Article(id=1198628669506814541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665331200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-10, revisedDate=1675267200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704944254, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1689091200000, pubDateStr=2023-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704944254, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704944254, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704944254, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628666650493481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1980', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704943573, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137716668, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832456644490123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628666650493481, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1790, endPage=1801, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628670312120959, articleId=1198628669506814541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Integration of plasma metabolomics and spectrum-effect correlation for profiling the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substances on attenuating hepatic fibrosis of Bupleuri Radix and Paeoniae Radix Alba before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Plasma metabolomics based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was developed for profiling the mechanism on attenuating hepatic fibrosis of Bupleuri Radix (BR) and Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility, and to screen potential pharmacodynamic substances by spectrum-effect correlation method in this study. Firstly, SD rats with CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis were used as an in vivo model. The blood and tissue samples were collected for the analyses of pharmacodynamic indexes and plasma metabolomics after six weeks' administration of BR, vinegar-processed BR (VPBR), PRA, vinegar-processed PRA (VPPRA), BR-PRA herb-pair, and VPBR-VPPRA herb-pair. The experiment was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No.202103A002). The results of pharmacodynamics indicated that the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, P < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, P < 0.01), and hydroxyproline (HYP, P < 0.01) were decreased significantly, while the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, P < 0.05) was increased obviously after administration of all treatment groups. Next, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was performed to characterize the endogenous metabolites. A total of 20 differential endogenous metabolites related to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis were identified in positive and negative ion modes, mainly involving five metabolic pathways of retinol metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Meanwhile, a concept named correction rate was introduced to evaluate the back-regulation effects of all treatment groups on differential metabolites, and 10 differential metabolites were corrected by all treatment groups. The correction effects of the vinegar-processed herb groups were better than those of the crude ones, and the correction effects of the herb-pair groups were better than those of the single ones. Interestingly, the best correction effect was found in the VPBR-VPPRA herb-pair group, which further verified the efficacy improvement through vinegar-processing and compatibility. Partial least square method and VIP analysis combined with spectrum-effect correlation were applied for screening pharmacodynamic markers, and 38 ingredients with higher correlation with four classical pharmacodynamic indexes (ALT, AST, HYP, and GSH-Px) were identified as pharmacodynamic markers of the anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of BR and PRA before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility. The results of the investigation could not only lay a foundation for clarifying the pharmacodynamic materials and mechanism of vinegar-processing and compatibility of BR and PRA in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis as well as provide a theoretical basis for demonstrating the scientific connotation of processing and compatibility, but also provide a reference for further drug design and development of BR and PRA in clinic.

, correspAuthors=Hao CAI, Gang CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin LIU, Hui YU, Jian-tao SONG, Yi-jing CHEN, Qiao ZHANG, Hao CAI, Gang CAO, Hui ZHU, Yu DUAN, Ke PEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628671503303404, articleId=1198628669506814541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于血浆代谢组学与谱效相关的柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用机制和物质基础研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术结合血浆代谢组学方法分析柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化的作用机制, 并通过谱效相关方法筛选潜在的药效物质。通过皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液复制肝纤维化大鼠模型, 分别灌胃给予柴胡、醋柴胡、白芍、醋白芍、“柴胡-白芍”药对及“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对水煎液, 持续给药六周后收集血样和组织样品用于药效指标检测及血浆代谢组学分析。本实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202103A002)。药效学结果表明, 各给药组均能降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT, P < 0.01)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST, P < 0.01) 和羟脯氨酸(HYP, P < 0.01) 水平, 显著提升谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px, P < 0.05) 水平。通过UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对内源性代谢物进行分析, 在正、负离子模式下共鉴定出20种与肝纤维化发病机制相关的差异性代谢物, 主要涉及到视黄醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、脂肪酸生物合成和花生四烯酸代谢5条代谢通路。同时, 引入成分矫正率的概念用以评估各给药组对差异性代谢物的回调作用, 各给药组对其中10种差异性代谢物均有矫正作用, 且醋炙品组的矫正作用优于生品组, 药对组的矫正作用优于单味药组, 其中, 以“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对组的回调作用最佳, 进一步验证了醋炙及配伍对药效的提升。对入血成分及代谢产物进行鉴定后, 采用偏最小二乘法及VIP分析, 并借助谱效相关确定了与ALT、AST、HYP和GSH-Px四个经典药效指标具有较高关联度的38种成分作为柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用的药效标志物。研究结果不仅可为阐明柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍治疗肝纤维化的药效物质及作用机制奠定基础, 为阐明炮制与配伍的科学内涵提供理论依据, 而且可进一步为柴胡和白芍的临床用药设计与开发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=蔡皓, 曹岗, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蔡皓, Tel: 86-25-86798281, E-mail: ;
曹岗, E-mail:
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Zhenjiang: Jiangsu University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960145574228903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=333, pageEnd=338, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Yu BB, Wang L, Yin LS, journalName=Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), refType=null, unstructuredReference= Yu BB , Wang L , Yin LS , et al . Research on biotransformation of saikosaponin A in vitro based on HPLC-DAD-MSn[J]. 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Mol Biol Rep, 2021, 48: 7853-7863., articleTitle=Saikosaponin-d alleviates hepatic fibrosis through regulating GPER1/autophagy signaling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960145884607429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao ZH. Saikosaponin-b2 Inhibits Primary Liver Cancer by Regulating STK4/IRAK1/NF-κB Pathway (柴胡皂苷-b2通过调控STK4/IRAK1/NF-κB通路抑制原发性肝癌的研究)[D]. Luoyang: Henan University of Science and Technology, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960146031408079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.029, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=126, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Wang R, Zhang H, Wang YY, journalName=Int Immunopharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Wang R , Zhang H , Wang YY , et al . Inhibitory effects of quercetin on the progression of liver fibrosis through the regulation of NF-кB/IкBα, p38 MAPK, and Bcl-2/Bax signaling[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2017, 47: 126-133., articleTitle=Inhibitory effects of quercetin on the progression of liver fibrosis through the regulation of NF-кB/IкBα, p38 MAPK, and Bcl-2/Bax signaling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960140264239497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, awardId=81673600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(81673600), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960140432011682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, awardId=81973481, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973481), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960140557840815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, awardId=KYCX21_1778, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1778), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960140729807297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, awardId=KYCX21_1790, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1790), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960129145139540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129157722455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, companyId=1198960129145139540, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); B: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); C: Hydroxyproline (HYP); D: Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> K; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> M; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>&&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01; <sup>$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. K: Control; M: Model; Y: Colchicine; BR: Bupleuri Radix; PRA: Paeoniae Radix Alba; VPBR: Vinegar-processed Bupleuri Radix; VPPRA: Vinegar-processed Paeoniae Radix Alba; L: Low dose; H: High dose , figureFileSmall=3+Dn6N8fZNEFcSoQwTuO+w==, figureFileBig=hKVdrdSY6W9nqbFaIHPJug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960137495998584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VCPF1+okdeVgu1QUNugipA==, figureFileBig=egnGe7vK9K9H83hTCtgtkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960137680547979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= PCA score plots of rat plasma samples. A: Positive ion mode; B: Negative ion mode. K: Control; M: Model , figureFileSmall=VCPF1+okdeVgu1QUNugipA==, figureFileBig=egnGe7vK9K9H83hTCtgtkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960137781211287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/ncOzTMVfeMpBK76PyH8QQ==, figureFileBig=0pJByyd1vnDIi4gt68irSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960137907040419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= OPLS-DA score plots and permutation test results of rat plasma samples of control, model, and treatment groups in positive and negative ion modes. A: OPLS-DA results of positive ion mode; B: OPLS-DA results of negative ion mode; C: Permutation test results of positive ion mode; D: Permutation test results of negative ion mode , figureFileSmall=/ncOzTMVfeMpBK76PyH8QQ==, figureFileBig=0pJByyd1vnDIi4gt68irSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138116755630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1b1Qs26Ngo4RyTlJgWTXtQ==, figureFileBig=vfr8WwWpuSjoiTSpf7O2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138230001851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Pathways of potential biomarkers related to pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. A: Retinol metabolism; B: Glycerol phospholipid metabolism; C: Glyceride metabolism; D: Fatty acid biosynthesis; E: Arachidonic acid metabolism , figureFileSmall=1b1Qs26Ngo4RyTlJgWTXtQ==, figureFileBig=vfr8WwWpuSjoiTSpf7O2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138393579725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Vb9WVccDDaH/6G4YOVm8Ow==, figureFileBig=jqeelZAY3UPFbBCSaJcO4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138557157594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Intensity of 58 ingredients absorbed into blood of all treatment groups , figureFileSmall=Vb9WVccDDaH/6G4YOVm8Ow==, figureFileBig=jqeelZAY3UPFbBCSaJcO4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138645237987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. m/z tR/min Identification Adduct Formula HMDB ID Trend
1 216.172 54 6.27 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid [M-H]- C12H24O3 HMDB0002059
2 314.245 71 6.28 9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid [M-H]- C18H34O4 HMDB0061650
3 436.258 99 7.30 LysoPA(0∶0/18∶1) [M-H]- C21H41O7P HMDB0007851
4 465.285 54 7.31 LysoPC(14∶1/0∶0) [M-H]- C22H44NO7P HMDB0010380
5 410.243 34 7.32 LysoPA(0∶0/16∶0) [M-H]- C19H39O7P HMDB0007849
6 886.557 13 7.40 PI(22∶4/16∶0) [M-H]- C47H83O13P HMDB0009914
7 438.274 64 8.87 LysoPA(18∶0/0∶0) [M-H]- C21H43O7P HMDB0007854
8 493.322 58 8.87 LysoPC(16∶1/0∶0) [M-H]- C24H48NO7P HMDB0010383
9 376.297 75 9.47 Lithocholic acid [M-H]- C24H40O3 HMDB0000761
10 254.224 58 10.49 Palmitoleic acid [M+H]+ C16H30O2 HMDB0003229
11 312.230 06 11.15 9, 10-DiHODE [M-H]- C18H32O4 HMDB0010221
12 238.229 67 11.24 Hexadecenal [M+H]+ C16H30O HMDB0060482
13 555.522 66 11.62 Cer(t18∶0/16∶0) [M+H]+ C34H69NO4 HMDB0010697
14 511.496 45 11.73 Cer(d18∶0/14∶0) [M+H]+ C32H65NO3 HMDB0011759
15 256.240 23 12.84 Palmitic acid [M+H]+ C16H32O2 HMDB0000220
16 270.219 50 12.88 9-Oxohexadecanoic acid [M-H]- C16H30O3 HMDB0030973
17 288.230 06 12.89 (S)-10, 16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid [M-H]- C16H32O4 HMDB0037798
18 301.221 70 13.24 Retinyl ester [M-H]- C20H30O2 HMDB0003598
19 299.489 30 13.47 9-cis-Retinoic acid [M-H]- C20H28O2 HMDB0002369
20 303.156 30 14.22 Arachidonic acid [M-H]- C20H32O2 HMDB0001043
), ArticleFig(id=1198960138796232948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification results of potential biomarkers of plasma samples in hepatic fibrosis rats

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. m/z tR/min Identification Adduct Formula HMDB ID Trend
1 216.172 54 6.27 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid [M-H]- C12H24O3 HMDB0002059
2 314.245 71 6.28 9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid [M-H]- C18H34O4 HMDB0061650
3 436.258 99 7.30 LysoPA(0∶0/18∶1) [M-H]- C21H41O7P HMDB0007851
4 465.285 54 7.31 LysoPC(14∶1/0∶0) [M-H]- C22H44NO7P HMDB0010380
5 410.243 34 7.32 LysoPA(0∶0/16∶0) [M-H]- C19H39O7P HMDB0007849
6 886.557 13 7.40 PI(22∶4/16∶0) [M-H]- C47H83O13P HMDB0009914
7 438.274 64 8.87 LysoPA(18∶0/0∶0) [M-H]- C21H43O7P HMDB0007854
8 493.322 58 8.87 LysoPC(16∶1/0∶0) [M-H]- C24H48NO7P HMDB0010383
9 376.297 75 9.47 Lithocholic acid [M-H]- C24H40O3 HMDB0000761
10 254.224 58 10.49 Palmitoleic acid [M+H]+ C16H30O2 HMDB0003229
11 312.230 06 11.15 9, 10-DiHODE [M-H]- C18H32O4 HMDB0010221
12 238.229 67 11.24 Hexadecenal [M+H]+ C16H30O HMDB0060482
13 555.522 66 11.62 Cer(t18∶0/16∶0) [M+H]+ C34H69NO4 HMDB0010697
14 511.496 45 11.73 Cer(d18∶0/14∶0) [M+H]+ C32H65NO3 HMDB0011759
15 256.240 23 12.84 Palmitic acid [M+H]+ C16H32O2 HMDB0000220
16 270.219 50 12.88 9-Oxohexadecanoic acid [M-H]- C16H30O3 HMDB0030973
17 288.230 06 12.89 (S)-10, 16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid [M-H]- C16H32O4 HMDB0037798
18 301.221 70 13.24 Retinyl ester [M-H]- C20H30O2 HMDB0003598
19 299.489 30 13.47 9-cis-Retinoic acid [M-H]- C20H28O2 HMDB0002369
20 303.156 30 14.22 Arachidonic acid [M-H]- C20H32O2 HMDB0001043
), ArticleFig(id=1198960138976588035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. m/z tR/min Identification BR VPBR PRA VPPRA BR-PRA VPBR-VPPRA
1 216.172 54 6.27 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid 20.00% 72.73% 44.16% 55.16% 63.24% 94.85%
2 314.245 71 6.28 9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid 15.22% 57.62% 71.99% 79.11% 85.31% 101.12%
3 436.258 99 7.30 LysoPA(0∶0/18∶1) 60.85% 80.46% 66.01% 100.00% 76.03% 92.82%
4 886.557 13 7.40 PI(22∶4/16∶0) 27.08% 56.05% 51.57% 65.06% 85.56% 102.12%
5 254.224 58 10.49 Palmitoleic acid 30.99% 73.95% 29.56% 74.45% 90.60% 98.42%
6 238.229 67 11.24 Hexadecenal 43.88% 93.18% 42.00% 93.21% 96.35% 100.58%
7 288.230 06 12.89 (S)-10, 16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid 26.42% 77.50% 27.75% 87.32% 89.38% 101.39%
8 301.221 70 13.24 Retinyl ester 67.84% 81.60% 63.79% 86.24% 74.92% 99.70%
9 299.489 30 13.47 9-cis-Retinoic acid 57.86% 95.26% 57.28% 98.53% 91.54% 100.50%
10 303.156 30 14.22 Arachidonic acid 79.11% 89.36% 83.88% 90.94% 95.77% 98.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1198960139127582994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correction rate of biomarkers related to hepatic fibrosis after intragastric administration of decoctions of all groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. m/z tR/min Identification BR VPBR PRA VPPRA BR-PRA VPBR-VPPRA
1 216.172 54 6.27 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid 20.00% 72.73% 44.16% 55.16% 63.24% 94.85%
2 314.245 71 6.28 9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid 15.22% 57.62% 71.99% 79.11% 85.31% 101.12%
3 436.258 99 7.30 LysoPA(0∶0/18∶1) 60.85% 80.46% 66.01% 100.00% 76.03% 92.82%
4 886.557 13 7.40 PI(22∶4/16∶0) 27.08% 56.05% 51.57% 65.06% 85.56% 102.12%
5 254.224 58 10.49 Palmitoleic acid 30.99% 73.95% 29.56% 74.45% 90.60% 98.42%
6 238.229 67 11.24 Hexadecenal 43.88% 93.18% 42.00% 93.21% 96.35% 100.58%
7 288.230 06 12.89 (S)-10, 16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid 26.42% 77.50% 27.75% 87.32% 89.38% 101.39%
8 301.221 70 13.24 Retinyl ester 67.84% 81.60% 63.79% 86.24% 74.92% 99.70%
9 299.489 30 13.47 9-cis-Retinoic acid 57.86% 95.26% 57.28% 98.53% 91.54% 100.50%
10 303.156 30 14.22 Arachidonic acid 79.11% 89.36% 83.88% 90.94% 95.77% 98.85%
), ArticleFig(id=1198960139265995043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ALT AST
Component Correlation coefficient VIP Component Correlation coefficient VIP
Quercetin -0.015 1.462 (Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.052 1.447
Tryptophan -0.030 1.415 Palbinone -0.009 1.434
Paeonol -0.105 1.391 Salicylic acid -0.007 1.426
Linoleic -0.074 1.330 Albiflorin -0.042 1.403
Palmitic acid -0.076 1.319 Mudanpioside B -0.022 1.403
Oxypaeoniflorin -0.110 1.295 Linoleic -0.028 1.345
Isochlorogenic acid A -0.120 1.290 Dipropyl phthalate -0.070 1.290
Palbinone -0.052 1.249 Isochlorogenic acid A -0.116 1.240
Paeoniflorigenone -0.158 1.235 Quercetin -0.126 1.192
Linoleyl acetate -0.014 1.229 Saikogenin b1-qt -0.008 1.150
(Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.058 1.216 Benzoylpaeoniflorin -0.048 1.131
Saikosaponin b2 -0.035 1.213 30-Norhederagenin -0.150 1.121
Lactiflorin -0.135 1.203 Saikogenin q3 -0.016 1.109
Saikogenin b1-qt -0.060 1.195 7, 8, 4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone -0.082 1.062
6'-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylalbiflorin -0.067 1.073 7, 3′-di-O-Methylquercetin -0.025 1.052
Mudanpioside E -0.203 1.072 Isorhamnetin -0.025 1.048
Salicylic acid -0.023 1.068 8-Debenzoylpaeoniflorin -0.044 1.040
Dipropyl phthalate -0.056 1.068 8-Nonenoic acid -0.068 1.039
Mudanpioside H -0.203 1.026 Myristic acid -0.057 1.032
Paeonilactone A -0.028 1.026 Paeoniflorgenone -0.032 1.026
Methyleugenol -0.034 1.022
), ArticleFig(id=1198960139412795692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Possible pharmacodynamic ingredients in medicinal herbs on anti-liver fibrosis screened by ALT and AST indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ALT AST
Component Correlation coefficient VIP Component Correlation coefficient VIP
Quercetin -0.015 1.462 (Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.052 1.447
Tryptophan -0.030 1.415 Palbinone -0.009 1.434
Paeonol -0.105 1.391 Salicylic acid -0.007 1.426
Linoleic -0.074 1.330 Albiflorin -0.042 1.403
Palmitic acid -0.076 1.319 Mudanpioside B -0.022 1.403
Oxypaeoniflorin -0.110 1.295 Linoleic -0.028 1.345
Isochlorogenic acid A -0.120 1.290 Dipropyl phthalate -0.070 1.290
Palbinone -0.052 1.249 Isochlorogenic acid A -0.116 1.240
Paeoniflorigenone -0.158 1.235 Quercetin -0.126 1.192
Linoleyl acetate -0.014 1.229 Saikogenin b1-qt -0.008 1.150
(Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.058 1.216 Benzoylpaeoniflorin -0.048 1.131
Saikosaponin b2 -0.035 1.213 30-Norhederagenin -0.150 1.121
Lactiflorin -0.135 1.203 Saikogenin q3 -0.016 1.109
Saikogenin b1-qt -0.060 1.195 7, 8, 4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone -0.082 1.062
6'-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylalbiflorin -0.067 1.073 7, 3′-di-O-Methylquercetin -0.025 1.052
Mudanpioside E -0.203 1.072 Isorhamnetin -0.025 1.048
Salicylic acid -0.023 1.068 8-Debenzoylpaeoniflorin -0.044 1.040
Dipropyl phthalate -0.056 1.068 8-Nonenoic acid -0.068 1.039
Mudanpioside H -0.203 1.026 Myristic acid -0.057 1.032
Paeonilactone A -0.028 1.026 Paeoniflorgenone -0.032 1.026
Methyleugenol -0.034 1.022
), ArticleFig(id=1198960139609928004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HYP GSH-Px
Component Correlation coefficient VIP Component Correlation coefficient VIP
Quercetin -0.015 1.462 Oxypaeoniflorin 0.019 1.415
Tryptophan -0.030 1.415 Saikogenin f 0.038 1.296
Mudanpioside H -0.203 1.391 Palmitic acid 0.020 1.250
Linoleic -0.074 1.330 Saikosaponin b2 0.017 1.136
Salicylic acid -0.023 1.217 Methyl(2E, 4E)-octadeca-2, 4-dienoate 0.029 1.136
Palmitic acid -0.076 1.319 α-Eudesmol 0.168 1.125
Oxypaeoniflorin -0.110 1.295 Linoleyl acetate 0.140 1.105
Isochlorogenic acid A -0.120 1.290 [(3R)-3, 7-Dimethyloct-6-enyl] acetate 0.018 1.091
Plbinone -0.052 1.249 Paeonol 0.059 1.060
Paeoniflorigenone -0.158 1.235 Prosaikogenin d 0.098 1.036
Linoleyl acetate -0.014 1.229
(Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.058 1.216
Saikosaponin b2 -0.035 1.213
Lactiflorin -0.135 1.203
Saikogenin b1-qt -0.060 1.195
Albiflorin -0.012 1.164
6′-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylalbiflorin -0.067 1.073
Mudanpioside E -0.050 1.072
Dipropyl phthalate -0.056 1.068
Paeonol -0.105 1.037
Paeonilactone A -0.028 1.026
), ArticleFig(id=1198960139798671703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628669506814541, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Possible pharmacodynamic ingredients in medicinal herbs on anti-liver fibrosis screened by HYP and GSH-Px indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HYP GSH-Px
Component Correlation coefficient VIP Component Correlation coefficient VIP
Quercetin -0.015 1.462 Oxypaeoniflorin 0.019 1.415
Tryptophan -0.030 1.415 Saikogenin f 0.038 1.296
Mudanpioside H -0.203 1.391 Palmitic acid 0.020 1.250
Linoleic -0.074 1.330 Saikosaponin b2 0.017 1.136
Salicylic acid -0.023 1.217 Methyl(2E, 4E)-octadeca-2, 4-dienoate 0.029 1.136
Palmitic acid -0.076 1.319 α-Eudesmol 0.168 1.125
Oxypaeoniflorin -0.110 1.295 Linoleyl acetate 0.140 1.105
Isochlorogenic acid A -0.120 1.290 [(3R)-3, 7-Dimethyloct-6-enyl] acetate 0.018 1.091
Plbinone -0.052 1.249 Paeonol 0.059 1.060
Paeoniflorigenone -0.158 1.235 Prosaikogenin d 0.098 1.036
Linoleyl acetate -0.014 1.229
(Z)-(1S, 5R)-β-Pinen-10-yl-β-vicianoside -0.058 1.216
Saikosaponin b2 -0.035 1.213
Lactiflorin -0.135 1.203
Saikogenin b1-qt -0.060 1.195
Albiflorin -0.012 1.164
6′-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylalbiflorin -0.067 1.073
Mudanpioside E -0.050 1.072
Dipropyl phthalate -0.056 1.068
Paeonol -0.105 1.037
Paeonilactone A -0.028 1.026
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基于血浆代谢组学与谱效相关的柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用机制和物质基础研究
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刘鑫 1, 2 , 于慧 1, 2 , 宋健涛 1, 2 , 陈忆菁 1, 2 , 张巧 1, 2 , 蔡皓 1, 2, * , 曹岗 3, * , 朱慧 1, 2 , 段煜 1, 2 , 裴科 4
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(7): 1790-1801
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(7): 1790-1801
基于血浆代谢组学与谱效相关的柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用机制和物质基础研究
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刘鑫1, 2, 于慧1, 2, 宋健涛1, 2, 陈忆菁1, 2, 张巧1, 2, 蔡皓1, 2, * , 曹岗3, * , 朱慧1, 2, 段煜1, 2, 裴科4
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京中医药大学国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
  • 4.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619

通讯作者:

*蔡皓, Tel: 86-25-86798281, E-mail: ;
曹岗, E-mail:
Integration of plasma metabolomics and spectrum-effect correlation for profiling the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substances on attenuating hepatic fibrosis of Bupleuri Radix and Paeoniae Radix Alba before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility
Xin LIU1, 2, Hui YU1, 2, Jian-tao SONG1, 2, Yi-jing CHEN1, 2, Qiao ZHANG1, 2, Hao CAI1, 2, * , Gang CAO3, * , Hui ZHU1, 2, Yu DUAN1, 2, Ke PEI4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 4. School of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
出版时间: 2023-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1103
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本研究利用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术结合血浆代谢组学方法分析柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化的作用机制, 并通过谱效相关方法筛选潜在的药效物质。通过皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液复制肝纤维化大鼠模型, 分别灌胃给予柴胡、醋柴胡、白芍、醋白芍、“柴胡-白芍”药对及“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对水煎液, 持续给药六周后收集血样和组织样品用于药效指标检测及血浆代谢组学分析。本实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202103A002)。药效学结果表明, 各给药组均能降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT, P < 0.01)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST, P < 0.01) 和羟脯氨酸(HYP, P < 0.01) 水平, 显著提升谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px, P < 0.05) 水平。通过UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对内源性代谢物进行分析, 在正、负离子模式下共鉴定出20种与肝纤维化发病机制相关的差异性代谢物, 主要涉及到视黄醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、脂肪酸生物合成和花生四烯酸代谢5条代谢通路。同时, 引入成分矫正率的概念用以评估各给药组对差异性代谢物的回调作用, 各给药组对其中10种差异性代谢物均有矫正作用, 且醋炙品组的矫正作用优于生品组, 药对组的矫正作用优于单味药组, 其中, 以“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对组的回调作用最佳, 进一步验证了醋炙及配伍对药效的提升。对入血成分及代谢产物进行鉴定后, 采用偏最小二乘法及VIP分析, 并借助谱效相关确定了与ALT、AST、HYP和GSH-Px四个经典药效指标具有较高关联度的38种成分作为柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用的药效标志物。研究结果不仅可为阐明柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍治疗肝纤维化的药效物质及作用机制奠定基础, 为阐明炮制与配伍的科学内涵提供理论依据, 而且可进一步为柴胡和白芍的临床用药设计与开发提供参考。

柴胡  /  白芍  /  醋炙  /  药对  /  入血成分  /  代谢产物  /  谱效相关

Plasma metabolomics based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technique was developed for profiling the mechanism on attenuating hepatic fibrosis of Bupleuri Radix (BR) and Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility, and to screen potential pharmacodynamic substances by spectrum-effect correlation method in this study. Firstly, SD rats with CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis were used as an in vivo model. The blood and tissue samples were collected for the analyses of pharmacodynamic indexes and plasma metabolomics after six weeks' administration of BR, vinegar-processed BR (VPBR), PRA, vinegar-processed PRA (VPPRA), BR-PRA herb-pair, and VPBR-VPPRA herb-pair. The experiment was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No.202103A002). The results of pharmacodynamics indicated that the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, P < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, P < 0.01), and hydroxyproline (HYP, P < 0.01) were decreased significantly, while the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, P < 0.05) was increased obviously after administration of all treatment groups. Next, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was performed to characterize the endogenous metabolites. A total of 20 differential endogenous metabolites related to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis were identified in positive and negative ion modes, mainly involving five metabolic pathways of retinol metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Meanwhile, a concept named correction rate was introduced to evaluate the back-regulation effects of all treatment groups on differential metabolites, and 10 differential metabolites were corrected by all treatment groups. The correction effects of the vinegar-processed herb groups were better than those of the crude ones, and the correction effects of the herb-pair groups were better than those of the single ones. Interestingly, the best correction effect was found in the VPBR-VPPRA herb-pair group, which further verified the efficacy improvement through vinegar-processing and compatibility. Partial least square method and VIP analysis combined with spectrum-effect correlation were applied for screening pharmacodynamic markers, and 38 ingredients with higher correlation with four classical pharmacodynamic indexes (ALT, AST, HYP, and GSH-Px) were identified as pharmacodynamic markers of the anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of BR and PRA before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility. The results of the investigation could not only lay a foundation for clarifying the pharmacodynamic materials and mechanism of vinegar-processing and compatibility of BR and PRA in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis as well as provide a theoretical basis for demonstrating the scientific connotation of processing and compatibility, but also provide a reference for further drug design and development of BR and PRA in clinic.

Bupleuri Radix  /  Paeoniae Radix Alba  /  vinegar-processing  /  herb-pair  /  ingredients absorbed into blood  /  metabolite  /  spectrum-effect correlation
刘鑫, 于慧, 宋健涛, 陈忆菁, 张巧, 蔡皓, 曹岗, 朱慧, 段煜, 裴科. 基于血浆代谢组学与谱效相关的柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用机制和物质基础研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1790 -1801 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1103
Xin LIU, Hui YU, Jian-tao SONG, Yi-jing CHEN, Qiao ZHANG, Hao CAI, Gang CAO, Hui ZHU, Yu DUAN, Ke PEI. Integration of plasma metabolomics and spectrum-effect correlation for profiling the mechanism and pharmacodynamic substances on attenuating hepatic fibrosis of Bupleuri Radix and Paeoniae Radix Alba before and after vinegar-processing and compatibility[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (7) : 1790 -1801 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1103
由各种因素(慢性乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎病毒感染、过量饮酒、自身免疫性肝病和遗传性疾病等) 引起的持续性慢性肝损伤是导致肝纤维化的重要原因[1]。在纤维化进程中, 细胞外基质(ECM) 生成和降解失衡导致胶原蛋白积累, 进而破坏肝脏的正常生理结构和功能。肝纤维化持续恶化会逐渐发展为肝硬化, 进而导致肝癌[2]。越来越多的证据显示, 肝纤维化是可逆的过程, 但由于逆转发生的过少或过慢, 很难避免危及生命的相关并发症, 例如静脉曲张出血、肝性脑病、腹水和肝肾综合征等, 抗肝纤维化的发展仍然存在巨大的医疗需求[3]。因此, 寻找有效的抗肝纤维化药物以及活性成分具有重要意义。由于肝纤维化病理复杂, 目前缺少特效药, 从自然界寻找低毒高效的活性成分显得尤为重要。
中医理论认为, 肝纤维化符合“积聚”和“痞证”等证, 多因机体正气亏损, 外邪入内所致, 使得血脉阻络, 气滞血瘀, 最终发展为脏器病变[4]。柴胡解表散热, 清透少阳之邪气, 白芍养血柔肝, 平抑肝阳, 二者功用不同, 但同施一处, 常配伍后作为治疗肝系疾病的基础药对方[5]。醋为肝脏所喜, 主入肝经, 柴胡和白芍醋炙后能够增强疏肝解郁作用[6, 7]。有文献[8]报道, 柴胡、白芍及其配伍组具有较明显的抗抑郁和保肝作用, 且配伍组优于单味药组, 但并未同时从炮制及配伍的角度研究“柴胡-白芍”药对抗肝纤维化的作用及其潜在机制。代谢组学采用先进的分析化学技术(LC-MS、GC-MS、CE-MS、NMR等) 实现了对来自细胞、器官、组织等的小分子内源性和外源性代谢物的高通量表征。由于代谢组学能够表征机体“正在发生的事情”, 因此, 该方法常用于研究药物对机体代谢物的整体调控作用, 这与中医理论的“整体性”不谋而合, 可作为探索药物与机体复杂效应关系的有效手段[9]
本实验通过皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液的方法复制SD大鼠肝纤维化模型, 给药结束后, 收集经典药效指标以评价药物对肝纤维化大鼠的治疗作用。引入代谢组学相关理论及生物标志物概念, 寻找与肝纤维化相关的生物标志物, 明确抗肝纤维化的作用机制。借助UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术和多元统计方法, 并结合“谱效相关”的研究, 从体内层面全面而精准地筛选柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用的物质基础, 从一定程度上阐明炮制及配伍对增强饮片疗效所起到的重要作用。
仪器与试剂  离心机(Centrifuge 5415D, Eppendorf, 德国); 超高效液相色谱仪(Shimadzu 30A, 日本); Triple TOF 5600+系统(AB Sciex, 美国); 数据采集软件Analyst TF1.6 software和数据处理软件系统PeakViewTM 1.2软件、MarkerViewTM 1.2.1软件和Metabolite Pilot生物信息软件(AB Sciex, 美国); SIMCA-P 14.0数据采集分析软件(Umetrics, 瑞典); Milli-Q超纯水净化系统(Millipore, Intagral-3, 美国)。
质谱级乙腈(批号: 10901229730) 和质谱级甲醇(批号: 10929835751) 均购自德国Merck公司; 质谱级甲酸(批号: 75C1812LP) 购自美国Anaqua Chemical Supply公司; 山西3年陈老陈醋(批号: 20200330, 山西益源庆宁化府精酿); 秋水仙碱片(0.5 mg/片, 国药准字H53021369, 西双版纳版纳药业有限责任公司); CCl4 (纯度 > 98%, C11588428, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 橄榄油(蓓琳娜特级初榨橄榄油, B20200522); 丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT, 20210727) 和天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST, 20210406) 检测试剂盒均购自浙江强盛生物科技有限公司; 大鼠羟脯氨酸(HYP, 20211115-AF3609) 和大鼠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px, 20211115-AF2642) ELISA试剂盒均购自湖南艾方生物科技有限公司。
饮片  柴胡饮片(批号: 190901, 产地河北) 和白芍饮片(批号: 191101, 产地安徽) 均购自浙江中医药大学中药饮片有限公司, 经检测后均符合2020版《中国药典》的要求, 且经南京中医药大学药学院江苏省中药炮制重点实验室蔡皓老师鉴定后, 确认柴胡来源于伞形科植物柴胡Bupleurum chinense DC.的干燥根, 白芍来源于毛茛科植物芍药Paeonia lactiflora Pall.的干燥根。
醋柴胡: 取一定量柴胡生品, 分别加入20%的山西老陈醋拌匀闷润3.5 h, 置于预热的铁锅内炒制, 温度130 ℃, 均匀翻炒10 min, 常温晾干制得醋柴胡。
醋白芍: 取一定量白芍生品, 分别加入20%的山西老陈醋拌匀闷润3.5 h, 置于预热的铁锅内炒制, 温度130 ℃, 均匀翻炒10 min, 常温晾干制得醋白芍。
柴胡和白芍以及醋柴胡和醋白芍均按照课题组前期抗肝损伤实验摸索的最佳比例1∶1进行配伍。
实验动物  90只SPF级Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠, 体重180 ± 20 g, 购自杭州医学院实验动物中心, 实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (浙江) 2019-0002, 经浙江省实验动物质量监督检测中心检测合格。饲养条件: 室温20~25 ℃, 相对湿度(50 ± 5) %, 自由摄食及饮水, 维持12 h规律的昼夜交替。所有实验动物的饲养及实验均在南京中医药大学实验动物中心的屏障系统中进行, 并遵循南京中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定(伦理批号: 202103A002)。
造模试剂及药液的制备  造模试剂的制备: 将体积比为40%的CCl4溶液与60%的橄榄油溶液混合均匀, 即得造模试剂。
秋水仙碱溶液的制备  每2片秋水仙碱加50 mL生理盐水, 超声溶解, 制备成浓度为0.02 mg·mL-1溶液。
柴胡(BR) 药液的制备  称取柴胡生品600 g, 加10倍量水浸泡30 min后煎煮1 h, 4层纱布过滤, 残渣加8倍量水煎煮1 h, 4层纱布过滤后合并滤液, 60 ℃旋转蒸发浓缩至生药量为1.0 g·mL-1
醋柴胡(VPBR)、白芍(PRA)、醋白芍(VPPRA) 药液的制备  采用上述柴胡药液同样的制备方法分别制得醋柴胡、白芍、醋白芍药液。
“柴胡-白芍” (BR-PRA) 药对药液的制备  分别称取柴胡和白芍生品各300 g, 加10倍量水浸泡30 min后煎煮1 h, 4层纱布过滤, 残渣加8倍量水煎煮1 h, 4层纱布过滤后合并滤液, 60 ℃旋转蒸发浓缩至生药量为1.0 g·mL-1
“醋柴胡-醋白芍” (VPBR-VPPRA) 药对药液的制备  采用上述“柴胡-白芍”药对药液同样的制备方法制得“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对药液。
实验动物分组及给药处理  SD大鼠经适应性饲养一周后, 随机分为15组: 空白对照组、模型组、阳性药组以及各受试药组(柴胡低剂量组、柴胡高剂量组、醋柴胡低剂量组、醋柴胡高剂量组、白芍低剂量组、白芍高剂量组、醋白芍低剂量组、醋白芍高剂量组、“柴胡-白芍”药对低剂量组、“柴胡-白芍”药对高剂量组、“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对低剂量组、“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对高剂量组)。模型组及各给药组大鼠按照首剂量0.5 mL·100 g-1皮下注射40% CCl4橄榄油溶液, 此后每隔3~4天皮下注射0.3 mL·100 g-1, 持续8周[10], 每隔三天测量大鼠体重, 调整用量, 空白对照组按相同的方式皮下注射橄榄油溶液。从造模第三周开始给予药物干预, 空白对照组及模型组灌胃生理盐水(10 mL·kg-1), 阳性药组灌胃秋水仙碱溶液(0.2 mg·kg-1), 各受试药低剂量组灌胃剂量为1 g·kg-1, 各受试药高剂量组灌胃剂量为10 g·kg-1, 每日一次, 连续给药六周。
收集组织样本  末次给药1 h后, 腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠(30 mg·kg-1) 进行麻醉, 麻醉成功后腹主动脉取血3~5 mL分别装于促凝管和抗凝管。促凝管中的血样于室温下静置2 h后, 4 500 r·min-1离心10 min后取上清即为血清样本。抗凝管中的血样直接经4 500 r·min-1离心10 min后取上清即为血浆样本。为避免反复冻融, 血清和血浆进行分装, 置于-80 ℃保存。腹主动脉取血后, 摘取各组大鼠肝脏, 生理盐水洗去表面血污后, 冻存于-80 ℃。
药效指标检测  根据试剂盒说明书检测大鼠血清中ALT和AST的水平。精密称取各组肝脏组织100 mg, 依照试剂盒说明书使用双抗体夹心法ELISA试剂盒测定大鼠肝脏中HYP及GSH-Px的水平。
血浆样本处理  精密吸取100 μL大鼠血浆样品于1.5 mL离心管中, 加入三倍量质谱级甲醇进行蛋白沉淀, 涡旋混合3 min, 13 000 r·min-1离心10 min后, 转移上清液至新离心管, 重复两次, 即得待测溶液。
液相及质谱条件  色谱条件: Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18反相UHPLC色谱柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温35 ℃; 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水, 流动相B为乙腈, 采用梯度洗脱方式, 程序优化的结果为: 0~3 min, 5%~15% B; 3~5 min, 15%~75% B; 5~6 min, 75% B; 6~9 min, 75%~78% B; 9~16 min, 78%~95% B; 16~18 min, 95%~5% B; 流速为0.3 mL·min-1; 进样体积为3 μL。
质谱条件: 使用ESI电喷雾离子源在正、负离子模式下分别进行高灵敏度扫描。具体参数如下: 喷雾辅助气体为氮气; 离子喷雾电压: +4 500/-4 500 V; 雾化气(gas 1): 55 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 辅助加热气(gas 2): 55 psi; 气帘气(CUR): 35 psi; 离子化温度: 550 ℃; 去簇电压(DP): +60/-60 V; 碰撞能量(CE): +35/-45 V; 碰撞能量漂移(CES): 10 V。一级母离子扫描范围为m/z 100~2 000, 二级离子扫描范围为m/z 50~2 000, 开启动态背景扣除(DBS) 功能。
锁校(lockmass) 质荷比正离子模式为609.280 2, 负离子模式为403.112 7, 作为实时质量数校正。原始数据的采集由Q-TOF-MS/MS 5600+质谱仪配置的Analyst TF 1.6工作站控制。
入血成分鉴定  建立有关柴胡和白芍的化学成分信息库, 包含化合物名称、分子式、化学结构、*mol文件等。借助PeakViewTM软件对各组含药血清正、负离子模式下的原始质谱数据进行分析匹配, 比较各成分的化学结构式及二级碎片, 质荷比误差范围在±10 ppm之内且匹配度大于80%的成分被确认为入血成分, 并借助Metabolite Pilot生物信息软件对鉴定出的入血成分进行代谢产物分析。
谱效相关分析  谱效相关分析采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)。PLS集主成分分析(PCA)、典型相关分析和线性回归分析三者的优点于一身, 操作简单且准确性高, 能全面地概括和筛选各成分色谱响应度与药效指标之间的关联程度[11]
本实验以不同剂量组中各血中移行成分的质谱响应平均值作为自变量X, 记作X1X2X3X4……Xn; 将不同剂量组中检测药效因子含量平均值作为因变量Y, 记作Y1Y2Y3Y4……Yn。将原始数据导入SIMCA-P 14.1软件中进行PLS分析, 多次提取主成分, 当两者协方差达到最大时, 进行Coefficients分析, 获得对应的回归系数, 系数为正时, 表明该成分响应值与药效呈正相关, 反之, 则表示该成分响应值与药效呈负相关。所得相关系数的绝对值越大, 表明该成分与药效的相关性越强。为了进一步寻找显著性成分, 进行VIP分析, VIP值> 1的成分表明该自变量对因变量的解释能力越强, 即该药效成分具有显著重要性。
数据处理  采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行数据处理, 计量单位均采用平均数±标准差形式。组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05表示有显著性差异。
将空白对照组、模型组以及给药各组原始质谱数据, 导入MarkerViewTM软件中进行峰对齐和归一化处理, 进行初步的PCA和t检验分析。为了进一步确定肝纤维化相关的生物标志物, 经Par标准化后, 将空白对照组及模型组数据导入SIMCA-P 14.1软件中进行OPLS-DA及VIP值分析, 以VIP值> 1.5为标准, 结合MarkerViewTM软件中t检验P < 0.05, 筛选出可能对肝纤维化具有显著作用的内源性代谢产物的质荷比, 根据其质荷比精准查询HMDB和KEGG等在线公共数据库检索对应信息, 误差容忍范围为±10 ppm, 下载化合物的*mol文件, 借助PeakViewTM软件给出的同位素匹配率及二级碎片并结合相关文献共同鉴定内源性差异代谢物作为潜在的生物标志物。将鉴定出的生物标志物的HMDB号导入Metabo Analyst在线网站进行代谢通路的相关分析。此外, 引入成分矫正率的概念, 即矫正率= [(给药组响应值-模型组响应值) / (空白对照组响应值-模型组响应值)] × 100%, 以评价各给药组对该差异性标志物的回调效果, 从而评价其整体药效。
各给药组对肝纤维化大鼠血清中的转氨酶影响结果如图 1所示。空白对照组大鼠血清的ALT和AST水平处于正常范围内。与空白对照组相比, 模型组血清中的两种指标均明显升高(P < 0. 01、P < 0. 01)。与模型组相比, 阳性药组的ALT和AST水平均有下降(P < 0.01、P < 0.01), 证明经秋水仙碱治疗后有明显的回调作用。与模型组相比, 各受试药组的ALT和AST水平均明显下调。此外, 醋柴胡高剂量组下调ALT和AST水平均优于柴胡高剂量组, 差异显著(P < 0.05、P < 0.05); 醋白芍高剂量组下调ALT水平明显优于白芍高剂量组(P < 0.01); 醋柴胡-醋白芍药对高剂量组下调ALT和AST水平均显著优于柴胡-白芍药对高剂量组(P < 0.01、P < 0.01)、醋柴胡高剂量组(P < 0.01、P < 0.01) 和醋白芍高剂量组(P < 0.01、P < 0.01)。综合上述结果, 醋炙品组逆转ALT和AST水平优于生品组, 配伍组逆转水平优于单味药组。
各给药组对肝纤维化大鼠肝脏中的HYP及GSH-Px水平影响结果如图 1所示。空白对照组大鼠肝脏中的HYP和GSH-Px水平均在正常范围内。与空白对照组相比, 模型组大鼠肝脏的HYP表达水平明显提高, 表现出显著性差异(P < 0.01)。与模型组相比, 各给药组肝脏的HYP表达水平均有显著下调趋势。此外, 醋白芍低剂量组显著优于白芍低剂量组(P < 0.05); 醋柴胡-醋白芍药对高剂量组显著优于醋柴胡高剂量组(P < 0.01)。与空白对照组相比, 模型组大鼠肝脏中的GSH-Px活性明显降低(P < 0.01), 各给药组肝脏中的GSH-Px活性均呈现出不同程度的升高。醋炙品普遍优于生品组, 且均具有显著性差异(P < 0.01、P < 0.05、P < 0.05)。综合不同给药组对ALT、AST、HYP和GSH-Px水平的影响, “醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对高剂量组对肝纤维化大鼠保护作用最佳。
将采集到的空白对照组及模型组大鼠血浆的液质数据进行标准化处理后进行PCA分析。结果显示, 空白对照组及模型组的样品完全分离, 成功聚为两类(图 2)。结果表明, 周期性皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液后, 大鼠的正常生理代谢被干扰, 可认为肝纤维化模型复制成功, 并通过组间内源性代谢物的分析来寻找其差异性的生物标志物。
将空白对照组、模型组、白芍高剂量组、醋白芍高剂量组、柴胡高剂量组、醋柴胡高剂量组、“柴胡-白芍”药对高剂量组和“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对高剂量组共8组样本的原始数据进行有监督识别模式的OPLS-DA分析。OPLS-DA结果显示, 正离子模式下R2XR2YQ2值分别为0.619、0.957和0.693, 负离子模式下R2XR2YQ2值分别为0.583、0.962和0.696, 各样品在各自组内聚集良好, 且给药组回调趋势向空白对照组接近(图 3AB)。同时, 针对模型的过拟合情况进行Permutation检验。结果显示, 正离子模式下R2XQ2值分别为0.325和-0.116, 负离子模式下R2XQ2值分别为0.391和-0.184, R2Y轴的截距小于0.4, Q2Y轴的截距小于0.05, 表明模型不存在过拟合现象, 分析结果具有可信度(图 3CD)。
在正、负离子模式下共鉴定出20种与肝纤维化发病机制相关的差异性代谢物(表 1), 将鉴定出的差异性代谢物信息导入Metabo Analyst在线网站中的pathway analysis模块, 进一步进行代谢通路的相关分析。结果显示, 这20种差异性代谢物主要涉及到5条与肝纤维化发病机制相关的代谢通路(图 4), 分别为视黄醇代谢(retinol metabolism)、甘油磷脂代谢(glycerol phospholipid metabolism)、甘油酯代谢(glyceride metabolism)、脂肪酸生物合成(fatty acid biosynthesis)、花生四烯酸代谢(arachidonic acid metabolism)。
各给药组对10种生物标志物均有一定的矫正作用(表 2), 其中“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对组对其中8种生物标志物的矫正率高达95%以上。总体而言, 醋炙品组的矫正作用优于生品组, 药对组的矫正作用优于单味药组, 其中, 以“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对组的回调作用最佳, 与前期药效相关结果趋势一致, 进一步验证了醋炙及配伍对药效的提升。
本实验采用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术, 对给予各样品及其炮制品水提液的肝纤维化大鼠血浆样本中的化学成分进行测定。结合代谢产物分析, 并经PeakViewTM软件分析后, 初步鉴定出58种成分, 主要包括单萜及其苷类、三萜及其苷类、黄酮类、内酯类、氨基酸、甾醇及有机酸类化合物, 各成分在不同组间的响应度见图 5
采用传统药效学指标ALT、AST、HYP和GSH-Px在不同剂量组中的水平为因变量, 对应的不同剂量组质谱响应值为自变量。根据药效学指标的特点, 本实验进行相关分析时, ALT、AST和HYP应选取与药效指标呈负相关的成分, GSH-Px选取与药效指标成正相关的成分。结果表明, 对于肝纤维化的这些关键指标而言, 与之关联度较强的入血成分也不尽相同。柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后治疗肝纤维化大鼠时, 可能通过体内代谢发挥关键药效作用的化合物有38种(表 34)。
持续性慢性肝损伤导致肝脏伤口愈合失调, 引发肝纤维化, 最终可能发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌。肝纤维化以ECM沉积和纤维瘢痕形成为特征, 这些瘢痕能够破坏肝细胞的正常生理结构, 影响正常的肝功能。在肝病患者和CCl4或胆管结扎诱导的实验性肝纤维化模型中, 肝纤维化已被证明是可逆的, 主要表现为炎症和纤维化细胞因子水平降低、胶原酶活性增加和纤维性瘢痕消退[12]。逆转肝纤维化或是防止晚期肝硬化和肝癌的重要治疗思路。
正常情况下, ALT和AST主要存在于肝脏中, 在血清中分布极少。当肝细胞受损后, 血清中ALT和AST的水平会急剧升高。因此, ALT和AST常作为临床上衡量肝损伤的生物标志物[13]。HYP在胶原蛋白中含量较高, 是胶原代谢的重要产物, 通过测定肝组织中HYP的含量可间接反映肝纤维化的发展进程[14]。氧化应激水平升高是肝纤维化过程中的病理特征之一, GSH-Px作为抗氧化酶可保护细胞免受氧自由基的侵害, 从而保护细胞膜结构和功能的完整性[15]。本实验通过周期性皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液, 使大鼠肝脏实现反复急性肝损伤, 在持续炎症及反复修复作用下诱导肝纤维化。药效结果表明, 相比于空白对照组, 模型组中的ALT、AST和HYP水平显著提高(P < 0.01), GSH-Px水平显著降低(P < 0.01), 经过给药处理后, 四个指标均有回调趋势, 其中, 炮制组的药效优于生品组, 药对组的药效优于单一给药组, 体现了炮制及配伍能够增强柴胡和白芍的抗肝纤维化作用。
血浆代谢组学的结果表明, PCA模型中空白组与模型组聚为两类, 进一步验证模型复制成功。皮下注射CCl4橄榄油溶液后, 大鼠的正常生理状态被扰乱。对空白对照组和模型组的血浆代谢物进行分析, 共鉴定出20种与肝纤维化发病机制相关的差异性代谢物, 涉及到视黄醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、脂肪酸生物合成和花生四烯酸代谢5条代谢通路, 表明肝纤维化的发生是通过多条代谢通路的共同作用来完成的。给药后, 10种差异性代谢物呈现回调趋势, 柴胡、白芍和“柴胡-白芍”药对及对应的醋炙品水煎液主要通过改变视黄酯、9-cis-视黄酸、LPC、LPA和花生四烯酸等生物标志物的含量来干涉各代谢通路, 从而干预肝纤维化的发生和发展, 并最终发挥其抗肝纤维化作用。
肝星状细胞(HSC) 的激活是肝纤维化进程中的关键事件。生理状态下, 静止的HSC负责在肝脏中储存维生素A (视黄醇), 而维生素A主要是以视黄酯的形式存在于HSC中[16], 当肝脏受损后, HSC被炎症因子激发活化而分化为肌成纤维细胞, 促使ECM沉积[17], 引发肝纤维化。研究表明, 维生素A和胰岛素联合使用可以通过激活JAK2/STAT5信号通路, 并上调固醇调节元件结合蛋白的表达以维持HSC的静止状态, 对肝纤维化的发生起到预防作用[18]。维生素A的活性代谢物9-顺式维甲酸(9-cis-retinoic acid) 能够显著降低胆汁淤积小鼠血清中的ALT和AST水平, 并通过抑制RXRα的SUMO化修饰提高多药耐药相关蛋白3表达水平发挥保肝作用[19]。本实验从CCl4橄榄油溶液复合诱导的肝纤维化大鼠模型中发现, 模型组肝脏中视黄酯和9-顺式维甲酸的含量明显下降, 灌胃给予各给药组水煎液后, 其含量均有不同程度的回调, “醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对的回调水平更趋向于空白对照组, 进一步表明给药组通过调节视黄醇代谢发挥保肝作用。
肝脏是调控机体脂质稳态的中心器官。肝脏可以将摄入体内的葡萄糖转化为脂肪酸或直接从血浆中摄取。在肝细胞中, 脂肪酸被酯化为3-甘油磷酸和胆固醇, 分别生成甘油三酯或胆固醇酯, 或用于合成磷脂[20]。因此, 当肝脏受损后, 与其相关的脂质稳态受到扰乱。作为磷脂代谢的重要产物, 溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) 合成与分解代谢的主要场所是肝脏。有文献[21]报道, LPC能够参与炎症反应, 通过促进炎症细胞趋化使得微循环血流停滞, 导致组织损伤。随着肝损伤程度的增加, LPC的含量降低。本研究发现模型大鼠血浆中lysoPC (16∶1/0∶0) 相比空白对照组下调, 与文献报道一致。但lysoPC (14∶1/0∶0) 水平反而呈现上升趋势, 或存在其他干扰因素, 且给药组并未对LPC水平有回调趋势。溶血磷脂酸(LPA) 是磷脂代谢重要的中间产物, 能够通过Rho/ROCK信号通路调控黏着斑蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化和肌动蛋白的细胞骨架重组, 从而诱导HSC活化, 使其具有迁移能力[22]。与空白对照组相比, 肝纤维化大鼠中lysoPA (0∶0/18∶1) 水平升高, 给予各给药组水煎液后, 其含量向空白对照组回调。
非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NAFLD) 以脂质沉积过多为特征, 是肝纤维化诱因之一, 而脂毒性被认为是NAFLD发展的重要因素。有研究报道, 花生四烯酸(AA) 途径的激活是该疾病发展的生物信号, 其中, 对NAFLD作用涉及氧化应激以及炎症反应。正常情况下, 体内的AA代谢主要以磷脂形式存储在细胞膜上, 当肝细胞受到损伤或刺激时, 膜磷脂会在磷脂酶的作用下向胞浆释放出游离的AA。游离的AA可作为前体, 在COX、LOX和CYP酶家族作用下合成类花生酸, 该衍生物被认为是肝脏发生炎症反应必要的促炎介质[23]。来自多物种肝脏样本的转录结果表明, 花生四烯酸途径, 特别是花生四烯酸12-脂氧合酶(ALOX12), 可通过溶酶体降解机制直接靶向乙酰辅酶羧化酶1以诱导NAFLD, 这为NAFLD治疗提供了新的靶点[24]。以上证据均表明, 花生四烯酸途径的代谢产物变化与肝损伤直接相关。在CCl4橄榄油溶液的刺激下, 大鼠血浆中的花生四烯酸代谢发生紊乱, 其代谢物水平升高, 给予药物干预后回调。有研究报道, 在激活的HSC中, 花生四烯酸的积累量增加[25], 与本研究结果一致。花生四烯酸可作为肝纤维化发病过程中的生物标志物之一, 而白芍和柴胡能够通过调节花生四烯酸代谢途径缓解肝纤维化的进程。
采用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS技术对各给药组的原始数据进行了采集, 并借助PeakViewTM软件对灌胃给予各组样品水煎液的肝纤维化模型大鼠血浆样品中的入血成分进行鉴定, 同时结合Metabolite Pilot生物信息软件对鉴定出的入血成分进行代谢产物分析, 采用SIMCA-P 14.1软件对各成分质谱响应度及多重药效指标之间进行偏最小二乘法及VIP分析, 找出了谱效关联度较大的成分, 确认为体内药效的物质基础。鉴定出了肝纤维化过程中分别与HYP、GSH-Px、ALT和AST相关的21、10、20和21种高贡献度成分, 主要为白芍中的单萜苷类及其代谢产物、白芍内酯类、柴胡皂苷及苷元、黄酮类化合物和有机酸类。芍药内酯苷(albiflorin) 是白芍中的重要苷类化合物, 能够保护CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤[26]。芍药二酮(palbinone) 是白芍中的三萜类化合物, 本研究的谱效相关结果表明, 该成分对HYP、ALT和AST关联度较强。李翊铭等[27]发现芍药二酮在体外能够通过抑制YAP蛋白表达以抑制HSC的增殖与活化, 并能够同时抑制炎症因子的表达与释放, 为该成分用于治疗非酒精性脂肪肝炎药物的开发提供了理论支撑。丹皮酚(paeonol) 是存在于白芍中具有较高活性的酚类化合物, 有学者研究了丹皮酚对CCl4诱导的肝纤维化小鼠的保护作用。结果发现, 该成分能够通过抑制TGF-β1/Smad3信号通路从而改善肝纤维化[28]。本研究的谱效相关结果表明, 丹皮酚对HYP、GSH-Px和ALT的关联度较强, 与上述报道结果一致。柴胡皂苷是柴胡中的主要生物活性成分, 具有解热、镇静和抗肿瘤等作用。柴胡中的主要皂苷为柴胡皂苷a (saikosaponin a)、柴胡皂苷d (saikosaponin d)、柴胡皂苷b1 (saikosaponin b1) 和柴胡皂苷b2 (saikosaponin b2) 等[29]。柴胡皂苷类成分极性较大, 在体内吸收较差, 常常转化为柴胡次皂苷或者苷元以促进吸收发挥药效[30]。有学者对柴胡皂苷a进行了体外生物转化以分析柴胡皂苷a的代谢产物。结果表明, 柴胡皂苷a在肠道菌群条件下, 首先转化为柴胡次皂苷f, 再进一步转化为柴胡皂苷元f (saikogenin f)[31]。本研究的入血成分中并未发现有柴胡皂苷a, 但鉴定出柴胡皂苷元f, 可推测柴胡皂苷a在体内转化为柴胡皂苷元f以发挥药效。柴胡皂苷d具有保肝作用, 有研究报道, 柴胡皂苷d能够通过调节GPER1/自噬通路缓解肝纤维化[32]。柴胡皂苷b2能够通过调控RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中的STK4/IRAK1/NF-κB通路以抑制LPS诱导的转录因子增加, 从而发挥治疗原发性肝癌的作用[33]。此外, 本研究发现, 对HYP和GSH-Px贡献最大的成分是槲皮素(quercetin), 而槲皮素是多种中药中含有的一种黄酮类化合物。有研究报道, 槲皮素具有多重生物活性, 例如抗氧化、抗病毒等作用, 其中, 槲皮素可以通过抑制NF-κB/IκBα, p38 MAPK和Bcl-2/Bax信号通路缓解肝纤维化[34]。由于中药药效的发挥具有多成分、多靶点和整体性的特点, 对于药效指标的不同, 与其相关度较高的成分也具有一定的差异。通过谱效相关研究, 共确定了38种成分可作为柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后抗肝纤维化作用的药效标志物。
综上, 血浆代谢组学的结果表明, 肝纤维化是多条代谢通路共同作用的结果。柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后可调节10种差异性代谢物以发挥抗肝纤维化作用, 其中“醋柴胡-醋白芍”药对组调节视黄醇代谢、甘油磷脂代谢和花生四烯酸代谢通路的效果更佳。由此可见, 作为传统中医药的两大特色, 炮制和配伍的结合能够起到更好的协同增效作用。本研究通过柴胡和白芍醋炙及配伍前后对CCl4诱导的肝纤维化大鼠保护作用的阐释, 进一步明确了炮制与配伍的重要意义, 并为中医临床用药的合理设计提供了参考依据。
作者贡献: 蔡皓负责整体设计及文章修改; 刘鑫负责设计、数据处理及文章撰写; 于慧负责实验操作及数据处理; 宋健涛、陈忆菁、张巧协助完成动物实验; 曹岗、朱慧、段煜、裴科协助指导实验。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81673600)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973481)
  • 江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1778)
  • 江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1790)
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2023年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1103
  • 接收时间:2022-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-10
  • 修回日期:2023-02-02
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81673600)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973481)
江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1778)
江苏省研究生科研创新计划(KYCX21_1790)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京中医药大学国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    3.浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
    4.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619

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*蔡皓, Tel: 86-25-86798281, E-mail: ;
曹岗, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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