Article(id=1198628610098688328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1198, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667836800000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-08, revisedDate=1678809600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704930090, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704930090, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704930090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704930090, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1566, endPage=1576, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628610614587741, articleId=1198628610098688328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Chiral separation methods and the applications in the study of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicines, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chirality is one of the fundamental properties of nature, and most of the important molecules in living organisms contain chiral structures. The efficacy and safety of drugs are often closely related to the chiral structure of compounds, however, there are relatively more studies on synthetic characterization, pharmacology, and toxicology of chiral small molecule chemical drugs, but relatively less studies on chiral compounds contained in natural drugs such as traditional Chinese medicines. Chiral separation, as the basis of chiral research, has a pivotal position in the study of chiral compounds. In this paper, we systematically describe the separation methods of chiral compounds from the classification of chiral splitting methods based on chromatographic and non-chromatographic methods, as well as chromatographic packing materials, chiral additives and chiral derivatization, and review the chiral compounds in natural drugs such as traditional Chinese medicines reported in the past ten years, in order to provide references for the splitting and evaluating the activity of chiral compounds, and the improvement of quality standards of traditional Chinese medicines.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-fan LI, Long-chan LIU, Lin-nan LI, Zheng-tao WANG, Li YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628611856101844, articleId=1198628610098688328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=手性分离方法及在中药手性成分研究中的应用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

化合物手性是自然界的基本特性之一, 组成生命体的重要分子大多含有手性结构。药物有效性和安全性往往与化合物的手性结构密切相关, 然而目前对手性小分子化学药物的合成表征、药理学、毒理学等研究相对较多, 但对中药等天然药物中所含手性化合物的研究相对较少。手性分离作为手性研究的基础, 在手性化合物的研究中具有举足轻重的地位。本文从色谱法和非色谱法的手性拆分方法, 以及色谱填料、手性添加剂、手性衍生化等方面系统阐述手性化合物的分离方法, 并对近十年报道的中药等天然药物中的手性化合物进行综述, 以期为中药中手性化合物的分离、活性评价, 以及中药质量标准的提升提供参考。

, authors=null, authorsList=李依璠, 刘龙婵, 李林楠, 王峥涛, 杨莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨莉, E-mail:
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The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
3. Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960145716838543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, authorId=1198960145402265714, language=CN, stringName=王峥涛, firstName=峥涛, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
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2. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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2.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
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Xi'an: Air Force Medical University, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156307456636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=219, issue=null, pageStart=114884, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=J Pharm Biomed Anal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun Y, Jia P, Wei JD, et al. Simultaneous and rapid analysis of chiral Danshensu and its ester derivatives by supercritical fluid chromatography[J]. 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Guangzhou: Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156517171838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=873, pageEnd=876, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YWFX202305018.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J Pharm Anal (药物分析杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao WF, Yuan WJ, Wang M. Enantiomeric separation and determination of borneolin Xingnaojing injection by GC[J]. 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Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2020, 55: 1245-1250., articleTitle=Chiral column for separation of steroidal saponin analogs in Asparegus cochinchinensis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156827550340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shan WC. One-Step Immunoaffinity Chromatography Was Used to Separate S/R- Type Ginsenosides and Flavonoid Analogs (利用免疫亲和色谱一步法分离S型与R型人参皂苷及黄酮类似物) [D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156877881990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=null, pageStart=5314, pageEnd=5319, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGTO202306012.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan Y, Yang J, Xie JB, et al. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine saponins in Gynostemmapentaphyllum before and after heat processing based pn UPLC-Q-trap-MS[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2021, 46: 5314-5319., articleTitle=Simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine saponins in Gynostemmapentaphyllum before and after heat processing based pn UPLC-Q-trap-MS, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960148573159770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, awardId=82074011, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074011), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960148686405990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, awardId=19401900200, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科委科研计划项目(19401900200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960148812235115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, awardId=19DZ2201500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市科委科研计划项目(19DZ2201500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960148933869933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, awardId=ZY(2021-2023)-0215, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市进一步加快中医药传承创新发展三年行动计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960143602910165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960143611298777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, companyId=1198960143602910165, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Chromatography Compound Tool Ref.
HPLC Synephrine Chiralpak ZWIX(+) 6 column [7]
GC Dencichine L-Chirasil-Val column [9]
GC Amino acid in tea L-Chirasil-Val column [10]
CE Amlodipine besylate tablet; 2, 3-diphenylpropionic acid; scopolic acid; pantoprazole Homemade novel chiral open tube capillary column [15]
SFC Derivative of dihydropyridinone Lux cellulose-2 column [23]
CCC Viniferin Chiral high speed counter-current chromatograhpy [29]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960147914654010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chiral separation methods based on chromatography and application examples. HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; GC: Gas chromatography; CE: Capillary electrophoresis; SFC: Supercritical fluid chromatography; CCC: Counter-current chromatography

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Chromatography Compound Tool Ref.
HPLC Synephrine Chiralpak ZWIX(+) 6 column [7]
GC Dencichine L-Chirasil-Val column [9]
GC Amino acid in tea L-Chirasil-Val column [10]
CE Amlodipine besylate tablet; 2, 3-diphenylpropionic acid; scopolic acid; pantoprazole Homemade novel chiral open tube capillary column [15]
SFC Derivative of dihydropyridinone Lux cellulose-2 column [23]
CCC Viniferin Chiral high speed counter-current chromatograhpy [29]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148015317311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Non-chromatography Compound Tool Ref.
Crystallization resolution Levetiracetam Co-crystallization [51]
Chemical resolution 2-Aminobutanol Tartaric acid as resolution reagent, n-butanol as a resolution solvent [54]
Biological resolution Phenyl ethyl 1-acetate Biological enzyme [56]
Membrane resolution Ofloxacin D-/L-Dibenzoyl tartaric acid was used as chiral selector [58]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148107592007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chiral separation methods based on non-chromatography and application examples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Non-chromatography Compound Tool Ref.
Crystallization resolution Levetiracetam Co-crystallization [51]
Chemical resolution 2-Aminobutanol Tartaric acid as resolution reagent, n-butanol as a resolution solvent [54]
Biological resolution Phenyl ethyl 1-acetate Biological enzyme [56]
Membrane resolution Ofloxacin D-/L-Dibenzoyl tartaric acid was used as chiral selector [58]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148216643915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type Compound Chinese medicine Method Result Ref.
Flavonoid Naringin Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride MCEKC Complete separation [59]
Aurantiamarin Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride MCEKC, HPCE Complete separation [59, 60]
Dracocephins A Dracocephalum rupestre Hance HPLC Baseline separation [61]
Eriodictyol Taxillus chinensis HPLC Baseline separation [61]
Dihydromyricetin Vine tea SFC Complete separation [63]
Alkaloid Tetrahydropalmatine Corydalis Yanhusuo MEKC Complete separation [59]
Tuberostemoamide Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Sessilifoliamide A Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Lobechinenoids Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Camptothecin Camptotheca acuminata Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [66]
Tetrahydropalmatine Corydalis Yanhusuo MEKC Complete separation [67]
Rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline Uncaria rhynchophylla HPCE Complete separation [68]
Corynoxeine, isodehydrouncarine Uncaria rhynchophylla HPCE Complete separation [68]
Hirsutine Uncaria rhynchophylla Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [69]
Racemic tetrahydroberberine Corydalis Yanhusuo HPLC Separation and preparation [70]
Enantiomers of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine Ephedra LC-HRMS Complete separation [71]
Synephrine Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Pre-column derivatization, HPLC Complete separation [72]
Organic acid Tanshinol Salvia miltiorrhiza SFC Complete separation [74]
Terpenoid Camphol Borneol GC Incomplete separation [75]
Camphor Cinnamomum camphora GC Complete separation [76]
Camphol Borneol GC Complete separation [77]
Ligulolide Ligularia TLC, LC Incomplete separation [78, 79]
Steroidal saponin (25R/S)-26-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-5β-furostanol-3β, 22α, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside Asparagus cochinchinensis HPLC Separation and preparation [80]
(25R/S)-26-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-Δ5(6)- ene-furostanol-3β, 22α, 26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranyl- (1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside Asparagus cochinchinensis HPLC Separation and preparation [80]
Ginsenoside Rg2 Ginseng IAC Complete separation [81]
Ginsenoside Rh1 Ginseng IAC Complete separation [81]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960148334084432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Chiral compounds in traditional Chinese medicine examples. MCEKC: Micellar capillary electrokinetic chromatography; MEKC: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography; HPCE: High-performance capillary electrophoresis; LC-HRMS: Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry; TLC: Thin-layer chromatography; LC: Liquid chromatography; IAC: Immunoaffinity chromatography

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type Compound Chinese medicine Method Result Ref.
Flavonoid Naringin Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride MCEKC Complete separation [59]
Aurantiamarin Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride MCEKC, HPCE Complete separation [59, 60]
Dracocephins A Dracocephalum rupestre Hance HPLC Baseline separation [61]
Eriodictyol Taxillus chinensis HPLC Baseline separation [61]
Dihydromyricetin Vine tea SFC Complete separation [63]
Alkaloid Tetrahydropalmatine Corydalis Yanhusuo MEKC Complete separation [59]
Tuberostemoamide Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Sessilifoliamide A Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Lobechinenoids Radix Stemonae Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [64]
Camptothecin Camptotheca acuminata Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [66]
Tetrahydropalmatine Corydalis Yanhusuo MEKC Complete separation [67]
Rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline Uncaria rhynchophylla HPCE Complete separation [68]
Corynoxeine, isodehydrouncarine Uncaria rhynchophylla HPCE Complete separation [68]
Hirsutine Uncaria rhynchophylla Chemical resolution Chiral synthesis [69]
Racemic tetrahydroberberine Corydalis Yanhusuo HPLC Separation and preparation [70]
Enantiomers of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine Ephedra LC-HRMS Complete separation [71]
Synephrine Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Pre-column derivatization, HPLC Complete separation [72]
Organic acid Tanshinol Salvia miltiorrhiza SFC Complete separation [74]
Terpenoid Camphol Borneol GC Incomplete separation [75]
Camphor Cinnamomum camphora GC Complete separation [76]
Camphol Borneol GC Complete separation [77]
Ligulolide Ligularia TLC, LC Incomplete separation [78, 79]
Steroidal saponin (25R/S)-26-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-5β-furostanol-3β, 22α, 26-triol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside Asparagus cochinchinensis HPLC Separation and preparation [80]
(25R/S)-26-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-Δ5(6)- ene-furostanol-3β, 22α, 26-triol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-xylopyranyl- (1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranoside Asparagus cochinchinensis HPLC Separation and preparation [80]
Ginsenoside Rg2 Ginseng IAC Complete separation [81]
Ginsenoside Rh1 Ginseng IAC Complete separation [81]
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手性分离方法及在中药手性成分研究中的应用
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李依璠 1, 2 , 刘龙婵 1 , 李林楠 1 , 王峥涛 1, 3 , 杨莉 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(6): 1566-1576
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (6) : 1566 -1576
手性分离方法及在中药手性成分研究中的应用
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The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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2. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
3. Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960146085937331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628610098688328, authorId=1198960145825890457, language=CN, stringName=杨莉, firstName=莉, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
2.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
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李依璠1, 2, 刘龙婵1, 李林楠1, 王峥涛1, 3, 杨莉1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
  • 3.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
*杨莉, E-mail:
Chiral separation methods and the applications in the study of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicines
Yi-fan LI1, 2, Long-chan LIU1, Lin-nan LI1, Zheng-tao WANG1, 3, Li YANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3. Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1198
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化合物手性是自然界的基本特性之一, 组成生命体的重要分子大多含有手性结构。药物有效性和安全性往往与化合物的手性结构密切相关, 然而目前对手性小分子化学药物的合成表征、药理学、毒理学等研究相对较多, 但对中药等天然药物中所含手性化合物的研究相对较少。手性分离作为手性研究的基础, 在手性化合物的研究中具有举足轻重的地位。本文从色谱法和非色谱法的手性拆分方法, 以及色谱填料、手性添加剂、手性衍生化等方面系统阐述手性化合物的分离方法, 并对近十年报道的中药等天然药物中的手性化合物进行综述, 以期为中药中手性化合物的分离、活性评价, 以及中药质量标准的提升提供参考。

手性分离  /  手性填料  /  手性化合物  /  中药  /  天然产物

Chirality is one of the fundamental properties of nature, and most of the important molecules in living organisms contain chiral structures. The efficacy and safety of drugs are often closely related to the chiral structure of compounds, however, there are relatively more studies on synthetic characterization, pharmacology, and toxicology of chiral small molecule chemical drugs, but relatively less studies on chiral compounds contained in natural drugs such as traditional Chinese medicines. Chiral separation, as the basis of chiral research, has a pivotal position in the study of chiral compounds. In this paper, we systematically describe the separation methods of chiral compounds from the classification of chiral splitting methods based on chromatographic and non-chromatographic methods, as well as chromatographic packing materials, chiral additives and chiral derivatization, and review the chiral compounds in natural drugs such as traditional Chinese medicines reported in the past ten years, in order to provide references for the splitting and evaluating the activity of chiral compounds, and the improvement of quality standards of traditional Chinese medicines.

chiral separation  /  chiral packing material  /  chiral compound  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  natural product
李依璠, 刘龙婵, 李林楠, 王峥涛, 杨莉. 手性分离方法及在中药手性成分研究中的应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1566 -1576 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1198
Yi-fan LI, Long-chan LIU, Lin-nan LI, Zheng-tao WANG, Li YANG. Chiral separation methods and the applications in the study of chiral components of traditional Chinese medicines[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1566 -1576 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1198
手性是自然界的基本属性。当某一化合物不能与其镜像重合时, 该化合物即具有手性。如除甘氨酸外, 蛋白质氨基酸总是左旋的; 而DNA总是右旋的。20世纪中期发生于德国的“反应停”事件更引起了人们对手性异构体的广泛关注[1]。沙利度胺(thalidomide) 俗称“反应停”, 由R-构型和S-构型构成, R-构型具有良好的镇静作用, 对于妊娠呕吐的治疗效果明显; 而S-构型具有强烈的致畸作用, 可导致新生儿畸形。手性在医药和农药领域均受到很大关注[2], 中药中也存在许多手性异构体的现象。例如, 中药青皮升压作用的物质基础之一辛弗林存在手性异构体现象: L-辛弗林是肾上腺素α-受体激动剂, D-辛弗林可能具有拮抗作用[3]。手性化合物因其立体构型不同, 在代谢、活性方面存在差异, 甚至可能具有截然不同的药效。但目前, 同一化合物不同立体异构的活性、毒性以及各构型在天然药物中的分布情况缺乏系统、深入的研究。手性分离作为研究的基础和前提, 在手性化合物的研究中尤为重要。对于具有手性异构现象化合物的分离与研究, 不仅可以减少不良反应还可以增强疗效, 有利于物质基础的进一步明确, 为质量标准的提升提供更加科学的参考依据。
常用的手性拆分方法可分为色谱法和非色谱法。色谱法主要包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管色谱法、超临界流体色谱法和薄层色谱法[4], 其中又以高效液相色谱法使用最多。此外, 在色谱法进行手性化合物的拆分时, 对于直接使用色谱柱分离效果差或无法分离的手性化合物, 还可以借助衍生化试剂, 使待拆分的化合物生成非对映异构体, 再利用它们之间在物理性质和化学性质上的差异实现对映异构体的分离。非色谱法包括直接拆分法、化学拆分法、生物拆分法、膜分离法和电泳技术等, 其中, 直接拆分法又包括直接结晶法和非对映体结晶法。
本文将从基于色谱和非色谱的手性分离方法为重点介绍目前常用的各种手性分离方法及它们的原理、应用实例, 最后分类列举已报道的中药中的手性化合物, 以期对中药中手性化合物的分离分析提供参考与思路。
色谱法是一种比较成熟、稳定的分离方法, 依靠不同类型的手性色谱柱, 可以实现异构体的拆分, 具有简便、快速、重复性好的优点, 但目前的手性色谱柱价格昂贵, 不同的化合物往往需要使用不同的色谱柱, 专属性较强。
高效液相色谱法(high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 重复性好, 操作简便, 是一种稳定可靠的手性拆分方法[5]。作为手性拆分的常用方法之一, 该方法应用广泛, 包括手性固定相法、手性流动相添加剂法和手性衍生化法[6]
Li[7]利用高效液相色谱法, 考察了Chiralpak OD-H、Chiralpak AD-H、Chiralpak OJ-RH、Chiralpak AD-RH、Chiralpak OD-RH、Chiralpak ZWIX (+) 6种不同手性色谱柱对辛弗林手性异构体的分离情况, 发现手性柱Chiralpak ZWIX (+) 可以实现(±)-辛弗林的有效拆分。随后进一步对色谱条件进行优化, 最终选择2-氨基-1-丁醇-四氢呋喃-甲醇-水(体积比0.1∶49∶49∶2) 作为流动相, 流速: 0.5 mL·min-1, 紫外检测波长: 275 nm, 柱温: 25 ℃。优化后的辛弗林对映异构的分离度为4.41, 可以用于辛弗林手性异构体的拆分。Wu等[6]选择Chiralpak WH为手性固定性, 进行了27个手性药物的对映体拆分研究, 为这些手性药物进一步的药效研究与质量评价提供了分析基础。Zhu等[8]研究了Chiralcel OD手性商品色谱柱对9种醇类异构体的拆分效果, 并考察了主要色谱条件(流动相组成、流速、温度等) 对拆分效果的影响, 为手性醇的高效拆分提供了依据与参考。
气相色谱法(gas chromatography, GC) 是一种在气态状态下分离化合物的色谱方法, 待测物需要具有易挥发、热稳性好的特点。一些极性大、挥发性小的化合物, 需要对极性基团进行衍生化以增加其挥发性, 也可引入合适的官能团来增强分离效果。
Zhu等[9]使用气相色谱法对D-/L-三七素进行了对映选择性测定。Zhu等[10]然后采用气相色谱-质谱法对白茶、乌龙茶、普洱茶中的手性异构体进行定性定量分析, 并比较了不同茶类间游离氨基酸手性对映异构体的含量。
毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis, CE) 和毛细管电色谱法在手性分离中也具有重要角色, 与液相色谱法、气相色谱法互补, 广泛应用于对映的手性拆分[11]。电动色谱模式包括胶束电动色谱法、非胶束手性毛细管电动色谱和微乳液电动色谱法。其中胶束电动色谱法于1984年首次被提出[12], 它同时适用于分离中性化合物和带电化合物, 已成为毛细管电泳的主要分离模式之一。
毛细管电动色谱法将手性选择剂直接添加到背景电解质中, 手性异构体的不同构型与手性选择剂的相互作用不同, 每个对映体都会以不同的速度电泳迁移, 即可通过不同的分子间力和热力学选择性实现对映体的分离[13], 比液相色谱法具有更高的分离效率和分辨率, 涉及更少的样品和试剂消耗, 是一种相对绿色的对映体分离技术[14]
Zhou等[15]以磺基丁醚-β-环糊精和甲基丙烯酸甘油酯为原料制备了一种新型手性开管毛细管柱, 对苯磺酸氨氯地平、2, 3-二苯丙酸、莨菪酸和泮托拉唑对映体的分离度分别为3.67、4.82、3.34和2.61, 具有良好的分离度和重复性, 在手性药物的拆分中具有广阔的应用前景。
Ma等[16]首次合成了单-6-脱氧-6-L-组氨酸-β-环糊精氯(L-HMCDCl), 用于奈福泮和氯苯那明的对映分离, 比天然的β-CD表现出更优越的对映选择性。Zhou等[17]采用溶胶-凝胶“一步法”制备的磺基丁醚-β-环糊精-硅杂化整体柱共分离出26种外消旋物, 其中17种对映体达到基线分离, 具有良好的重现性和稳定性, 性能优良。
超临界流体色谱(supercritical fluid chromatography, SFC) 是一种以处于临界压力和临界温度的超临界流体为流动相的色谱技术, 可用于分析热稳定性差的物质, 具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、绿色、经济等诸多优点。目前最常用的超临界流体为非极性的CO2, 在小极性物质的分离分析方面具有独特优势; 对于极性较大的分析物, 可以加入甲醇、乙醇等醇类改性剂增大流动相极性。超临界流体同时具有气态物质的流动性和液态物质的穿透性, 在药物分析[18]、代谢组学[19]、农药[20]等的分离分析中均有广泛应用。
Zhong等[21]利用超临界流体色谱考察了6种不同手性柱(Chiral Pak AD-H、Chiral Pak AS-H、Chiral Cel OJ-H、Chiral Cel OD-H、Chiral Pak AY-H、Chiral Cel OZ-H) 和不同流动相组成对手性生物碱分离的影响, 最终从1.3 g生物碱化合物中分离得到4种单一构型的手性化合物, 所得到的单体化学纯度和光学纯度≥ 99%。
Xiao等[22]用超临界流体色谱, 成功分离了西酞普兰对映体、马来酸曲美布汀对映体、盐酸西替利嗪对映体和马来酸罗格列酮对映体, 该方法分离时间短, 有机溶剂使用量小, 是一种快速绿色的手性异构体分离方法。
La等[23]研究了具有3个手性中心、8种不同构型的生物活性化合物。在超临界流体色谱模式下, 使用单一手性柱Lux Cellulose-2实现了8种立体异构体的完全拆分。使用Lux Cellulose-2//Cellulose-2串联色谱柱后, 两个同分异构体的分离度进一步提高。与液相方法相比, 该方法可以在更短时间内实现异构体的分离。
逆流色谱(counter-current chromatography, CCC) 技术是一种无需固体支撑体(担体) 的液液萃取技术, 被分离物质根据其在互不混溶的两相溶剂中的分配系数不同而达到分离。该技术已经被证明是一种非常有效的制备和半制备手段, 被广泛应用于天然成分的分离纯化。由于不使用固体支撑介质, 因而避免了样品的不可逆吸附导致的损失等问题, 使全回收成为可能。逆流色谱还有着许多液相色谱所没有的优点: 可以通过改变逆流色谱柱的不同的溶剂体系来分离不同极性的化合物; 不必担心粗样会污染损坏逆流色谱柱; 同一根逆流色谱柱可以用于分析量级也可以用于制备量级的分离。与高效液相色谱等方法相比, 逆流色谱法的载样量大, 成本低, 溶剂消耗少。可以通过向逆流色谱的固定相中添加手性选择剂而实现手性分离[24]。在逆流色谱的基础上, 又发展出了高速逆流色谱技术[25]、pH区带逆流色谱技术等, 均可用于化合物的分离、制备[26]
Zhang等[27]使用高速逆流色谱法和pH区带逆流色谱实现了高效液相色谱法几乎无法分离的外消旋辛弗林的手性拆分和半制备, 从60.0 mg消旋辛弗林中分离得到23.0 mg S-辛弗林和25.0 mg R-辛弗林。Lv等[28]选择氯仿-含0.10 mol·L-1硼酸的0.05 mol·L-1乙酸缓冲液(1∶1) 为两相溶剂体系, 并在有机相中加入0.10 mol·L-1酒石酸二正己酯作为手性选择剂, 采用逆流色谱法一次性立体选择性分离20~42 mg外消旋物, 纯度为96%~98%, 各化合物的回收率均达到87%~93%左右, 是利用逆流色谱法成功分离含两个手性中心的光学异构体的首次报道。Han等[29]建立了一种基于诱导圆二色谱(induced circular dichroism, ICD) 的制备手性高速逆流色谱(high speed counter-current chromatography, HSCCC) 分离反式-葡萄素(TVN) 对映体的方法, 成功从20 mg葡萄素对映体分离出8.2 mg (7S, 8S)-TVN和9.4 mg (7R, 8R)-TVN, 纯度分别为99.51%和99.36%。
常用的色谱法见表 1[7, 9, 10, 15, 23, 29]
色谱手性分离的核心在于手性色谱柱的使用, 常用色谱柱有多糖类手性色谱、大环类手性色谱填料、手性配体交换色谱填料、蛋白质类手性色谱填料和分子印迹聚合物色谱填料。不同的化合物需要选择合适的手性色谱柱。色谱法稳定性、重现性好, 是目前主流的手性拆分方法, 但手性色谱柱价格昂贵, 且用于分析级别的色谱柱无法进行批量制备, 产率有限。
手性固定相是将手性配体键合或涂渍到硅胶等担体上, 在色谱柱中形成稳定的手性环境, 根据待分离物与手性固定相之间相互作用不同的特性进行对映异构体拆分的方法。其具有简单、快速、重复性好和准确的优点, 是对映体分离、分析最重要的方法, 缺点是价格昂贵。手性固定相的核心是手性色谱柱, 目前常见手性色谱填料有如下几种类型: 多糖类手性色谱填料、大环手性色谱填料、手性配体交换色谱填料、蛋白质类手性色谱填料、分子印迹聚合物色谱填料、“刷型”手性色谱填料、手性金属-有机骨架色谱填料、硅胶键合环果糖色谱填料、小粒径色谱填料和免疫亲和色谱填料, 本文将着重介绍前五种类型的色谱填料。
多糖类手性色谱填料主要为纤维素、直链淀粉及其衍生物, 该类型的色谱填料在手性化合物的拆分中应用最为广泛, 诸多手性化合物在该类手性色谱柱上可达到理想的分离效果。其中, 纤维素-三(3, 5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯) Chiralcel OD柱是四大首选商品柱之一, 对各种异构体具有优良的拆分效果[8]。手性分子与基于多糖的手性选择剂在正相、极性有机和水相有机等不同的分离模式中表现出不同程度的相互作用[30], 随着载体如多孔硅的发展, 多糖类手性色谱填料的应用越来越多[31]
Zhu等[32]利用实验室合成的直链淀粉-三(3, 5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯) (ADMPC) 涂覆的不同衍生化大孔硅胶制成5种手性固定相实现了对布洛芬、亮氨酸等5种酸性药物的拆分。Shi等[33]使用8种不同类型的手性色谱柱对52种手性化合物的对映体分离进行考察, 结果表明, 多糖类及其衍生物固定相分离能力强, 稳定性好, 并且多糖类色谱柱在很大程度上可以互补, 扩大了手性化合物的分离范围。Li等[34]为探讨样品分子结构、多糖骨架和衍生基团对手性分离的影响, 考察了EnantioPak AD、AS和OD 3种常见的多糖衍生物手性固定相对20种手性化合物的拆分能力。结果显示, 其中的19种手性化合物在EnantioPak AD上分离度大于2.0, 分离效果良好, 在流动相中酸碱添加剂的加入可提升酸性或碱性化合物的分离效果; 芳香醇类化合物在色谱柱上的保留随着侧链碳数增加而减弱, 分离度有增加的趋势, 为多糖类化合物用于手性色谱填料的深入研究提供了基础。
大环类手性色谱填料包括冠醚、环糊精(cyclodextrin, CD) 和杯芳烃大环化合物, 大环的手性中心可选择性与手性化合物结合, 达到拆分的作用。
Alothman等[35]采用手性冠醚对喹诺酮类外消旋体的手性识别机制进行了研究。结果表明, 该研究中S-对映体与手性固定性的结合能高于R-对映体, 该方法可用于尿液中喹诺酮类对映体的分离。
Shuang等[36]在桥联双(β-环糊精) 键合手性固定相上, 采用手性液相色谱-质谱法同时测定果蔬中多种三唑类杀菌剂的对映体。开发了一种果蔬中手性农药对映体检测的简便方法。Chen等[37]研究了多硫醚桥联环糊精手性材料的制备及其在高效液相色谱中的对映体拆分。最终将七(6-巯基-6-脱氧)-β-CD-CSP“噻吩”固定在烯烃功能型二氧化硅上, 通过控制表面环糊精浓度获得新型多硫醚桥接环糊精手性固定相, 并利用该固定相采用反相高效液相色谱法分离或部分分离了60余种手性对映体, 比单噻吩桥接环糊精手性固定具有更好的对映体分离能力。此外, 环糊精及其衍生物的手性固定相在毛细管电色谱法中的应用也十分广泛。
手性配体交换色谱[38] (chiral ligand-exchange chromatography, CLEC) 以中心金属离子(如Cu2+、Zn2+) 为核心, 对于一些具有螯合基团的化合物如氨基酸、二胺、氨基醇等, 可以在非衍生化的条件下实现有效分离。该技术在立体化学、药理学、不对称合成、对映选择性催化等领域引起了广泛的研究。手性配体交换色谱的手性选择中心和分析物对映体之间的相互作用并不发生在二者的直接接触中, 其相互作用是由中心金属离子(通常是Cu2+、Zn2+) 介导, 它作为路易斯酸通过配位键与随后形成的混合三元配合物协调二者, 实现手性异构体的分离。
Liu等[39]首次在以Zn2+为中心离子的手性配体交换毛细管电泳中探索了以D-和L-寡肽作为手性配体分离衍生化D, L-氨基酸对映体的情况。最终, 9对氨基酸实现基线分离, 其余5对部分分离。结果表明, L-二肽在D/L-氨基酸对映体的手性配体交换毛细管电泳分离和生物应用方面具有巨大的潜力。Shen等[40]研究了配体交换逆流色谱手性柱对包括10种扁桃酸衍生物与3-苯基乳酸在内的11种芳香性α-羟基酸类化合物的拆分, 实现扁桃酸、氯扁桃酸与4-甲氧基扁桃酸对映体的分离, 纯度可达96%。
蛋白质类手性色谱的填料为不同种类的白蛋白、糖蛋白等蛋白质。蛋白质具有独特的三维结构, 以及分子中存在的氨基和羧基基团也为手性化合物提供广泛的结合位点, 可用于手性化合物的分离分析。蛋白质根据不同的来源可分为白蛋白、糖蛋白、酶和其他蛋白质四类[41]。蛋白质易变性, 在使用时需要注意pH、流动相离子强度的大小、有机改性剂的选择和使用, 以最大程度保护色谱柱。
Zhang等[42]选择α-酸糖蛋白手性固定相(chiral-AGP), 考察了不同pH的手性化合物和D/L-丙氨酸等21个氨基酸在α-酸糖蛋白手性柱上的分离效果, 发现其中的8个中性化合物、3个碱性化合物、6个酸性化合物和5个氨基酸对映体得到手性分离。该蛋白手性柱对中性化合物和酸性化合物的拆分效果优良, 而对碱性化合物和氨基酸的分离性能低, 为该手性柱的适用范围提供了参考。
分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymer, MIPs) 是以目标分子为模板分子, 制备得到的高分子聚合物, 其有特定的空间分子结构, 对目标化合物具有良好的识别作用。根据不同的化合物, 可以制备不同的分子印迹聚合物, 该方法具有良好的手性选择性, 在制备光学纯药物方面具有很大的潜力。
Li等[43]利用分子印迹技术制备了表面分子印迹聚合物功能化二氧化硅纳米颗粒, 并用其实现了手性异构体D-色氨酸和L-色氨酸的分离。Xiao等[44]采用S-扁桃酸印迹壳聚糖树脂对外消旋扁桃酸在水中进行了对映选择性分离。当样品溶液pH 3.5, 吸附时间40 min时, 扁桃酸在上清液中的对映体过剩量为78.8%, 具有良好的对映选择性, 壳聚糖可作为理想的对映体分离材料。
手性流动相添加剂是指在流动相中加入手性配体, 然后使用非手性色谱柱进行对映体拆分的方法。与手性固定相法相比, 该方法用到的手性配体普遍价廉易得, 但该方法的稳定性低于手性固定相法, 体系不易平衡, 不确定因素较多, 建立方法的过程较困难。
Zhang等[45]以磺丁基醚-β-环糊精(SBE-β-CD) 作为手性流动相添加剂, 采用的YMC-Pack ODS-A C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) 非手性反相色谱柱, 实现了阿卓乳酸对映体的分离, 比手性固定相法更加经济。Zheng等[46]以羟丙基-β-环糊精作为手性流动相添加剂, 采用YMC-Pack ODS-A C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) 非手性反相色谱柱, 建立了2-苯丙酸对映体的高效液相色谱拆分方法, 更加价廉易得。
手性衍生化是指将手性异构体与衍生化试剂进行反应, 生成非对映异构体, 再进行分离的方法, 是色谱分析中常用的一种方法, 其核心在于适宜的衍生化试剂的选择。与手性固定相法相比, 该方法更加经济, 衍生化后的非对映异构体往往使用普通色谱柱即可分开。
David等[47]根据试剂与目标化合物(包含羟基、硫醇、氨基、羰基和羧基等主要官能团) 反应的方法, 讨论了试剂的衍生化过程, 介绍了衍生化试剂的实例和简单的反应条件, 以及一些生物分析的应用和性能。
Lv[48]使用硝基苯基重氮甲烷作为柱前衍生化试剂, 对手性3-四氢呋喃甲酸进行拆分。手性3-四氢呋喃甲酸是新药研发过程中的常用试剂之一, 因此其高效分离方法的建立十分重要。该研究以4-硝基苯基重氮甲烷为衍生化试剂, 建立了基于Chiralpak ID手性色谱柱的拆分方法, 解决了直接拆分存在困难, 检测灵敏度低的问题, 同时也为其他手性或非手性酸的检测方法开发提供了参考。
Anselmo等[49]开发了Mosher衍生化检测安非他明(AM) 和甲基苯丙胺(MA) 对映体的LC-MS2法。该方法使用光学纯试剂R-甲氧基-三氟甲基苯乙酰氯(R-MTPA-Cl) 作为衍生化试剂, 可分离安非他明和甲基苯丙胺的对映体, 在区分这两种兴奋剂的药用和非法使用方面具有重要意义。
非色谱法是指不依赖于色谱柱的手性异构体分离方法, 主要包括结晶拆分法、化学拆分法、生物拆分法、膜分离法等。与色谱法相比, 该方法由于不需要色谱柱, 成本大大降低, 可以与色谱法互为补充。
结晶拆分法是指通过结晶的方式, 使外消旋溶液中的某一种手性异构体结晶析出, 另一种构型的手性异构体仍以溶液的形式存在, 然后将其分离, 从而达到手性拆分目的的方法。该方法往往需要多次结晶, 以提高产物纯度。然而不是所有化合物都可以产生结晶, 适用于结晶拆分的化合物较少[50]
Springuel等[51]研究了左乙拉西坦的手性外消旋体的结晶拆分法。实以S-扁桃酸为手性配体, 进行单次结晶即可回收八成以上的单一异构体。Sakamoto等[52]利用结晶法对N-(2-甲氧基-1-萘基) 吡咯烷进行了拆分, 通过其自发结晶得到手性晶体, 实现了外消旋胺的动力学拆分。
化学拆分法是指将待分离的异构体与手性试剂(光学纯) 进行化合反应, 生成非对映体, 然后利用非对映体理化性质的差异将其拆分的方法[53]。手性拆分试剂、反应的溶剂体系的选择是化学拆分法的难点和关键。反应试剂的选择、反应的溶剂体系和化学拆分试剂与对映体(底物) 的浓度比都会影响化学拆分的效率。化学拆分法除具有非色谱法拆分成本低外, 与色谱法相比, 还可以用于制备级别的分离。Zang等[54]选择L-酒石酸作为拆分剂, 成功将外消旋2-氨基丁醇拆分成光学纯化合物, 成功制备了D-2-氨基丁醇。有机磷酸盐已广泛应用于农业化学、有机合成试剂和生物化学等领域。Numan等[55]利用不对称亲核催化剂进行了生成立体磷中心的动态动力学转化。在合适的溶剂、酸碱度、温度条件下, 可生成手性磷酸酯类化合物, 可作为前体药物或化学生物探针, 在过渡金属催化和核苷酸治疗方面很有用。
生物酶拆分法是指利用酶活性中心不对称的结构选择性地识别手性化合物, 然后对底物进行原位消旋, 并生成单一手性产物的方法。近年来, 随着酶技术的发展, 酶作为生物拆分法的工具, 在手性异构体的拆分中应用增多, 该方法减少了有机试剂的使用, 由于酶本身具有绿色环保、高效的优点, 是一种很有前景的获得手性化合物拆分的生物催化剂。其缺点主要在于酶的专一性, 在对化合物进行拆分时, 需要筛选特异性的酶; 酶易失活, 因此在进行分离时, 需要相对温和的化学条件。今后可将重点放在生物酶的筛选。
Dong等[56]发现从西太平洋深海中分离出来的D/L-1芽孢杆菌胞外蛋白酶对(±)-1-乙酸苯乙酯的动力学拆分表现出良好的对映选择性。该酶可作为生物催化剂不对称水解(±)-1-乙酸苯乙酯, 用于制备高光纯度的(R)-1-乙酸苯乙醇和(S)-1-乙酸苯乙酯。该实验还制备了固定化胞外蛋白酶获得的固定化蛋白酶重复使用6次后活性保持在35.8%左右, 提高了酶的稳定性。固定化芽孢杆菌D/L-1的胞外蛋白酶具有更高的水解活性, 可以在更高的底物浓度、更短的反应时间下不对称水解(±)-1-乙酸苯乙酯, 获得更高的产率。因此, 深海芽孢杆菌D/L-1蛋白酶被认为是一种很有前景的获得手性化合物拆分的生物催化剂。
膜分离法是一种比较新颖的对映异构体拆分的方法, 根据原理不同, 可将膜分离法分为两类: 基于选择性萃取的液膜和基于对映异构体间亲和性差异的固膜[57]。该方法基于膜的选择透过性, 只有特定结构的分子才能通过透过膜, 结构不符合的分子被截留下来, 从而达到分离的目的。膜分离法具有绿色、稳定、可连续操作的优点, 可以较大规模地拆分手性异构体, 用于手性异构体的分离制备。Tang等[58]使用液膜分离法制备了左旋氧氟沙星, 光学纯度大于90%。
基于非色谱的手性分离方法应用实例见表 2[51, 54, 56, 58]
天然的手性中药药效成分广泛存在, 但目前对此的研究还不深入。该部分主要列举近十年报道的中药等天然化合物中的手性异构体, 并对其拆分情况进行综述, 以期为中药中手性化合物的拆分提供参考。
芸香科柑橘属植物中存在的橙皮苷和柚皮苷均是有手性的黄酮类化合物, 其在C-2位上具有一个手性中心[59]。Cong[59]采用环糊精修饰的胶束毛细管电动色谱法对橙皮苷和柚皮苷进行拆分, 并检测了胃苏颗粒中两种对映体的含量。Zhou等[60]以羟丙基-β-环糊精为手性选择剂, 使用毛细管电泳法手性拆分橙皮苷对映体。Li[61]采用高效液相色谱法, 使用Chiralpak IA色谱柱, 对唇形科植物青兰属岩青兰中含2个手性中心的化合物dracocephins A四种构型的分离; 使用YMC-Chial Amylose-C色谱柱分离桑寄生科植物桑寄生中二氢黄酮类化合物圣草酚对映异构体, 最终采用圆二色谱(CD) 检测器确定手性异构体的出峰顺序。Wang[62]从藤茶中分离了右旋二氢杨梅素并比较了不同构型二氢杨梅素在大鼠体内的生物利用度。Lin等[63]建立了一种超临界流体色谱手性分离黄酮醇类化合物二氢杨梅素的方法, 详细讨论了手性固定相、流动相和流速对二氢杨梅素的保留和分离度的影响, 并得出抗炎活性的强弱顺序: (-)-二氢杨梅素 > (+)-二氢杨梅素、(±)-二氢杨梅素。
Hou[64]研究了百部中手性化合物百部生物碱tuberostemoamide和sessilifoliamide A的不对称全合成及其镇咳、杀虫、乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制、抗炎等活性和多药耐药逆转作用。喜树中的喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性, Shan[65]研究表明喜树碱在20位存在一个手性碳, 经X-射线衍射后发现手性碳的构型为S-型。Wang等[66]开发了一种高效的(20S)-喜树碱及其类似物不对称全合成的方法。罂粟科植物延胡索中的主要有效成分延胡索乙素具有一个手性中心。Wu[67]研究了D/L-延胡索乙素和L-延胡索乙素与蛋白结合的立体选择性及其在大鼠体内的动力学差异。钩藤中的主要活性成分钩藤碱与异钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱与异去氢钩藤碱均是一对差向异构体, Li[68]建立了分离以上四种化合物的高效毛细管电泳法, 并将其应用于钩藤药材及其制剂中钩藤碱类成分的分离检测。Li[61]所在课题组发现了具有三个手性中心的新化合物lobechinenoids并使用圆二色谱(CD) 检测器确定单体构型, 最后通过手性高效液相色谱法对其进行拆分、制备。Yang[69]以色胺为原料合成了消旋毛钩藤碱并对其进行拆分。Zhang[70]采用手性固定相法, 以Chiral AD柱为固定相, 拆分了延胡索中的消旋四氢小檗碱。麻黄中的麻黄碱也具有手性, Kal等[71]使用基于多糖手性柱的正相液相色谱-高分辨质谱法分离麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱对映体。芸香科植物枳实中存在手性生物碱类化合物辛弗林。Tanaka等[72]使用衍生化试剂2, 3, 4, 6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯将辛弗林转化为非对映体, 使用反相HPLC法测定了柑橘属水果外果皮、中果皮、内果皮和果肉中辛弗林的含量并进行比较。
唇形科植物丹参中的丹参素含一个手性中心, 具有抗血栓形成、改善微循环的功效, 对冠心病、心绞痛也有独特的疗效。Tian[73]进行了天然丹参素的不对称全合成研究, 首次开发了天然(+)-丹参素的不对称全合成方法。此外, 还开发了手性丹参素异丙酯、丹参素冰片酯的合成方法。Sun等[74]建立了基于超临界流体色谱的丹参素分离方法, 该方法使用CHIRALPAK AD-RH色谱柱, 在不到7 min的时间内即可实现基线分离。
Zhang[75]采用气相色谱法测定醒脑静注射液中的挥发性左旋龙脑、右旋龙脑、左旋樟脑、右旋樟脑含量, 并筛选了起效浓度, 进行了体外药效学评价。Gao等[76]建立了龙脑单一对映体定量的气相色谱法, 该方法以CYCLOSIL-B手性毛细管色谱柱为手性固定相, 分离度为2.04, 可以快速、准确、简便地检测龙脑的含量。Wu等[77]和Yang[78]研究了菊科橐吾属植物, 发现其中存在的化合物R/S-ligulolide是一对手性异构体。
甾体皂苷是一类由螺甾/呋甾烷类母核与糖链连接而成的糖苷类化合物, 大都具有一定的生理活性, 是天然产物中一类重要的化学成分。Gao等[79]使用纤维素手性色谱柱从中药天冬中分离出两组手性异构体。Shan[80]利用免疫亲和色谱法, 分别利用单克隆抗体人参皂苷Rh1和人参皂苷Re免疫亲和色谱柱, 对五加科植物人参中的R-型与S-型人参皂苷Rg2、Rh1进行分离。Duan等[81]采用UPLC-Q-trap-MS技术对葫芦科植物绞股蓝中的九种皂苷类成分进行分析, 并检测了绞股蓝中所含的R-型和S-型人参皂苷Rg3。
近十年报道的中药等天然化合物中的手性异构体及其拆分情况见表 3[59-61, 63, 64, 66-72, 74-81]
自然界中存在的大量手性化合物, 构型的差异往往导致药效的不同。相对于化学药物来说, 天然药物的手性化合物尚未得到足够重视, 目前对此的拆分研究较少。本文从手性分离的色谱法分类及色谱填料、非色谱法以及天然药物的手性化合物方面综述了手性的研究进展, 详细介绍了高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、毛细管电色谱法、超临界流体色谱法和逆流色谱法这几种常用色谱方法和色谱填料, 也对非色谱法进行了综述, 并列举了天然药物中的手性化合物。今后可加大对天然药物中手性化合物的开发与研究, 如果能将中药中手性成分的药效物质基础具体到某一构型, 便可降低不良反应、提高疗效, 增加用药的安全性和有效性, 以提升质量标准。鉴于此, 本文以期为手性化合物的分离分析和进一步的研究提供参考。
作者贡献: 李依璠负责综述初稿的撰写与修改; 刘龙婵负责背景资料的查找与补充; 李林楠、王峥涛负责综述的修改与完善; 杨莉负责综述框架的完善与修改。
利益冲突: 本文无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074011)
  • 上海市科委科研计划项目(19401900200)
  • 上海市科委科研计划项目(19DZ2201500)
  • 上海市进一步加快中医药传承创新发展三年行动计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1198
  • 接收时间:2022-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-08
  • 修回日期:2023-03-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074011)
上海市科委科研计划项目(19401900200)
上海市科委科研计划项目(19DZ2201500)
上海市进一步加快中医药传承创新发展三年行动计划项目(ZY(2021-2023)-0215)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
    3.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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