Article(id=1198628502510596790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=1669132800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904439, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904439, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1383, endPage=1394, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628502833558218, articleId=1198628502510596790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Genome-wide identification of GSK gene family in Senna tora L. and expression analyses, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK3) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. In order to reveal the characteristics of GSK family members in the medicinal plant Senna tora L., in this study, we conducted the identification and expression analyses of GSKs in S. tora based on its whole genome data, combined with bioinformatics and gene expression research methods. The results showed that a total of nine S. tora GSK genes were identified, all of which contained the GSK characteristic kinase domains. All members were distributed on six chromosomes, the encoding amino acid length ranged from 465 to 943 aa, the protein molecular weight was from 33.57 to 88.83 kDa, and the average isoelectric point was 8.2. The StoSKs were divided into four evolutionary branches, and the StoSKs in the same evolutionary branch shared the same exon/intron structure and conserved motifs. The expansion of the StoSKs gene family was mainly due to segment duplication events, and there were 17, 11, 8 and 7 pairs of collinear genes with Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The promoter regions of StoSKs mostly contained responses elements related to stress stimulation, growth and development, and hormone induction. Transcriptome data analysis showed that StoSKs were expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression level in roots. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that StoSKs in different evolutionary branches displayed a synergistic expression pattern response to light, and most of StoSKs could rapidly respond to NaCl stress with significantly up-regulated expression. All the results provide a basis for further analysis of the biological functions of the GSKs gene family in S. tora.

, correspAuthors=Ren-jun MAO, Gang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao FENG, Yang QIN, Shi-peng LIU, Rui-hua LÜ, Rui-hua LÜ, Xiao-chen HU, Ren-jun MAO, Gang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628508441342917, articleId=1198628502510596790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=决明GSK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其表达分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

糖原合成激酶3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase, GSK3) 在调节植物生长发育和胁迫响应方面发挥重要作用。为揭示药用植物决明(Senna tora L.) GSK家族成员特性, 本研究基于其全基因组数据, 结合生物信息学及基因表达研究方法, 开展决明GSKs基因鉴定及表达分析。共鉴定到9个StoSKs基因家族成员, 均具有GSK特征激酶结构域, 9个成员分布在6条染色体上, 编码氨基酸长度为465~943 aa, 蛋白分子质量介于33.57~88.83 kDa, 平均等电点为8.2。StoSKs基因家族分为4个进化分支, 同一进化分支中的StoSKs之间具有相同的外显子/内含子结构及保守基序。StoSKs家族成员扩张主要源于片段重复事件, 与大豆(Glycine max)、蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sativa) 分别存在17、11、8和7对共线基因对。StoSKs启动子区域多含有与胁迫刺激、生长发育、激素诱导相关的响应元件。转录组数据分析发现StoSKs在不同组织中均有表达, 在根中表达水平最高。qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) 分析表明, 不同进化分支的StoSKs表现出协同响应光照的表达模式, 多数StoSKs能快速响应NaCl胁迫处理, 表达显著上调。研究结果为下一步进行决明GSK基因家族的生物学功能分析提供基础。

, correspAuthors=毛仁俊, 张岗, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*毛仁俊, Tel: 86-911-2332030, E-mail: ;
张岗, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=AQLi2HtbB/8+oXdNA/NQ1Q==, magXml=svliZ1loSFc3qPXLRxoufg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eEN6xanD06DIJeFZb6DGtw==, pdfFileSize=9692718, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7w+91GlHSx0qEtvftWyFhg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ip3EcGjmRQDnnp22qmUA/Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=冯昭, 覃洋, 刘世鹏, 吕蕊花, 吕瑞华, 胡晓晨, 毛仁俊, 张岗)}, authors=[Author(id=1198960127895241036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198960128079790435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, authorId=1198960127895241036, language=EN, stringName=Zhao FENG, firstName=Zhao, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
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College of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
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Scale markers represent gene length (bp) , figureFileSmall=04aXIiHLZ9yBIgGfUaAVlQ==, figureFileBig=AvQOhiK9aZKeiGAC0G3QWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134786482232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zRqnzMg0OnK3HG7pQusflQ==, figureFileBig=jb6SASv7Oj7XV9FhNt+9Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134945865799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Conserved motif analyses of GSK proteins from <i>S. tora</i> (Sto), <i>A. thaliana</i> (At), <i>O. sativa</i> (Os), <i>L. japonicus</i> (Lj) and <i>G. max</i> (Gm). 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Data are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE), which were calculated from biological replicate (<i>n</i> = 3) and technical replicate (<i>n</i> = 3) mRNA. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05 in A represents comparison between control and treatment at the same time point. <i>P</i> < 0.05 in B represents comparison between light and dark conditions) , figureFileSmall=5Q1Q1rJqZVElDQFJ07Suhg==, figureFileBig=sbadSbGdVGIp7z8/shk22A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960136405483756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Gene ID Primer sequence (5′-3′) Size/bp
Forward Reverse
StoSK1.1 Sto08g234550 AGCATGCGCACACTCCTT CGACACAACTCAGCGGGT 129
StoSK1.2 Sto08g235490 GCGTTGACAAGTTGCCCG AGTCTGCTTTGGCTGGCC 149
StoSK1.3 Sto08g250140 GGATGCCCCCAGAAGCAG AGCGTCCAAAGCTGTGCA 80
StoSK1.4 Sto13g440710 CAGCACCCACACCACCTT CTGTTGCGCCATCTCCCA 114
StoSK2.1 Sto07g210470 TGCCCGACTTCCCAATGG TGACCACTCTGCCGCCTA 123
StoSK2.2 Sto13g424070 GCACACCAACTCGGGAGG CCGGGGGCATCCTTTTGT 114
StoSK3.1 Sto01g015100 AGCATGCGCACACTCCTT CGACACAACTCAGCGGGT 129
StoSK3.2 Sto09g286690 CGGCCGCTACCTGCTTTA ACTCCTCGCATGCTCAGG 108
StoSK4.1 Sto02g050930 TGCACTGCACTGGAAGCA GGCCGGCCATTAGGAAGG 80
), ArticleFig(id=1198960136581644542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in this study. StoSKs: The glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK3) genes from S. tora (Sto)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Gene ID Primer sequence (5′-3′) Size/bp
Forward Reverse
StoSK1.1 Sto08g234550 AGCATGCGCACACTCCTT CGACACAACTCAGCGGGT 129
StoSK1.2 Sto08g235490 GCGTTGACAAGTTGCCCG AGTCTGCTTTGGCTGGCC 149
StoSK1.3 Sto08g250140 GGATGCCCCCAGAAGCAG AGCGTCCAAAGCTGTGCA 80
StoSK1.4 Sto13g440710 CAGCACCCACACCACCTT CTGTTGCGCCATCTCCCA 114
StoSK2.1 Sto07g210470 TGCCCGACTTCCCAATGG TGACCACTCTGCCGCCTA 123
StoSK2.2 Sto13g424070 GCACACCAACTCGGGAGG CCGGGGGCATCCTTTTGT 114
StoSK3.1 Sto01g015100 AGCATGCGCACACTCCTT CGACACAACTCAGCGGGT 129
StoSK3.2 Sto09g286690 CGGCCGCTACCTGCTTTA ACTCCTCGCATGCTCAGG 108
StoSK4.1 Sto02g050930 TGCACTGCACTGGAAGCA GGCCGGCCATTAGGAAGG 80
), ArticleFig(id=1198960136799748367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein Gene ID CDS length/bp Protein length/aa Molecular mass/ku pI Subcellular localization α-Helix/% Random coil/% Extended strand/% β-Turn/%
StoSK1.1 Sto08g234550 1 731 576 46 075.48 8.56 Cytoplasmic 36.63 39.11 18.07 6.19
StoSK1.2 Sto08g235490 1 935 644 47 033.6 8.82 Cytoplasmic 35.73 41.25 16.07 6.95
StoSK1.3 Sto08g250140 1 458 485 33 573.27 8.64 Nuclear 40.75 41.78 12.67 4.79
StoSK1.4 Sto13g440710 2 031 676 88 827.43 6.38 Nuclear 32.66 40.97 19.48 4.89
StoSK2.1 Sto07g210470 1 902 633 43 763.65 8.86 Nuclear 35.16 41.67 15.89 7.29
StoSK2.2 Sto13g424070 2 301 766 37 664.71 8.88 Nuclear 36.75 37.65 18.37 7.23
StoSK3.1 Sto01g015100 1 518 505 37 808.88 8.19 Nuclear 39.21 38.30 15.20 7.29
StoSK3.2 Sto09g286690 1 398 465 53 282.96 7.3 Nuclear 37.84 43.34 13.32 5.50
StoSK4.1 Sto02g050930 2 832 943 47 928.14 8.19 Nuclear 35.22 40.66 17.02 7.09
), ArticleFig(id=1198960137005269275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628502510596790, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and chemical properties, subcellular localization and secondary structure of the deduced proteins of StoSKs genes. CDS: Coding sequence; pI: Isoelectric point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein Gene ID CDS length/bp Protein length/aa Molecular mass/ku pI Subcellular localization α-Helix/% Random coil/% Extended strand/% β-Turn/%
StoSK1.1 Sto08g234550 1 731 576 46 075.48 8.56 Cytoplasmic 36.63 39.11 18.07 6.19
StoSK1.2 Sto08g235490 1 935 644 47 033.6 8.82 Cytoplasmic 35.73 41.25 16.07 6.95
StoSK1.3 Sto08g250140 1 458 485 33 573.27 8.64 Nuclear 40.75 41.78 12.67 4.79
StoSK1.4 Sto13g440710 2 031 676 88 827.43 6.38 Nuclear 32.66 40.97 19.48 4.89
StoSK2.1 Sto07g210470 1 902 633 43 763.65 8.86 Nuclear 35.16 41.67 15.89 7.29
StoSK2.2 Sto13g424070 2 301 766 37 664.71 8.88 Nuclear 36.75 37.65 18.37 7.23
StoSK3.1 Sto01g015100 1 518 505 37 808.88 8.19 Nuclear 39.21 38.30 15.20 7.29
StoSK3.2 Sto09g286690 1 398 465 53 282.96 7.3 Nuclear 37.84 43.34 13.32 5.50
StoSK4.1 Sto02g050930 2 832 943 47 928.14 8.19 Nuclear 35.22 40.66 17.02 7.09
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决明GSK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其表达分析
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冯昭 1, 2 , 覃洋 1 , 刘世鹏 1 , 吕蕊花 1, 2 , 吕瑞华 1 , 胡晓晨 2 , 毛仁俊 3, * , 张岗 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(5): 1383-1394
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(5): 1383-1394
决明GSK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其表达分析
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冯昭1, 2, 覃洋1, 刘世鹏1, 吕蕊花1, 2, 吕瑞华1, 胡晓晨2, 毛仁俊3, * , 张岗2, *
作者信息
  • 1.陕西中医药大学医学技术学院, 陕西 咸阳 712046
  • 2.陕西中医药大学药学院、陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 咸阳 712046
  • 3.延安大学生命科学学院, 陕西 延安 716000

通讯作者:

*毛仁俊, Tel: 86-911-2332030, E-mail: ;
张岗, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
Genome-wide identification of GSK gene family in Senna tora L. and expression analyses
Zhao FENG1, 2, Yang QIN1, Shi-peng LIU1, Rui-hua LÜ1, 2, Rui-hua LÜ1, Xiao-chen HU2, Ren-jun MAO3, * , Gang ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory for Research of "Qin Medicine" of Shaanxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
  • 3. College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1117
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糖原合成激酶3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase, GSK3) 在调节植物生长发育和胁迫响应方面发挥重要作用。为揭示药用植物决明(Senna tora L.) GSK家族成员特性, 本研究基于其全基因组数据, 结合生物信息学及基因表达研究方法, 开展决明GSKs基因鉴定及表达分析。共鉴定到9个StoSKs基因家族成员, 均具有GSK特征激酶结构域, 9个成员分布在6条染色体上, 编码氨基酸长度为465~943 aa, 蛋白分子质量介于33.57~88.83 kDa, 平均等电点为8.2。StoSKs基因家族分为4个进化分支, 同一进化分支中的StoSKs之间具有相同的外显子/内含子结构及保守基序。StoSKs家族成员扩张主要源于片段重复事件, 与大豆(Glycine max)、蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sativa) 分别存在17、11、8和7对共线基因对。StoSKs启动子区域多含有与胁迫刺激、生长发育、激素诱导相关的响应元件。转录组数据分析发现StoSKs在不同组织中均有表达, 在根中表达水平最高。qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) 分析表明, 不同进化分支的StoSKs表现出协同响应光照的表达模式, 多数StoSKs能快速响应NaCl胁迫处理, 表达显著上调。研究结果为下一步进行决明GSK基因家族的生物学功能分析提供基础。

决明  /  糖原合成激酶3基因家族  /  生物信息学  /  基因表达分析  /  盐胁迫

Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK3) proteins play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. In order to reveal the characteristics of GSK family members in the medicinal plant Senna tora L., in this study, we conducted the identification and expression analyses of GSKs in S. tora based on its whole genome data, combined with bioinformatics and gene expression research methods. The results showed that a total of nine S. tora GSK genes were identified, all of which contained the GSK characteristic kinase domains. All members were distributed on six chromosomes, the encoding amino acid length ranged from 465 to 943 aa, the protein molecular weight was from 33.57 to 88.83 kDa, and the average isoelectric point was 8.2. The StoSKs were divided into four evolutionary branches, and the StoSKs in the same evolutionary branch shared the same exon/intron structure and conserved motifs. The expansion of the StoSKs gene family was mainly due to segment duplication events, and there were 17, 11, 8 and 7 pairs of collinear genes with Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The promoter regions of StoSKs mostly contained responses elements related to stress stimulation, growth and development, and hormone induction. Transcriptome data analysis showed that StoSKs were expressed in different tissues, with the highest expression level in roots. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that StoSKs in different evolutionary branches displayed a synergistic expression pattern response to light, and most of StoSKs could rapidly respond to NaCl stress with significantly up-regulated expression. All the results provide a basis for further analysis of the biological functions of the GSKs gene family in S. tora.

Senna tora L.  /  glycogen synthase kinase 3 gene family  /  bioinformatics  /  gene expression analysis  /  salt stress
冯昭, 覃洋, 刘世鹏, 吕蕊花, 吕瑞华, 胡晓晨, 毛仁俊, 张岗. 决明GSK基因家族全基因组鉴定及其表达分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1383 -1394 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1117
Zhao FENG, Yang QIN, Shi-peng LIU, Rui-hua LÜ, Rui-hua LÜ, Xiao-chen HU, Ren-jun MAO, Gang ZHANG. Genome-wide identification of GSK gene family in Senna tora L. and expression analyses[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1383 -1394 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1117
糖原合成激酶3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase, GSK3) 作为一种在真核生物中高度保守的多功能激酶, 参与真核生物许多重要的信号转导途径[1], 其最早被证明可在兔骨骼肌肉中降低糖原合成酶的活性[2]。近30年的研究表明, 动物GSK以多基因家族形式存在, 广泛参与肿瘤发生、胚胎发育、昼夜节律、细胞命运决定等多种生理过程[3, 4]
植物中同样普遍存在GSK家族。与动物相比, 植物基因组中GSK的数量更多[如拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) 中有10个, 水稻(Oryza sativa) 中有9个]、功能更加多样[5]。大量研究表明[6, 7], GSK参与植物生长发育、生理代谢及抗逆胁迫等生物学过程, 如种子萌发、根系发育和气孔形成, 以及对高盐、寒冷、干旱或病原菌侵染等的生理适应。在拟南芥中, 盐胁迫可强烈诱导AtSK13AtSK31AtSK42表达[8], 而过表达AtSK22通过系统性诱导盐胁迫响应基因增强植株的耐盐性[9]。同时, GSK还参与植物激素信号转导, 其在油菜素内酯(BR) 信号转导中发挥负调控功能[10]。拟南芥AtSK21通过抑制BR和脱落酸(ABA) 信号调控种子萌发和根系发育[11]。在光照条件下, 葡萄(Vitis vinifera) 的VvSKs能介导BR信号的反馈调节[12]。此外, GSK被发现参与豆科植物-根瘤菌的共生过程。日本百脉根(Lotus japonicus) 的LSK1LSK2在根瘤菌侵染后得以诱导表达[13]。大豆(Glycine max) 的GmSK2~8及其同一亚家族成员在高盐胁迫下表达上调, 却抑制根瘤形成[14]。可见, GSK在植物响应逆境胁迫过程中起着复杂且重要的作用。许多研究都旨在筛选鉴定各种植物中的GSK家族成员, 而到目前为止, 大多数药用植物中GSK基因家族鉴定与研究仍比较少。
决明(Senna tora L.) 为豆科决明属一年生草本植物, 其种子入药系决明子, 始栽于《神农本草经》, 列为上品, 具有祛风除湿、清热明目、润肠通便等功效[15]。现代中药化学研究揭示决明中含有蒽醌类、萘并吡喃酮类、苷类及脂肪酸类等多种活性成分, 具有降压、调血脂、抗氧化、抑菌等多种药理活性[16, 17]。除了药用价值, 决明还兼具食用和观赏等经济价值。决明原产于我国, 主要分布在河南、四川、安徽、浙江、陕西等多个省区, 然而其资源规模正在锐减[18]。决明是喜光植物, 不宜在盐碱地种植, 低温、缺乏光照、盐胁迫等非生物胁迫会严重影响其生长[19]。随着气候环境的不断恶化及人类活动的影响, 土壤盐渍化程度在全球范围内将不断加剧, 严重制约中药生态农业的发展。培育抗逆的决明新品种并提高药材品质是应对该问题的有效手段。本草基因组学领域在药用植物基因组、系统进化或分子辅助育种等方面取得了长足进展[20]。2020年, 韩国科学家Sang-Ho Kang等[21]率先完成了决明基因组测序, 为决明抗逆育种、次生代谢调控及药材质量控制等提供基础。鉴于GSK基因在药用植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应中的重要性, 本研究基于决明基因组数据开展决明GSK基因家族鉴定及其表达分析, 有助于下一步研究决明GSK基因功能, 进而为培育高品质决明新品种提供科学依据。
植物材料与处理方法  以采自陕西中医药大学药用植物园的决明种子为试材, 经陕西中医药大学张雨曲博士鉴定为豆科植物决明(Senna tora L.)。
选取大小均匀的决明种子, 经表面消毒处理后, 平铺于2%的水琼脂平板, 28 ℃暗培养条件下进行催芽48 h。随后将发芽的幼苗移至装有土壤混合物(珍珠岩∶蛭石体积比为2∶1) 的培养袋, 置光照培养箱中培养[(21 ± 2) ℃, 光照强度9 000 lx, 16 h/8h光暗交替], 每袋种2株, 每5天加入适量霍格兰营养液。约1月, 幼苗长至4叶期, 选取长势一致的植株, 用200 mmol·L-1 NaCl + 霍格兰营养液进行盐胁迫处理, 对照组用霍格兰营养液浇灌, 处理植株0、1、3、6和12 h后收集根, 每个时间点收集3袋小苗; 同时, 取12袋幼苗分两组, 分别置于9 000 lx和黑暗条件下, 12 h后收集根。所有样本均迅速用液氮冷冻, -80 ℃保存备用。
决明GSK基因家族的鉴定  分别从TAIR (http://www.arabidopsis.org/)、EnsemblPlants (http://plants.ensembl.org/index.html) 和NABIC (http://nabic.rda.go.kr/Species/Senna_tora2) 下载拟南芥、水稻和决明GSK蛋白数据。以拟南芥和水稻GSK蛋白序列作为参考, 通过BLAST比对(E-value ≤ e-10, identity ≥ 50%), NCBI-CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi) 和SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/) 验证, 鉴定得到决明GSK基因和编码蛋白序列, 按照其与拟南芥、水稻等GSK基因系统发育聚类顺序进行命名。
多序列比对和系统发育分析  选择拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、日本百脉根(Lotus japonicus)、大豆(Glycine max)、决明(Senna tora) 6个物种的GSK蛋白序列, 利用ClustalX (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/muscle/) 工具进行多序列比对分析。同时, 利用MEGA-X分析软件, 采用邻接法(Neighbor-joining method; 1 000 bootstrap重复), 构建系统发育树。
染色体定位、基因结构、保守结构域和蛋白结构分析  利用决明基因组注释文件信息, 通过TBtools软件[22], 分析得到已鉴定的决明StoSK基因在染色体的分布情况。使用Gene Structure Display Server 2.0程序(http:/gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/) 分析StoSK基因结构。同时, 利用在线工具MEME (Multiple Expectation Maximization for Motif Elicitation, http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme) 预测蛋白保守基序(motif)。利用NPS@: SOPMA (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa%20_sopma.html) 和Swiss-Model (http://swissmodel.expasy.org) 分别进行StoSKs的蛋白质二级结构和三级结构预测。
共线性分析与基因重复事件分析  使用McscanX分析拟南芥、水稻、百脉根、大豆和决明GSK基因在5个物种间及决明物种内的共线性关系。序列覆盖率 > 90%且相似性 > 95%被认为属于串联重复事件。共线性结果使用TBtools软件绘制[22]
顺式作用元件分析  获取决明StoSKs基因上游2 kb序列作为假定的启动子区域, 提交至PlantCARE数据库(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/), 经筛选聚类分析, 通过TBtools展示启动子区域的顺式元件。
基因表达分析  从NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) 数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/) 下载决明根、叶、幼嫩种子和成熟种子全转录组数据(SAMN09657134), 使用TBtools转录组数据分析功能, 通过FastQC质控、Trimmomatic去除接头, 使用Kallisto进行基因表达分析, 最终绘制表达热图[22]
使用RNA提取试剂盒(TIANGEN公司) 提取决明根总RNA, SMARTScribe™反转录酶(TAKARA公司) 合成制备模板cDNA, 进行StoSKs基因的qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) 分析。使用20 μL反应体系, 包含1 μL cDNA模板、0.5 μL上下游引物、10 μL SYBR预混液及8 μL DEPC水。使用ABI 7300进行qRT-PCR反应, 程序为: 95 ℃ 5 min, 95 ℃ 5 s, 60 ℃ 35 s, 40个循环。使用StoActin作为内参基因, 通过2-△△CT方法[23]计算表达量, 特异性引物见表 1
以10个拟南芥和9个水稻GSK家族成员的氨基酸序列为参考, 通过与决明基因组进行BLASTp比对, 再经Swiss-Port数据库鉴定, 最终得到9个含有GSK保守结构域的基因。9个StoSKs基因分布于6条染色体上, 8号染色体上分布有3个基因, 13号染色体上分布有2个基因, 1、2、7、9号染色体上均分布有1个基因。基因长度从2 608 bp (StoSK1.2) 到20 101 bp (StoSK1.1), 编码序列(CDS) 从1 398 bp到2 832 bp, 分别对应465到943个氨基酸残基, 蛋白分子质量介于33.57 kDa (StoSK1.3) 和88.83 kDa (StoSK1.4)。平均等电点(pI) 为8.2, 介于6.38~8.88, 所有StoSKs蛋白均具备亲水性。亚细胞定位结果预测StoSK1.1和StoSK1.2定位于细胞质, 其他蛋白定位于细胞核。
StoSKs家族蛋白经在线软件预测包含α-螺旋、无规则卷曲、延伸链及β-转角4种典型二级结构。除StoSK3.1外, 其他成员中无规则卷曲占比最高, 其次是α-螺旋和延伸链(表 2)。
蛋白激酶结构域分析显示(图 1), StoSKs家族成员均含有GSK特征蛋白激酶保守结构域, 即包含1个N端结构域、1个激酶结构域及1个C端结构域。激酶结构域的序列与AtSKs高度相似, 氨基酸序列相似性达到80%~93%, 表明该家族成员在进化中高度保守。
将StoSKs与拟南芥(A. thaliana) AtSKs、水稻(O. sativa) OsSKs、大麦(H. vulgare) HvGSKs、马铃薯(S. tuberosum) StSKs、日本百脉根(L. japonicus) LSKs及大豆(G. max) GmSKs共73个GSK蛋白共同构建无根系统发育树。图 2结果显示, 9个StoSKs成员被分为4个进化分支, 分支Ⅱ是最大的分支, 共包含27个GSK蛋白, 而进化分支Ⅳ最小, 只有8个成员。分支Ⅰ包含4个StoSKs, 分别是StoSK1.1~1.4, 分支Ⅱ包含StoSK2.1和StoSK2.2, 分支Ⅲ包含StoSK3.1和StoSK3.2, 分支Ⅳ仅有1个。
同时分析拟南芥、大豆和决明GSK基因的系统发育关系和基因结构。图 3结果显示, 4个进化分支中, Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ中的所有基因均含有12个外显子, 而分支Ⅲ中的基因则含有13个外显子, 表明不同物种间的GSK基因结构具有高度相似性。另外, 相较拟南芥, 同一进化分支中决明StoSK与大豆GmSK基因的结构更为相似, 说明同科植物进化中更为保守。
通过MEME和TBtools软件, 分别在拟南芥、水稻、日本百脉根、大豆和决明共5个物种GSK蛋白中鉴定到了15个保守motif (图 4)。不同物种间的GSK蛋白在保守motif的组成上表现出高度相似性, 同一进化分支也表现出相似的motif分布, 比如, motif 12只存在于进化分支Ⅰ中, motif 11和motif 15只存在于进化分支Ⅲ中, motif 13和motif 14只存在于进化分支Ⅱ中的大多数成员。motif 1~9存在于所有StoSK蛋白中。这些结果说明, 同一进化分支的GSK蛋白可能具有相似功能, motif差异化分布也意味着蛋白功能和进化多样性。
提取StoSKs起始密码子上游约2 kb的序列, 使用PlantCARE数据库对顺式作用调控元件进行分析。从图 5可看出, 分析得到的顺式元件可分为4大类: 响应胁迫、激素、生长发育和光照。其中, 与光照响应、干旱诱导、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) 响应、脱落酸响应相关的顺式元件是StoSKs启动子中最丰富的元件。所有StoSKs启动子区均含有光照响应相关顺式元件。除了光照响应外, 干旱、脱落酸、赤霉素响应相关顺式元件也均在所有StoSKs的启动子区有所分布, 而与植物生长发育相关的顺式元件如厌氧特异性诱导、分生组织的表达、种子特异性调节、细胞周期调控等主要分布于进化分支Ⅱ的StoSK2.1StoSK2.2的启动子区。
首先分析了决明物种内9个StoSKs基因的重复事件, 包括串联重复和片段重复。分析发现, 在StoSKs中, 同属进化分支Ⅰ中的StoSK1.1StoSK1.2之间发生了基因串联重复事件, 在其他6个基因(StoSK2.1StoSK2.2StoSK2.2StoSK4.1StoSK1.2StoSK2.2) 之间发现了3次片段重复事件(图 6)。由此推测, 片段重复事件可能是StoSKs产生过程中主要的基因复制方式。
其次, 将决明StoSKs与拟南芥和水稻, 决明StoSKs与两种豆科植物蒺藜苜蓿和大豆的GSK基因分别进行种间的共线性关系分析。图 7结果显示, 决明GSK基因与大豆和蒺藜苜蓿GSK基因之间具有更多的同源共线关系: 与大豆之间共有17个同源基因对, 数量最多; 与蒺藜苜蓿存在11个同源基因对, 与拟南芥和水稻分别存在8个和7个同源基因对。由此看出, StoSKs与双子叶植物之间存在更多的同源基因对, 同时与豆科植物存在更近的进化关系。
以模式植物拟南芥和水稻作为参考, StoSK1.1StoSK1.2发生串联重复, 同步进化, 均可能与AtSK11AtSK12OsSK13OsSK21具有相同起源, StoSK1.3AtSK13起源相近; 而StoSK1.4则分别与OsSK13OsSK21起源相近; StoSK2.1StoSK2.2分别与AtSK23AtSK21起源相近; StoSK4.1AtSK42可能具有相同的起源。另外, 在9个StoSKs基因中, 有3个(StoSK1.1StoSK1.2StoSK2.2) 与其他4个物种之间均存在同源基因对, 说明这3个基因在植物进化过程中均有较高的保守性。
通过对决明根、叶、幼嫩种子和成熟种子共4个不同组织转录组数据分析, 发现StoSKs在多个组织中均有表达(图 8), 在根中的表达水平最高, 其次是叶片、幼嫩的种子和成熟的种子(除了StoSK3.13.2在成熟的种子中的相对表达量高于幼嫩的种子)。同属进化分支Ⅱ中的StoSK2.12.2表现出在所有组织中最高的表达水平, 除StoSK3.13.2外, 其他7个StoSKs基因在幼嫩种子中的表达量均显著高于成熟的种子。
进一步分析盐胁迫条件下StoSK基因在根中的表达(图 9A), 结果显示, 经200 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理后0~3 h, 有6个StoSKs的表达量显著升高, 其中StoSK3.2StoSK4.1在3 h的表达量达到最大值, 分别较0 h升高约3.8和2.5倍, 而StoSK1.2在1 h的表达量达到最大值, StoSK1.3StoSK3.1的表达量在6 h达到峰值, StoSK1.1StoSK2.1的表达量在12 h逐渐达到最大值。而StoSK2.2表达量持续显著下调。
为了进一步验证光响应顺式元件, 分析了StoSKs在暗处理下的表达水平。除了StoSK1.3表达水平与光照条件下并无显著差异外, 其他StoSKs均表现出光响应相关表达模式。图 9B结果表明, 经过12 h处理, 进化分支Ⅰ中的StoSK1.1、StoSK1.2StoSK1.4, 以及进化分支Ⅳ中的StoSK4.1的表达受到显著诱导, 相反, 进化分支Ⅱ和Ⅲ中的StoSK2.1StoSK2.2StoSK3.1StoSK3.2的转录水平均显著降低, 这种相反的响应模式提示进化分支Ⅰ和Ⅳ可能与进化分支Ⅱ、Ⅲ中的基因在响应光照相关的信号通路中发挥互补的作用。
GSK蛋白激酶作为关键调节因子广泛参与细胞生长、组织发育、胁迫响应等生理生化过程[24]。随着全基因组测序、组装和注释技术的不断发展, 已在拟南芥(A. thaliana)、水稻(O. sativa)、日本百脉根(L. japonicus)、大豆(G. max)、大麦(H. vulgare)[25]、葡萄(Vitis vinifera)[12]等物种中分别鉴定到10、9、7、23、7、7个GSK成员, 并证实GSK在调节植物生理和发育过程中发挥重要作用[6, 26]。相比之下, 关于药用植物GSK基因家族的鉴定分析研究则非常少。本研究在药用植物决明基因组中鉴定到9个GSK基因, 成员数量与其他植物很相近。系统发育分析将9个StoSKs蛋白分为4个进化分支, 与拟南芥、水稻一致[5]StSK外显子/内含子结构与拟南芥和水稻GSK基因高度保守[27]。大多数GSK基因都含有12个外显子, 只有进化分支Ⅲ的AtSK31AtSK32OsSK31StoSK3.1StoSK3.2含有13个外显子, 说明进化分支Ⅲ中这个额外的外显子有可能是在单子叶植物和双子叶植物分化之前从一个共同祖先遗传而来。9个StoSKs成员不均等地分布在6条染色体上, 仅有1对串联重复基因对和3对片段重复基因对, 说明决明StoSKs基因家族的扩张可能与水稻[28]、马铃薯[29]一样, 主要通过基因片段重复事件引起的。亚细胞定位预测StoSK1.1和StoSK1.2蛋白主要定位于细胞质, 其他成员主要定位于细胞核, 与拟南芥AtSK[11]、紫花苜蓿Msk[30]、大豆GmSK[14]亚细胞定位分析结果较为一致。
蛋白保守结构域是其发挥功能的关键。所有StoSKs蛋白中都包含motif 1~9, 仅N端和C端区域的motif存在较大差异。结合系统发育分析结果, 在同一进化分支中的StoSKs具有保守的motif分布和相同的外显子/内含子结构, 表明这些成员之间可能具有相似功能。可变的N端和C端为StoSKs家族功能分化提供了可能。此外, StoSK蛋白包含已鉴定物种的GSK激酶特征序列[31, 32], 同样分为12个亚结构域, 并包含多个特征motif, 如xAxK、SYICSR和TREE等, 这些motif对于维持酶的催化功能和活性至关重要[33]。比如TREE motif仅存在于植物GSK蛋白激酶, 拟南芥AtSK21中TREE谷氨酸263突变为赖氨酸会引发蛋白激酶组成性激活[34]
StoSKs顺式元件分析鉴定到了大量涉及激素响应、胁迫应答及生长发育等元件, 这些元件在拟南芥[6]、棉花[35]、马铃薯[29]GSK中均有发现。光响应顺式元件如MRE、GATA motif、AE box等在StoSKs的启动子区大量存在, qRT-PCR分析也证实StoSK2.12.23.13.2对光敏感(图 9B)。另外, 一些转录因子如PIF4、MYBL2、EGL3等[6]已被证实可与GSK启动子区相结合从而参与其转录表达, 对药用植物抗逆和生长发育发挥重要作用。
基因表达模式检测是研究功能的前提。大量证据表明植物GSK家族具有不同的组织表达模式。马铃薯StGSK在叶片中的表达水平较低, 在愈伤组织中的表达量相对较高[29]; 辣椒CaSK23在叶片和果实中高度表达, 在花和根中的表达量较低[36]; 葡萄VvSK7在幼嫩组织中的表达水平远远高于成熟和衰老组织[12]。本研究揭示大多数StoSKs在不同组织中的表达模式高度一致, 即根中的表达量最高, 其次是叶片。7个StoSKs在幼嫩的种子中表达量均高于成熟的种子, 表明大多数的StoSKs在决明种子的发育过程中具有重要作用。此外, 同属进化分支Ⅰ且互为串联重复基因的StoSK1.11.2在检测的组织中表达水平高低不同, 结合两者在响应盐胁迫条件下的表达趋势, 说明同一进化分支的基因之间可能存在功能分化或互补, 这种现象在拟南芥AtSK进化分支Ⅱ中同样存在[37]
GSK除了具有组织表达特性, 还参与响应干旱[38]、低温[39]等非生物胁迫。如水稻OsSK41/OsGSK5及其紫花苜蓿同源蛋白Msk4均已被证实可分别增强转基因水稻和拟南芥的耐盐性[33]。与AtSK11高度同源的大豆GmSK1-1同样受到各种非生物胁迫的诱导, 可提高酵母细胞盐/渗透耐受性[14]。在本研究中, 前期分别设置了200和400 mmol·L-1两种盐胁迫处理, 发现高浓度盐胁迫严重抑制决明根及侧根生长发育, 且StoSKs大多在1~3 h诱导后下降, 应答响应并不持续(数据未展示)。而大多数StoSKs能快速响应200 mmol·L-1盐胁迫诱导并持续应答, 多数在1~6 h表达量达到最高, 其中分别与AtSK11GmSK1-1同源的StoSK1.1StoSK1.2能迅速且持续响应盐胁迫诱导, 表明二者可能参与决明盐胁迫应答, 而只有StoSK1.4StoSK2.2在处理后表达下调。结合本研究与已报道证据[14, 33], 推测植物GSK蛋白响应盐胁迫的作用在进化上是相对保守的。系统发育和共线性分析发现同属进化分支Ⅱ的StoSK2.2AtSK21是一对直系同源基因, 两者的蛋白质结构也十分相似。已有研究表明[40], 拟南芥AtSK21的高表达可激活ARF7ARF19从而加速植株的侧根形成。StoSK2.2AtSK21在调控胁迫反应和根的生长发育方面可能具有类似功能。
本研究共鉴定到决明9个GSK基因家族成员, 蛋白质特征序列与结构及种间的进化关系相对保守, 启动子区包含MRE、TCA、MBS、LTR等响应光照和非生物胁迫元件, 这些基因大多数能响应盐胁迫, 并对光暗响应方式有差异, 为后续进一步研究其生物学功能及抗逆育种奠定基础。
作者贡献: 冯昭是本研究的实验设计执行人并撰写论文初稿; 覃洋、刘世鹏、胡晓晨及毛仁俊负责实验和数据分析; 吕蕊花、吕瑞华参与实验设计和实验结果分析; 张岗和毛仁俊是项目的构思者及负责人, 指导实验设计、数据分析和论文写作与修改。全体作者都已阅读并同意最终的文本。
利益冲突: 无任何利益冲突。
  • 陕西省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JQ-636)
  • 陕西中医药大学校级科研课题(2021GP07)
  • 陕西中医药大学学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1117
  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
  • 修回日期:2022-11-23
基金
陕西省自然科学基金资助项目(2021JQ-636)
陕西中医药大学校级科研课题(2021GP07)
陕西中医药大学学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
作者信息
    1.陕西中医药大学医学技术学院, 陕西 咸阳 712046
    2.陕西中医药大学药学院、陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 咸阳 712046
    3.延安大学生命科学学院, 陕西 延安 716000

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*毛仁俊, Tel: 86-911-2332030, E-mail: ;
张岗, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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