸铵、二氯甲烷、浓氨水由成都市科龙化工试剂厂提供; FITC anti-mouse CD3抗体(Cat: 100204)、PE anti-mouse CD4抗体(Cat: 100408)、PE anti-mouse CD8a抗体(Cat: 100707) 购买于Biolegend公司; 尼奥林(MUST-16052503)、印乌头碱(MUST-16101810) 购于成都曼斯特生物科技有限公司; 去甲乌药碱(CHB1210118)、棍掌碱(CHB210102)、去甲猪毛菜碱(CHB190104)、乌头碱(CHB80408)、新乌头碱(CHB180311)、次乌头碱(CHB180524)、苯甲酰乌头原碱(CHB180309)、苯甲酰新乌头原碱(CHB180310)、苯甲酰次乌头原碱(CHB180307)、乌头原碱(CHB210112)、焦乌头碱(CHB201201) 购于成都克洛玛生物科技有限公司, 所有对照品纯度均≥ 98%。
实验动物  SPF级的KM小鼠、ICR小鼠, 18~22 g, 由斯贝福(北京) 生物科技有限公司提供[许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010]。小鼠源H22肝癌细胞购自中国科学院上海细胞库。动物实验在开展前经过成都中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准(批准号: 2020-28)。
微波炮附子生产工艺初步设计  取D厂家生附片1 kg, 按照1∶1.2 (生附片∶水) 的比例加入适量水, 微波功率4.5 kW, 按照以下条件进行微波液封减毒与膨化干燥。
工艺一: 微波液封减毒温度为55 ℃, 时间为10 min, 干燥温度为80 ℃; 工艺二: 微波液封减毒温度为55 ℃, 时间为30 min, 干燥温度为60 ℃; 工艺三: 微波液封减毒温度为90 ℃, 时间为20 min, 干燥温度为80 ℃; 工艺四: 微波液封减毒温度为90 ℃, 时间为20 min, 干燥温度为60 ℃。
减毒温度对微波炮附子的影响  分别取D厂家生附片1 kg, 按照1∶1.2 (生附片∶水) 的比例加入适量水, 微波功率4.5 kW, 设置温度为70、80、90 ℃, 微波减毒40 min, 取样20 g。然后60 ℃微波真空变频干燥至含水量小于12%。
减毒时间对微波炮附子的影响  分别取D厂家生附片1 kg, 按照1∶1.2 (生附片∶水) 的比例加入适量水, 微波功率4.5 kW, 设置温度为最优温度, 微波减毒50、70、90 min。然后60 ℃微波真空变频干燥至含水量小于12%。
微波炮附子中试放大生产及质量评价
中试生产  分别取不同厂家的10批生附片, 每批3 kg, 按照筛选的最优工艺进行微波炮制。
对照品溶液的配制  分别精密称取各标准品, 用异丙醇-二氯甲烷(1∶1) 配制成含184 μg·mL-1新乌头碱、244 μg·mL-1乌头碱、196 μg·mL-1次乌头碱、175 μg·mL-1苯甲酰新乌头原碱、222 μg·mL-1苯甲酰乌头原碱、202 μg·mL-1苯甲酰次乌头原碱的对照品母液。
供试品溶液的制备  取样品粉末1 g, 精密称定, 置于具塞锥形瓶中。加1.5 mL氨试液, 精密加入异丙醇-乙酸乙酯(1∶1) 混合溶液25 mL。称定重量, 超声处理30 min。取出, 放至室温, 补足失重。精密量取续滤液10 mL, 40 ℃减压挥干溶剂, 残渣精密加入异丙醇-二氯甲烷(1∶1) 混合溶液1 mL溶解, 过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 即得, 平行3次实验。
色谱条件  Phenomenonex Gemini C18色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 0.04 mol·L-1乙酸铵溶液(浓氨水溶液调至pH 10.0) 为流动相A, 乙腈为流动相B, 按照0~20 min, 10%~22% B; 20~30 min, 22%~37% B; 30~40 min, 37%~47.5% B; 40~45 min, 47.5%~52% B; 45~65 min, 52%~60% B; 65~70 min, 60%~10% B进行梯度洗脱。流速为1 mL·min-1, 柱温25 ℃, 进样量10 μL。采用外标一点法计算样品中生物碱的含量。
不同附子炮制品13种生物碱的含量测定
对照品溶液的配制精密称定各对照品适量, 用甲醇配制成1.91 mg·mL-1乌头碱、1.02 mg·mL-1新乌头碱、7.62 mg·mL-1次乌头碱、1.16 mg·mL-1印乌头碱、1.68 mg·mL-1苯甲酰乌头原碱、3.22 mg·mL-1苯甲酰新乌头原碱、4.50 mg·mL-1苯甲酰次乌头原碱、0.52 mg·mL-1乌头原碱、2.03 mg·mL-1尼奥灵、0.13 mg·mL-1去甲乌药碱、6.24 mg·mL-1去甲猪毛菜碱、3.52 mg·mL-1焦乌头碱、1.44 mg·mL-1棍掌碱的对照品母液。
供试品溶液的制备  分别取生附片粉末、微波炮附子粉末、黑顺片粉末、白附片粉末0.2 g (过2号筛), 精密称定, 置锥形瓶中, 加入10 mL甲醇溶解, 称重, 超声提取30 min, 取出, 放冷, 精密称定, 补足失重, 过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 即得供试品溶液。
色谱条件  Phenomenex Gemini C18色谱柱(150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 以0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相A, 以乙腈为流动相B。按照0~1 min, 2%~20% B; 1~5 min, 20%~50% B; 5~10 min, 50%~75% B; 10~15 min, 75%~100% B进行梯度洗脱。流速为0.45 mL·min-1, 柱温30 ℃, 进样量5 μL。
质谱条件  采用ESI源, 正离子模式检测; 脱溶剂温度300 ℃; 脱溶剂气N2体积流量11 L·min-1; 雾化器压力15 psi (1 psi = 6.895 kPa); 毛细管电压4 000 V; 扫描方式为MRM检测。13个化合物测定的离子对、碎裂电压、碰撞能量以及方法学考察见之前方法[6, 7]
药效评价
药物提取  分别取微波炮附子、黑顺片、白附片各200 g, 加入200 mL水, 浸泡1 h, 加入10倍水, 煎煮2 h (沸腾后, 小火保持沸腾), 纱布过滤, 滤渣加入8倍水, 煎煮1 h, 纱布过滤, 合并2次滤液, 浓缩至1 g·mL-1, 备用。
镇痛评价  取小鼠30只, 雌雄各半, 每组6只, 随机分组为模型组(10 mL·kg-1蒸馏水)、阳性对照组(100 mg·kg-1阿司匹林)、炮附子组(按每公斤体重相等于生药量计, 7.5 g·kg-1)、黑顺片组(7.5 g·kg-1)、白附片组(7.5 g·kg-1)。每组灌胃相应药物, 每天1次, 连续5天。第5天给药1 h后, 各组小鼠腹腔注射0.6%冰醋酸(10 mL·kg-1), 并立即计时。然后记录每只小鼠20 min内出现的扭体次数[8]
抗炎评价  取小鼠30只, 雌雄各半, 每组6只, 随机分组为模型组(10 mL·kg-1蒸馏水)、阳性对照组(100 mg·kg-1阿司匹林)、炮附子组(7.5 g·kg-1)、黑顺片组(7.5 g·kg-1)、白附片组(7.5 g·kg-1)。每组灌胃相应药物, 每天1次, 连续5天。第5天给药1 h后, 左耳为对照组, 右耳均匀涂抹二甲苯(每只0.02 mL)。30 min后, 脱颈处死动物。沿耳廓剪下双耳, 在相同位置用打孔器(直径9 mm) 切下同等面积耳片。称剪下耳片的质量, 并计算小鼠耳肿胀率。肿胀率% = (右耳-左耳)/左耳×100%[9]
免疫调节活性评价  肿瘤模型建立: 取对数生长期H22肝癌细胞, 调整细胞浓度为1×107个·mL-1。然后在小鼠前肢腋下接种0.2 mL细胞悬浮液[10]。空白组前肢腋下接种0.2 mL生理盐水。将实体瘤大小达2 mm3后的小鼠, 随机分为6个组, 每组6只, 分别为模型组, 环磷酰胺(CTX) 组, CTX+生附子提取液组(7.5 g·kg-1), CTX+炮附子提取液组(7.5 g·kg-1), CTX+白附片提取液组(7.5 g·kg-1), CTX+黑顺片提取液组(7.5 g·kg-1)。空白组、模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水。其余各组每天灌胃给予环磷酰胺20 mg·kg-1, 30 min后灌胃给予相应附子提取液, 连续给药10天。第11天, 腹腔注射20% 乌来糖(8 mL·kg-1) 麻醉小鼠, 腹主动脉取血至含有EDTA-2K抗凝管中, 用于血常规检测。脱颈处死小鼠, 剥离瘤组织、胸腺和脾脏, 称重, 并计算胸腺指数(胸腺指数=胸腺质量/体重×100) 和脾脏指数(脾脏指数=脾脏质量/体重×100)。
淋巴细胞CD4/CD8比值测定  取各组小鼠脾脏, 剪碎, 加入1 mL PBS和3 mL红细胞裂解液共同研磨。放置作用5 min, 1 500 r·min-1离心5 min, 去除上清液。沉淀加入1 mL PBS, 重悬。吸取100 µL细胞液, 加入1 µL CD3、CD4抗体, 另吸取100 µL细胞液, 加入1 µL CD3、CD8, 避光孵育30 min。然后使用流式细胞仪测定CD3+ T、CD4+ T、CD8+ T细胞含量。并用FlowJo软件计算CD4+/CD3+和CD8+/CD3+的比值。
统计学分析  运用SPSS 21. 0统计软件进行统计分析, 数据以x ± s表示, 组间比较使用单因素方差分析。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
水是附子微波炮制与减毒的关键。水不仅可以替代油砂消除附片形态带来的尖角效应, 同时也是附子减毒的重要介质, 为附子减毒提供高水环境, 加快附子减毒速率。因此, 结合工业微波设备特点, 将微波炮附子生产工艺设计为两阶段, 第一阶段为水封微波减毒, 即利用附子中毒性生物碱遇热易水解的特性, 加入适量水没过附片, 采用微波对附片进行快速复水与升温, 使其充分解毒; 第二阶段为微波真空干燥膨化, 其目的是使减毒的附片快速脱水膨化(图 2A)。
以双酯型生物碱和单酯型生物碱含量为指标, 考察两阶段温度与时间对解毒效果的影响。结果表明, 第一阶段和第二阶段温度较低时, 双酯型生物碱含量较高, 减毒程度低(图 2B); 第一阶段温度和第二阶段温度均较高时, 可有效促进双酯型生物碱的水解, 减毒程度高; 同时, 第一阶段温度较低, 第二阶段温度较高时, 也可促进双酯型生物碱的水解, 降低附子毒性。以上结果说明炮制过程中的温度对双酯型生物碱水解减毒非常重要, 温度越高, 减毒效果越好。但是, 本研究在实验过程中发现, 真空干燥阶段温度虽然设置为80 ℃, 但是由于真空干燥的原因, 空间温度难以上升至80 ℃。考虑设备损耗以及加工速率等因素, 干燥阶段温度不宜超过60 ℃。此外, 干燥膨化过程的时间主要与附片含水量有关, 故对干燥时间不作具体要求, 干燥程度以附片含水量小于12%为宜。
微波液封减毒阶段的温度对于微波炮附子的安全应用至关重要, 本研究对该阶段的温度进行了优化, 同时还对微波减毒阶段和微波干燥阶段生物碱的含量进行了对比。结果表明, 温度越高, 双酯型生物碱水解越彻底(图 3A)。此外, 当减毒阶段温度较低时, 微波真空干燥阶段不能有效促进双酯型生物碱水解, 故液封减毒阶段温度对于保障炮附子安全性非常重要。但是当微波减毒温度为90 ℃时, 双酯型生物碱含量为0.027%, 仍不满足《中华人民共和国药典》不高于0.02%的规定, 这可能是因为减毒时间不够引起的, 故本研究进一步对微波减毒阶段时间进行了优化。实验结果表明, 液封减毒温度一定时, 加热时间越长, 双酯型生物碱含量越低。加热90 min, 双酯型生物碱含量可降低至0.02%以下, 符合2020年《中华人民共和国药典》的标准(图 3B)。综合以上实验结果, 微波炮附子工业化生产工艺为微波90 ℃常压加热90 min, 60 ℃微波真空干燥。
为了证明该工艺稳定可行, 共收集了10批不同产地及厂家的生附片进行微波炮附子工艺放大研究。如图 4所示, 10批微波炮附子的表面呈黄棕色, 外皮为褐色, 质地松脆, 双酯型生物碱含量为0.004%~0.016%, 单酯型生物碱含量为0.071%~0.166%, 均符合2020年《中华人民共和国药典》附子项下相关标准。此外, 不同厂家、产地来源的生附片厚度、形态不完全统一, 但是经微波炮制后, 不同厂家、来源的微波炮附子单酯型生物碱及总生物碱含量基本接近, 说明该炮制工艺在微波连续化生产过程中不受附片形态及厚度的影响, 整个工艺稳定可行, 适用于微波炮附子连续化生产。
采用HPLC-MS/MS对附子不同炮制品种的生物碱进行定量分析, 并采用标准曲线法计算各样品中生物碱的含量。结果表明, 生附片的总生物碱含量最高, 其次是微波炮附子, 白附片和黑顺片总生物碱含量均较低(图 5)。生附片总生物碱的含量约为微波炮附子的3~5倍, 微波炮附子中的总生物碱含量约是白附片和黑顺片的6~27倍, 该结果说明炮制会对附子中的生物碱含量造成一定损失, 不同炮制方法造成的成分损失程度不同。生附片由于是泥附子直接低温干燥而成, 故10个不同来源批次的生附片总生物碱含量均较高。微波炮附子是在10批生附片的基础上, 进行微波液封减毒和微波膨化干燥, 总含量仅次于生附片。但是市售的10批白附片和黑顺片整体含量均偏低, 尤其是具有强心作用的水溶性生物碱(去甲猪毛菜碱、去甲乌药碱、棍掌碱) 难以检出, 这可能与黑顺片、白附片均需要浸胆和退胆处理, 反复水处理有关。
从生产成本角度, 本研究进一步比较了微波炮附子、黑顺片以及白附片的加工周期以及能耗。以生产100 kg为例, 黑顺片、白附片的生产周期约3~5天(排除浸胆过程时间), 耗水量约5 t, 耗电量约20~30 kW, 天然气消耗量约20 m3。微波炮附子的生产周期约2~3 h (排除生附片加工时间, 耗水量0.15 t, 耗电量10 kW, 整个生产过程不消耗天然气, 更重要的是微波炮制不产生工业废水, 大幅缩短了加工周期、提高了生产效率, 并实现废水零排放的工业生产。微波炮制过程相较于黑顺片或白附片, 操作流程简单、智能化程度高、过程可控性强、产品收率可达95%以上, 可实现生产力与环境绩效的同步提高。
根据生附片、微波炮附子、白附片、黑顺片的含量测定结果, 本研究选择了生附片、微波炮附子、黑顺片、白附片中总生物碱含量相近的批次进行后续药理实验。镇痛实验结果表明, 与模型组相比, 各给药组可显著降低小鼠的扭体次数, 均具有镇痛作用(P < 0.01)。其中生附片镇痛效果最强, 其次是微波炮附子和白附片, 黑顺片镇痛效果最弱(图 6A)。抗炎结果表明, 各给药组可显著降低小鼠耳朵的肿胀度, 均具有一定抗炎作用(P < 0.01)。其中微波炮附子抗炎效果最强, 其次是白附片和生附片, 黑顺片抗炎效果最弱(图 6B)。附子镇痛结果与含量测定结果基本一致, 说明生物碱含量可影响附子的镇痛活性。
医学大家张仲景强调附子“生毒熟补”, 附子炮制后其补益作用会明显增强, 可用于温补脾肾。近期研究表明, 中药的补益作用与机体免疫调节密切相关。为证明附子“生毒熟补”的用药理念, 比较了附子不同炮制品对化疗小鼠的免疫调节作用, 以期为附子炮制品改善化疗患者预后的临床应用提供科学支撑。
环磷酰胺是临床上常用的治疗肿瘤的化疗药物之一, 其主要不良反应为免疫抑制和骨髓抑制[11]。本研究采用附子不同炮制品种的水提液与环磷酰胺联合用于肝癌荷瘤小鼠的治疗, 结果表明肝癌荷瘤小鼠经化疗后, 胸腺指数和脾脏指数明显下降(P < 0.01, 图 7AB)。经附子不同炮制品干预后, 虽然胸腺指数和脾脏指数无明显上升, 但是微波炮附子和生附片可提升环磷酰胺的抗肿瘤作用。
为证明附子不同炮制品具有免疫调节作用, 本研究还检测了不同给药组脾脏淋巴细胞分群以及血常规。CD3是成熟T淋巴细胞的特有表面标志物, 主要参与T细胞的信号传导和活化T细胞[12]。CD4是辅助性T细胞的特有表面标志, 能够协助机体发挥体液免疫和细胞免疫[13]。CD8是细胞毒性T细胞表面的主要标志, 可直接杀灭具有特殊抗原反应的目标细胞[14]。CD4/CD8比值反映了机体免疫的状况[15]。与正常组相比, 模型组、环磷酰胺组、生附片组、白附片组、黑顺片组的CD4/CD3比值无明显变化, 仅微波炮附子组的CD4/CD3比值有显著升高(P < 0.05, 图 7E)。与正常组相比, 除环磷酰胺组和生附片组的CD8/CD3比值显著增加外, 其余各组CD8/CD3比值均无显著增加(图 7F)。与正常组相比, 环磷酰胺组、生附片组和黑顺片组的CD4/CD8比值明显降低(P < 0.05, 图 7G), 机体存在免疫紊乱。与环磷酰胺组相比, 微波炮附子组可明显增加CD4/CD8比值(P < 0.05), 说明微波炮附子可改善环磷酰胺在抗肿瘤过程中带来的免疫毒性, 其原理可能与增强机体中的辅助性T细胞和细胞毒性T细胞有关。
血常规结果表明, 肝癌荷瘤小鼠化疗后, 白细胞和淋巴细胞水平显著降低(P < 0.01, 图 7HI), 血小板水平明显上升(P < 0.05, 图 7J)。经生附片和微波炮附子水提液干预后, 肝癌化疗小鼠的白细胞及淋巴细胞水平均有明显提高(P < 0.05), 白附片和黑顺片对于肝癌化疗小鼠的血常规无明显改善。综合以上结果, 微波炮附子在辅助环磷酰胺抗肿瘤和降低环磷酰胺免疫毒性方面更具优势。
本研究根据微波工业设备特点, 发明了炮附子微波液封减毒和膨化干燥两阶段生产工艺, 确定了微波炮制过程的关键控制参数, 建立了过程可控、智能化程度高的微波炮附子生产线, 并生产出了毒性低、质量稳定的微波炮附子饮片, 实现了附子生产力与环境绩效的同步提高。此外, 本研究还证明了微波炮附子不仅保留了黑顺片和白附片的镇痛、抗炎活性, 还可增强化疗药环磷酰胺的抗肿瘤活性, 降低其带来的免疫毒性, 为微波炮附子的临床定位以及作为癌症化疗的辅助用药提供了科学依据。
作者贡献: 杨明、黄勤挽、张定堃和贺亚男设计实验; 杨欣、吴京、侯寓森、胡琦和许润春进行数据采集与分析; 贺亚男和杨欣撰写、修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者无利益冲突。
  • 国家中医药管理局交叉创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202209)
  • 四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究专项(2021MS016)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1229
  • 接收时间:2022-11-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-16
  • 修回日期:2023-02-06
基金
国家中医药管理局交叉创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202209)
四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究专项(2021MS016)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
    2.贵阳新奇微波工业有限责任公司, 贵州 贵阳 550000
    3.江西中医药大学, 创新药物与高效节能降耗制药设备国家重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004

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张定堃, Tel: 13568982018, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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