Article(id=1198652628608582121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666800000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-27, revisedDate=1669132800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710656549, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710656549, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710656549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710656549, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2503, endPage=2511, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652629099315721, articleId=1198652628608582121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction and optimization of a novel plasma membrane model for membrane affinity assay based on polydiacetylene vesicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Most drugs need to interact with cell membrane to reach the biological target, so that membrane affinity assay is an important early screening step in drug discovery. However, at present, the traditional oil-water distribution method is still used, a new, simple and accurate method for membrane affinity assay is urgently needed. In this study, according to the colorimetric principle, a new assay model based on polydiacetylene vesicles was optimized through a series of experiments including different concentrations of vesicle solution, temperature, or pH reaction environment. On this basis, tetracaine hydrochloride, 2-methylimidazole and histamine were used as model drugs to measure the membrane affinity constants and verify the between-batch precision of the optimized assay model (relative standard deviation less than 5%). In addition, polydiacetylene vesicles were stable for up to 180 days, demonstrating the potential application of the assay model. This strategy is simple, stable, reliable, with high reproducibility, low cost and easy to promote, which provided a new tool and a new direction for the high-throughput assay of membrane affinity.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chai-chai NIE, Rui-ting DONG, Yu-tong WU, Jing-bo WU, Sheng ZHANG, Feng ZHENG, Ya DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng ZHENG, Ya DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652632257626840, articleId=1198652628608582121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于聚联乙炔囊泡的新型膜亲和力测定模型的构建和优化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大部分药物需要与细胞膜作用后到达生物靶标, 因此, 膜亲和力测定是药物发现过程中重要的早期筛选环节。然而, 目前仍采用传统的油水分配法, 亟需一种新型、简便、准确的膜亲和力测定方法。本研究基于比色原理, 优化了一种基于聚联乙炔(polydiacetylene, PDA) 囊泡的新型测定模型, 通过一系列不同浓度的囊泡溶液和在不同温度及pH反应环境下的实验, 筛选出了最优条件。在此基础上, 采用盐酸丁卡因、2-甲基咪唑和组胺作为模型药物, 测定其膜亲和力常数, 并验证了优化后检测模型的批间精密度(相对标准偏差小于5%)。此外, 聚联乙炔囊泡具有长达180天的稳定性, 证明了该模型的应用潜力。本策略具有操作简便、稳定可靠、高重现性、成本低廉、易于推广等优点, 为膜亲和力高通量测定提供了新的工具和新的解决思路。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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*郑枫, Tel: 18915948060, E-mail: ;
丁娅, Tel: 13913983206, E-mail:
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A: Chemical composition and colorimetric response process of DMPC-PDA vesicles; B: Optimization of membrane affinity assay model based on DMPC-PDA vesicles. PDA: Polydiacetylene; DMPC: 1, 2-Dimyristoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine; UV: Ultraviolet , figureFileSmall=QA/rdeD2KMgFQ3FXuNzV7w==, figureFileBig=GB3TFjfosdJlOkzIabIHNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960119636652455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MS5kKTyc9NR1yneHKbe1sw==, figureFileBig=ZmJPaJb9mVakFQoJpL9oNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960119749898679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Preparation and characterization of DMPC-PDA vesicles. A: Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of DMPC-PDA vesicles; B: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) profile of DMPC-PDA vesicles; C: UV-vis spectrum and digital photograph of DMPC-PDA vesicles. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=MS5kKTyc9NR1yneHKbe1sw==, figureFileBig=ZmJPaJb9mVakFQoJpL9oNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960119913476554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QagNvKwEE7DZxQGpyJ2fNg==, figureFileBig=j/B80QCxth3JkPPImPrPIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120123191768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of concentration on determination. A: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles at different concentrations before receiving stimuli; B: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles at different concentrations after receiving stimuli; C: Colorimetric response (CR) values and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles. n.s.: Not significant. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=QagNvKwEE7DZxQGpyJ2fNg==, figureFileBig=j/B80QCxth3JkPPImPrPIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120215466469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+57vMbMdKSLB1JyzuE6S0Q==, figureFileBig=idBUOa3owiD3/GNNY0phoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120337101296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of temperature on determination. A: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles under different temperature before receiving stimuli; B: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles at different temperature after receiving stimuli; C: CR values and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=+57vMbMdKSLB1JyzuE6S0Q==, figureFileBig=idBUOa3owiD3/GNNY0phoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120458736125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L2TaOkCbrBUlAKWYR7SqPw==, figureFileBig=ObcjSZ+7vExopAgWGK9QXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120584565263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of pH on determination. A: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles under different pH before receiving stimuli; B: UV-vis spectra and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles at different pH after receiving stimuli; C: CR values and digital photographs of DMPC-PDA vesicles. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=L2TaOkCbrBUlAKWYR7SqPw==, figureFileBig=ObcjSZ+7vExopAgWGK9QXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120735560222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3yc0HkNgWEvHlUlfzjm29Q==, figureFileBig=Pq6rl23SPN+/Zri6OuPBYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960120894943792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Determination of membrane affinity constant of three reference compounds. A: CR value-concentration curves of tetracaine hydrochloride, 2-methylimidazole, and histamine; B: Double-reciprocal plots of tetracaine hydrochloride, 2-methylimidazole, and histamine. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=3yc0HkNgWEvHlUlfzjm29Q==, figureFileBig=Pq6rl23SPN+/Zri6OuPBYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121054327361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=07dfOke8jBsFtKi2rKZV1w==, figureFileBig=wM1KzLx8fP5nvk7rXy+fnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121230488141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Durability and stability of DMPC-PDA vesicles. A: Selective comparison of DMPC-PDA vesicles towards positive stimulus and the other interfering substances (5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) by UV-vis spectrophotometry; B: Hydrodynamic diameter stability of DMPC-PDA vesicles stored at 4 ℃ for 180 days; C: Spectral stability of DMPC-PDA vesicles stored at 4 ℃ for 180 days; D: Comparison of membrane affinity constants of tetracaine hydrochloride determined from three batches of DMPC-PDA vesicles with different storage times (1, 30, and 180 days). PDI: Polydispersity index. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=07dfOke8jBsFtKi2rKZV1w==, figureFileBig=wM1KzLx8fP5nvk7rXy+fnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121364705881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound First round Second round Third round x±s
Tetracaine hydrochloride -0.569 -0.605 -0.573 -0.582 ± 0.020
2-Methylimidazole -1.388 -1.334 -1.315 -1.346 ± 0.038
Histamine -1.390 -1.368 -1.374 -1.377 ± 0.012
), ArticleFig(id=1198960121498923628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652628608582121, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Between-batch precision of the lg(Kb) value using tetracaine hydrochloride, 2-methylimidazole, and histamine as reference compounds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound First round Second round Third round x±s
Tetracaine hydrochloride -0.569 -0.605 -0.573 -0.582 ± 0.020
2-Methylimidazole -1.388 -1.334 -1.315 -1.346 ± 0.038
Histamine -1.390 -1.368 -1.374 -1.377 ± 0.012
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基于聚联乙炔囊泡的新型膜亲和力测定模型的构建和优化
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聂钗钗 # , 董瑞婷 # , 吴宇彤 , 吴菁博 , 张圣 , 郑枫 * , 丁娅 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(8): 2503-2511
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (8) : 2503 -2511
基于聚联乙炔囊泡的新型膜亲和力测定模型的构建和优化
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聂钗钗#, 董瑞婷#, 吴宇彤, 吴菁博, 张圣, 郑枫* , 丁娅*
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学药学院药物分析系, 江苏 南京 211112
通讯作者:
*郑枫, Tel: 18915948060, E-mail: ;
丁娅, Tel: 13913983206, E-mail:
Construction and optimization of a novel plasma membrane model for membrane affinity assay based on polydiacetylene vesicles
Chai-chai NIE, Rui-ting DONG, Yu-tong WU, Jing-bo WU, Sheng ZHANG, Feng ZHENG* , Ya DING*
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211112, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1129
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大部分药物需要与细胞膜作用后到达生物靶标, 因此, 膜亲和力测定是药物发现过程中重要的早期筛选环节。然而, 目前仍采用传统的油水分配法, 亟需一种新型、简便、准确的膜亲和力测定方法。本研究基于比色原理, 优化了一种基于聚联乙炔(polydiacetylene, PDA) 囊泡的新型测定模型, 通过一系列不同浓度的囊泡溶液和在不同温度及pH反应环境下的实验, 筛选出了最优条件。在此基础上, 采用盐酸丁卡因、2-甲基咪唑和组胺作为模型药物, 测定其膜亲和力常数, 并验证了优化后检测模型的批间精密度(相对标准偏差小于5%)。此外, 聚联乙炔囊泡具有长达180天的稳定性, 证明了该模型的应用潜力。本策略具有操作简便、稳定可靠、高重现性、成本低廉、易于推广等优点, 为膜亲和力高通量测定提供了新的工具和新的解决思路。

DMPC-PDA囊泡  /  膜亲和力  /  可视化  /  模型优化  /  质膜模型  /  稳定性

Most drugs need to interact with cell membrane to reach the biological target, so that membrane affinity assay is an important early screening step in drug discovery. However, at present, the traditional oil-water distribution method is still used, a new, simple and accurate method for membrane affinity assay is urgently needed. In this study, according to the colorimetric principle, a new assay model based on polydiacetylene vesicles was optimized through a series of experiments including different concentrations of vesicle solution, temperature, or pH reaction environment. On this basis, tetracaine hydrochloride, 2-methylimidazole and histamine were used as model drugs to measure the membrane affinity constants and verify the between-batch precision of the optimized assay model (relative standard deviation less than 5%). In addition, polydiacetylene vesicles were stable for up to 180 days, demonstrating the potential application of the assay model. This strategy is simple, stable, reliable, with high reproducibility, low cost and easy to promote, which provided a new tool and a new direction for the high-throughput assay of membrane affinity.

DMPC-PDA vesicle  /  membrane affinity  /  visualization  /  model optimization  /  plasma membrane model  /  stability
聂钗钗, 董瑞婷, 吴宇彤, 吴菁博, 张圣, 郑枫, 丁娅. 基于聚联乙炔囊泡的新型膜亲和力测定模型的构建和优化. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2503 -2511 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1129
Chai-chai NIE, Rui-ting DONG, Yu-tong WU, Jing-bo WU, Sheng ZHANG, Feng ZHENG, Ya DING. Construction and optimization of a novel plasma membrane model for membrane affinity assay based on polydiacetylene vesicles[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2503 -2511 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1129
在新药研发中, 相当一部分小分子药物的生物学靶标嵌在细胞膜磷脂双分子层上或位于细胞内部[1], 合适的膜亲和力是其与细胞膜有效结合或穿越细胞膜, 达到靶标的前提。采用正辛醇/水体系对药物的油水分配系数进行测定是评价膜亲和力的一种传统方法。然而, 由于各向同性的正辛醇无法模拟脂膜与药物分子之间的相互作用(如静电作用和空间位阻效应)[2, 3], 而后续发展的脂质体/水分配系数法受限于平衡透析法或超速离心法繁琐且耗时的操作步骤[4, 5]。因此, 亟需一种新型、简便、准确的膜亲和力测定方法, 满足当前新药发现的需求。此外, 随着药物制剂技术的迅猛发展, 无论在化药还是生物药物的递送过程中, 药物疗效的发挥依赖于载体的作用[6]。这些载体保护化药、核酸和蛋白质不被降解, 并将药物分子导入靶细胞用于疾病治疗[7-9]。在上述过程中, 与细胞直接作用的是各种载体而非药物本身, 载体材料与细胞膜间的亲和力则成为药效作用发挥的关键参数。因此, 对药物和载体膜亲和力进行快速、准确测定的检测技术, 对新药的发展也具有重要的应用价值。
目前, 研究人员为了高通量地测定膜亲和力, 已开发了几种新型脂膜模型, 主要包括单粒子互相关分析[10]、单分子光漂白法[11]、交叉极化魔角旋转核磁共振光谱法[12]、基于3D打印的平衡透析法[13]、闪烁临近测定法[14]等。单粒子互相关分析可测定具备特定构象和化学计量比的蛋白质之间的亲和力, 但测定对象局限于蛋白; 单分子光漂白法的测定准确度较为依赖于荧光标记效果; 核磁共振法、3D打印构建的平衡透析法测定较为准确, 但对硬件技术要求很高, 花费昂贵; 而闪烁临近测定法运用的放射性同位素带来了一定的安全风险。相较于上述方法, 建立计算模型模拟膜亲和力的测定能缩短新药研发昂贵又漫长的过程[15], 主要包括分子对接、协同过滤等。分子对接通过评分函数预测药物-靶标复合物的稳定3D结构[16], 评分函数进而模拟配体结合模式并预测膜亲和力, 其可信度较高, 但需蛋白质结晶结构的相关数据[17]。使用协同过滤的SimBoost法是第一个用于预测连续给药下药物靶点相互作用的非线性方法, 也是第一个用计算预测区间来评估置信度度量的方法[18], 但这种基于分子特征和相似性的预测模型准确度仍有待提升。构建准确、易用、高效率的新型质膜模型仍是一项巨大挑战。
聚联乙炔(polydiacetylene, PDA) 是由二乙炔单体在紫外线照射下发生1, 4加成而形成的两亲性聚合物。由于发生π-π*跃迁, 其紫外-可见吸收(ultraviolet-visible, UV-vis) 光谱的最大吸收峰在650 nm处, 显示为深蓝色。改变单体的R基团可使其具备两亲性, 并自组装形成尺寸约500 nm囊泡[19]。由于聚合过程不需化学引发剂或催化剂, PDA囊泡几乎不受到杂质污染[20]。当受到热量(热致变色)[21]、有机溶剂(溶剂变色)[22]、机械应力(机械变色)[23]和配体-受体相互作用(亲和变色)[24-27]的刺激时, 囊泡的骨架构象和离域电子的状态会发生改变。一般情况下, PDA囊泡的最大吸收峰将从650 nm蓝移至540 nm, 并显示为红色[28, 29]。因此, PDA囊泡可作为光学传感器对各种待测物进行分析, 如苯甲酸钠[30]、尿素酶[31]、核酸[32]等。此外, 已有研究提出PDA囊泡可模拟细胞膜并检测多种疏水性和正电性化学药物的膜亲和力[33-35], 说明PDA囊泡有望被开发为新型的脂膜模型。
本课题组前期工作中发现, 二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱(1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DMPC) 可改善PDA囊泡结构内的分子流动性。当DMPC和PDA单体的摩尔比为2∶3时, DMPC-PDA囊泡不仅保持了固有的变色性质, 还提升了显色的灵敏度与响应速度[35, 36]。与刺激物作用后, 5 min内可观察到囊泡的颜色变化(图 1A)。由于前期工作已验证该囊泡对膜亲和力的测定结果与传统方法有良好的一致性[35, 36], 因此推测它可作为一种新型质膜模型, 在测定药物及载体膜亲和力的方面具有潜在的应用前景。本研究基于比色原理, 筛选了DMPC-PDA囊泡系统的最适检测条件, 验证了抗干扰能力和稳定性, 为快速、简便、可视化膜亲和力的测定提供了依据(图 1B)。
材料与试剂  盐酸丁卡因(99%)、2-甲基咪唑(98%)、组胺(96%)、无水硫酸镁(分析纯)、碘化钾(99%)、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱(> 99%)、10, 12-二十五烷二炔羧酸(PDA单体, 97%) (上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 乙醇(分析纯, 上海泰坦科技股份有限公司); 三氯甲烷(分析纯, 上海凌峰化学试剂有限公司); 硫酸铕(99.90%, 阿法埃莎中国化学有限公司); 甘氨酸(> 99%, 生工生物工程上海股份有限公司); L-谷氨酸钠(99%, 北京迈瑞达科技有限公司); 硝酸铜(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 无水亚硫酸钠、亚硝酸钠、无水碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、氯化钆六水合物、无水乙酸钠、硫酸亚铁七水合物、三氯化铁六水合物、硝酸锌六水合物(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 氢氧化钠、磷酸氢二钠十二水合物、磷酸二氢钠二水合物、氯化钠、硫酸钠、无水氯化钙、氯化铵、氯化钾(分析纯, 西陇科学股份有限公司); 柠檬酸钠二水合物、硝酸银、溴化钾、硫酸铜五水合物(分析纯, 南京化学试剂股份有限公司)。
仪器   Nano ZS90型纳米粒度电位仪(英国马尔文帕纳科仪器有限公司); ZF-1S三用紫外分析仪(绍兴市苏珀仪器有限公司); KH3200DB型数控超声波清洗器(昆山禾创超声仪器有限公司); AUY120型分析天平(岛津企业管理中国有限公司); W201型旋转蒸发仪(南京科尔仪器设备有限公司); UV1800-PC型紫外-可见分光光度计(翰艺仪器上海有限公司); Epoch2型酶标仪(美国伯腾仪器有限公司)。
DMPC-PDA囊泡的合成与表征   将5 μmol DMPC和7.5 μmol PDA单体溶于装有5 mL氯仿-乙醇(50∶50) 的圆底烧瓶中。用旋转蒸发仪在真空下以及37 ℃水浴中去除有机溶剂, 直至圆底烧瓶底部形成一层薄的脂膜。停止旋蒸, 向圆底烧瓶中加入5 mL去离子水, 吹打后得到含1.0 mmol·L-1磷脂的混悬液。在70 ℃、125 W功率下将混悬液超声5 min后, 将混悬液转移至干净的烧杯中, 于4 ℃静置过夜。最后, 使用ZF-1S三用紫外分析仪的254 nm紫外光照射10 min进行分子间交联, 得到含DMPC-PDA囊泡的蓝色溶液。使用纳米粒度电位仪测量其流体力学直径和zeta电位, 使用紫外-可见分光光度计扫描其UV-vis光谱。
膜亲和力测定模型的综合评价  首先, 以DMPC-PDA特有的光学性质为基础的膜亲和力测定方法基于一种受体占位/配体结合模型[35, 36], 则其药物分子(P) 与脂类区域(R) 的结合可由反应式(P + R → PR) 表示, 则药物对脂膜的膜亲和力常数(Kb) 可根据公式(1) 计算为:
$K_{\mathrm{b}}=[\mathrm{PR}] /[\mathrm{P}][\mathrm{R}]$
由于药物分子与DMPC-PDA囊泡的相互作用会改变脂类区域的流动性从而带来由蓝到红的颜色变化。假设比色响应程度(colorimetric response, CR) 与囊泡的脂类区域结合的药物的量成正比[35, 36], 即CR量化的是DMPC-PDA囊泡由蓝到红的颜色转变程度。通过测量吸光度(A), 得到蓝色囊泡前后的占比, 分别记为PB与PB。PB初/末和CR%分别按公式(2、3)计算:
$\mathrm{PB}_{\text {初/末 }}=A_{650} /\left(A_{650}+A_{540}\right)$
$\mathrm{CR} \%=\left(\mathrm{PB}_{\text {初 }}-\mathrm{PB}_{\text {末 }}\right) / \mathrm{PB}_{\text {初 }} \times 100 \%$
其中, A是在可见光谱650或540 nm处测量的吸光度。
经双倒数处理后, 1/CR和药物浓度的倒数(1/C) 的线性回归方程可得公式(4):
$1 / \mathrm{CR}=1 /\left(K_{\mathrm{b}} \times \mathrm{CR}_{\max }\right) \times 1 / \mathrm{C}+1 / \mathrm{CR}_{\max }$
通过绘制上述1/CR与1/C的线性方程曲线, 可根据截距与斜率求得膜亲和力常数Kb
为了模拟显色反应的初始状态, 对于每一个样品, 应设置对照组, 即使用等体积的空白缓冲液代替药物溶液。
DMPC-PDA囊泡最适浓度的确定  取100 μL 6 mmol·L-1盐酸丁卡因溶液及不同体积的1.0 mmol·L-1 DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液(0、10、25、50、75、100 μL) 至96孔板中, 并使用pH为7.5的磷酸氢二钠-磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution, PBS) 将总体积不足200 μL的样品补足至200 μL。室温孵育30 min后, 使用酶标仪扫描UV-vis光谱, 并计算CR值。
最适温度的确定  取100 μL 6 mmol·L-1盐酸丁卡因溶液、50 μL 1.0 mmol·L-1 DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液及50 μL pH为7.5的PBS均匀混合, 分别于冰水浴及4、15、25、40、50、60、70 ℃条件下孵育30 min。转移至96孔板后, 使用酶标仪扫描UV-vis光谱, 并计算CR值。
最适pH的确定   取100 μL 6 mmol·L-1盐酸丁卡因溶液、50 μL 1.0 mmol·L-1 DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液及50 μL不同pH的空白缓冲液(pH为2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液; pH为6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的PBS; pH为9.0、10.0的甘氨酸-氢氧化钠缓冲液) 至96孔板中。室温孵育30 min后, 使用酶标仪扫描UV-vis光谱, 并计算CR值。
测定体系的抗干扰研究   取100 μL 10 mmol·L-1各类盐溶液、50 μL 1.0 mmol·L-1 DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液及50 μL pH为7.5的PBS至96孔板中。室温孵育30 min后, 使用酶标仪扫描UV-vis光谱, 并计算CR值。设置一组用100 μL 6 mmol·L-1盐酸丁卡因溶液代替盐溶液的样品, 作为阳性对照。盐溶液使用了氯化钠、硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠、硝酸银、硝酸铜、亚硝酸钠、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠、溴化钾、碘化钾、乙酸钠、L-谷氨酸钠、柠檬酸钠、氯化铵、氯化钾、硝酸锌、氯化钙、硫酸镁、三氯化铁、硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜、氯化钆、硫酸铕溶液。
膜亲和力常数测定   取100 μL不同浓度的盐酸丁卡因溶液(0、0.2、0.5、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、10 mmol·L-1)、50 μL 1.0 mmol·L-1 DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液及50 μL pH为7.5的PBS至96孔板中。室温孵育30 min后, 使用酶标仪扫描UV-vis光谱, 并计算CR值及Kb。对于2-甲基咪唑和组胺的测定, 除了将100 μL不同浓度的盐酸丁卡因溶液替换为100 μL不同浓度的2-甲基咪唑溶液(0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、50 mmol·L-1) 或组胺溶液(0、10、15、20、25、30、40、50、60、80 mmol·L-1), 其他实验方案保持一致。
DMPC-PDA囊泡的稳定性研究  将DMPC-PDA囊泡溶液于4 ℃条件下贮存, 分别于第1、15、30、60、90、120、180天取样1 mL, 置于样品池中, 使用纳米粒度电位仪测量其流体力学直径, 并使用紫外-可见分光光度计扫描其UV-vis光谱。取3批贮存时间分别为1、30、180天的DMPC-PDA囊泡, 按照盐酸丁卡因的膜亲和力常数测定方案, 测定并比较亲和常数。
统计学方法   使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计分析, 数据用x±s表示。数据经ANOVA分析和Tukey检验, P < 0.05认为有显著性差异。使用GraphPad Prism 8软件拟合盐酸丁卡因比色响应-浓度曲线, 计算其膜亲和力常数。
采用薄膜分散法制备DMPC-PDA囊泡, 并通过254 nm的紫外光照射引发PDA单体间的交联, 最终得到澄清的蓝色溶液。经纳米粒度电位仪测得DMPC-PDA囊泡的流体力学直径为524.1 ± 8.9 nm, zeta电位为-6.8 ± 0.1 mV (图 2A), 这与之前的报道无显著差异。DMPC-PDA囊泡的动态光散射曲线具有良好的对称性, 说明囊泡尺寸均一、分散性好(图 2B)。
所制备的DMPC-PDA囊泡的UV-vis光谱最大吸收波长在650 nm, 与刺激物(3 mmol·L-1盐酸丁卡因) 作用后, 其最大吸收波长蓝移至540 nm, 溶液呈亮红色(图 2C)。这种显著的光学性质变化主要是由于刺激物破坏了DMPC-PDA囊泡中的π-π共轭, 降低了囊泡脂质结构域的流动性, 增大了离域电子的跃迁能量, 体现为光谱的蓝移[19, 29]
基于PDA囊泡检测体系的报道已深入研究了囊泡合成条件(如磷脂掺杂比例、超声的功率和时间、紫外光照射的强度和时间) 对显色变化的影响[33-35], 但对囊泡的检测条件关注较少。为了提升囊泡对各类型待测物的显色灵敏度, 揭示检测过程中不同参数对囊泡与待测物之间相互作用的可能影响, 对该体系的开发和应用具有重要意义。
首先, 体系中需确定最优的DMPC-PDA囊泡检测浓度。UV-vis光谱显示, 与刺激物反应前后, 不同浓度的囊泡只具有吸光度的差异, 最大吸收波长不随着囊泡浓度的变化而发生位移(图 3AB), 最终体现为囊泡的CR值无显著性差异(图 3C)。这说明DMPC-PDA囊泡在合适的浓度区间内分散性保持良好, 囊泡的脂质结构域并没有因为浓度的增大而发生相互干扰, 故选取显色较为明显且用量相对较少的250 μmol·L-1作为DMPC-PDA囊泡的最佳检测浓度。
在不添加刺激物的条件下, DMPC-PDA囊泡在50 ℃孵育30 min后, 可观察到540 nm处出现微弱的吸收峰, 而在70 ℃孵育后溶液呈现明显的亮红色(图 4A)。溶液颜色的热敏变化可被认为是加热破坏了囊泡共轭结构中二乙炔链的有序排列[37-39]。在添加刺激物后, 溶液在冰浴和4 ℃下依然呈蓝紫色, 在15 ℃下呈紫红色, 并且在650 nm有明显的吸收峰(图 4B)。这可能是由于低温降低了刺激物与囊泡的结合速率, 导致颜色不变的现象[39]。而经25、37、50 ℃孵育的溶液光谱较为相似, 其CR值并无显著性差异(图 4C)。为了实现快速、简便的测定要求, 选择接近于室温的25 ℃为最适孵育温度, 4 ℃为DMPC-PDA囊泡的贮存温度。
pH可能影响囊泡或被分析物质的骨架结构与空间构象, 因而也是关键检测参数之一。未添加刺激物时DMPC-PDA囊泡在pH为8、9、10时转变为红色, 最大吸收峰蓝移至540 nm (图 5A), 这可能是由于碱性环境破坏了囊泡结构之间的氢键, 导致共轭双层结构变得无序[20, 40]。值得注意的是, DMPC-PDA囊泡在540 nm处的吸光度与溶液的碱性强度并无正相关关系(图 5A)。pH为9的甘氨酸-氢氧化钠缓冲液中, 囊泡吸光度低于在pH为8的PBS中, 说明缓冲液成分也会对囊泡的光学性质造成一定影响。
当加入刺激物后, 中性或碱性环境中的DMPC-PDA囊泡光谱均发生了显著的蓝移(图 5B)。由于碱性环境中DMPC-PDA囊泡已呈现出红色, 因而与刺激物反应后的颜色转变程度在pH为7及7.5时最为显著。通过计算CR值(图 5C), 确定pH为7.5时囊泡的响应最大, 故采用7.5作为该模型的最优pH。
利用上述优化的质膜模型, 测定3种模型药物的膜亲和力。DMPC-PDA囊泡的显色变化与药物浓度具有良好的量效关系, 并最终达到平台(图 6A), 这可能是在饱和药物浓度下囊泡的共轭体系已完全被破坏。经双倒数处理后, 可计算得盐酸丁卡因、2-甲基咪唑和组胺的膜亲和力常数Kb值分别为0.260、0.047和0.042 L·mmol-1, Kb值来自线性回归方程[公式(4)] 中计算所得的斜率和截距(图 6B)。
用3个不同批次合成的DMPC-PDA囊泡来评估测定方法的重现性, 盐酸丁卡因、2-甲基咪唑和组胺的计算lg(Kb) 值的批间相对标准偏差分别为3.44%、2.82%和0.87% (表 1), 说明该测定方法具有良好的重现性和稳定性。
为了适应复杂环境中的测定要求, 质膜模型必须对溶液中可能存在的无关离子具备较强的抗干扰能力。结果显示, 除阳性刺激物之外, 其他干扰离子处理后的CR值很低(图 7A)。尽管有极少数具有颜色的金属离子对可视化检测造成了干扰, 但乙二胺四乙酸二钠可消除这一影响。总的来说, 基于DMPC-PDA囊泡的膜亲和力测定模型具有较好的抗离子干扰能力。
此外, DMPC-PDA囊泡自身的稳定性与该模型易用性、稳定性、重现性等性能息息相关。因此, 分别于第1、15、30、60、90、120、180天测量于4 ℃贮存的同一批囊泡的流体力学直径、多分散系数和UV-vis光谱, 结果显示在180天内DMPC-PDA囊泡具有良好的粒径稳定性与光谱稳定性(图 7BC)。在此基础上, 3批不同贮存时间的囊泡对盐酸丁卡因膜亲和力常数的测定结果无显著性差异(图 7D), 这为该模型的实际使用与推广建立了扎实的基础。
高通量筛选化合物文库的生物分析方法的发展对新药发现起到了重要作用。合适的膜亲和力是大多数药物到达其生物靶标的前提, 但经典的膜亲和力测定方法难以实现准确、简便、高效的药物筛选工作。而基于DMPC-PDA囊泡的测定方法集操作简便、稳定可靠、高重现性、成本低廉、易于推广等优点于一体, 可通过目视观察法初筛、比色法定量的手段, 高通量筛选具有较高膜亲和力的药物及载体, 非常适合应用于基层实验室, 为膜亲和力测定模型的构建及膜亲和力高通量测定方法的开发提出了新的解决思路。
本研究进一步优化了基于DMPC-PDA囊泡的膜亲和力测定模型的可视化检测条件, 验证了其稳定性与重现性。然而在优化方案设计中, 对于反应动力学的研究仍有不足。此外, 本研究目前只验证了测定小分子药物时的重现性, 这些测定条件对于大分子载体是否为最优条件, 还有待进一步验证与优化。为了最大程度地发掘其快速、可视化膜亲和力测定的潜力, 将DMPC-PDA囊泡负载于检测试纸条也是一种值得探讨的思路。
综上所述, DMPC-PDA囊泡可作为一种新型的生物传感元件与膜亲和力测定模型, 具有重要的理论研究价值和广泛的应用前景。在未来研究中, 本课题组会致力于进一步的开发与推广, 为药物的高通量筛选提供快捷、准确、低成本的新技术。
作者贡献: 丁娅和郑枫设计了该研究系统并指导论文的撰写; 聂钗钗和董瑞婷共同完成了主要实验和数据的归纳与分析; 吴宇彤和吴菁博负责材料的合成, 并协助比色反应的实验操作; 张圣设计了囊泡的合成和比色反应的优化, 并参与了论文的修订。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31870946)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32271453)
  • 中国药科大学双一流前瞻基础研究专项(CPU2022QZ12)
  • 中国药科大学2022年大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202210316113)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1129
  • 接收时间:2022-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-27
  • 修回日期:2022-11-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31870946)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32271453)
中国药科大学双一流前瞻基础研究专项(CPU2022QZ12)
中国药科大学2022年大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202210316113)
作者信息
    中国药科大学药学院药物分析系, 江苏 南京 211112

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*郑枫, Tel: 18915948060, E-mail: ;
丁娅, Tel: 13913983206, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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