Article(id=1198628500723827542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667059200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-30, revisedDate=1674835200000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904012, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1181, endPage=1187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628503118775157, articleId=1198628500723827542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ligands from Chinese herbs based on a dual-target surface plasmon resonance biosensor, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The epidemic of COVID-19 has brought great challenges to the global public health prevention and control system combined with clinical diagnosis and treatment system, and it makes the development of effective antiviral drugs an important task in current pharmaceutical research. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played an important role in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Due to its numerous chemical components and various structural types, TCM becomes a natural library for searching for lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a novel dual-target surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed for S protein receptor binding domain (SRBD) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which are two key proteins in the process of SARS-CoV-2 invading cells according to characteristics of synergistic effects of multiple components and comprehensive regulation of multiple targets of TCM. The SPR biosensor was applied to screen and identify active components from six TCMs, and daidzin from Puerariae Lobatae Radix was identified to bind with SRBD and ACE2. The affinity constant (KD) of daidzin and ACE2 was 5.18 μmol·L-1 through the SPR affinity assay. Competitive ELISA assay showed that daidzin could inhibit the binding of SRBD and ACE2, and the inhibition rate of daidzin (20 μmol·L-1) was 38.6%. Molecular docking experiments further confirmed that daidzin had the best binding near the binding region of SRBD-ACE2 complex. This study shows that the dual-target SPR screening system is accurate and efficient, and is particularly suitable for screening of complex drug systems and effective substances study of TCM. It provides a material basis for exploring the mechanism of TCM active constituents against SARS-CoV-2, and provides a source of lead compounds for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

, correspAuthors=Dong-yao WANG, Yan CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-lin MA, Ying ZHANG, Min-yu QI, Yi-qing YAO, Xuan WANG, Dong-yao WANG, Yan CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628506818150453, articleId=1198628500723827542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于双靶点表面等离子体共振传感器的中药抗新冠病毒活性成分筛选研究, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19) 给全球公共卫生防控和临床诊疗系统带来了巨大的挑战, 开发有效的抗病毒药物是当前药学研究的一项重要任务。中医药在抗击新冠疫情中发挥了重要作用, 中药中含有的化学成分众多、结构类型多样, 是寻找抗新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 活性先导化合物的天然宝库。本研究根据中药多成分、多靶点的作用特征, 针对新冠病毒入侵细胞过程中两种关键蛋白S蛋白受体结合域(S protein receptor binding domain, SRBD) 和血管紧张素转换酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2), 构建了一种新型的双靶点表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 传感器, 对6种中药的活性成分进行筛选鉴定, 最终从葛根中发现黄豆苷能够与SRBD和ACE2结合。通过SPR亲和力实验测定黄豆苷与ACE2结合的KD为5.18 μmol·L-1; 竞争性ELISA结合实验表明, 黄豆苷能够抑制SRBD与ACE2的结合, 20 μmol·L-1黄豆苷的抑制率为38.6%; 分子对接实验进一步证实黄豆苷在SRBD-ACE2复合物结合区域附近有最佳结合。本研究表明, 双靶点SPR筛选系统的结果准、效率高, 特别适合复杂药物体系的筛选和中药药效物质的研究, 为探究中药活性成分抗新冠病毒作用机制研究提供药效物质基础, 并为抗新冠病毒药物开发提供先导化合物来源。

, correspAuthors=王冬尧, 曹岩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王冬尧, Tel: 86-21-81871266, E-mail: ;
曹岩, Tel: 86-21-81871331, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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PLR: Puerariae Lobatae Radix; GRR: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; FF: Forsythiae Fructus; BR: Bupleuri Radix; PR: Platycodonis Radi; LJF: Lonicerae Japonicae Flos , figureFileSmall=RP3DUY7EutvLoOOyAj/R3Q==, figureFileBig=xbVnPwiRutRJAnghD1CXAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123830961055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500723827542, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UizmhAl23mHAdWl+9h5ILA==, figureFileBig=hl7H9iwieRHpvKnvmlGJqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123994538925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500723827542, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Structures of identified components. 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A: 2D non-bonded interaction; B: 3D simulated docking , figureFileSmall=KGz8YuAwWAMhzI7X0vclLg==, figureFileBig=+5xW77asWvpof/qMExJkbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960125219274796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500723827542, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Formula
(theoretical mass number)
Extracting solution Recovered solution Identification Source
Retention time/min MS (error in ppm) Retention time/min MS (error in ppm)
1 C21H22O5 (355.154 0 [M+H]+) 10.903 355.154 0 [M+H]+ (-5.2) 11.15 355.152 6 [M+H]+ (-6.88) Licochalcone D Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma
2 C15H12O4 (257.080 8 [M+H]+) 5.953 257.080 0 [M+H]+ (3.2) 6.014 257.079 5 [M+H]+ (0.84) Isoliquiritigenin Bupleuri Radix
3 C21H20O9 (418.119 4 [M+H]+) 5.445 418.119 5 [M+H]+ (7.11) 5.571 417.113 4 [M+H]+ (5.72) Daidzin Puerariae Lobatae Radix
), ArticleFig(id=1198960125370269758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500723827542, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification of 3 compounds using UPLC-QTOF-MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Formula
(theoretical mass number)
Extracting solution Recovered solution Identification Source
Retention time/min MS (error in ppm) Retention time/min MS (error in ppm)
1 C21H22O5 (355.154 0 [M+H]+) 10.903 355.154 0 [M+H]+ (-5.2) 11.15 355.152 6 [M+H]+ (-6.88) Licochalcone D Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma
2 C15H12O4 (257.080 8 [M+H]+) 5.953 257.080 0 [M+H]+ (3.2) 6.014 257.079 5 [M+H]+ (0.84) Isoliquiritigenin Bupleuri Radix
3 C21H20O9 (418.119 4 [M+H]+) 5.445 418.119 5 [M+H]+ (7.11) 5.571 417.113 4 [M+H]+ (5.72) Daidzin Puerariae Lobatae Radix
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基于双靶点表面等离子体共振传感器的中药抗新冠病毒活性成分筛选研究
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马荟琳 # , 张颖 # , 戚敏钰 , 姚一青 , 王璇 , 王冬尧 * , 曹岩 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1181-1187
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1181-1187
基于双靶点表面等离子体共振传感器的中药抗新冠病毒活性成分筛选研究
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马荟琳#, 张颖#, 戚敏钰, 姚一青, 王璇, 王冬尧* , 曹岩*
作者信息
  • 海军军医大学药学系, 上海 200433

通讯作者:

*王冬尧, Tel: 86-21-81871266, E-mail: ;
曹岩, Tel: 86-21-81871331, E-mail:
Screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ligands from Chinese herbs based on a dual-target surface plasmon resonance biosensor
Hui-lin MA, Ying ZHANG, Min-yu QI, Yi-qing YAO, Xuan WANG, Dong-yao WANG* , Yan CAO*
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1140
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新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19) 给全球公共卫生防控和临床诊疗系统带来了巨大的挑战, 开发有效的抗病毒药物是当前药学研究的一项重要任务。中医药在抗击新冠疫情中发挥了重要作用, 中药中含有的化学成分众多、结构类型多样, 是寻找抗新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 活性先导化合物的天然宝库。本研究根据中药多成分、多靶点的作用特征, 针对新冠病毒入侵细胞过程中两种关键蛋白S蛋白受体结合域(S protein receptor binding domain, SRBD) 和血管紧张素转换酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2), 构建了一种新型的双靶点表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 传感器, 对6种中药的活性成分进行筛选鉴定, 最终从葛根中发现黄豆苷能够与SRBD和ACE2结合。通过SPR亲和力实验测定黄豆苷与ACE2结合的KD为5.18 μmol·L-1; 竞争性ELISA结合实验表明, 黄豆苷能够抑制SRBD与ACE2的结合, 20 μmol·L-1黄豆苷的抑制率为38.6%; 分子对接实验进一步证实黄豆苷在SRBD-ACE2复合物结合区域附近有最佳结合。本研究表明, 双靶点SPR筛选系统的结果准、效率高, 特别适合复杂药物体系的筛选和中药药效物质的研究, 为探究中药活性成分抗新冠病毒作用机制研究提供药效物质基础, 并为抗新冠病毒药物开发提供先导化合物来源。

新冠病毒  /  中药  /  活性成分  /  筛选  /  表面等离子共振

The epidemic of COVID-19 has brought great challenges to the global public health prevention and control system combined with clinical diagnosis and treatment system, and it makes the development of effective antiviral drugs an important task in current pharmaceutical research. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played an important role in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Due to its numerous chemical components and various structural types, TCM becomes a natural library for searching for lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, a novel dual-target surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was developed for S protein receptor binding domain (SRBD) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which are two key proteins in the process of SARS-CoV-2 invading cells according to characteristics of synergistic effects of multiple components and comprehensive regulation of multiple targets of TCM. The SPR biosensor was applied to screen and identify active components from six TCMs, and daidzin from Puerariae Lobatae Radix was identified to bind with SRBD and ACE2. The affinity constant (KD) of daidzin and ACE2 was 5.18 μmol·L-1 through the SPR affinity assay. Competitive ELISA assay showed that daidzin could inhibit the binding of SRBD and ACE2, and the inhibition rate of daidzin (20 μmol·L-1) was 38.6%. Molecular docking experiments further confirmed that daidzin had the best binding near the binding region of SRBD-ACE2 complex. This study shows that the dual-target SPR screening system is accurate and efficient, and is particularly suitable for screening of complex drug systems and effective substances study of TCM. It provides a material basis for exploring the mechanism of TCM active constituents against SARS-CoV-2, and provides a source of lead compounds for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

SARS-CoV-2  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  active ingredient  /  screening  /  surface plasmon resonance
马荟琳, 张颖, 戚敏钰, 姚一青, 王璇, 王冬尧, 曹岩. 基于双靶点表面等离子体共振传感器的中药抗新冠病毒活性成分筛选研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1181 -1187 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1140
Hui-lin MA, Ying ZHANG, Min-yu QI, Yi-qing YAO, Xuan WANG, Dong-yao WANG, Yan CAO. Screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ligands from Chinese herbs based on a dual-target surface plasmon resonance biosensor[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1181 -1187 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1140
新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19) 给全球公共卫生防控和临床诊疗系统带来了巨大的挑战, 随着我国新型冠状病毒感染防控进入全新阶段, 开发有效的抗病毒药物是当前药学研究的一项重要任务。我国传统中医药以其整体治疗观、独特的临床疗效、较少的毒副作用及其多成分、多靶点的药效特征[1], 自古以来在抵御瘟疫方面一直发挥着重要作用[2]。在此次抗击新冠的战役中, 中医药也同样战功卓越, 许多中药都表现出了显著的抗新冠病毒作用[3, 4]。中药中含有的化学成分众多、结构类型多样, 是寻找抗新冠病毒活性先导化合物的天然宝库。
新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 进入宿主细胞是病毒传染性和发病机制的重要决定因素[5]。为了进入宿主细胞, SARS-CoV-2首先结合到细胞表面受体上进行病毒附着, 随后进入核内体, 最终使病毒与溶酶体膜融合[6]。SARS-CoV-2表面的刺突蛋白(spike glycoprotein, S protein) 是病毒表面的主要抗原成分, 其S蛋白受体结合域(S protein receptor binding domain, SRBD) 可特异性识别宿主的血管紧张素转换酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2) 并结合[7]。ACE2是一种负调控因子, 具有维持肾素-血管紧张素系统稳定状态的能力, 对所有器官的生理或病理都至关重要[8]。ACE2在0.6%肺细胞中表达, 在1.4%肺泡Ⅱ型细胞中表达, 可作为SARS-CoV-2的结合靶点[9]。因此, SRBD和ACE2是抗新冠病毒药物的重要靶点[10], 寻找能够分别或同时作用在SRBD和ACE2靶点的活性成分, 从而阻断病毒进入宿主细胞的关键环节, 在预防和治疗COVID-19中具有广阔的应用前景。
表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 是一种生物传感分析技术, 其可以用于研究中药活性成分与靶点在分子水平上的相互作用关系[11]。SPR技术的实时性、超高灵敏度、高专一性、可以同时测定动力学常数和解离平衡常数等特点, 使其成为了中药活性成分靶点发现和验证的利器, 在中药活性成分的表征鉴定、分子靶标的筛选、候选药物分子的改造及药物质控等方面都发挥着重要的作用。如屠鹏飞课题组[12]将苏木酮A改造成一个活性分子探针, 从神经小胶质细胞中垂钓到其抗炎靶点蛋白为肌苷-5'-单磷酸脱氢酶2 (IMPDH2), 然后利用SPR分析确认了苏木酮A与靶点蛋白IMPDH2之间的亲和力, KD为3.944 nmol·L-1。郑蓉课题组[13]应用SPR技术从中药有效成分中筛选新型冠状病毒的主要蛋白酶3CLpro的抑制剂, 最终得到表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与3CLpro之间具有良好的相互作用, KD为6.17 μmol·L-1
现有的SPR中药活性成分筛选和验证方法主要是基于单靶点进行, 虽然可以直接从混合物中寻找与靶点直接作用的活性成分, 筛选效率较高, 但从中药的多成分、多靶点作用角度看, 其筛选过程并不符合中药作用的整体性特征。为此, 本研究构建了一种新型的双靶点SPR传感器, 针对中药多成分、多靶点的作用特征, 同时对SARS-CoV-2入侵细胞过程中两种关键蛋白SRBD和ACE2的配体进行筛选, 从分子水平探讨中药的抗病毒活性成分及防治COVID-19的作用机制, 为发现抗新冠病毒的化合物提供方法参考。
仪器   Biacore T200相互作用分析仪(美国GE Healthcare公司); Agilent 1290超高效液相色谱仪、Agilent 6538 UHD飞行时间质谱仪(美国Agilent公司); Milli-Q A10超纯水制备仪(美国Millipore公司); 微量离心机(美国Thermo公司); AG-285型十万分之一天平(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); Synergy 4多功能酶标仪(美国BioTek公司)。
药物及试剂   葛根(Puerariae Lobatae Radix, PLR)、甘草(Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, GRR)、青连翘(Forsythiae Fructus, FF)、柴胡(Bupleuri Radix, BR)、桔梗(Platycodonis Radix, PR)、金银花(Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, LJF) 购自中国长海医院; 质谱纯甲醇、乙腈、甲酸购自美国Merck公司; CM5芯片、1-乙基-3-(二甲基氨基丙基) 碳酰二亚胺[3-(ethyliminomethyleneamino)-N, N-dimethyl-propan-1-amine, EDC]、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxy succinimide, NHS)、乙醇胺、醋酸盐缓冲液、NaOH、PBS缓冲液购自美国Cytiva公司; 二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 购自美国Sigma公司; ELISA通用试剂盒购自博奥龙公司; SRBD蛋白、ACE2蛋白、ACE2抗体购自义翘神州公司; 甘草查尔酮D (licochalcone D)、异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin)、黄豆苷(daidzin) 购自上海同田公司。
中药提取液的制备   将中药原药材分别粉碎后过40目筛, 按照1 g/10 mL (药材/提取液) 的比例, 加入80%乙醇溶液, 超声30 min后过滤, 取过滤液12 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清液即为中药提取液, 4 ℃保存备用。
SRBD和ACE2双靶点芯片的构建   将SRBD和ACE2纯化蛋白粉末分别溶于去离子水中配制成1 mg·mL-1母液, 采用Biacore T200分别检测不同缓冲液pH (4.0~5.5)、蛋白浓度(10~100 μg·mL-1) 条件下SRBD和ACE2在CM5芯片上的响应值, 确定最佳蛋白偶联条件分别为: SRBD, 20 μg·mL-1, pH 4.0; ACE2, 50 μg·mL-1, pH 4.0。将CM5芯片的1、3通道作为参比通道, 2、4通道作为检测通道。先用EDC/NHS活化芯片表面羧基, 然后通过羧基氨基缩合反应将SRBD蛋白偶联到2通道上, ACE2蛋白偶联到4通道上, 最后用乙醇胺封闭未结合的羧基。
双靶点芯片活性和特异性验证   将ACE2蛋白母液分别用PBS稀释至2、20和200 μg·mL-1溶液, 以溶剂作为空白对照。由低浓度到高浓度依次进样, 观察其在SRBD通道上响应值以判断芯片上的蛋白是否具有活性; 以SRBD蛋白作阴性对照, 按上述方法稀释成相应浓度溶液, 由低浓度到高浓度依次进样, 观察其在SRBD通道上响应值以判断芯片上蛋白的特异性。以SRBD为阳性对照, 以ACE2蛋白为阴性对照, 按照上述相同方法验证ACE2通道的活性和特异性。
中药SPR筛选   中药SPR筛选参考文献[14]方法, 简要步骤如下: 将6种中药提取液分别用PBS稀释500倍至0.2 mg·mL-1 (生药浓度), 注入到Biacore T200系统进行分析, 对中药提取液进行初筛。选择响应较高的中药进行下步筛选, 将中药提取液分别进样, 采用Biacore T200“进样和回收程序”回收结合成分, 合并每种中药的回收液。
UPLC-QTOF-MS分析   回收样品经氮气吹干后, 用100 μL乙腈复溶, 12 000 r·min-1离心3 min, 保留上清液作为回收液。中药提取液经乙腈稀释至10 mg·mL-1作为中药稀释液。使用Agilent 1290液相色谱系统对回收液和中药提取液样品进行分析。色谱柱型号为BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 2.5 μm), 柱温为25 ℃, 进样体积为5 μL。流动相由0.1%甲酸(v/v) (A) 和乙腈(B) 组成, 使用梯度洗脱程序, 具体梯度如下: 0~2 min: 5% B, 2~17 min: 5%~95% B, 17~19 min: 95% B。流速为3.5 mL·min-1。使用Agilent 6538 UHD飞行时间质谱仪对分离的化合物进行检测。使用全扫描模式。ESI源的条件如下: 离子检测范围为100~1 000 m/z; 干燥气为10 L·min-1; 温度为350 ℃; 雾化气压为35 psig; 毛细管电压为4 000 V; 碎片器电压为120 V。使用Agilent MassHunter B.06.00软件对色谱数据进行处理与分析。
SPR亲和力实验   精密称定中药成分对照品, 配制成100 mmol·L-1 DMSO溶液, 作母液备用。用含5% DMSO的PBS溶液将母液按2倍梯度稀释。以30 μL·min-1的流速进样至Biacore T200系统中。样品与蛋白的结合时间与解离时间均为120 s。使用Biacore T200分析软件对数据进行处理, 计算样品的亲和力。
ELISA实验   采用方阵滴定法, 将SRBD蛋白从2 μg·mL-1开始, 用包被液2倍逐级稀释后进行包被; 将ACE2蛋白从1 μg·mL-1开始, 用样品稀释液3倍逐级稀释, 确定最佳包被浓度及ACE2饱和浓度。将黄豆苷对照品稀释为含ACE2 0.1 μg·mL-1、4% DMSO (v/v) 的不同浓度溶液(0.2、2和20 μmol·L-1)。在SRBD包被的96孔板中依次加入上述溶液100 μL, 同时设置ACE2对照孔和空白对照孔, 每个浓度设置5个复孔, 37 ℃反应1 h。洗板后每孔加入100 μL ACE2抗体(1 μg·mL-1), 37 ℃反应1 h。洗板后每孔加入100 μL生物素标记二抗, 37 ℃反应1 h。洗板后每孔加入100 μL亲和素-HRP, 37 ℃反应1 h。加入TMB显色液, 15 min后终止反应。用酶标仪测定450 nm处的吸光度值, 计算化合物的抑制率。
分子对接实验   SRBD和ACE2结合复合物晶体结构下载自蛋白质数据库(Protein Data Bank, PDB), PDB ID为7DQA。对接前删去配体与水分子。所有化合物的化学结构都用Discovery Studio 3.0 (DS 3.0) 软件进行优化, 并保存为mol2格式。对接的结合位点定义于SRBD与ACE2结合区域内, 位点的半径为10 Å。采用CDOCKER模块进行分子对接。保留评分前100的构象, 簇半径设置为0.5 Å, 其他选项均保留默认设置, 根据CDOCKER结合能评价最优构象。
采用最佳蛋白偶联条件将SRBD和ACE2分别偶联到CM5芯片表面的2、4通道, 制备成双靶点SPR生物传感器, 最终SRBD偶联量为2 231.5 RU, ACE2偶联量为15 166.4 RU, 符合传感器测定的要求。针对固定在芯片通道上的蛋白, 以其相互作用蛋白作为阳性对照, 以其自身作为阴性对照, 以PBS溶液作为空白对照, 对双靶点芯片的活性和特异性进行考察, 结果如图 1所示。针对2通道上的SRBD蛋白, 可以看出其对注入的不同浓度SRBD蛋白响应与PBS几乎无明显差异(图 1A), 而随着注入的ACE2蛋白浓度的增加, 2通道上的结合响应有显著提高(图 1B), 说明2通道上的SRBD蛋白能够选择性识别结合成分, 并且具有活性。针对4通道上的ACE2蛋白, 可以看出其对注入的不同浓度的ACE2蛋白响应与PBS几乎无明显差异(图 1C), 而对SRBD蛋白表现出明显结合, 且随SRBD浓度增高, 响应值增大(图 1D), 说明4通道上的ACE2蛋白具有特异性和活性。综上, 固定在芯片上的两种蛋白均具有活性, 且能够特异性与其相互作用蛋白结合, 表明该双靶点SPR传感器能够用于筛选和验证与SRBD和ACE2结合的活性成分。
从PubMed和中国知网查询与SRBD和ACE2蛋白相关的抗新冠病毒的中草药, 共收集了6种: 柴胡、甘草、葛根、桔梗、金银花、青连翘。分别将6种中药提取液用PBS稀释500倍至0.2 mg·mL-1 (生药浓度) 后注入SRBD和ACE2双靶点SPR传感器进行初步筛选, 可以观察到6种中药在传感器上的响应值具有明显差异。葛根、甘草和柴胡在SRBD上响应值较高, 金银花和青连翘响应值较低(图 2A); 而在ACE2上, 甘草、柴胡、葛根和青连翘响应值较高, 桔梗和金银花响应值较低(图 2B)。综合选择与SRBD和ACE2两种蛋白响应值相对较高的4种中药(甘草、柴胡、葛根、青连翘) 用于进一步中药活性化合物筛选。将中药提取液分别注入SPR筛选系统与SRBD和ACE2蛋白孵育, 洗涤去除未结合的成分后, 回收结合于蛋白上的成分。
将回收液和中药提取液样品进行UPLC-QTOF-MS分析, 利用Agilent Qualitative Analysis B.07.00定性分析软件分析回收液与提取液中的共有成分, 鉴定出回收液中结合成分的分子式为: C21H22O5、C15H12O4和C21H20O9, 如表 1所示。从中药综合数据库(Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database, TCMID) 和HERB数据库(http://hreb.ac.an/) 中收集中药成分的化学信息, 初步确定中药提取液中的活性成分为甘草查尔酮D (C21H22O5)、异甘草素(C15H12O4) 和黄豆苷(C21H20O9), 如图 3所示。进一步采用对照品对鉴定结果进行确证, 发现黄豆苷对照品的保留时间为5.449 min, m/z值为418.118 6 ([M+H]+), 与葛根提取液样品和葛根回收样品中检测到的离子信号一致, 因此确定黄豆苷是回收到的潜在活性成分, 如图 4所示。
为验证双靶点SPR筛选和UPLC-QTOF-MS鉴定的结果, 分别测定黄豆苷与SRBD、ACE2的亲和力, 结果如图 5所示。黄豆苷与双靶点芯片上2种蛋白均有结合, 与SRBD结合的响应值随黄豆苷浓度升高而升高, 但没有明显的饱和趋势, 与ACE2结合符合特异性结合的趋势, 采用动力学拟合方法计算其亲和力KD为5.18 μmol·L-1, 表明筛选和鉴定结果准确可信, 结合速率常数kon为6.40×103 L·mol-1·s-1, 表明黄豆苷与ACE2的结合速度是慢结合, 解离速率常数koff为3.31×10-2 s-1, 表明黄豆苷与ACE2的解离速度是中等解离。以上结果说明, 黄豆苷是中药葛根中能够与ACE2特异性结合的成分, 是葛根抗病毒的药效物质之一; 此外, 以其结合速率常数和解离速率常数为依据对黄豆苷进行结构优化, 有可能开发出更优的抗新冠病毒药物。
为了进一步验证黄豆苷与2种蛋白结合后能否发挥药理作用, 采用ELISA实验测定黄豆苷对SRBD与ACE2结合的抑制率, 结果如图 6所示。可见不同浓度的黄豆苷均对二者的结合有抑制作用, 2和20 μmol·L-1黄豆苷的抑制率为37.9%和38.6%。结果表明, 黄豆苷能够抑制SRBD与ACE2的结合, 且呈浓度依赖关系, 黄豆苷具有抑制SARS-CoV-2进入宿主细胞的潜力。
利用Discovery Studios软件对SRBD和ACE2的结合复合物与黄豆苷进行分子对接, 寻找黄豆苷的精确结合位点, 结果如图 7所示。图 7A为2D非键相互作用展示图, 图 7B为3D模拟对接图, 蓝色片段为ACE2残基, 绿色片段为SRBD残基, 黄豆苷在两个蛋白结合区域附近有最佳结合, CDOCKER-ENERGY可达-36 kJ。黄豆苷与SRBD上GLN409、ARG403、GLY496等均存在氢键作用, 与ACE2上HIS34、GLU37、LYS353存在π键作用与静电作用。说明黄豆苷与SRBD-ACE2复合物具有稳定的结合结构。
在中药的初步筛选中, 本研究发现不同中药提取液在不同靶点上的响应值排序基本一致, 其主要原因可能是不同中药在同一提取方法下的提取效率不同, 导致有的中药提取液浓度较高、成分较多, 而有的中药提取液浓度较低、成分较少, 高浓度的提取液中由于非特异性结合的影响比较显著, 因此在不同靶点上的响应值均偏高。然而也有一些其他情况, 如葛根提取液在SRBD上的结合相对强于青连翘提取液, 而在ACE2上却相反, 说明葛根里可能存在与SRBD结合较强的成分, 而青连翘里可能存在与ACE2结合较强的成分。虽然本研究尚未筛选出这些成分, 但提示下一步还需要尽力提高SPR筛选系统的灵敏度和特异性, 从而为复杂体系中活性成分的发现提供有力工具。
本研究对4种中药提取液中与SRBD和ACE2结合的成分进行了SPR回收, 并通过UPLC-QTOF-MS对回收液中的成分进行鉴定, 从3种中药提取液中寻找到3个化合物分子式, 进一步通过中药化学成分数据库进行匹配, 然而采用对照品只确证了1个成分。一方面可能是由于本研究构建的中药化学成分数据库不够全面, 没能涵盖所有的化学成分; 另一方面可能是由于在筛选中发现了目前还未知的成分。因此, 本课题组将进一步构建完善的中药化学成分信息数据库, 并同时对未能用对照品确证的化合物进行结构鉴定, 以期发现更具价值的新活性成分。
基因表达研究表明, ACE2在人体心脏、肾脏、肺、肝、脑及生殖系统等各处均有表达[15], 其与肾脏疾病、心血管疾病、糖尿病及中枢系统疾病的发病机制都密切相关。如常见的沙坦类降压药就是通过竞争性拮抗ACE2受体, 来阻断“肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮”系统, 从而发挥降压作用。因此, 发现能与ACE2结合的化合物不仅对于研发抗新冠病毒药物具有重要启发, 也对于今后研究与ACE2靶点相关的疾病有很大参考价值。后续工作可以对黄豆苷进行结构设计和优化提高其对ACE2靶点的选择性和亲和力, 从而为与ACE2相关疾病的治疗药物开发提供活性先导化合物。
本研究所使用的葛根, 经现代药理研究表明, 具有抗动脉粥样硬化、扩张冠状动脉血管、降血压、抑制血小板聚集、降低心肌耗氧量等药理活性, 是治疗心血管疾病中较为传统和重要的一味中草药[16]。通过对葛根中活性成分的研究发现, 对心脑血管疾病治疗效果显著的是大豆异黄酮类成分[17]。本研究筛选得到的黄豆苷是葛根中大豆异黄酮的主要存在形式, 且验证了黄豆苷与ACE2受体能够相互作用, 鉴于ACE2靶点与心血管疾病密切相关, 提示黄豆苷也可能是葛根治疗心血管疾病的有效成分, 为葛根的现代药理研究提供了新思路。
综上, 本研究建立了一个基于SPR技术的SRBD和ACE2双靶点中药筛选系统, 结合UPLC-QTOF-MS分析, 对相关中药中抗新冠病毒的活性成分进行了筛选。最终从6种中药材中发现黄豆苷是潜在的结合成分, 并通过ELISA竞争性结合实验证明了黄豆苷能够抑制SRBD和ACE2结合, 从而可能发挥抗新冠病毒作用。由于ACE2在调节血压、体液平衡、炎症、细胞增殖、肥大和纤维化等方面均能够发挥作用, 因此当化合物完全阻断ACE2时将可能发生不可预知的不良反应, 对于单一化合物而言, 如果其具有较多的不良反应, 单一化合物将难于开发成特异性药物; 对于中药复杂成分而言, 一些成分能够温和阻断ACE2, 而一些成分却又能通过其他途径对缺失的ACE2功能进行补偿, 从而协同发挥整体药效, 这正是中药的魅力所在。这些假设还值得进一步通过细胞或体内水平的研究来确证。本研究利用SPR技术同时针对SARS-CoV-2进入宿主细胞的2个相关靶点进行中药筛选, 符合中药多成分、多靶点的作用特点, 使中药的筛选过程向中医药“整体协同、辨证论治”的理念靠拢。此外, 本研究表明, 双靶点SPR筛选系统的结果准、效率高, 特别适合复杂药物体系的筛选和中药药效物质的研究, 为探究中药活性成分抗新冠病毒作用机制研究提供药效物质基础, 并为抗新冠病毒药物开发提供先导化合物来源。
作者贡献: 张颖、王冬尧、戚敏钰、马荟琳负责实施实验; 马荟琳、姚一青、王璇负责数据处理; 马荟琳、张颖负责论文撰写; 曹岩、王冬尧负责课题设计、论文修改。
利益冲突: 本文的作者和所涉及的内容不存在潜在的利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174092)
  • 上海市自然科学基金资助项目(21ZR1483000)
  • 上海市自然科学基金资助项目(22ZR1476900)
  • 上海市浦江人才计划(21PJD083)
  • 海军军医大学大学生创新实践能力计划(MS2021041)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1140
  • 接收时间:2022-10-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-30
  • 修回日期:2023-01-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174092)
上海市自然科学基金资助项目(21ZR1483000)
上海市自然科学基金资助项目(22ZR1476900)
上海市浦江人才计划(21PJD083)
海军军医大学大学生创新实践能力计划(MS2021041)
作者信息
    海军军医大学药学系, 上海 200433

通讯作者:

*王冬尧, Tel: 86-21-81871266, E-mail: ;
曹岩, Tel: 86-21-81871331, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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