Article(id=1198628500925149830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666886400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-28, revisedDate=1676390400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904060, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904060, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1103, endPage=1116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628501235528329, articleId=1198628500925149830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research advances in the study of anticoagulant active molecules, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The incidence of thrombosis-induced cardiovascular diseases is increasing worldwide and poses a serious threat to human health. Three factors, slow speed of blood flow, hypercoagulable blood and vascular damage, have been considered to be causes of thrombosis. Antithrombotic drugs have been classified into three categories based on the mechanism of thrombosis, including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors and fibrinolytics. The coagulation and anticoagulation systems have drawn increasing attention because of the important role they play in the process of thrombosis. Novel compounds with anticoagulant activity are now emerging, alleviating to some extent some of the problems associated with the clinical use of early approved thrombotic drugs, such as high bleeding risk, slow onset of action and narrow therapeutic windows. In this review, we initially describe the mechanisms of coagulation as well as thrombosis. Meanwhile, a wide range of bioactive compounds and potential antithrombotic candidates reported in recent years have been summarized. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of certain compounds has been discussed, expecting to facilitate the development of molecules with anticoagulant biological activity for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.

, correspAuthors=Tao BAO, Si-cen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kang-jia SHENG, Yan GAO, Tao BAO, Si-cen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628502841946827, articleId=1198628500925149830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗凝血活性分子的研究进展, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

血栓诱发的心脑血管疾病的发病率在世界范围内不断增长, 严重威胁人类健康。研究表明, 形成血栓的三个因素分别为血流缓慢、血液高凝状态以及血管损伤。根据血栓形成的机制, 抗血栓药物被分为三类, 包括抗凝剂、血小板抑制剂和纤维蛋白溶解剂。由于凝血系统和抗凝血系统在血栓形成的过程中扮演着重要的作用, 因此受到了越来越多的关注。目前, 具有抗凝活性的新型化合物正不断涌现, 一定程度上缓解了早期获批血栓治疗药物临床应用的一些问题, 如出血风险高、起效慢、治疗窗口窄等。本文首先阐述了凝血机制以及血栓形成的原因和机制, 然后主要总结了近年来研究报道的抗凝血活性化合物及潜在的抗血栓候选物, 并对部分化合物的化学结构-药理活性关系进行了分析, 以期促进开发具有抗凝血生物活性的分子, 用于治疗血栓性疾病。

, correspAuthors=包涛, 王嗣岑, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*包涛, Tel: 18292680711, E-mail: ;
王嗣岑, Tel: 18629057973, E-mail:
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Blood, 2013, 121: 4586-4594., articleTitle=LIM kinase-1 selectively promotes glycoprotein Ib-IX-mediated TXA2 synthesis, platelet activation, and thrombosis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960122056770276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500925149830, awardId=81703469, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703469), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960122182599415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500925149830, awardId=81973277, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973277), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960116193132649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500925149830, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960116222492781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500925149830, companyId=1198960116193132649, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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No. Comp. Mw/Da Monosaccharide composition Bioactivity Ref.
1 Vp2a-I 7×103 Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 1.94:16.7:0.38:1.76:0.17:15.4 Anticoagulant activity [16]
2 Vp3 9×103 Rha, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 8.09:7.87:2.12:2.46:0.41:8.43 Anticoagulant activity [16]
3 mCVP-1S - β-D-glucan Anticoagulant activity [17, 18]
4 FEP 5.11×105 Ara, Rha, Gal, Glu = 80.5:10.7:4.8:4.0 Anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity [19]
5 LP 4.63×104-3.45×104 Ara, Rha, Rib, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glu = 4.4:2.0:7.0:1.0:3.1:6.8:13.4 Anticoagulant activity and anti-platelet activity [20]
6 PP-PLE5 6×103-6.42×105 Ara, Fuc, Gal, Glu, Man, Rha, Xyl = 10.22:3.64:22.87:20.16:8.93:29.22:4.38 Anticoagulant activity [21]
7 HUP-2 25.296×103 Rha: Man: Gal: Glu = 1.96:16.51:22.76:19.43 Antioxidant and anticoagulant activity [22]
8 Fucogalactan (E) - - anticoagulant activity [23]
9 F2-A - Gal, Ara, Glu, Rha, Fuc, Man, Xyl = 5.3:4.5:4.3:3.7:1.5:1.0:1.0 Anticoagulant activity [24]
10 Crude extracts - - Anticoagulant activity [25]
11 Polysaccharides@ZIF-8 - - Anticoagulant activity [26]
12 SFI 4.7×105 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 0:0:1 Anticoagulant activity [27]
13 SFII 3.68×104 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 0:0:1 Anticoagulant activity [27]
14 FCS 4.26×104 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 1.0:1.18:1.0 Anticoagulant activity [27]
15 WSC, NOscs - - Anticoagulant activity [28]
16 Native FS 6.46×104 Fuc, SO3-/Fuc = 1.0:0.74 Anticoagulant activity [29]
17 Acetone Fractions 2.15×104 Fuc, Xyl, Gal, Sulate = 1.0:0.25:2.0:: 2.0 Anticoagulant activity [30]
18 SVP2-1 - GlcN, GalN, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 5.85:2.44:8.54:12.20:7.80:17.07:12.93:10.24:22.92 Anticoagulant activity [31]
19 SVP2-2 - GlcN, GalN, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 3.76:3.76:8.27:11.28:6.39:9.40:16.92:11.65:28.57 Anticoagulant activity [31]
20 FI 9.5×104 Ara, Gal, Rha = 53:25:9 Anticoagulant activity [32]
21 FII 1.4×105 Ara, Gal, Rha = 72:17:2 Anticoagulant activity [32]
22 PF2 8.81×104 Rha (98.7%), with trace amounts of Gal and Xyl Anticoagulant activity [33]
23 GaSP 2.848×105 - Anticoagulant activity [34, 35]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960121813500613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500925149830, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The anticoagulant mechanism of polysaccharides. Rha: Rhamnose; Ara: Arabinose; Xyl: Xylopyranose; Man: Mannose; Glu: Glucose; Gal: Galactose; Fuc: Fucose; GlcN: 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose; GlcA: Gluconic acid; GalNAC: N-Acetylgalactosamine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Comp. Mw/Da Monosaccharide composition Bioactivity Ref.
1 Vp2a-I 7×103 Rha, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 1.94:16.7:0.38:1.76:0.17:15.4 Anticoagulant activity [16]
2 Vp3 9×103 Rha, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 8.09:7.87:2.12:2.46:0.41:8.43 Anticoagulant activity [16]
3 mCVP-1S - β-D-glucan Anticoagulant activity [17, 18]
4 FEP 5.11×105 Ara, Rha, Gal, Glu = 80.5:10.7:4.8:4.0 Anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity [19]
5 LP 4.63×104-3.45×104 Ara, Rha, Rib, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glu = 4.4:2.0:7.0:1.0:3.1:6.8:13.4 Anticoagulant activity and anti-platelet activity [20]
6 PP-PLE5 6×103-6.42×105 Ara, Fuc, Gal, Glu, Man, Rha, Xyl = 10.22:3.64:22.87:20.16:8.93:29.22:4.38 Anticoagulant activity [21]
7 HUP-2 25.296×103 Rha: Man: Gal: Glu = 1.96:16.51:22.76:19.43 Antioxidant and anticoagulant activity [22]
8 Fucogalactan (E) - - anticoagulant activity [23]
9 F2-A - Gal, Ara, Glu, Rha, Fuc, Man, Xyl = 5.3:4.5:4.3:3.7:1.5:1.0:1.0 Anticoagulant activity [24]
10 Crude extracts - - Anticoagulant activity [25]
11 Polysaccharides@ZIF-8 - - Anticoagulant activity [26]
12 SFI 4.7×105 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 0:0:1 Anticoagulant activity [27]
13 SFII 3.68×104 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 0:0:1 Anticoagulant activity [27]
14 FCS 4.26×104 GlcA, GalNAc, Fuc = 1.0:1.18:1.0 Anticoagulant activity [27]
15 WSC, NOscs - - Anticoagulant activity [28]
16 Native FS 6.46×104 Fuc, SO3-/Fuc = 1.0:0.74 Anticoagulant activity [29]
17 Acetone Fractions 2.15×104 Fuc, Xyl, Gal, Sulate = 1.0:0.25:2.0:: 2.0 Anticoagulant activity [30]
18 SVP2-1 - GlcN, GalN, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 5.85:2.44:8.54:12.20:7.80:17.07:12.93:10.24:22.92 Anticoagulant activity [31]
19 SVP2-2 - GlcN, GalN, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Glu, Gal = 3.76:3.76:8.27:11.28:6.39:9.40:16.92:11.65:28.57 Anticoagulant activity [31]
20 FI 9.5×104 Ara, Gal, Rha = 53:25:9 Anticoagulant activity [32]
21 FII 1.4×105 Ara, Gal, Rha = 72:17:2 Anticoagulant activity [32]
22 PF2 8.81×104 Rha (98.7%), with trace amounts of Gal and Xyl Anticoagulant activity [33]
23 GaSP 2.848×105 - Anticoagulant activity [34, 35]
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抗凝血活性分子的研究进展
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绳康佳 1, 2 , 高妍 1, 2 , 包涛 1, 2, * , 王嗣岑 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1103-1116
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1103-1116
抗凝血活性分子的研究进展
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绳康佳1, 2, 高妍1, 2, 包涛1, 2, * , 王嗣岑1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学药学院, 陕西 西安 710061
  • 2.陕西省心血管药物工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 710061

通讯作者:

*包涛, Tel: 18292680711, E-mail: ;
王嗣岑, Tel: 18629057973, E-mail:
Research advances in the study of anticoagulant active molecules
Kang-jia SHENG1, 2, Yan GAO1, 2, Tao BAO1, 2, * , Si-cen WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
  • 2. Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cardiovascular Drugs Screening & Analysis, Xi'an 710061, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1147
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血栓诱发的心脑血管疾病的发病率在世界范围内不断增长, 严重威胁人类健康。研究表明, 形成血栓的三个因素分别为血流缓慢、血液高凝状态以及血管损伤。根据血栓形成的机制, 抗血栓药物被分为三类, 包括抗凝剂、血小板抑制剂和纤维蛋白溶解剂。由于凝血系统和抗凝血系统在血栓形成的过程中扮演着重要的作用, 因此受到了越来越多的关注。目前, 具有抗凝活性的新型化合物正不断涌现, 一定程度上缓解了早期获批血栓治疗药物临床应用的一些问题, 如出血风险高、起效慢、治疗窗口窄等。本文首先阐述了凝血机制以及血栓形成的原因和机制, 然后主要总结了近年来研究报道的抗凝血活性化合物及潜在的抗血栓候选物, 并对部分化合物的化学结构-药理活性关系进行了分析, 以期促进开发具有抗凝血生物活性的分子, 用于治疗血栓性疾病。

抗凝血活性  /  抗血栓活性  /  成药性评价  /  小分子活性物质  /  构效关系

The incidence of thrombosis-induced cardiovascular diseases is increasing worldwide and poses a serious threat to human health. Three factors, slow speed of blood flow, hypercoagulable blood and vascular damage, have been considered to be causes of thrombosis. Antithrombotic drugs have been classified into three categories based on the mechanism of thrombosis, including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors and fibrinolytics. The coagulation and anticoagulation systems have drawn increasing attention because of the important role they play in the process of thrombosis. Novel compounds with anticoagulant activity are now emerging, alleviating to some extent some of the problems associated with the clinical use of early approved thrombotic drugs, such as high bleeding risk, slow onset of action and narrow therapeutic windows. In this review, we initially describe the mechanisms of coagulation as well as thrombosis. Meanwhile, a wide range of bioactive compounds and potential antithrombotic candidates reported in recent years have been summarized. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of certain compounds has been discussed, expecting to facilitate the development of molecules with anticoagulant biological activity for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.

anticoagulant activity  /  antithrombotic activity  /  druggability evaluation  /  small molecule active substance  /  structure-activity relationship
绳康佳, 高妍, 包涛, 王嗣岑. 抗凝血活性分子的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1103 -1116 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1147
Kang-jia SHENG, Yan GAO, Tao BAO, Si-cen WANG. Research advances in the study of anticoagulant active molecules[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1103 -1116 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1147
血液同时具有凝血系统和抗凝血系统(纤维蛋白溶解系统)。在生理状态下, 血液中的凝血因子被持续和有限地激活, 由此产生凝血酶并形成微量的纤维蛋白。这些纤维蛋白形成后会沉积在心血管系统的内膜, 而纤维蛋白溶解系统被激活后可以及时溶解少量沉积的纤维蛋白[1]。因此, 凝血系统和抗凝系统(纤维蛋白溶解系统) 处于一种动态平衡的状态, 这既可以保证血液的潜在凝固性, 又能保证血液的流动性[2]。然而, 当某些诱发血栓形成的因素出现后, 上述动态平衡被打破, 从而引发凝血反应, 其主要的生理过程如下: 初级凝血过程中血小板黏附在暴露的内皮胶原蛋白表面, 形成“血小板塞”导致初级止血, 冯-维尔布兰德因子(vWF) 在内皮胶原蛋白和血小板表面受体之间架起桥梁。血小板表面受体, 主要是糖蛋白(GP) 受体Ib则促进血小板黏附和聚集。被激活的血小板会脱颗粒, 释放各种具有收缩血管作用的因子, 如血清素、二磷酸腺苷(ADP) 和血栓素A2 (TXA2) 等[3]。ADP和TXA2的释放将进一步刺激血小板的聚集, 而新产生的血小板塞将有助于激活的凝血因子在其表面聚集。次级凝血涉及到一系列的生物化学反应, 这个级联反应包括将血液凝固因子的非活性酶(或原酶) 激活至丝氨酸蛋白酶(X因子到Xa因子), 丝氨酸蛋白酶可以继续激活后续的凝血因子(Xa因子激活Ⅱ因子形成IIa因子), 最终将可溶性血浆蛋白纤维蛋白原变成不溶性血浆蛋白-纤维蛋白(构成血块)[4] (图 1)。内皮损伤、血流状态异常和高凝状态通常为导致血栓形成的三大因素, 其中心血管内皮损伤是最重要和最主要的诱发因素, 这种情况经常发生在心脏或动脉循环中, 是造成大多数心脑血管疾病的主要原因。
本部分总结了一系列具有抗凝血活性的化合物, 如香豆素类衍生物、生物多糖、达比加群衍生物、肝素类衍生物等, 这些化合物具有化学骨架丰富, 种类繁多的特点。
血小板的高活性和血小板与内皮细胞的相互作用会导致许多心血管疾病(如动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成) 的发生和发展。乙酰水杨酸和香豆素衍生物已在预防心血管疾病方面显示出良好的活性。香豆素(2H-chromen-2-one) 是一种天然产物, 具有广泛的药理活性, 其抗凝血活性在治疗血栓相关疾病中发挥着重要作用。华法林、双香豆素和尖香豆素可以通过拮抗维生素K作为口服抗凝剂, 而维生素K作为羧基酶的重要辅助因子, 可以帮助羧基酶羧化并激活凝血因子的前体[5]。香豆素类化合物在肝脏抑制维生素K由环氧化物向氢醌型转化, 从而阻止维生素K的反复利用, 影响含有谷氨酸残基的凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的羧化作用, 使这些因子停留于无凝血活性的前体阶段, 从而影响凝血过程。对已形成的上述因子无抑制作用, 因此抗凝作用起效时间较慢[6]。本节总结了部分具有抗凝血活性的香豆素及其衍生物的抗凝血特性以及化学结构(图 2A), 并对其构效关系(structure-activity relationships, SAR) 进行了阐述和总结(图 2B)。
Kasperkiewicz等[7]设计并合成了9个在C-3位上有二或三甲氧基苄胺基团取代的香豆素衍生物, 该课题组还利用计算工具研究了其他生物特性(生物活性、药物亲和性和分子对接实验)。结果显示, 所获得的香豆素表现出低亲油性与低细胞毒性的特点。化合物1在苯环的2-和4-位拥有两个甲氧基(图 2A), 因此能够与两个HSA结合点相互作用。与其他合成的衍生物相比, 可能具有更小的空间位阻, 并具有进一步研究更优抗血栓药物的潜力。Ursuegui等[8]设计了一种含有叠氮基的华法林的生物活性类似物, 化合物2中含有一个叠氮化物(WN3) 和一个中和/清除剂(BCN-peg6-OH9) (图 2A), 其可通过与合适的环辛烷基中和剂在体内发生“click”反应, 使药物失活并恢复生理性凝血功能。在这个策略中, 药物与中和/清除剂发生反应所形成的新的分子结构失去了生物活性, 因此可以快速被肾脏所清除。因此, 这种“点击和清除”方法为开发具有可转换生物物理特性的新药开辟了方向, 而且也为设计一种具有优良药代动力学/生物分布特性的抗凝血药物奠定了基础。
天然植物是提取具有优良抗凝血活性的香豆素及香豆素类衍生物的重要来源。Golfakhrabadi等[9]Ferulago carduchorum植物中分离出两种香豆素(suberosin和suberenol), 化合物3和化合物4均显示出很强的抗凝血活性, 其可以作为一种新的工业配方抗凝血剂(图 2A)。体外抗凝血实验显示, 当剂量为6 mg·kg-1时, suberosin具有最佳的延长凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT) 的效果(PT = 17.4 s)。与对照组相比(P < 0.05), suberosin在3、6 mg·kg-1两种剂量下具有良好的对PT延长效果(16.7和17.4s), 而同样浓度的suberenol也具有延长PT的效应(分别为16.5和17.1 s)。Duric等[10]发现龙蒿叶中香豆素的存在, 随后制备了其中含有大量香豆素衍生物的提取物。并且使用不同极性和不同pH值的溶剂来纯化初级提取物, 以便获得香豆素含量最高的馏分。通过测定PT和国际正常化比率(INR), 对这些提取物和馏分的抗凝血活性进行了评价。在人类血液样本中, 精油蒸馏后从植物残留物中提取、纯化、浓缩了的香豆素衍生物, 显示出了最好的抗凝血活性, INR最大值为2.34。Lei等[11]对植物Ainsliaea fragrans的全株进行了筛选。该植物的植物化学研究提供了五个新的香豆素衍生物, 该课题组还进行了激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)和PT的体外检测, 评估了这些化合物的抗凝血活性。结果表明, 化合物5显示出强大的抗凝血活性和较低的肝脏或肾脏毒性, 这可能使它成为有效的防止异常的血液凝结剂(图 2A), 从而用于进一步的临床前评估。Bang等[12]报道了一系列新的香豆素共轭物, 并通过现代光谱方法(IR、NMR、ESI-MS) 对其结构和理化性质进行了表征与确定。通过测定这些化合物的PT来研究其体内的抗凝血活性。其中, 化合物6 (PT = 10.88 ± 0.56 s) 和化合物7 (PT = 13.10 ± 3.56 s) 展现出了优异的抗凝血活性, 与对照药物华法林(PT = 7.97 ± 1.93 s) 相当。凝血因子XIIa (FXIIa) 抑制剂是一种在止血和血栓形成中发挥重要作用的蛋白酶, 其可以在抑制血液凝固中发挥重要的作用。3-羧基香豆素是小分子量的FXIIa抑制剂。Bouckaert等[13]围绕香豆素骨架化合物的SAR进行了研究, 旨在发现新的具有较好物理-化学特征的选择性FXIIa抑制剂。通过搭建一个FXIIa的原始混合模型来完成一系列分子对接实验, 混合模型对接实验的结果有助于解释与理解最佳化合物的活性和选择性。
生物活性多糖是指一类从生物体中提取出来的具有生物生理活性的多糖类物质, 一般含有7个以上的一种或多种单糖, 在植物、动物、真菌、细菌内都有存在[14]。生物活性多糖对生命有机体的组成和多种生理功能非常重要, 其是与人类生活紧密相关的一类生物大分子, 对维持生命活动起着重要的作用。越来越多的研究证实, 多糖具有多种生物活性, 如抗血栓、抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、保护肝脏、抗衰老、抗炎症和辐射保护等[15]。多种不同组成的生物活性多糖已被广泛报道, 并对其多糖的结构组成以及分子量信息进行了总结, 见表 1[16-35]
Wang等[16]Apocynum venetum L.的花朵中分离纯化得到两种新的多糖, 并命名为Vp2a-Ⅱ和Vp3。它们的平均分子质量分别为7×103和9×103 Da。经过单糖分析、酸水解、甲基化分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)、质谱(MS) 和核磁共振光谱法(NMR) 来确定Vp2a-Ⅱ的结构。在体外通过APTT、TT、PT和纤维蛋白原(FIB) 检测来评估抗凝血活性。结果表明, Vp3与Vp2a-Ⅱ具有抗凝血活性, 前者主要通过外源性途径抑制血液凝固, 后者通过外源性途径和内源性凝血途径共同抑制血液凝固。硫酸化多糖具有良好的抗氧化和抗凝血活性[17]。多糖(mCVP-1S) 是从Catathelasma ventricosum菌丝体中用三氧化硫-吡啶复合物进行了硫酸化而得到的多糖成分。不同的反应温度、反应时间和三氧化硫-吡啶复合物(SO3-Pyr) 的用量变化可以导致硫酸化mCVP-1S (smCVP-1S) 的产量、硫酸化取代度(degree of substitution, DS)、取代基和链的构象也随之发生改变。刚果红试验表明, 大多数smCVP-1S具有三螺旋结构, 特别是DS值为0.28且具有稳定的三螺旋结构的smCVP-1S表现出了最好的抗氧化和抗凝血能力。而硫酸基团在碳骨架上的过度取代可能会破坏其三螺旋结构, 从而导致多糖的抗氧化和抗凝血能力的急剧下降。这些结果表明, 硫酸化的菌丝多糖可以作为天然抗凝血剂和抗氧化剂的替代衍生物用于工业用途[18]
Ho等[21]Pseuderanthemum (Nees) Radlk叶子中的多酚多糖(PP) 进行了提取、纯化与分离得到了PP共轭物。进一步的研究表明, PP共轭物由碳水化合物、酚类和蛋白质成分组成, 产率在2.76%~14.34%之间。使用HPLC测定了所有共轭物中含有的七种单糖, 发现其主要构成单糖为阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、鼠李糖和木糖。在150 ℃下由PLE获得的PP共轭物(PP-PLE5) 表现出比在200 ℃下发现的共轭物更好的抗凝血活性。Thimmaraju等[22]使用热水作为溶剂从H. ulmarius中提取并分离出一种水溶性多糖(HUP-2), 并使用离子交换色谱法(DEAE纤维素-52) 和凝胶过滤法(Sepharose-6B) 进行纯化。使用HPLC、FT-IR和凝胶过滤法(Sepharose-6B) 对HUP-2的结构进行了表征。HUP-2是一种单糖, 分子质量为2.53×103 Da, 其组成部分包含1.96%的鼠李糖、16.51%的甘露糖、22.76%的半乳糖, 和19.43%的葡萄糖。实验结果表明, 当HUP-2的浓度超过5 mg·mL-1时, APTT相对于盐水样品显示出显著的延长效应(P < 0.01)。
Román等[23]从双孢蘑菇的水提取物中分离出了一种岩藻糖(E)。单糖组成、甲基化和核磁共振分析表明, 它是由一个(1→6) 连接的-D-Galp主链构成, 在O-3处部分甲基化, 在O-2处部分被-L-Fucp或-D-Galp的非还原端单元取代的多糖。在APTT和PT测试中, 具有最高DS值(2.83) 的硫酸化岩藻聚糖的抗凝血活性最好, 这种硫酸化岩藻糖被命名为E100, 其多糖上的羟基的摩尔比ClSO3H/OH的比例为18, VT/w的比例为100。实验结果显示, 当E100产生浓度为15~45 g·mL-1时, APTT呈线性增长, 而PT在20~400 g·mL-1之间几乎保持恒定, 这表明E100是通过抑制血液凝固的内在途径而发挥抗凝血活性。
Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Lamiaceae) 是一种药用植物, 普遍用于防治蛇咬伤。药理学研究表明, 该植物的水提取物在APTT试验中显示出抗凝血活性(0.54 IU·mg-1)。使用乙醇沉淀和凝胶过滤色谱法在Sephadex G-50和Sephadex G-25上进行分馏, 获得了一个具有良好性质的抗凝血剂F2-A (2.94 IU·mg-1)。化学和光谱分析表明, F2-A含有均聚半乳糖醛酸, I型鼠李糖醛酸, II型阿拉伯糖醛酸和α-葡聚糖。FT-IR和紫外光谱结果显示可能存在阿魏酸。此外, 进一步的研究发现尿酸的数量和活性与样品的抗凝血潜力之间存在着正相关关系[24]
Hou等[25]用热水作为溶剂来提取洋蓟的多糖, 并通过阴离子交换色谱法进一步分馏为三个多糖组分, 然后用过氧化氢和抗坏血酸对多糖进行降解, 制备出三种低分子量的片段。根据HGPC、FT-IR、NMR、MS、单糖组成和其他化学分析, 首次阐明了多糖及其低分子量片段的结构特征, 实验结果表明, 这些多糖在半乳糖和岩藻糖的不同位置被硫酸化。基于APTT、PT和TT的抗凝血试验显示高分子量和较高的硫酸化程度对洋蓟多糖的抗凝血活性至关重要。
天然活性多糖因其有价值的生物活性而越来越受到制药业的关注。然而, 相对较大的分子量、复杂的结构和不稳定性限制了多糖的应用。金属有机框架(MOFs) 的出现有助于将生物活性多糖运送到特定的机体位置从而发挥作用, 从而达到消除对机体的潜在损害、保护药物和提高治疗效果的目的。Zheng等[26]合成了一种对pH值有反应的沸石咪唑啉框架(ZIF-8) 以封装三种硫酸化多糖(肝素、硫酸岩藻多糖、硫酸岩藻糖基化软骨素), 一种非硫酸化多糖和透明质酸。制备的多糖@ZIF-8生物复合材料在形态、颗粒大小、封装和释放效率方面表现出差异。这些生物复合材料保留了抗凝血活性, 而有机金属框架ZIF-8可以有效地保护这些多糖不被降解, 从而延长了抗凝剂在不利环境中的保质期。
海参的硫酸化多糖具有独特的化学结构和丰富的生物活性。Gao等[27]通过阴离子交换色谱法和化学降解法, 从海参壁体中纯化出了四种硫酸化多糖。通过物理化学分析和化学结构分析, 其中成分分别被鉴定为硫酸岩藻多糖(SFI、SFII)、硫酸化软骨素(FCS) 和硫酸化氨基聚糖(AG)。SFI、SFII、FCS和AG的分子质量(Mw) 分别为4.71×105、3.68×104、4.26×104、3.96×104 Da, 硫酸盐含量为21.40%、35.86%、33.70%、35.70%。硫酸化的AG是由四种类型的单糖组成, 其抗凝血活性在体外得到了进一步评估。结果显示, FCS和AG显示出强大的抗凝血活性和内在因子X酶的抑制活性。这些结果扩展了对海参硫酸化多糖的结构类型的认识, 为其进一步的应用奠定了基础。
Xiong等[28]通过改变琥珀酸酐和壳聚糖的摩尔比例, 选择性地合成了两种水溶性壳聚糖(WSC) 衍生物N-琥珀酰-壳聚糖(NSCS) 和N, O-琥珀酰-壳聚糖(NOSCS), 其DS在0.28~0.61之间。抗凝指数(BCI) 和溶血率(HR) 的研究表明, NOSCS和NSCS的血液兼容性得到了改善。研究者还使用正常的兔子血浆测试了该材料APTT、PT和TT以评估其抗凝血性能。结果显示, 与对照组相比, APTT显著延长, TT稍稍延长, 而PT影响较小。APTT的长度与氨基基团的取代程度存在负相关的关系, 并且随着氨基取代基团的增多而趋于正常。化学构效关系研究显示, 在C-6或C-2的羟基上引入羧基可以通过不同的方式影响其抗凝血活性。
硫酸酯化多糖不仅可以增强原多糖的生物活性或产生新的药理作用活性, 还能改善原多糖的水溶性。Yang等[29]从海参Holothuria coluber中分离纯化得到两种硫酸化多糖, 并对它们的物理化学特性和化学结构进行了分析和表征。结构阐明了海参岩藻糖基化糖胺聚糖包含硫酸软骨素骨架和岩藻糖分支, 有四种不同的硫酸化模式。分子量为6.46×104 Da的硫酸岩藻糖由一个中心核心组成, 并由一系列规则的α (1→4) 连接的四糖重复单元组成, 每个单元由一个4-O-硫酸化岩藻糖残基连接而成。抗凝血实验表明, 这些硫酸化多糖具有很强的APTT延长作用和凝血酶活性的抑制作用, 这两种活性随着分子量的减少而降低。该研究结果扩展了对海参硫酸化多糖结构类型的认识, 并进一步说明了其功能。
褐藻Spatoglossum schroederi中含有三种硫酸化多糖的馏分。其中一个馏分的分子大小为2.15×104 Da, 其中含有岩藻糖、木糖、半乳糖和硫酸盐等成分, 各种成分的摩尔比为1.0:0.5:2.0:2.0。化学分析、甲基化研究和核磁共振光谱显示, 该多糖具有一个独特的结构, 其主要是由一个4-半乳糖的中央核心构成, 3-O位置部分被硫酸化。这种硫酸化半乳糖在几种“体外”试验中没有显示出抗凝血活性。然而, 其在一个实验性静脉血栓形成的动物模型上表现出强大的抗血栓活性。相较于肝素起效时间的及时快速, 此种抗凝血作用显示出较强的时间依赖性, 并且在给药8 h后活性达到最大值。尽管这种硫酸化半乳糖不存在体外抗凝血活性, 但其在刺激内皮细胞合成抗血栓的硫酸肝素方面比肝素强2倍, 这被认为与这种多糖的“体内”抗血栓活性有关。在这种情况下, 由内皮细胞产生的高度硫酸化的肝磷脂实际上具有抗血栓剂的相同作用。因此, 这种硫酸化半乳糖可能具有作为抗凝血药物的潜在应用[30]
Song等[31]Patinopecten yessoensis内脏中分离并纯化得到两种多糖, SVP2-1和SVP2-2。两种多糖SVP2-1和SVP2-2均能显著延长APTT和TT, 并可以浓度依赖性地抑制纤维蛋白原转化为FIB, 这表明它们可以通过内在的途径抑制凝血酶的作用。值得注意的是, 多糖SVP2-2比SVP2-1具有更强的抗凝血活性。进一步比较它们的单糖分析和核磁共振谱, 结果显示SVP2-1和SVP2-2具有相同的核心结构特征, 因此推测较高的硫酸盐含量和较低的分子量可能是SVP2-2具有较强抗凝能力的原因。综上, 该种来自扇贝内脏的酸性多糖展现了较为突出的抗凝血应用前景。
de Araujo等[32]Caesalpinia (Libidibia) ferrea茎皮中的多糖进行分离、化学结构表征并评估其对止血系统的影响。经离子交换色谱法-DEAE-纤维素法分馏后的去蛋白多糖提取物(PE-CF) 产生了三个馏分(FI、FII、FIII), 分别为总碳水化合物(14.3%~38%) 组分, 尿酸(5%~16%) 和多酚(0.94~1.7 mg·g-1 GAE)。C. ferrea多糖的核磁共振光谱显示, 中心核心主要由5个相互连接的α-Araf和α-Rhap和α-GalAp等少数成分组成。体外的APTT试验显示, 多糖对固有的和/或共同的凝血途径有抑制作用(2.0~3.7倍)。在体内, 多糖可抑制由于血液高凝状态和瘀血诱发的静脉血栓形成(36%~69%)。综上所述, 含有阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖和尿酸的C. ferrea树皮的多糖具有抗凝血、抗血小板和抗血栓的特性, 表明该多糖在血栓栓塞性疾病中具有潜在的适用性。
Li等[33]用沸水作为溶剂从绿海藻Monostroma angicava中提取了一种抗凝血活性多糖PF2, 并通过阴离子交换和尺寸排除色谱法进一步纯化。PF2是一种鼠李糖型硫酸化多糖, 分子量约为8.81×104 Da。硫酸化多糖PF2具有较高的抗凝血作用, 其所介导的抗凝血活性机制主要归因于肝素辅助因子II对凝血酶的强烈增效作用。PF2还表现出对抗凝血酶或Xa因子抑制的微弱作用。综上, PF2是一种新型的硫酸化鼠李糖, 可以作为一种潜在的抗凝血剂多糖发挥作用。
Liang等[34]在不同的条件下, 使用氯磺酸与吡啶作为催化剂对南瓜多糖进行硫酸化改性, 并且还研究了南瓜多糖及其硫酸化衍生物在几种不同的体外系统的抗凝血活性。实验结果表明, 在恒定条件下加入高比例的氯磺酸/吡啶可以提高南瓜多糖的取代度, 并且硫酸化程度较高的多糖显示出更高的抗凝血活性。当多糖单链的DS保持在较高的水平, 且分子质量适中时多糖具有最好的生物活性。
研究者通过酶法提取, 从红藻Gelidiella acerosa (GaSP) 中获得了一种硫酸化多糖。并通过HPSEC、元素分析、FT-IR和NMR光谱对这种硫酸化多糖进行了化学表征。通过APTT和PT试验研究了GaSP的抗凝血活性, 并通过比浊法评估了血小板的聚集程度。抗血栓和出血活性分别通过静脉血栓和出血倾向模型进行评估。FT-IR和NMR证明, GaSP是一种硫酸化的琼脂。HPSEC和元素显微分析显示, 其摩尔质量峰值为2.86×105 Da, 硫酸化程度为0.63。该分子将凝血时间延长了2.1倍, 对血小板聚集的抑制率为45%。此外, 在剂量为0.1、0.5和1 mg·kg-1时, 它显示出显著的剂量依赖性抗血栓效果, 分别为40%、64%和80%, 且无出血现象。这些结果表明, GaSP具有很好的抗凝血作用[35]
Ghlissi等[36]Globularia alypum L.中提取了一种硫酸化多糖GASP, 产量为14.2%。GASP主要由硫酸盐和总糖组成(分别为13.29%和71.56%), 并含有少量的蛋白质和脂类。通过红外光谱和GC-MS研究了其化学结构特征, 结果显示GASP主要由8种碳水化合物组成, 其中半乳糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖作为主要组成部分, 其分别占比为33.47%、26.71%和18.21%。在大鼠体外和体内进行了APTT、TT和PT测试。结果显示, 两种剂量的GASP (200和500 mg·kg-1) 在体外显示出的APTT、TT和PT差异分别为1.22和1.33倍, 1.17和1.27倍, 以及1.21和1.26倍; 在体内显示出的APTT、TT和PT差异分别为1.47和2.52倍, 1.20和1.43倍, 以及1.21和1.40倍, 与对照组相比均表现出显著差异。此外, 研究者又对血浆中转氨酶的催化活性、氧化应激标志物和肝脏形态学变化进行了肝脏毒性研究, 结果表明这两种剂量的GASP都没有毒性, 这表明该化合物可作为一种新型的有效具有抗凝血活性的药物。硫酸化多糖具有强大的生物特性, 多糖的分子量、多糖的硫酸化程度、取代位置以及链的构象都影响着硫酸多糖的生物特性。
Wang等[37]用氯硫酸对来自肠虫草Enteromorpha linza中的多糖(LEP) 中的低分子量多糖进行了硫酸化。随后对该多糖硫酸盐的抗氧化活性和抗凝血活性进行了评价, 指标包括APTT、TT和PT等。较高的多糖取代度和中等相对分子质量的生物多糖具有最好的抗凝血作用, 而中等相对分子质量的生物多糖显示出最好的抗凝血和抗氧化活性。
达比加群是一种直接的凝血酶(因子IIa) 抑制剂, 其克服了与华法林相关的许多限制, 并且具有与其他药物或饮食相互作用较少的优点。达比加群对房颤患者的中风和全身血栓栓塞症以及预防和治疗VTE有效。该药具有良好的安全性, 与华法林相比, 达比加群可以有效降低颅内的出血风险[38]。达比加群酯是一种直接的、可逆的非肽类凝血酶抑制剂, 它与达比加群的区别是在羧酸处存在一个乙基, 在咪唑基团处有一个己氧羰基侧链, 这使得口服时的生物利用率可以变得更高(约6.5%), 口服后通过酯酶催化水解后在血浆和肝脏中生成达比加群从而产生作用, 之后达比加群的血浆水平在1~2 h内达到峰值[39]。本节总结了部分具有抗凝血活性的达比加群及其衍生物的抗凝血特性和化学结构, 并对其SAR进行了阐述和总结(图 3)。
凝血酶是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶, 在血液凝固中起着关键作用, 达比加群是直接有效的凝血酶抑制剂。基于骨架跃迁和生物电子等排替换原理, Chen等[40]设计、合成了两种达比加群的类似物(化合物8和化合物9), 其中达比加群的联苯胺分子被一个三环融合的结构所取代(图 3)。它们在体内外均展现出了良好的凝血酶抑制活性。化合物8 (IC50 = 9.20 nmol·L-1) 和化合物9 (IC50 = 7.48 nmol·L-1) 是直接有效的凝血酶抑制剂。在此基础上, 该课题组又制备了二十二种酯类和氨基酸甲酸酯类衍生物, 并对其抗凝血作用进行了评估。结果显示含有2-羟甲基-3, 5, 6-三甲基吡嗪(2-hydroxymethyl-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazine, HTMP) 的双功能原药化合物10在大鼠静脉血栓形成试验中具有优异的抗血栓形成活性(图 3)。此外, 小鼠尾部出血试验证明了新型化合物10具有比利伐沙班更好的安全性。综上, 化合物10可作为潜在的候选药物来进行进一步的生物学评估, 用于预防和治疗血栓栓塞性疾病以及减少不良反应。
根据生物电子等排替换原理, Li等[41]设计了21个含氟的达比加群衍生物, 并在体外对其凝血酶的抑制活性进行了评估。在这些化合物中, 化合物10111213具有强效的凝血酶抑制活性(图 3)。在体内的抗凝血活性实验中, 化合物14显示出与达比加群酯相当的活性(图 3), 对凝血酶诱导的血小板聚集显示出相当强的抑制作用, 可用于抑制动静脉血栓形成, 其抑制率为(73 ± 6)%。
根据抑制凝血酶活性的药理学修饰策略和利伐沙班衍生物的结构活性关系研究, Ren等[42]设计了一类N-乙基达比加群衍生物。根据CoMFA模型对这些新化合物的活性进行了预测, 大部分化合物的预测活性与达比加群相当。在这些化合物中, 化合物15 (IC50 = 0.96 nmol·L-1) 表现出比利伐沙班更好的抑制活性(图 3)。此外, 化合物15还对动静脉血栓形成表现出相当好的抑制活性, 其抑制率为(85.35 ± 0.72)%, 与地伐他班(85.07 ± 0.61)%相当。这些结果, 连同相关的分子对接研究, 可以为进一步开发化合物15作为一种有效的凝血酶抑制剂提供重要依据。Huang等[43]采用了计算机辅助药物设计技术来探索达比加群衍生物的结构和化学特征, 并且设计出新的衍生物。所建立的三维定量构效关系(3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship, 3D-QSAR) 模型具有显著的统计质量和出色的预测能力。基于QSAR的信息, 该课题组设计、预测并合成了11种新型达比加群的衍生物, 并通过1H核磁共振、13C核磁共振和HR-MS对合成的化合物结构进行表征。体外抗凝血实验对它们的进行了活性评估。活性结果显示, 获得的10个化合物表现出与参考药物达比加群相当的活性。随后在三个化合物16, 1718, (IC50 = 11.19 ± 1.70 nmol·L-1, IC50 = 10.94 ± 1.85 nmol·L-1和IC50 = 11.19 ± 1.70 nmol·L-1) 上进行分子对接模拟实验, 并计算了它们的结合自由能(图 3)。结果显示, 这三种化合物与关键残基Gly219、Asp189和Trp60D之间存在较强氢的氢键和π-π堆积相互作用。因此, 获得的10个新型达比加群衍生物可以作为抗凝血剂候选化合物进行进一步研究。Yang等[44]合成了一系列由达比加群和2-羟甲基-3, 5, 6-三甲基吡嗪组成的新型原药。首先, 经过初步的体外药理筛选后, 进一步测试化合物的半数有效量(median effective dose, ED50), 结果显示化合物19 (ED50 = 1.8 ± 1.4 mg·kg-1) 和20 (ED50 = 2.1 ± 1.3 mg·kg-1) 与达比加群酯(ED50 = 4.4 ± 2.2 mg·kg-1) 相比, 具有更强的抑制血栓形成的活性。其次, 由ADP诱导的血小板聚集试验的结果表明, HTMP分子可能是导致更强活性的原因。最后, 药代动力学评估证明, 化合物20可以代谢为达比加群和HTMP。
Yang等[45]制备了一系列达比加群衍生物并测试了不同化合物对人类凝血酶的抑制潜力。在这些测试的化合物中, 化合物21~24的IC50值分别为1.54、0.84、1.18和1.42 nmol·L-1, 显示了与达比加群(IC50 = 1.20 nmol·L-1) 相当的抑制活性(图 3)。在SD大鼠体内, 静脉注射化合物2124可显著抑制血栓的生长, 抑制率分别为(84.24 ± 1.53)%和(84.57 ± 0.45)%, 与达比加群的抑制率(85.07 ± 0.61)%相当。此外, 活性化合物2223的分子对接模拟提供了一个潜在的结合模型。结果表明, 可以对这些化合物进一步研究以确定其抗凝血活性。
Wang等[46]通过计算机辅助模拟设计了一系列未曾报道过的氟化达比加群类似物。所有的目标化合物都通过1H NMR、13C NMR、19F NMR和HRMS进行了表征。根据抑制率的初步筛选结果, 11个类似物(抑制率 > 90%) 被评测为具有良好的体外抗凝血酶活性。试验结果表明, 所有的类似物都显示出对凝血酶良好的抑制活性。特别是化合物252627其IC50值分别为1.81、3.21和2.16 nmol·L-1, 显示出显著的抗凝血活性(图 3)。此外, 化合物2627被开发出来以研究它们在体内的抗凝血活性。其中, 化合物27对动静脉血栓的形成表现出相当强的抑制作用, 抑制率为84.66%, 与达比加群的抑制率(85.07%) 相当(图 3)。分子对接模拟表明, 这些化合物可以作为进一步开发新型抗凝血药物的候选药物。Chen等[47]等利用计算机辅助模拟设计并合成了9种新型的氟化凝血酶抑制剂衍生物。这些化合物通过光谱分析(1H NMR, 13C NMR和FT-ICR-MS) 得到确认。它们对凝血酶的抑制活性通过发色法进行了评估。所有的衍生物在体外都表现出凝血酶的抑制活性。与参考药物阿加曲班对比, 化合物28 (IC50 = 3.52 ± 0.32 nmol·L-1) 是一个比阿加曲班(IC50 = 9.46 ± 0.92 nmol·L-1) 更有效的血栓抑制剂(图 3)。
Li等[48]设计并合成了一系列新的氟化2, 5-取代的1-乙基-1H-苯并咪唑衍生物, 这些化合物是由丙烯酸乙酯和适当的胺以三氟甲磺酸为催化剂制备而成。通过9个步骤, 共合成了9种新型衍生物。所有这些衍生物首次在体外进行了凝血酶抑制活性评估。此外, 该课题组还使用了不同的胺类取代物对其结构进行改造, 以评估它们作为直接凝血酶抑制剂的结构-活性关系。所有的化合物都是有效的凝血酶抑制剂(图 3), 其IC50值范围为3.39~23.30 nmol·L-1。化合物31是最有效的凝血酶抑制剂, 其IC50值为3.39 nmol·L-1。分子建模研究显示, 最有效的化合物293031与它们的蛋白质受体(PDB ID: 1KTS) 可能存在相互作用。对接数据显示活性化合物对凝血酶的抑制方式与强效抗凝剂地伐他班的抑制方式相似。
传统中药已被用于临床治疗血栓疾病多年, 其中分离出来的有效成分如黄酮类、花青素类、异黄酮类、二氢黄酮类和查尔酮类等可以作为有前途的先导化合物, 来进行凝血酶抑制剂的开发研究。
甘草素是一种皂甙, 其缩合物甘草次酸是甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 根部提取物中的天然产品, 这种皂甙在体外和体内具有凝血酶的抑制作用。为了提高天然产品的活性, Paula等[49]设计并合成了五种甘草素衍生物。化合物32是甘草素的邻苯二甲酸酯衍生物(图 4), 呈现出比皂苷(IC50 = 2.36×105 nmol·L-1) 更明显的凝血酶抑制作用(IC50 = 1.14×105 nmol·L-1)。该课题组还进行了进一步的分子对接模拟, 以研究化合物32和酶之间的分子相互作用, 以确定其与甘草素凝血酶抑制剂作用模式相似。
槲皮素广泛存在于许多植物的茎皮、花、叶、芽、种子、果实中, 多以苷的形式存在, 如芦丁、槲皮苷、金丝桃苷等, 经酸水解可得到槲皮素。槲皮素在初步的测试中显示出最强的凝血酶抑制效应[50]。Shi等[51]为了研究槲皮素代谢物在心血管疾病中的活性, 根据体内代谢合成了17种甲基槲皮素衍生物, 并评估它们的凝血酶抑制活性。结果显示, 6种甲基槲皮素衍生物(33~38) 具有比槲皮素更强的抑制活性(图 4)。槲皮素的抑制活性。初步的SARs分析显示, 在B环的C-3'和C-4'位置的羟基和C环上的C-3羟基在凝血酶的抑制中起着关键作用。本研究的结果将为开发和利用槲皮素作为凝血酶抑制剂用于血栓性疾病的治疗提供信息。
研究表明, 地龙(不分种属) 含有多种氨基酸、酶类, 其中一些游离的氨基酸、纤维蛋白溶解酶、蚓激酶、蚓胶原酶对体内凝血系统具有广泛的影响, 是抗凝血活性物质的主要成分。目前已有合理且较为完善的提取、分离、纯化及含量测定方法, 并且对其酶学性质也有较为深入的研究, 随着现代药物提取技术及分子生物学的发展, 地龙抗凝血活性物质的提取、分离、纯化等方法也在不断地完善。地龙纤溶酶可以直接作用于纤维蛋白和纤维蛋白原, 还可以间接激活纤溶酶原而发挥作用。同时, 地龙纤溶酶也对抑制血小板聚集, 促血管内皮细胞分泌组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA), 水解凝血酶等发挥着重要的效果。Yang等[52]研究证明低剂量的地龙纤溶酶就能使大鼠的纤维蛋白原下降, 可以延长凝血酶时间, 但高剂量的地龙纤溶酶除了能明显降低纤维蛋白原和延长凝血酶时间外, 还可使凝血酶原时间延长, 并能降解凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅷ, 起到强效抗凝作用。目前, 由于国内外学者对地龙抗凝血活性物质分子大小、结构等方面的研究还不够深入, 地龙抗凝血活性物质具体的作用机制有待进一步深入研究。
水蛭, 俗称蚂蟥。味咸, 苦, 性平, 具逐淤、破血、散结功效。具有消淤破结, 活血通络的功效。水蛭的抗凝血有效药用成分为水蛭素, 水蛭素的二级和三级结构对其抗凝活性作用起到决定性的作用, 该物质分子质量约为7 000, 是一个单链多肽, 其结构中含有65个氨基酸结构单位, 氨基酸残疾可与凝血酶催化位点结合的氨基端含有3个二硫键; 该物质能够增强水蛭素的抗凝作用, 这源于其特异性的63位的楼氨酸硫酸化, 本质上是增强了凝血酶与水蛭素的键合力[53]
高粱根为禾本科高粱属草本植物高粱的根, 其也是一味传统中草药, 在治疗脑积水、骨科疾病、抗疲劳等方面具有显著的作用。Wang等[54]发现高粱根醇提正丁醇萃取部分(BES) 和水体醇沉上清液部分(WEAE), 具有明显的扩张血小管和抗凝血作用。在此基础上, 课题组利用LC/MS对血小板聚集有显著抑制活性部位(WEAE-M30%和BES-M30%) 进行化学成分分析, 并对得到的化合物进行现代波谱技术的鉴定, 分离纯化主要得到12个化合物, 并对这些化合物单体进行了体外血小板聚集实验, 结果显示分离所得的结构中含有24环的二聚双内酯酚苷(sorgholide A) 化合物, 以及琥珀酸等是高粱根中的抗凝血活性物质。
姜黄为常用传统活血化瘀中药, 具有破血行气、通经止痛的功效。Zhang等[55]用家兔血浆复钙时间法、凝血酶时间法及体外血栓法、全血血块法, 分别对3个天然姜黄素类化合物姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素、双去甲氧基姜黄素的体外抗凝血与抗血栓活性进行测定。实验结果显示, 姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素、双去甲氧基姜黄素均能延长家兔血浆复钙时间(P < 0.01) 及凝血酶时间(P < 0.01), 且均能加快体外血栓(P < 0.01) 及全血凝块的溶解(P < 0.01), 其中去甲氧基姜黄素的作用最强。这说明姜黄素类化合物具有较好的体外抗凝血与抗血栓作用, 空间不对称结构能加强姜黄素类化合物结构母核的抗凝活性。
肝素是一种高度硫酸化的糖胺聚糖, 其种类可以分为多种, 包括: 肝素(un-fractionated heparin, UFH)、硫酸肝素(heparan sulfate, HS)、低分子量肝素(low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)、超低分子量肝素(ultra low molecular weight heparin, ULWH), 其中肝素是一种复杂的药物, 可用于治疗多种疾病的复杂药物, 如用于治疗和/或预防深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞、缺血性不稳定型心绞痛的并发症以及其他与凝血异常有关的疾病[56], 也可以作为体外治疗的重要组成部分而被应用于一般手术和植入性医疗器械, 在肾透析和心肺氧合器方面发挥着重要作用。肝素类药物治疗凝血时主要通过抑制凝血酶(FIIa) 和/或FXa发挥作用。研究表明, 平均分子量较低的短链肝素链显示出较高的抗Xa/抗IIa比值[57, 58]
Brito等[59]研究了一种来自Litopenaeus vannamei虾头的混合肝素/硫酸肝素化合物(sH/HS), 发现其具有抗IIa活性和抗肿瘤特性。混合肝素/硫酸肝素化合物可以在最低测试浓度(0.5 μg·mL-1) 时达到对凝血酶活性90.7%的抑制率, 还能刺激内皮细胞以剂量依赖的方式合成抗血栓的硫酸肝素。体外实验表明, 来自虾的分子显示出强大的抗血管生成作用, 在剂量为50和100 μg时, 可以减少80%以上的管状结构的形成。此外, 混合肝素/硫酸肝素化合物能够在不影响细胞的活力的前提下抑制B16F10细胞的迁移。虽然该化合物在24 h内对这些细胞的增殖没有影响, 但它有显著的长期抗增殖作用, 在50和100 μg·mL-1浓度下, 减少了约80%的菌落形成和锚定依赖性生长。当在体内测试它的有效性时, 证明sH/HS促进了90%以上的肿瘤生长减少。HS可以用来调节阿尔茨海默症前体蛋白的加工。HS的类似物如猪肠黏膜肝素, 通过对该肝素化合物进行O-硫酸化和N-硫酸化修饰, 并测试了BACE-1的抑制活性和抗Xa因子的活性。实验结果显示, 含有N-乙酰化和2-O-和6-O-硫酸盐的肝素的衍生物具有最高抗BACE-1和抗Xa活性比率[60]
Xa因子(FXa) 是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶, 在血液凝血级联中起着关键作用。因此, 抑制FXa作为开发新的抗血栓药物的潜在目标, 已经受到了广泛的关注。Hirayama等[61]介绍了一系列新型的7-脒基-2-萘基苯胺和7-脒基-2-萘基磺酰苯胺衍生物, 它们是强效的FXa抑制剂, 并对7-脒基-2-萘甲酰胺中心苯胺氮的侧链进行优化, 由此发现了几种强效的具有口服活性的FXa抑制剂。其中化合物39是活性最强的化合物(图 5), 其FXa抑制活性(IC50 = 3.9 nmol·L-1)。在松鼠猴体内口服剂量为3 mg·kg-1时, 有效地将凝血酶时间延长了9.6倍。Xing等[62]基于结构的设计策略, 设计并合成了一系列的蒽胺类化合物, 这些化合物中, 化合物40被发现是一种具有高效力、高选择性的FXa抑制剂, 具有明显的体外抗凝血活性(图 5)。在大鼠静脉血栓形成(VT) 和动静脉分流(AVSHUNT) 模型中, 化合物40也显示出优异的体内抗血栓活性。出血风险评估显示, 化合物40在1、5 mg·kg-1时比贝瑞沙班显示出更好的安全性能。化合物40被用于研究其对缺氧-再氧诱导的H9C2细胞活力的影响。MTT结果显示, 化合物40可以明显地减轻H9C2细胞的活力。该课题组在进一步的研究中报道了基于蒽胺结构的新型2, 3-二氢喹唑啉-4(1H)-酮衍生物, 这可以被设计为潜在的FXa抑制剂。大多数设计的化合物在体外表现出显著的体外效力。化合物41对FXa显示出最强的效力(图 5), IC50值为21 nmol·L-1, 对凝血酶具有高度选择性(IC50 = 6.7×107 nmol·L-1)。化合物41还在大鼠动静脉分流(AV-SHUNT) 模型中显示出优异的体内抗血栓活性。出血风险评估显示, 化合物41具有与贝曲沙班类似的安全性。综上, 化合物41可被视为一种潜在的FXa抑制剂, 用于预防和治疗血栓栓塞性疾病[63]。Yang等[64]设计并合成了一系列异恶唑并[5, 4-d]嘧啶-4(5H)-酮衍生物作为新型抗血栓药物, 在这一系列化合物中, 4-乙酰氧基取代的化合物42显示出非常强的FXa抑制活性(IC50 = 13 nmol·L-1), 在人血浆中显示出良好的抗凝血作用(IC50 = 2.12×103 nmol·L-1), 并且对凝血酶和胰蛋白酶表现出高度的选择性。化合物42与FXa蛋白质的分子对接调查显示化合物42的嘧啶环与Tyr 99的苯环形成π-π相互作用(图 5), 而P1分子中的羰基与Ser214和Trp215形成多个氢键。这些结果表明, 异恶唑并[5, 4-d]嘧啶-4(5H)-酮是设计新型Xa因子抑制剂的一个活性化学骨架, 而4-羰基取代的苯环可对提高活性具有重要的意义。血液凝固酶Xa (FXa) 在开发抗凝血药物中具有重要的意义, 并且口服小分子抑制剂FXa在鉴定上仍然是一个研究重点。在FXa及其抑制剂利伐沙班的X射线晶体结构的基础上, Xue等[65]设计并合成了一系列含有新型[6, 6, 5]三环类融合噁唑烷酮支架的构象受限的模拟物, 对其SAR和结构-药代动力学(SPR) 进行了深入的研究, 最终确定了化合物43可以作为一种高效力、高选择性、直接和口服的FXa抑制剂(图 5), 其具有良好的体内抗血栓功效和较好的药代动力学特征。并且对化合物43进行了药物评价, 并取得了积极的结果。所有结果表明, 化合物43是一个有望成为预防和治疗静脉和动脉系统血栓栓塞性疾病的候选药物。Xing等[66]在后续的研究中提出了一种新型的药物设计策略, 该策略集成了基于片段的药物发现平台、基于结构的关键药效团和分子结构对接的方法, 从而用于识别新型FXa抑制剂。在所合成的多种化合物衍生物中, 化合物44具有最好的FXa抑制活性(IC50 = 23 nmol·L-1), 对凝血酶有很好的选择性(IC50 = 4.8×107 nmol·L-1)。在体外抗凝血活性方面, 化合物44也表现出明显的抗凝血活性(图 5)。因此, 它被认为是更强效的FXa抑制剂的先导化合物, 并可能最终被开发成新的抗凝血药物[66]。Ishihara等[67]报道了一系列基于原药策略设计的新的口服活性FXa抑制剂。应用固相平行合成法发现了一系列独特的FXa抑制剂, 其中有一个取代的苯磺酰基作为新的S4结合元素。这个系列的化合物45表现出对FXa的强效抑制活性(IC50 = 13 nmol·L-1) 和对凝血酶的出色选择性(> 7 000倍) (图 5), 该药在口服后表现出抗凝血效果。在前期工作的基础上, Ishihara等[68]又提出了一种新的方法来开发血液凝固酶的口服活性抑制剂, 该方法是基于非脒类抑制剂向亲水性共轭物的生物转化。该课题组通过确定单一化学骨架并在特定的位置引入具有潜在功能的官能团, 利用计算分子模型模拟, 设计了化合物46, 使其生物转化为高度亲水的共轭物。苯酚衍生物化合物46和相应的葡萄糖醛酸酯化合物47显示较强的FXa抑制活性, 药代动力学数据阐明了化合物46在体内的快速转化过程(图 5)。化合物46在口服后迅速转化为相应的葡萄糖醛酸酯化合物47。这些结果表明, 化合物46的生物转化为高度亲水的化合物47增强了体外抗凝血剂的活性。
血栓形成是一种病理凝固过程, 可导致许多严重的血栓性疾病。Chen等[69]报告了一种异甜菊醇的新型强效抗血栓化合物48, 具有抗凝血和抗血小板活性。化合物48选择性地抑制FXa (图 6), 抑制常数(inhibition constant, Ki) 值为0.015 mmol·L-1, 体外PT和APTT相较于载体明显延长(P < 0.01)。化合物48选择性抑制FXa (图 6), Ki值为1.5×104 nmol·L-1, 体外PT和APTT相较于载体明显延长(P < 0.01)。化合物48不仅可以显著抑制ADP诱导的大鼠血小板聚集(P < 0.01), 还可以在大鼠体内表现出有效的体外和体内抗血栓活性(分别为P < 0.01和P < 0.000 1)。化合物48是一种具有抗凝血和抗血小板活性的新型结构, 这种独特的基于异体脂肪醇的骨架将促进对新型抗血栓剂的探索。
Chelliah等[70]合成了几种伏拉帕斯卡的C7-螺环类似物, 评估了它们的PAR-1活性, 并利用伏拉帕斯卡/PAR-1的晶体结构为这些类似物建立了分子对接模型。这个系列的化合物49显示了出色的PAR-1活性(Ki = 5.1 nmol·L-1) (图 6)。与伏拉帕斯卡系列相比, 苯基取代的螺环类似物活性效果更好。构效关系显示, 位点2上用腈基进行的取代, 有利于PAR-1活性的提高(4950)。可能的原因是这些化合物的双芳基区域与涉及抑制剂结合位点底部附近的残基Pro236、Leu237、Leu262、Leu263和Lys240的亚袋结合。2-氰基苯基类似物化合物4950显示出极好的体外活性, 原因在于其结构区域与蛋白质跨膜结构域中的一个子口袋非常吻合。
South等[71]介绍了一种一般形式的D-Phe-L-AA-L-Arg-α-ketothiazole溶液相合成。该五步合成方法是通过聚合物试剂和聚合物辅助的溶液相纯化法相组合来实现的, 包括反应物分离树脂、试剂分离树脂和标记试剂。多步合成法能以优异的纯度和产量获得所需的α-ketothiazole产品。多种L-氨基酸已被用来探测组织因子(TF) VIIa酶的S2口袋, 以判断其效力和选择性。化合物51与TF/VIIa复合物结合的X射线晶体结构解释了其对组织因子的选择性(图 6)。研究发现, α-酮噻唑类化合物是组织因子VIIa的强效、可逆的共价抑制剂, 其中一些类似物对凝血酶具有选择性。
FXa是凝血级联反应中重要的丝氨酸蛋白酶, 该酶处于凝血路径的中心位置, 一个FXa可将多个凝血酶原转化为凝血酶。直接作用于FXa的药物可以抑制FXa的活性从而抑制凝血酶的生成, 并且可以在不影响血小板功能的前提下, 阻断血栓形成和凝血过程。因此, 其在作用机制上优于凝血酶抑制剂和抗血小板聚集药物[72]。Tarasov等[73]开发了一种直接作用于FXa的口服抗凝剂(DOAC)。在这项工作中, 该课题组通过使用分子对接模型的筛选方法, 开发了一系列结构式如R1-(CONH)-R2-(CONH)-R3的结构类似物, 并且其中连接R1、R2和R3的酰胺键的方向对于R1、R2和R3来说可以是任意的。考虑到Xa因子的化学结构、化学合成能力以及目标化合物的结构特性, 进行了化学修饰从而合成了一系列化合物。所合成的多个化合物实现了在亚纳摩尔等级的抗凝血效力。采用分析仪器和测试套件测量使凝血酶原时间加倍(PTx2) 的浓度。此外, 通过大鼠、兔子和猴子的体内试验, 评价了化合物52的抗凝血性能(图 6), 其经过口服给药在人体血浆中的PTx2浓度达到了80 ± 20 nmol·L-1
人体生理性抗凝活性降低, 破坏凝血系统和抗凝系统的平衡, 引发凝血过程, 导致血栓形成。血栓性疾病, 如心脑血管疾病等, 严重危害人民生命健康, 且发病率逐年增加。血栓性疾病的治疗和预防主要是使用三类药物: 抗凝血剂、血小板抑制剂和纤维蛋白溶解剂。其中, 抗凝血剂在血栓性疾病的治疗中扮演着重要的作用, 而具有抗凝血功能的化合物是开发新型抗凝剂的潜在来源。已经获批准的药物, 如非分化肝素、低分子量肝素、华法林以及达比加群等, 在临床使用过程中存在着一定的局限性。本文总结了凝血途径以及血栓形成的原理, 并按照化合物的化学结构及其来源将具有抗凝血功能的化合物分类总结为香豆素衍生物、多糖衍生物、达比加群衍生物及其他, 并对各类化合物的构效关系进行了论述。不同结构的化合物显示: 在香豆素骨架上引入含氧取代基, 如-OH, -COOH等均有助于提高化合物的抗凝血活性; 对于多糖类化合物来说, 较高的多糖取代度和中等相对分子质量的生物多糖具有最好的抗凝血作用; 达比加群衍生物骨架中引入空间位阻较大且疏水的集团有利于提高其抗凝血活性。此外, 本文对中药活性成分以及传统抗凝血药物肝素的抗凝血活性研究进展进行了总结。不同化合物通过与凝血酶、各种凝血因子、GPIIb-IIIa受体、ADP受体和TXA2受体相互作用来发挥药效[74-76]。然而, 对于不同具有抗凝血作用的化合物的药代动力学, 以及在分子水平上的基本机制仍然缺乏更加深入的研究。此外, 药理活性和结构之间的关系也需要进一步讨论和研究, 以便为设计具有更好抗凝血活性的衍生物奠定基础。随着对抗血栓机制的进一步研究, 新靶点的发现和新型抗凝血活性分子的开发将有助于研发具有高效、安全和口服生物利用性的抗凝血剂。
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703469)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973277)
参考文献 引证文献
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1147
  • 接收时间:2022-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-28
  • 修回日期:2023-02-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703469)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973277)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学药学院, 陕西 西安 710061
    2.陕西省心血管药物工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 710061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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