Article(id=1198624468953301826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1193, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667750400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-07, revisedDate=1671724800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703942764, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703942764, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703942764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703942764, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1049, endPage=1058, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624470190621521, articleId=1198624468953301826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and evaluation of sirolimus sustained release tablets based on mesoporous silicon loaded self-microemulsion, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silicon sustained release tablets were prepared in order to improve the dissolution of the insoluble drug sirolimus and reduce its side effects. Firstly, sirolimus self-microemulsion was prepared and cured with mesoporous silicon. Secondly, the suitable excipients were selected according to the appearance, hardness and in vitro release rate. The sustained-release tablets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as skeleton material were prepared by powder direct pressing method, and the formulation was optimized by central composite design-response surface method to investigate the drug release in vitro. Finally, the pharmacokinetics was carried out in beagle dogs using the commercial sirolimus tablets as references. The final formulation of sustained-release tablets is as follows: 162 mg of sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silica (1∶1, w/w), 80 mg of HPMC K4M and 80 mg of carboxymethyl starch sodium, the microcrystalline cellulose is 168 mg. The results of in vitro release test showed that the self-made sustained-release tablets released slowly within 12 h, which conformed to the Ritger-Peppas model. The in vivo test results showed that compared with the commercial sirolimus tablets, the Cmax of the sustained-release tablets decreased by 49.47%, the Tmax of the sustained-release tablets was prolonged by 5.1 times, and the relative bioavailability was 105.81%. Sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silicon sustained-release tablets have good sustained-release effects in vitro and in vivo, which provides a reference for the solubilization of other insoluble drugs and the research and development of sustained-release preparations. Animal experiments and welfare processes were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistics support Force.

, correspAuthors=Qian ZHANG, Hong-tao SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-ting HUANG, Zhi-hong LIU, Ling-na ZHANG, Ling-jun ZENG, Qian ZHANG, Hong-tao SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624472950472726, articleId=1198624468953301826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于介孔硅固化自微乳的西罗莫司缓释片的制备与评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过研制西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅缓释片, 以期提高难溶性药物西罗莫司的溶出度, 并降低其毒副作用。首先, 制备西罗莫司自微乳, 用介孔硅进行固化。其次, 以外观、硬度、体外释放度为指标筛选适宜的辅料, 采用粉末直接压片法制备以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC) 为骨架材料的缓释片, 以星点设计优化处方, 考察其体外释药情况。最后, 以市售西罗莫司片作为参比制剂, 进行比格犬体内药动学实验(动物实验和福利过程均已获得联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院动物伦理委员会的审核并批准)。结果表明, 缓释片的最终处方[西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅(1∶1, w/w)] 的用量为162 mg, HPMC K4M为80 mg, 羧甲基淀粉钠为80 mg, 微晶纤维素为168 mg。体外释药实验结果显示, 自制缓释片在12 h内缓慢释药, 符合Ritger-Peppas模型。体内实验结果显示, 与市售西罗莫司片相比, 缓释片的Cmax降低了49.47%; Tmax延长了5.1倍, 相对生物利用度为105.81%。西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅缓释片具有良好的体外、体内缓释效果, 为其他难溶性药物的增溶及其缓释制剂的研发提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=张倩, 宋洪涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张倩, Tel: 13850153200, E-mail: ;
宋洪涛, Tel: 86-591-22859853, E-mail:
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Fujian Medical Products Administration, Fuzhou 350003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702039820759062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, companyId=1198702039791398927, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.福建省药品审评与监测评价中心, 福建 福州 350003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702045554373154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L4DFeLVuohsM2BtHWawBYg==, figureFileBig=L71op41weZpyojDOqVYMYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045688590894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= A, B: Results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) of SBA-15. Scale bar: 1 μm (A), 100 μm (B). C, D: Results of transmission electron microscope (TEM) of SBA-15. Scale bar: 50 nm (C), 100 nm (D). E, F: N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption isotherm (E) and pore size distribution (F) of SBA-15. STP: Stander temperature and pressure , figureFileSmall=L4DFeLVuohsM2BtHWawBYg==, figureFileBig=L71op41weZpyojDOqVYMYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045852168763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bgJk1EeuehqKbCLgyXcR8Q==, figureFileBig=XgEx1FivBJXtPIahzsXO7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045994775110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The release of sustained-release tablets <i>in vitro</i>. A: Influence of different disintegrants; B: Disintegrants in different dosage; C: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in different types; D: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in different dosage , figureFileSmall=bgJk1EeuehqKbCLgyXcR8Q==, figureFileBig=XgEx1FivBJXtPIahzsXO7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046120604244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lRf6fbImOQXKAbsi70Dz5A==, figureFileBig=LnDbIt+m3L+gTdxqYbh+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046263210590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The response surface and contour lines of the percentage of cumulative release at 2, 6 and 10 h , figureFileSmall=lRf6fbImOQXKAbsi70Dz5A==, figureFileBig=LnDbIt+m3L+gTdxqYbh+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046435177070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FaNvzCo5YlPdf2YP8YlTqQ==, figureFileBig=GoWKuzt0MZ7jdOaIOtoTdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046594560640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 sustained-release tablets , figureFileSmall=FaNvzCo5YlPdf2YP8YlTqQ==, figureFileBig=GoWKuzt0MZ7jdOaIOtoTdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046712001158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rD8yl+c0tsZE17Vvy1OdkA==, figureFileBig=IB1/P6iFKlhDjGH9c3hP+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046867190422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Drug release of the commercial tablets and the sustained-release tablets , figureFileSmall=rD8yl+c0tsZE17Vvy1OdkA==, figureFileBig=IB1/P6iFKlhDjGH9c3hP+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047047545510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uPMzlicxVvND3RG7+CknkQ==, figureFileBig=1AmVoYyH+cNwVa1NT0IVTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047181763250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468953301826, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= A: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 sustained-release tablets. 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SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15∶MCC Weight/mg Hardness/N
1∶1 < 400 < 50
1∶2 450–500 50–120
1∶3 > 600 > 150
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Influence of the dosage of filling agent on tablets. SRL: Sirolimus; SMEDDS: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system; MCC: Microcrystalline cellulose

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SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15∶MCC Weight/mg Hardness/N
1∶1 < 400 < 50
1∶2 450–500 50–120
1∶3 > 600 > 150
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Factor Level
-1 0 1
HPMC K4M 12% 15% 18%
CMS-Na 12% 15% 17%
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The level code of each factor and operation value of each test. CMS-Na: Carboxymethyl starch sodium

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Factor Level
-1 0 1
HPMC K4M 12% 15% 18%
CMS-Na 12% 15% 17%
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No. HPMC K4M CMS-Na Q2/% Q6/% Q10/% K
1 -1 -1 25 56 75 24
2 1 -1 18 51 67 44
3 -1 1 38 76 90 24
4 1 1 28 61 82 9
5 -1.414 0 23 53 70 34
6 1.414 0 21 58 77 24
7 0 -1.414 15 49 65 51
8 0 1.414 33 69 88 10
9 0 0 25 60 80 15
10 0 0 28 63 84 5
11 0 0 26 61 82 11
12 0 0 29 66 87 4
13 0 0 27 63 85 5
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Test design and results of each index (n = 3). Q2, Q6, Q10: The percentage of cumulative release at 2, 6 and 10 h; K: Comprehensive scoring index

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No. HPMC K4M CMS-Na Q2/% Q6/% Q10/% K
1 -1 -1 25 56 75 24
2 1 -1 18 51 67 44
3 -1 1 38 76 90 24
4 1 1 28 61 82 9
5 -1.414 0 23 53 70 34
6 1.414 0 21 58 77 24
7 0 -1.414 15 49 65 51
8 0 1.414 33 69 88 10
9 0 0 25 60 80 15
10 0 0 28 63 84 5
11 0 0 26 61 82 11
12 0 0 29 66 87 4
13 0 0 27 63 85 5
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Source Sum of squares df Mean square F value P-value Prob > F
Model 2 569.67 5 513.93 14.72 0.001 3a
A-HPMC K4M 10.45 1 10.45 0.3 0.601 3
B-CMS-Na 1 080.72 1 1 080.72 30.96 0.000 8a
AB 306.25 1 306.25 8.77 0.021
A2 611.41 1 611.41 17.52 0.004 1
B2 713.15 1 713.15 20.43 0.002 7
Residual 244.33 7 34.9
Lack of fit 152.33 3 50.78 2.21 0.229 7
Pure error 92 4 23
Cor total 2 814 12
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Analysis of variance. a: P < 0.05

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source Sum of squares df Mean square F value P-value Prob > F
Model 2 569.67 5 513.93 14.72 0.001 3a
A-HPMC K4M 10.45 1 10.45 0.3 0.601 3
B-CMS-Na 1 080.72 1 1 080.72 30.96 0.000 8a
AB 306.25 1 306.25 8.77 0.021
A2 611.41 1 611.41 17.52 0.004 1
B2 713.15 1 713.15 20.43 0.002 7
Residual 244.33 7 34.9
Lack of fit 152.33 3 50.78 2.21 0.229 7
Pure error 92 4 23
Cor total 2 814 12
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Model Equation r
Zero order equation Mt/M∞ = 0.075 4t + 0.167 2 0.967 0
First order equation ln(1 - Mt/M∞) = -0.259 2t + 0.211 3 0.953 6
Higuchi equation Mt/M∞ = 3.183t1/2 + 0.285 0.980 1
Ritger-Peppas log(Mt/M∞) = 0.705logt - 0.734 4 0.991 7
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Release equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Model Equation r
Zero order equation Mt/M∞ = 0.075 4t + 0.167 2 0.967 0
First order equation ln(1 - Mt/M∞) = -0.259 2t + 0.211 3 0.953 6
Higuchi equation Mt/M∞ = 3.183t1/2 + 0.285 0.980 1
Ritger-Peppas log(Mt/M∞) = 0.705logt - 0.734 4 0.991 7
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Parameter Rapamune® SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 sustained-release tablets
Tmax/h 1.25 ± 0.25 6.42 ± 1.17*
Cmax/ng·mL-1 6.55 ± 1.33 3.31 ± 1.26*
AUC0→48 h/ng·h·mL-1 57.00 ± 15.56 60.31 ± 6.69
AUC0→∞/ng·h·mL-1 96.82 ± 43.19 111.61 ± 16.70
t1/2/h 39.04 ± 17.92 41.81 ± 8.27
MRT/h 16.36 ± 1.39 19.84 ± 1.37
Fr/% 105.81
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Pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of Rapamune® and SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 sustained-release tablets. AUC: Area under blood concentration; MRT: Mean retention time. n = 6, $\bar{x}$ ± s. *P < 0.05 vs Rapamune®

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Rapamune® SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 sustained-release tablets
Tmax/h 1.25 ± 0.25 6.42 ± 1.17*
Cmax/ng·mL-1 6.55 ± 1.33 3.31 ± 1.26*
AUC0→48 h/ng·h·mL-1 57.00 ± 15.56 60.31 ± 6.69
AUC0→∞/ng·h·mL-1 96.82 ± 43.19 111.61 ± 16.70
t1/2/h 39.04 ± 17.92 41.81 ± 8.27
MRT/h 16.36 ± 1.39 19.84 ± 1.37
Fr/% 105.81
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基于介孔硅固化自微乳的西罗莫司缓释片的制备与评价
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黄雯婷 1, 2 , 刘志宏 1 , 张灵娜 3 , 曾令军 1 , 张倩 2, * , 宋洪涛 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 1049-1058
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 1049-1058
基于介孔硅固化自微乳的西罗莫司缓释片的制备与评价
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黄雯婷1, 2, 刘志宏1, 张灵娜3, 曾令军1, 张倩2, * , 宋洪涛1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院, 福建 福州 350025
  • 2.福建医科大学药学院, 福建 福州 350108
  • 3.福建省药品审评与监测评价中心, 福建 福州 350003

通讯作者:

*张倩, Tel: 13850153200, E-mail: ;
宋洪涛, Tel: 86-591-22859853, E-mail:
Preparation and evaluation of sirolimus sustained release tablets based on mesoporous silicon loaded self-microemulsion
Wen-ting HUANG1, 2, Zhi-hong LIU1, Ling-na ZHANG3, Ling-jun ZENG1, Qian ZHANG2, * , Hong-tao SONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350025, China
  • 2. Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 3. Fujian Medical Products Administration, Fuzhou 350003, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1193
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通过研制西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅缓释片, 以期提高难溶性药物西罗莫司的溶出度, 并降低其毒副作用。首先, 制备西罗莫司自微乳, 用介孔硅进行固化。其次, 以外观、硬度、体外释放度为指标筛选适宜的辅料, 采用粉末直接压片法制备以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC) 为骨架材料的缓释片, 以星点设计优化处方, 考察其体外释药情况。最后, 以市售西罗莫司片作为参比制剂, 进行比格犬体内药动学实验(动物实验和福利过程均已获得联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院动物伦理委员会的审核并批准)。结果表明, 缓释片的最终处方[西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅(1∶1, w/w)] 的用量为162 mg, HPMC K4M为80 mg, 羧甲基淀粉钠为80 mg, 微晶纤维素为168 mg。体外释药实验结果显示, 自制缓释片在12 h内缓慢释药, 符合Ritger-Peppas模型。体内实验结果显示, 与市售西罗莫司片相比, 缓释片的Cmax降低了49.47%; Tmax延长了5.1倍, 相对生物利用度为105.81%。西罗莫司自微乳-介孔硅缓释片具有良好的体外、体内缓释效果, 为其他难溶性药物的增溶及其缓释制剂的研发提供了参考。

西罗莫司  /  自微乳  /  介孔硅  /  羧甲基淀粉钠  /  羟丙基甲基纤维素  /  缓释片

Sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silicon sustained release tablets were prepared in order to improve the dissolution of the insoluble drug sirolimus and reduce its side effects. Firstly, sirolimus self-microemulsion was prepared and cured with mesoporous silicon. Secondly, the suitable excipients were selected according to the appearance, hardness and in vitro release rate. The sustained-release tablets with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as skeleton material were prepared by powder direct pressing method, and the formulation was optimized by central composite design-response surface method to investigate the drug release in vitro. Finally, the pharmacokinetics was carried out in beagle dogs using the commercial sirolimus tablets as references. The final formulation of sustained-release tablets is as follows: 162 mg of sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silica (1∶1, w/w), 80 mg of HPMC K4M and 80 mg of carboxymethyl starch sodium, the microcrystalline cellulose is 168 mg. The results of in vitro release test showed that the self-made sustained-release tablets released slowly within 12 h, which conformed to the Ritger-Peppas model. The in vivo test results showed that compared with the commercial sirolimus tablets, the Cmax of the sustained-release tablets decreased by 49.47%, the Tmax of the sustained-release tablets was prolonged by 5.1 times, and the relative bioavailability was 105.81%. Sirolimus self-microemulsion-mesoporous silicon sustained-release tablets have good sustained-release effects in vitro and in vivo, which provides a reference for the solubilization of other insoluble drugs and the research and development of sustained-release preparations. Animal experiments and welfare processes were reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistics support Force.

sirolimus  /  self-microemulsion  /  mesoporous silicon  /  sodium carboxymethyl starch  /  hydroxypropyl methylcellulose  /  sustained-release tablet
黄雯婷, 刘志宏, 张灵娜, 曾令军, 张倩, 宋洪涛. 基于介孔硅固化自微乳的西罗莫司缓释片的制备与评价. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1049 -1058 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1193
Wen-ting HUANG, Zhi-hong LIU, Ling-na ZHANG, Ling-jun ZENG, Qian ZHANG, Hong-tao SONG. Preparation and evaluation of sirolimus sustained release tablets based on mesoporous silicon loaded self-microemulsion[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1049 -1058 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1193
西罗莫司(sirolimus, SRL) 是第三代大环内酯类免疫抑制剂, 临床上主要用于器官移植患者的抗排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的治疗[1, 2], 是典型的难溶性药物, 在水中的溶解度仅为1.73 μg·mL-1 [3], 但渗透性好。目前, 市售制剂为纳米结晶片, 制备工艺复杂, 生产要求高且贮存条件苛刻。如何采用制剂手段提高药物溶出度并降低药物成本引起了众多研究者的兴趣。
自微乳给药系统(self-microemulsifying drug delivery system, SMEDDS) 是提高难溶性药物溶解度的常用方法。本课题组前期已成功制备SRL自微乳, 显著提高了药物的溶出度及生物利用度[4, 5]。然而, 目前市售的自微乳制剂均采用软胶囊装填, 胶囊壳中的水分易被自微乳夺取, 导致胶囊壳变硬, 影响其崩解和自乳化, 且贮存要求高[6, 7]。所以, 本课题组前期采用微晶纤维素(MCC) 将SRL自微乳进行固化, 然而, 由于其吸附性能较差, 导致与自微乳的用量比高达9∶1[8], 不利于后续高端制剂的研发。因此, 选择一种适宜的固化材料尤为重要。
介孔硅(mesoporous silica, MS) 由于其具有较大的孔径、巨大的比表面积和良好的生物相容性等特点[9, 10], 而成为药物载体的研究热点[11, 12]。本课题组前期发现SRL自微乳与介孔硅SBA-15以1∶1比例固化时, 可得到粉体学性质良好的固化制剂, 为后续其他制剂的研发打下了坚实基础。
但是, SRL治疗窗窄(5~15 ng·mL-1)[13]、个体差异大、不良反应发生率高且需长期服用, 因此, 将其制备成缓释制剂, 降低血药峰浓度, 是减少其毒副作用发生的重要手段。综上, 本研究拟制备SRL自微乳-介孔硅缓释片, 考察其体外及体内的释药情况, 以期为其他难溶性药物增溶策略的选择及缓释制剂的研发提供参考。
主要仪器   Agilent 1200型高效液相色谱系统(美国Agilent公司); RCZ-6BZ型智能六杯溶出仪(上海黄海药检仪器有限公司); SXL-1008型程控箱式电炉(上海精宏实验设备有限公司); S-4800型扫描电子显微镜(日本Hitachi有限公司); JEM-2100F型透射电子显微镜(日本JEOL有限公司); Tristar Ⅱ 3020型吸附仪(美国Micromeritics仪器有限公司); Nicomp 380型粒径测定仪(美国PSS有限公司); K-Alpha型X-射线光电子能谱仪(美国Thermo有限公司); Q2000型差示扫描量热仪(美国TA有限公司); QTRAP 5500型三重四级杆/复合线性离子阱质谱(美国AB-SCIEX有限公司)。
药品及试剂   SRL原料药(含量99.5%)、SRL对照品(含量99.9%) (福建科瑞药业有限公司); SRL片(Rapamune®, 规格1 mg/片, 美国Pfizer有限公司); 子囊霉素对照品(FK520, 含量99.5%, 上海齐奥化工科技有限公司); 聚氧乙烯35蓖麻油(Cremophor EL, 德国BASF公司); 油酸聚乙二醇甘油酯(Labrafil M1944CS)、二乙二醇单乙基醚(Transcutol HP) (法国Gattefosse公司); 柠檬酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物(P123, 美国Sigma-Aldrich有限公司); 硅酸四乙酯(TEOS, 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司); 乳糖(美国Foremost公司); 羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS-Na)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC K4M、HPMC K15M、HPMC K100M、HPMC K100LV)、MCC、交联聚维酮(PVPP)、可压性淀粉(上海昌为医药辅料技术有限公司); 低取代羟丙基纤维素(L-HPC, 泰安瑞泰纤维素有限公司)。
动物   健康雄性Beagle犬6只, 体重(15 ± 3) kg, 购于福州振和实验技术开发有限公司, 合格证号: SCXK (闽) 2018-0001。动物实验和福利过程均已获得联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院动物伦理委员会的审核并批准。
色谱条件   色谱柱为Eclipse XDB-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, 美国Agilent公司), 以乙腈-甲醇-水(50∶35∶15) 为流动相, 流速为1 mL·min-1, 检测波长为278 nm, 柱温50 ℃, 进样量为20 μL。配制药物浓度为2.50、5.00、10.00、15.00、20.00、25.00 μg·mL-1的SRL对照品溶液, 进行线性关系考察。配制浓度为5.00、10.00和15.00 μg·mL-1的SRL样品溶液, 每个浓度连续进样6次, 计算相对标准偏差(RSD), 进行精密度考察。精密称取约含2.00 mg药物的样品溶液, 分别加入1.60、2.00、2.40 mg SRL各3份, 进行回收率考察。
血样分析方法的建立
色谱条件  色谱柱为Agilent ZOBAX C18柱(50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm, 美国Agilent公司); 流动相为乙腈-水(90∶10, v/v); 流速为0.30 mL·min-1; 进样量为5 μL; 柱温为40 ℃[8]
质谱条件  ESI离子源, 三重四级杆质谱; 以正离子[M+Na]+方式检测; 扫描方式为多反应监测(MRM); 离子源温度550 ℃; 离子源电离电压为5 500 V; 雾化气流速55 psi; 去簇电压为70 V (FK520)、70 V (SRL); 碰撞能量为72 V (FK520)、65.5 V (SRL); 扫描时间为100 ms。用于辅助定性反应为m/z 937.5 → 608.2 (FK520), 定量分析的离子反应分别为m/z 937.5 → 409.2 (SRL)、m/z 814.4 → 604.3 (FK520)[8]
SBA-15的制备与表征    参考Zhao等[14]的方法: 称取2 g P123溶于15 g超纯水及60 g的2 mol·L-1盐酸溶液中。搅拌均匀, 将反应体系加热至35 ℃, 完全溶解, 加入4.25 g TEOS, 搅拌24 h。反应结束后在80 ℃下晶化24 h。待样品冷却至室温, 过滤、洗涤, 45 ℃干燥12 h。将干燥后的样品置于马弗炉中, 在空气氛围下以1 ℃·min-1的速率升到550 ℃, 并煅烧8 h, 即得孔径约为6 nm的SBA-15。
分别采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM) 观察SBA-15的表面形貌及粒径大小, 透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 观察介孔结构, 氮气吸-脱附仪在77 K条件下测量后, 绘制吸附-脱附等温线, 采用BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller) 方法计算比表面积、BJH (Barrett Joyner Halenda) 模型计算孔容(Vp) 和孔径(Dp)。
SRL-SMEDDS的制备   基于本课题组前期所优化的处方[5, 15], 精密称取1 g SRL粉末, 加到19 g的助乳化剂Transcutol HP中, 不断搅拌直至溶解; 加入22 g油相Labrafil M1944CS及39 g乳化剂Cremophor EL, 不断搅拌至形成淡黄色澄清溶液, 随后加入0.16 g的柠檬酸。
SRL自微乳的固化 (SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15)   采用物理搅拌法, 精密称取一定量的SBA-15, 按照1∶1 (w/w) 将等量的SRL-SMEDDS逐滴加入到SBA-15中, 边加边搅拌; 待加入完毕后, 将外观略显潮湿的白色粉末置于干燥器中, 放置过夜, 确保吸附完全。
重分散实验   称取SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15 0.50 g加入50 mL蒸馏水, 37 ℃下以50 r·min-1的速度搅拌30 min, 静置后取溶液适量, 5 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 测定上清液粒径, 考察重分散后的粒径分布情况。对照组采用0.25 g的SRL-SMEDDS, 同上操作后测定[16]
缓释片的制备   辅料过80目筛, 备用。称取处方量的各辅料, 与SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15混合, 采用粉末直接压片法, 通过外观、硬度、体外释放行为等指标筛选出适宜的压片辅料。
体外释放度测定方法   依据2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部通则0931项下第一法(篮法), 以0.4% 十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS) 溶液或蒸馏水250 mL为释放介质, 分别考察漏槽条件与非漏槽条件下缓释片中SRL的释放情况; 温度(37.0 ± 0.5) ℃, 转速为100 r·min-1, 于2、4、6、8、10、12 h分别取溶液3 mL, 并即时补充等量释放介质; 样品于12 000 r·min-1离心3 min, 取上清液, HPLC法测定药物浓度。
星点设计   利用Design-expert 8.0.6.1软件, 进行星点设计试验。预设定理想的缓释制剂在2、6、10 h的累积释放度Q2Q6Q10分别为Q2 < 30%、45% < Q6 < 65%、Q10 > 85%, 以缓释片在2、6、10 h的累积释放百分率为效应值, 以K为综合评分指标(K = ︱30 - Q2︱ + ︱65 - Q6︱ + ︱85 - Q10︱), K值越小, 越接近理想的释放状态, 缓释效果越好。
物相鉴别   通过X-射线衍射法(XRD) 和差示扫描量热法(DSC) 鉴别SRL在缓释片中的物相存在状态。
比格犬体内药动学实验
给药方案  受试制剂为自制缓释片(1 mg/片), 参比制剂是市售SRL片(Rapamune®)。将6条Beagle犬随机分成两组, 采用单次给药双周期交叉实验设计方案, 每次分别给予1片参比制剂或受试制剂。每次实验给药前12 h禁食不禁水, 给药6 h后自由饮水, 每2次给药间隔14天以上的清洗期。
血样采集  给药前采取空白血液样品, 参比制剂给药后在0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、24、36、48 h于Beagle犬前肢小隐静脉采血2 mL, 受试制剂给药后于1、2、3、4、4.5、5、5.5、6、6.5、7、8、10、12、24、36、48 h同法采血2 mL。血样置抗凝管中, 于-20 ℃保存备用, 样品在1个月内测定完毕。血样的处理及分析方法参考本课题组前期研究[8, 16]
数据处理  通过WinNonlin 8.1药动学软件处理血药浓度-时间数据, 采用非房室模型计算得到相关药动学参数, 并进行相应的统计分析, 比较两制剂间的药动学差异。
该色谱条件下[8, 16], 所得标准曲线为Y = 56.32 X - 13.183, r = 0.999 9, 表明在2.50~25.00 μg·mL-1时, 该测定方法的线性关系良好。低、中、高浓度精密度的RSD值分别为0.58%、0.54%、0.17%, 各样品的回收率为98.96%~102.08%, 表明该方法的精密度及准确度均良好。
该质谱条件下[8, 16], 药物SRL与内标FK520所得回归方程为ASRL/AFK520 = 0.280 2CSRL + 0.084 4; r = 0.999 4, 表明在0.51~40.96 ng·mL-1线性良好; 0.51 ng·mL-1的准确度为85.23%, 精密度的RSD值为15.59%, 确定其为该法的最低定量限。低(1.20 ng·mL-1)、中(20.00 ng·mL-1)、高(30.00 ng·mL-1) 质控样品的准确度分别为92.10%、97.52%和99.22%, 均符合2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部规定, 表明该法精密度及准确度均良好。
SEM及TEM结果显示(图 1A~D), 自制SBA-15呈柱状结构, 孔道大小均匀且排列有序; 氮气吸附等温线图结果显示(图 1E), 曲线呈IV型等温线、H1型迟滞回线, 根据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC) 的观点[17], 证明制备的是介孔材料, 且孔径高度一致。根据BJH模型计算自制SBA-15的孔径为6 nm (图 1F), BET模型计算结果比表面积为553.75 m2·g-1
粒径分布结果显示, SRL-SMEDDS的粒径为(32.967 ± 1.369) nm, SBA-15固化SRL-SMEDDS后, SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15的粒径为(33.433 ± 1.977) nm, 二者无显著性差异, 说明SBA-15的固化不影响自微乳的粒径大小。
参考本课题组前期的处方[18], 按照处方量换算, 暂定总片重为560 mg, HPMC K4M为总量的15%, 与含药量为1 mg的SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15混合, 填充剂补足余量。分别考察以乳糖、可压性淀粉、MCC为填充剂时所得片剂的外观与硬度。结果表明, 三者通过粉末直接压片法所得片剂的外观均完整光洁。但是, 以乳糖和可压性淀粉为填充剂时, 所得片剂硬度小于50 N, 而以微晶纤维素为填充剂时, 片剂硬度大于50 N。因此, 选用硬度较大、结合力相对较强的微晶纤维素为填充剂。
固定含药量为1 mg/片, 即SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15的处方量为162 mg; 考察当SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15与MCC的质量比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3时所得缓释片的硬度, 结果显示(表 1), 当比例为1∶2时, 可得硬度适宜、大小相对适中的片剂。因此, 确定MCC用量为SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15的2倍。
综上, 暂定SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15处方量为162 mg, 与MCC的比例为1∶2, 片重约490 mg。出于对片重及片形大小的考虑, 加入其他辅料时相应减少MCC的用量以固定片重。
按处方量称取各辅料压片, 体外释放实验结果发现, 当固定HPMC K4M用量为总片重的12%时, 自制缓释片12 h后未完全分散, 残留较大的片芯, 且12 h的累积释放百分率小于60%, 提示缓释片未能完全溶散。因此, 考虑加入崩解剂。
选用CMS-Na、L-HPC、PVPP作为崩解剂, 用量固定为10%, 体外释药情况结果显示(图 2A), CMS-Na的崩解释药效果最佳。因此, 崩解剂选用CMS-Na。
考察当CMS-Na用量为总片重的10%、12%、15%、17%时缓释片的体外释药情况, 结果显示(图 2B), 当用量为17%时, 12 h累积释放百分率 > 90%。然而, 2 h的累积释放百分率已接近30%, 因此, 不再考察更大的用量, 以免发生突释。综上, CMS-Na的用量确定为缓释片总重的17%。
固定HPMC用量为15%, 考察不同型号分别为HPMC K4M、HPMC K15M、HPMC K100M、HPMC K100LV, 考察结果显示(图 2C), HPMC K4M的缓释效果最优, 考虑释药情况可能与不同型号的黏度相关, 黏度大小顺序为HPMC K100M > HPMC K15M > HPMC K4M > HPMC K100LV。因此, 确定凝胶骨架材料的型号为HPMC K4M。
分别考察当HPMC K4M用量为总片重的10%、12%、15%、18%时缓释片体外释药情况, 结果显示(图 2D), 当HPMC K4M的用量为15%时, 缓释片的缓释效果最佳。所以, 凝胶骨架材料HPMC的用量定为缓释片总重的15%。
综上所述, 通过单因素考察结果, 初步确定SRL-SMEEDS-SBA-15缓释片的处方为: SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15的用量为162 mg; MCC的用量为170 mg; CMS-Na的用量为84 mg; HPMC K4M的用量为74 mg, 共490 mg。
根据单因素考察试验结果可知, HPMC K4M和CMS-Na的用量, 对缓释片的释放效果影响较大, 因此, 将HPMC K4M的用量(因素A) 和CMS-Na的用量(因素B) 作为自变量, 固定含药量为1 mg/片, 片重为490 mg, MCC补足余量, 以缓释片在2、6、10 h的累积释放百分率为效应值, 利用Design-expert 8.0.6.1软件, 进行两因素、三水平的星点试验设计。因素水平代码见表 2, 试验测定结果见表 3
应用软件对表 3的数据进行拟合, 以置信度(P < 0.05) 作为显著标准, 结果显示, 二次多项式模型的拟合度更佳, 综合评分K对因素AB的拟合方程为: K = 8 - 1.14A - 11.62B - 8.75AB + 9.38A2 + 10.12B2 (r2 = 0.913 2, P < 0.05)。
AB两因素所对应各评价指标的等高线图及三维效应面图的结果见图 3, 再结合表 4对综合评价指标K的方差分析结果, P < 0.05, 且失拟项不显著, 说明模型显著, 具有统计学意义。
图 3表 4可知, HPMC K4M及CMS-Na的用量对缓释片2、6、10 h的累积释放百分率的大小存在一定影响, CMS-Na用量的结果方差分析具有显著性差异, 即CMS-Na用量的影响大于HPMC K4M用量的影响。
通过软件对3个效应面最优区域进行分析, 优选得出的最佳处方为: SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15为162 mg; HPMC K4M的用量为80 mg; CMS-Na的用量为80 mg; MCC补足余量, 即168 mg, 所制备的缓释片如图 4
按照软件得出的最优处方制备3批缓释片, 并测定Q2Q6Q10, 比较预测值与实测值的相对误差, 结果显示各时间点的累积释放百分率的预测值与实测值的相对误差均 < 5%, 表明该模型的预测性良好, 稳定性高。此外, 所得最优处方与预设定理想的缓释制剂在2、6、10 h的累积释放百分率接近, 缓释效果良好, 证明处方优化成功。
采用篮法, 以0.4% SDS溶液为释放介质, 市售SRL片与自制缓释片的体外释放结果显示(图 5), 市售制剂在2 h内即已释药完全, 而自制缓释片在12 h内具有良好的体外缓释效果。
自制缓释片的体外累积释放百分率(Q) 与时间(t) 的数据拟合结果(表 5) 显示, 缓释片体外释药模型最接近Ritger-Peppas方程, 拟合结果分析, n = 0.893 2, 说明缓释片以骨架溶蚀为主。
将SRL、SBA-15、SRL-SMEDDS-SBA-15、含药缓释片粉末、空白缓释片粉末及物理混合物(含药量为20%) 分别进行XRD及DSC分析。
XRD结果显示(图 6A), 缓释片中SRL特征结晶峰除了位于2θ角小于20°区间内, 其余部分的结晶峰在一定程度上减弱或消失, 表明SRL在缓释片中以非结晶态存在。DSC结果显示(图 6B), SRL在190及200 ℃处有2个特征衍射峰, 但在缓释片中该特征衍射峰消失, 表明缓释片中的SRL以无定形状态存在。
6条健康雄性Beagle犬的平均血药浓度-时间曲线(图 7), 分别以受试制剂组和参比制剂组的平均血药浓度-时间数据作为主数据录入WinNonlin 8.1药动学程序进行处理, 计算非房室模型药物动力学参数, 结果显示(表 6), 缓释片的达峰浓度(Cmax) 小于市售制剂, 降低了49.47%。但达峰时间(Tmax) 明显推迟, 延长了5.1倍, 相对生物利用度为105.81%。
表 6中所得出的结果, 对药动学参数AUC0→48 hCmax进行两独立样本t检验, 使用非参数秩和检验对Tmax进行统计学分析, 均以P < 0.05作为检验标准, 代入相应的公式, 结果显示两制剂的TmaxCmax都不相等, 差异具有统计学意义。但是, 二者曲线下面积AUC0→48 h之间的差异不显著。
自微乳的存在没有造成缓释片表面不光洁的现象, 从侧面证明了介孔材料SBA-15的强吸附性能。此外, 相关文献[19, 20]提出猜想, 使用介孔材料SBA-15进行压片后, 其孔道结构是否会发生坍塌?针对这一疑虑, 本课题组将受力压制成片后的SBA-15, 研碎, 溶于无水乙醇中, 吹打分散, 烘干。BET检测结果显示, 受力前后的SBA-15其孔径及比表面积大小无明显差异, 由此可见, 压片时的压力不会改变其孔道的大小, 进一步证实了用SBA-15作药物载体压制成片的可行性。介孔材料吸附药物的方式有多种, 如溶液浸渍法、溶剂挥发法、喷雾干燥法等[21], 不同的吸附方式会影响药物的物相状态及释药情况, 不适宜的吸附方式会导致药物呈晶体状态或释药不完全[22, 23]。本课题采用制备简单的物理混合搅拌法, 研究结果表明固化后的药物呈非晶态, 有利于药物的释放及体内的吸收, 具有良好的体外、体内缓释效果。
本课题组[24]前期分别考察0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤法和离心法对SRL含量测定的影响, 结果表明微孔滤膜过滤法对含量测定的影响较大, 可能是部分载药乳滴被吸附在微孔滤膜上, 而离心法对含量测定无明显影响, 且转速的大小和离心时间的长短所得出的检测结果无显著性差异。相关文献[25]报道, 将药物或自微乳吸附入有孔材料后会出现解吸不完全的现象, 本研究中的自制缓释片12 h累积释药量约为90%, 未完全释放可能与SBA-15的孔径较长、较深, 部分西罗莫司自微乳残留在孔道深处未接触到释放介质有关[26]
本课题组前期利用MCC吸附固化SRL自微乳, 再加入适宜的辅料, 直接压制成缓释片, 结果发现只有当液态自微乳与MCC比例为1∶9时, 才能达到不黏冲, 且片剂外观光滑、完整的效果, 其未加崩解剂, 12 h内仍具有良好的体外缓释效果[8], 原因是该缓释片中的MCC含量高达73%, 而MCC含量高时可达到一定的崩解效果, 有助于缓释片中药物的扩散。本课题的自制缓释片, 其中的自微乳及介孔硅具有一定的润滑作用, 使其具备了良好的粉体学性质, 有利于粉末直接压片法制片。亲水凝胶骨架缓释片遇水后表面水化形成凝胶层, 水分随着时间不断渗入内部, 凝胶层不断增厚, 阻滞药物从骨架材料中释出, 从而达到控制药物释放的目的。本课题组考虑, 由于自微乳及介孔硅的存在, 导致缓释片粉末的结合力增强, 粉末间的空隙变小, 使缓释片自身难以冲破骨架材料吸水后所形成的凝胶层。此外, 介孔硅的孔道深且长, 所以需加入崩解剂使缓释片吸水溶胀, 孔道内的药物与释放介质充分接触, 最终得以缓慢释放。其中, 羧甲基淀粉钠的吸水膨胀效果显著, 吸水后膨胀率为原体积的300倍, 因此, 最终选择将其作为崩解剂, 有利于药物的释放。
综上所述, 本课题成功制备了SRL自微乳-介孔硅缓释片, 具有良好的体外及体内缓释特性, 由此可知, 利用自微乳提高难溶性药物的溶出度、介孔材料SBA-15克服自微乳液体制剂的缺陷, 再进一步制成其他剂型的方法具有一定的可行性, 为其他难溶性药物的增溶、自微乳的固化及缓释制剂的研发提供了新的思路和方法。
作者贡献: 宋洪涛和张倩提出实验整体研究思路; 黄雯婷负责主要实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 刘志宏和曾令军负责协助完成体内药动学研究; 张灵娜负责部分实验数据的分析。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 福建省科技计划引导性项目(2019Y0017)
  • 第九〇〇医院院立课题(2020L16)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1193
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
  • 修回日期:2022-12-23
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福建省科技计划引导性项目(2019Y0017)
第九〇〇医院院立课题(2020L16)
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    1.中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院, 福建 福州 350025
    2.福建医科大学药学院, 福建 福州 350108
    3.福建省药品审评与监测评价中心, 福建 福州 350003

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宋洪涛, Tel: 86-591-22859853, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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