Article(id=1198628500535079551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665072000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-07, revisedDate=1672070400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704903967, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704903967, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704903967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704903967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1138, endPage=1148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628500837069444, articleId=1198628500535079551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Based on the macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicine exploring the material basis and mechanism of the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, this paper discussed material basis and mechanism from the perspective of macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicine. Inspired by the phenomenon of turbidity after boiling Chinese medicine, this experiment took Shaoyao Gancao Decoction as the research object to study the formation process of precipitation during boiling. The results showed that aggregates with a certain shape were formed in the solvent during the boiling process, and the precipitate was obtained by standing and centrifuging. Analysis found that the precipitation was mainly composed of small molecules such as paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, isoliquiritin and gallic acid, and macromolecules such as protein and polysaccharide. The composition of precipitate was consistent with that of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, but the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction after removing the precipitate was significantly reduced. Based on these results, we isolated small molecular compounds, polysaccharides and protein from Shaoyao Gancao Decoction and their contents are 60.4, 700.7 and 207.2 mg·g-1 respectively. We get the ratio, polysaccharide: small molecule = 11.6:1, protein: small molecule = 3.4:1, the precipitate is prepared in the state of boiling. The characterization results showed that the particle size of the precipitate will change significantly after co-heating, and the content determination results showed that the content of the six small molecular compounds which was free in solvent was significantly reduced after the formation of the precipitate. The acetic acid writhing experiment proved that the precipitate has a good analgesic effect, and effectively reduced the levels of inflammatory factors prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, and increased the level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. These results proved that the precipitate in Shaoyao Gancao Decoction is an important material basis for analgesic effect, and macromolecules such as protein and polysaccharide are the main components of the precipitate. The study of macromolecules in the precipitate of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction not only provides new ideas and methods for elucidating the pharmacodynamic material basis of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, but also provides a reference for analyzing the scientificity of traditional decoction.

, correspAuthors=Yu-qin YANG, Dong BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan GAO, Qin GUO, Huan-huan WANG, Ying-ying DONG, Ning ZHAO, Zheng-shen YAN, Yu-qin YANG, Dong BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628502313464496, articleId=1198628500535079551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于中药大分子探讨芍药甘草汤镇痛的物质基础及作用机制, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究芍药甘草汤的镇痛作用, 本文从中药大分子角度探讨其物质基础及作用机制。本实验从中药复方煎煮后汤液浑浊的现象出发, 以芍药甘草汤为研究对象, 研究其煎煮时沉淀物的形成过程, 结果表明汤剂在煎煮过程中会形成具有一定形貌的聚集体, 通过静置离心得到沉淀物。定性、定量分析发现沉淀物主要由芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸、甘草苷、异甘草苷和没食子酸6种小分子和蛋白质、多糖类大分子组成, 虽然其成分与芍药甘草汤组成一致, 但去除沉淀物的芍药甘草汤镇痛药效显著降低。在此基础上, 本研究从芍药甘草汤中分离得到小分子化合物、多糖及蛋白质部位, 各部位的含量分别为60.4、700.7和207.2 mg·g-1, 大分子蛋白质、多糖含量较小分子含量高, 按照多糖: 小分子= 11.6:1、蛋白质: 小分子= 3.4:1的比例在模拟煎煮的状态下制备沉淀物。粒径表征结果表明共同加热后两种沉淀物的粒径会发生明显变化, 含量测定结果表明形成沉淀物后游离的小分子化合物芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸、甘草苷、异甘草苷和没食子酸含量均明显降低, 因此推测小分子成分分别与蛋白质、多糖发生了相互作用。醋酸扭体实验证明模拟制备的沉淀物具有很好的镇痛作用, 并能有效降低炎症因子前列腺素E2和一氧化氮的水平, 提高抗炎因子白介素-10水平。以上结果证明芍药甘草汤中的沉淀物是其发挥镇痛作用的重要物质基础, 而大分子如蛋白质、多糖是构成沉淀物的主要成分, 沉淀物发挥镇痛作用的化学机制是大分子与小分子间发生了相互作用。对于芍药甘草汤沉淀物中大分子的研究, 不仅为阐明芍药甘草汤的药效物质基础提供新的思路和方法, 也为解析传统汤剂起效的科学性提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=杨玉琴, 柏冬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨玉琴, Tel: 15810939689, E-mail: ;
柏冬, Tel: 13552343081, E-mail:
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Observe the shape of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, such as Tyndall phenomenon, transmission electron microscope image (D) , figureFileSmall=HOUUBy+lt5qZZk9+cpWyMw==, figureFileBig=Prfp7O8xLo/T5hMXRp2pLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122878849770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7bPUVznIspE6tv5DyNv2Dw==, figureFileBig=LAOS0A2KxQ8CC9DPbiLDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122983707381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Determination results of small molecular compounds (A) and proteins and polysaccharides (B) in Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Precipitation and studies on polysaccharide composition (C) and protein attribution (D). M: Standard protein; SYP: Shaoyao Decoction Precipitation; GCP: Gancao Decoction Precipitation; SGP: Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Precipitation , figureFileSmall=7bPUVznIspE6tv5DyNv2Dw==, figureFileBig=LAOS0A2KxQ8CC9DPbiLDQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123222782735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nLyz5QEs9gRODSLBMGKG7Q==, figureFileBig=Rz/2YjFeLDmdv33OaUWdbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123461858087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The analgesic (A) and anti-inflammatory effects (B) of different doses of SGD and the effect of removing precipitates on the analgesic effect (C). NG: Normal group; MG: Model group; PG: Positive group; SGD: Shaoyao Gancao Decoction; SYD: Shaoyao Decoction; GCD: Gancao Decoction; SGU: Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Ultrafiltration; SGES: Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Ethanol Dissoluble Substances. <i>n</i> = 6, Mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MG, <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> SGD , figureFileSmall=nLyz5QEs9gRODSLBMGKG7Q==, figureFileBig=Rz/2YjFeLDmdv33OaUWdbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123638018870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=noXrJyNODX8HmJtbNT2GMQ==, figureFileBig=B5xsT/boB5h21r8vlbHj2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123797402434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Contents of small molecules (A) and proteins and polysaccharides (B) of different constituents isolated from SGD. Content of each component in SGD (C). Changes in the content of small molecules (D) and particle size (E, F) before and after the formation of simulated precipitation. SMM: Small molecules, POL: Polysaccharides, PRO: proteins , figureFileSmall=noXrJyNODX8HmJtbNT2GMQ==, figureFileBig=B5xsT/boB5h21r8vlbHj2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123898065745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bLb2dUfUHnxEbNAeR6wtUw==, figureFileBig=9g7XgyT7N1rG5SCoXrUfCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123990340443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628500535079551, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The effect of precipitation on the number of writhes (A) and the IL-10 (B), NO (C) and PGE2 (D) levels in serum in acute pain model. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SEM, <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MG , figureFileSmall=bLb2dUfUHnxEbNAeR6wtUw==, figureFileBig=9g7XgyT7N1rG5SCoXrUfCg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, 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基于中药大分子探讨芍药甘草汤镇痛的物质基础及作用机制
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高源 , 郭琴 , 王欢欢 , 董莹莹 , 赵宁 , 阎政燊 , 杨玉琴 * , 柏冬 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1138-1148
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1138-1148
基于中药大分子探讨芍药甘草汤镇痛的物质基础及作用机制
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高源, 郭琴, 王欢欢, 董莹莹, 赵宁, 阎政燊, 杨玉琴* , 柏冬*
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所, 北京 100700

通讯作者:

*杨玉琴, Tel: 15810939689, E-mail: ;
柏冬, Tel: 13552343081, E-mail:
Based on the macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicine exploring the material basis and mechanism of the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction
Yuan GAO, Qin GUO, Huan-huan WANG, Ying-ying DONG, Ning ZHAO, Zheng-shen YAN, Yu-qin YANG* , Dong BAI*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1097
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为了研究芍药甘草汤的镇痛作用, 本文从中药大分子角度探讨其物质基础及作用机制。本实验从中药复方煎煮后汤液浑浊的现象出发, 以芍药甘草汤为研究对象, 研究其煎煮时沉淀物的形成过程, 结果表明汤剂在煎煮过程中会形成具有一定形貌的聚集体, 通过静置离心得到沉淀物。定性、定量分析发现沉淀物主要由芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸、甘草苷、异甘草苷和没食子酸6种小分子和蛋白质、多糖类大分子组成, 虽然其成分与芍药甘草汤组成一致, 但去除沉淀物的芍药甘草汤镇痛药效显著降低。在此基础上, 本研究从芍药甘草汤中分离得到小分子化合物、多糖及蛋白质部位, 各部位的含量分别为60.4、700.7和207.2 mg·g-1, 大分子蛋白质、多糖含量较小分子含量高, 按照多糖: 小分子= 11.6:1、蛋白质: 小分子= 3.4:1的比例在模拟煎煮的状态下制备沉淀物。粒径表征结果表明共同加热后两种沉淀物的粒径会发生明显变化, 含量测定结果表明形成沉淀物后游离的小分子化合物芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸、甘草苷、异甘草苷和没食子酸含量均明显降低, 因此推测小分子成分分别与蛋白质、多糖发生了相互作用。醋酸扭体实验证明模拟制备的沉淀物具有很好的镇痛作用, 并能有效降低炎症因子前列腺素E2和一氧化氮的水平, 提高抗炎因子白介素-10水平。以上结果证明芍药甘草汤中的沉淀物是其发挥镇痛作用的重要物质基础, 而大分子如蛋白质、多糖是构成沉淀物的主要成分, 沉淀物发挥镇痛作用的化学机制是大分子与小分子间发生了相互作用。对于芍药甘草汤沉淀物中大分子的研究, 不仅为阐明芍药甘草汤的药效物质基础提供新的思路和方法, 也为解析传统汤剂起效的科学性提供了参考。

芍药甘草汤  /  沉淀物  /  蛋白质  /  多糖  /  镇痛

In order to study the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, this paper discussed material basis and mechanism from the perspective of macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicine. Inspired by the phenomenon of turbidity after boiling Chinese medicine, this experiment took Shaoyao Gancao Decoction as the research object to study the formation process of precipitation during boiling. The results showed that aggregates with a certain shape were formed in the solvent during the boiling process, and the precipitate was obtained by standing and centrifuging. Analysis found that the precipitation was mainly composed of small molecules such as paeoniflorin, albiflorin, liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, isoliquiritin and gallic acid, and macromolecules such as protein and polysaccharide. The composition of precipitate was consistent with that of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, but the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction after removing the precipitate was significantly reduced. Based on these results, we isolated small molecular compounds, polysaccharides and protein from Shaoyao Gancao Decoction and their contents are 60.4, 700.7 and 207.2 mg·g-1 respectively. We get the ratio, polysaccharide: small molecule = 11.6:1, protein: small molecule = 3.4:1, the precipitate is prepared in the state of boiling. The characterization results showed that the particle size of the precipitate will change significantly after co-heating, and the content determination results showed that the content of the six small molecular compounds which was free in solvent was significantly reduced after the formation of the precipitate. The acetic acid writhing experiment proved that the precipitate has a good analgesic effect, and effectively reduced the levels of inflammatory factors prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, and increased the level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10. These results proved that the precipitate in Shaoyao Gancao Decoction is an important material basis for analgesic effect, and macromolecules such as protein and polysaccharide are the main components of the precipitate. The study of macromolecules in the precipitate of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction not only provides new ideas and methods for elucidating the pharmacodynamic material basis of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, but also provides a reference for analyzing the scientificity of traditional decoction.

Shaoyao Gancao Decoction  /  precipitate  /  protein  /  polysaccharide  /  analgesia
高源, 郭琴, 王欢欢, 董莹莹, 赵宁, 阎政燊, 杨玉琴, 柏冬. 基于中药大分子探讨芍药甘草汤镇痛的物质基础及作用机制. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1138 -1148 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1097
Yuan GAO, Qin GUO, Huan-huan WANG, Ying-ying DONG, Ning ZHAO, Zheng-shen YAN, Yu-qin YANG, Dong BAI. Based on the macromolecules in traditional Chinese medicine exploring the material basis and mechanism of the analgesic effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1138 -1148 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1097
汤剂作为中药的传统服用方式, 是一种公认的复杂体系, 其复杂性不仅表现在其含有多种化学成分上, 而且汤剂是溶液、胶体、混悬液的多相复合体系。由于所带电荷不同, 胶体和混悬液中的颗粒会相互吸引, 发生聚集和沉降, 这就导致了汤剂静置后会有沉淀析出。早在20世纪80年代, 研究已经发现去除汤剂中的沉淀物会使制剂疗效降低[1, 2]。近年来的研究表明, 药材中不同的化学成分在煎煮过程中会受静电引力、范德华力、疏水力和氢键等非共价作用力的影响形成沉淀物, 而这些沉淀物具有较好的生物活性[3]。但汤剂的临床应用中仍倾向于将沉淀作为杂质去除, 如三黄泻心汤煎煮时会产生大量絮状物沉淀, 故在三黄泻心汤的现代开发过程中, 放弃了复方合煎制法, 改用药材单煎提取, 避免沉淀物产生。然而药理实验表明三黄泻心汤合煎液的镇痛、解热、抗炎作用均优于药材分煎合并液[4]。从汤液相态角度对比分析三黄泻心汤复方合煎与分煎合并液发现, 两煎剂中有效成分之间的反应、结合程度存在较大差异, 说明在复方合煎过程中, 药效物质分子之间反应充分, 形成了粒径较小、较为稳定的沉淀物, 从而降低药物不良反应、改变胃肠道的吸收行为[5]。因此, 应高度重视中药煎煮过程中形成的沉淀物, 对制药过程中多作为无效成分而弃去的物质进行研究可能为阐明中药药效物质基础的新视角。
芍药甘草汤源于《伤寒杂病论》, 具有养血敛阴、调和肝脾、缓急止痛的作用, 常用于治疗疼痛性疾病、痉挛性疾病和炎症性疾病等[6]。其中, 芍药苷是芍药发挥镇痛作用的主要药效成分。吴丽等[7]发现芍药苷对原发性痛经模型小鼠具有解痉镇痛的作用。洪嘉琪等[8, 9]研究发现芍药苷可抑制Akt/NF-κB信号通路, 从而抑制炎症因子释放和脊髓小胶质细胞的激活, 缓解慢性炎症疼痛。甘草主要含有黄酮、皂苷、香豆素类成分, 具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、保肝等多种药理作用[10]。Sui等[11]发现芍药甘草汤对关节炎大鼠具有较好的镇痛抗炎作用, 这种作用主要与TRPV1通路的抑制有关。杨永菊等[12]证明芍药与甘草1:1配伍时其镇痛抗炎效果最好。进一步的研究表明芍药甘草汤镇痛抗炎效果的增强可能与芍药苷等成分的吸收增加有关[13]
中药大分子在抗炎、调节免疫和抗癌等方面已经显示出良好的药效作用。中药大分子的研究一方面为临床应用提供了潜在药物; 另一方面也为明确中药药效物质基础开拓了新思路。目前, 针对芍药甘草汤药效学的研究主要集中在小分子如芍药苷、甘草酸及芍药总苷上, 而对大分子即多糖、蛋白质等成分的研究未见报道。汤剂的煎煮并不是一个单纯的热水抽提过程, 伴随着药材中的成分从细胞内迁移至热水中, 各类成分自发地相互作用, 最终组成了稳定、有序的结构。实时监测麻杏石甘汤煎煮过程, 可以发现煎煮时颗粒的混杂度下降, 粒度分布变窄并最终稳定在170 nm左右, 有机和无机成分在各相态间呈非均匀分布, 导致汤剂成分的异质性分布, 从而影响了不同相态的药效作用[14]。芍药甘草汤在煎煮过程中, 小分子与大分子是否发生了相互作用目前未见报道, 对小分子与大分子是否发生了相互作用以及作用前后药效学的变化进行研究, 可能是阐明芍药甘草汤药效物质基础的角度之一。
本文以芍药甘草汤的沉淀物为对象, 研究了沉淀在汤剂煎煮中的形成过程, 并对沉淀物中的蛋白质及多糖成分进行研究, 通过药效实验证明以蛋白质及多糖为主要成分的沉淀物在镇痛作用中的重要性。在此基础上, 本研究从汤剂中分离得到小分子、多糖及蛋白质部位并模拟构建沉淀物, 建立急性疼痛模型验证沉淀物的镇痛作用, 从抗炎角度研究沉淀物的镇痛机制, 以期阐明芍药甘草汤药效物质基础。
药材与动物  白芍(河北祁一堂中药材贸易有限公司)、甘草(河北康益强药业有限公司) 经北京中医药大学任广喜老师鉴定, 分别为毛茛科植物芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) 的干燥根和豆科植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) 的干燥根及根茎。
清洁级昆明系雄性小鼠138只, 7~8周龄, 体重18~22 g, 购于北京市昌扬西山养殖场实验动物公司, 动物许可证号SYXK (京) 2021-0017。饲养于中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所, 符合饲养标准, 小鼠自由饮食, 适应性喂养7天后开始实验。本实验获得中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心伦理委员会批准(批准号: IBCTMCACMS21-2112-01)。
试剂与仪器  甘草苷和没食子酸(批号: 111610-201607、110831-200302, 中国食品药品检定研究院); 芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸(批号: X12ABC33672、G26N11L132310、H0309276567, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司), 异甘草苷(批号: TT102I, 天津一方科技有限公司), 无水葡萄糖(C12812507, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司)。乙腈(色谱级, 美国Fisher公司), 甲酸(质谱级, 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)。SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(P0015L)、SDS-PAGE凝胶配制试剂盒(P0012A) 和BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0011) (上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)。考马斯亮蓝G-250 (C8420)、彩虹180广谱蛋白marker (PR1910)、3%磷钨酸负染色液(G1871) 和20×PBS缓冲液(pH = 7.2~7.4) (P1032) (北京索莱宝科技有限公司)。Toyopearl SuperQ-650M填料(北京绿百草科技发展有限公司)。10×电泳缓冲液(B1005, 北京普利莱基因技术有限公司)。15 mL/30 kDa超滤管(UFC903096, 美国Millipore公司)。
Thermo Vanquish Flex超高效液相色谱仪、TSQ Quantis三重四极杆质谱仪、Multiskan Mk3酶标仪和Dionex ICS-5000+离子色谱仪(美国Thermo公司); SB-5200DT超声波清洗机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 日立H-7650透射电子显微镜(日本日立公司); BT25S十万分之一电子天平(北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); 激光粒度仪(美国Microtrac公司); Delta 320 pH计(梅特勒-托利多上海有限公司); HC-100恒温混匀仪(杭州佑宁仪器有限公司); Fluor Chem FC2蛋白核酸凝胶成像仪(美国Protein Simple公司); DYY-5D型三恒多用电泳仪电源和DYCZ-24DN迷你双垂直电泳槽(北京六一生物科技有限公司); ÄKTA Purifier蛋白纯化仪(美国Cytiva公司)。
供试药物的制备  称取芍药和甘草各60 g, 加8倍量水浸泡30 min, 煎煮40 min后, 无纺纱布过滤, 药渣加6倍量水煎煮30 min, 无纺纱布过滤, 合并两次滤液, 减压浓缩至1 g·mL-1 (生药量计), 所得汤剂为芍药甘草汤(Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, SGD)。相同方法制备芍药汤(Shaoyao Decoction, SYD) 和甘草汤(Gancao Decoction, GCD)。
取SGD, 使用30 kDa的中空纤维膜超滤, 所得滤液即为芍药甘草汤超滤液(Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Ultrafiltration, SGU)。取SGD, 减压浓缩后加入95%的乙醇调整至乙醇饱和度为65%, 4 ℃静置12 h后, 4 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 分离得到上清液, 旋蒸除去乙醇, 得到芍药甘草汤上清液(Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Ethanol Dissoluble Substances, SGES)。
UHPLC-MS/MS测定汤中6种化合物含量  对照品溶液的制备: 取对照品适量, 精密称定, 分别制备芍药苷(paeoniflorin)、芍药内酯苷(albiflorin)、甘草苷(liquiritin)、异甘草苷(isoliquiritigenin)、甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid)、没食子酸(gallic acid) 的单一对照品储备液, 分别吸取上述6种对照品储备液适量, 制成不同质量浓度的混合对照品溶液。
供试品溶液的制备: 将SGD用甲醇稀释至适宜浓度, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 取续滤液即得待测样品。
超高效液相色谱和质谱检测条件: Agilent SB-C18 RRHD (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) 色谱柱, 柱温35 ℃, 样品盘温度为4 ℃, 流速为0.3 mL·min-1。以0.1%甲酸水(A) 和乙腈(B) 为流动相, 梯度洗脱(0~2 min, 5% B; 2~3 min, 5%~32% B; 3~5 min, 32% B; 5~6 min, 32%~60% B; 6~8 min, 60% B; 8~10 min, 60%~90% B; 10~12 min, 90%~15% B; 12~15 min, 5% B), 进样量为1 μL。
使用电喷雾离子源(ESI) 的选择反应监测(SRM) 模式, 正负离子同时扫描, 离子源型号为H-ESI, 正负模式喷雾电压分别为3 700 V和3 500 V, 干燥气/辅助气、鞘气均为N2, 鞘气流速为40 Arb, 辅助气流速为5 Arb, 吹扫气流速为1 Arb, 离子传输管温度为325 ℃, 雾化温度为400 ℃。
BCA法测定蛋白质类成分的含量  按照BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒说明书操作。试液A与试剂B按50:1的比例配制成工作液。设标准蛋白质溶液为0、25、50、100、200、300、400、500 μg·mL-1, 取各浓度标准品0.02 mL, 加入工作液0.2 mL, 混匀, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 562 nm波长处测定吸光度, 计算出标准曲线及回归方程。取SGD, 稀释至适宜浓度后取0.02 mL, 同法操作, 根据标准曲线计算出SGD中蛋白质的含量。
硫酸-苯酚法测定多糖类成分的含量  精密称取2.5 mg无水葡萄糖, 置于25 mL量瓶中, 蒸馏水定容, 得0.1 mg·mL-1对照品溶液。准确吸取0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1 mL对照品溶液至试管中, 加蒸馏水补足至1 mL, 分别加4%苯酚溶液1 mL, 混匀, 迅速加入硫酸7 mL, 摇匀, 40 ℃水浴30 min后, 冰水浴5 min, 使用分光光度法, 在490 nm的波长处测定不同浓度对照品的吸光度, 以吸光度为纵坐标、葡萄糖浓度为横坐标, 绘制标准曲线。
将SGD稀释至适宜浓度, 取1 mL于试管中, 加4%苯酚溶液1 mL, 混匀, 迅速加入硫酸7 mL, 摇匀, 40 ℃水浴30 min后, 冰水浴5 min, 使用分光光度法, 在490 nm的波长处测定吸光度, 根据标准曲线计算样品的多糖含量。
芍药甘草汤的形态学表征  按SGD制备方法, 分别于煎煮的第10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100 min取样, 测定煎煮过程中SGD的pH值、粒径及zeta电位的变化, 并补足同体积的水。将煎煮好的汤剂加至比色皿中, 观察丁达尔现象。取少量SGD稀释5倍后, 直接滴于铜网上, 静置5 min, 用滤纸从液滴边缘吸去多余液体, 自然干燥后, 透射电子显微镜观察汤剂形貌。
芍药甘草汤沉淀中大分子类成分的研究  芍药汤沉淀物、甘草汤沉淀物及芍药甘草汤沉淀物的分离: 分别将SYD、GCD和SGD冷却至25 ℃, 14 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 所得沉淀即分别为芍药汤沉淀物(Shaoyao Decoction Precipitation, SYP)、甘草汤沉淀物(Gancao Decoction Precipitation, GCP) 及芍药甘草汤中的沉淀物(Shaoyao Gancao Decoction Precipitation, SGP)。取SGP干燥至恒重, 计算沉淀率, 并测定各成分含量。
十二烷基硫酸钠—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 分析芍药甘草汤沉淀中蛋白质类成分: 取SYP、GCP及SGP, 用PBS缓冲液全部溶解, BCA试剂盒检测蛋白质含量。根据蛋白质含量测定结果, 用PBS统一各样品的蛋白质量, 并将其与SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液按比例混合, 100 ℃水浴加热10 min使蛋白质完全变性。取各样品进行电泳, 并用考马斯亮蓝染色60 min, 染色完成后加热脱色至能明显看到凝胶上的条带为止, 使用凝胶成像仪观察并拍照。
离子色谱法分析芍药甘草汤沉淀中多糖的组成: SGP醇沉除去小分子成分后, 稀释至适宜浓度, 加入2 mol·L-1三氟乙酸溶液, 摇匀, 密闭, 80 ℃水解4 h后, 冷却至室温后, 用蒸馏水稀释, 过Dionex OnGuard Ⅱ RP前处理小柱(40 μm, 二乙烯基苯聚合物填料) 除去疏水性化合物后, 得到供试品溶液。使用阴离子交换色谱柱CarboPac PA20 (3 mm × 150 mm) 进行分析, 淋洗液: NaOH/NaOAC, 梯度淋洗(0~15 min, 10 mmol·L-1 NaOH; 15~25 min, 250 mmol·L-1 NaOAC/100 mmol·L-1 NaOH; 25~33 min, 100 mmol·L-1 NaOH; 33~58 min, 10 mmol·L-1 NaOH), 流速: 0.45 mL·min-1, 柱温: 30 ℃, 进样体积: 10 μL, 检测器: 电化学检测器, 参比电极: pH-Ag/AgCl (PN: 061879, SN: 825604), 工作电极: 金电极(PN: 061875, SN: 19133)。
芍药甘草汤沉淀物的镇痛作用  急性疼痛模型的建立: 各组小鼠末次给药60 min后, 除正常组小鼠外, 其余各组小鼠按10 mL·kg-1腹腔注射0.6%的醋酸生理盐水, 正常组注射等量的生理盐水。注射后开始计时, 记录注射醋酸后15 min内小鼠扭体次数(以小鼠出现腹部内凹、躯干与后肢伸张、臀部抬高为扭体反应)。注射醋酸60 min后, 小鼠麻醉取血, 收集后室温静置30 min, 3 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 收集上清检测血清中炎症因子一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 水平。
芍药甘草汤镇痛作用最佳给药剂量筛选: 将36只小鼠随机分为6组: 正常组(normal group, NG)、模型组(model group, MG)、芍药甘草汤高剂量组(SGD-H, 30 g·kg-1)、芍药甘草汤中剂量组(SGD-M, 20 g·kg-1)、芍药甘草汤低剂量组(SGD-L, 10 g·kg-1)、阳性药布洛芬组(positive group, PG, 1 mg·kg-1), 每组6只。NG和MG分别给予等体积的生理盐水, 每天1次, 连续口服给药7天。
去除沉淀物对芍药甘草汤镇痛作用的影响: 将48只小鼠随机分为8组: NG、MG、芍药组(SYD, 20 g·kg-1)、甘草组(GCD, 20 g·kg-1)、芍药甘草汤组(SGD, 20 g·kg-1)、芍药甘草汤超滤组(SGSF, 20 g·kg-1)、芍药甘草汤上清组(SGEP, 20 g·kg-1)、阳性药布洛芬组(PG, 1 mg·kg-1), 每组6只。NG和MG分别给予等体积的生理盐水, 每天1次, 连续口服给药7天。
芍药甘草汤沉淀物生成机制的研究及其对镇痛作用的影响  芍药甘草汤中各类组分的分离及含量测定: 取冷却至室温的SGD, 向汤剂中缓慢加入95%乙醇并不断搅拌, 直至乙醇饱和度为80%, 4 ℃静置过夜后, 4 000 r·min-1离心20 min分离上清液和沉淀。取上清部分, 减压浓缩, 加入水饱和正丁醇进行萃取, 将有机相减压浓缩, 干燥, 得到组分A。
使用ÄKTA Purifier蛋白纯化仪, 以Toyopearl SuperQ-650M为离子交换色谱分离填料。取醇沉沉淀, 与正丁醇萃取的水相部分合并, 用0.05 mol·L-1 PBS充分溶解, 即为待上样样品。0.05 mol·L-1 PBS平衡色谱柱后上样, 流速5 mL·min-1, 收集上样过程中的流出组分, 上样后用0.05 mol·L-1 PBS淋洗至基线平稳, 将该洗脱液与上样时的流出组分合并, 减压浓缩, 干燥, 得到组分B。使用含0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl的PBS (0.05 mol·L-1) 进行洗脱, 流速5 mL·min-1, UV检测波长为280、254和215 nm, 收集洗脱峰组分, 减压浓缩, 干燥, 得到组分C。分别精密称取组分A、B、C适量, 蒸馏水稀释后, 使用UHPLC-MS/MS测定各组分中6种化合物含量, BCA法测定蛋白质含量, 硫酸-苯酚法测定多糖含量。
芍药甘草汤沉淀物生成过程的模拟: 含量测定表明组分A、B、C分别是汤剂中小分子(small molecules, SMM)、多糖(polysaccharides, POL) 和蛋白质(proteins, PRO) 的富集物, SGD中小分子: 蛋白质: 多糖= 1:3.4:11.6, 取SMM、POL、PRO, 按照比例混合各组分后, 100 ℃加热40 min, 模拟汤剂中沉淀物的生成过程。加热完成后, 使用30 kDa的中空纤维膜超滤, 收集SMM+POL、SMM+PRO。取超滤液, UHPLC-MS/MS法检测超滤液中小分子含量。取POL、PRO及SMM+POL、SMM+PRO, 稀释至适宜倍数后比较粒径变化。
模拟沉淀物镇痛作用的研究: 将72只小鼠随机分为9组: NG、MG、小分子组(SMM, 120.8 mg·kg-1)、多糖组(POL, 1401.3 mg·kg-1)、蛋白质组(PRO, 441.4 mg·kg-1)、小分子+多糖组(SMM+POL)、小分子+蛋白质组(SMM+PRO)、小分子+多糖+蛋白质组(SMM+POL+PRO)、阳性药布洛芬组(PG, 1 mg·kg-1), 每组6只。各组根据体重腹腔给药1次, NG和MG分别给予等体积的生理盐水。
按照“芍药甘草汤沉淀物的镇痛作用”项下方法建立急性疼痛模型, 记录扭体次数, 并收集血清检测炎症因子NO、前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2) 和白介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10) 的水平。
统计学方法  采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计, 计量结果用Mean ± SEM表示, 组间采用t检验和One-Way ANOVA分析, 以P < 0.05为差异是否具有统计学意义的标准。
方法学考察表明, 建立的UHPLC-MS/MS检测方法专属性强, 线性和稳定性好, 准确度和精密度高, 加样回收率符合要求, 能够应用于SGD中小分子化合物的含量测定。结果表明, SGD中小分子主要以芍药苷及甘草酸为主, 含量分别为6.11和5.61 mg·mL-1 (图 1A)。此外, SGD中大分子蛋白质、多糖的含量分别为51.78和175.11 mg·mL-1 (图 1B)。中药复方煎煮过程中各成分间会发生相互作用, 以往研究多关注中药小分子间相互作用, 而忽视了大分子在煎煮过程中的作用。本实验通过测定大分子蛋白质、多糖的含量发现, 在汤剂中大分子的含量远远高于小分子。因此, 大分子蛋白质、多糖与小分子之间是否发生了相互作用且这种作用对于药效具有怎样的影响需要进一步研究。
为了研究SGD煎煮时沉淀物的形成过程, 本研究检测了煎煮过程中粒径和zeta电位的动态变化, 结果如图 2AB所示, 由结果可以看出粒径先增大后减小, 在70 min时粒径为最大值, 而zeta电位在10 min时为最大值。说明随着不断加热, 饮片中的成分逐渐溶出, 各成分之间发生相互作用并聚集(zeta电位降低) 进而形成粒径较大的沉淀物。不同种类药效成分的溶出会影响煎煮液的pH, 为了研究芍药甘草汤煎煮过程中各类成分间的相互作用, 本研究测定了SGD煎煮时pH的变化, 如图 2C所示。汤剂在煎煮过程中pH呈逐渐降低的趋势, 煎煮50 min后pH值在5左右, 趋于平稳, 原因可能是在煎煮过程中含酚羟基、羧基等基团的酸性成分不断溶出, 使汤剂呈弱酸性。SGD经激光笔照射有明显的光路, 说明SGD丁达尔效应显著。从SGD的透射电子显微镜观察结果可以看出(图 2D), SGD中的颗粒物大小不一、形状不规则, 同时也可以看到颗粒之间容易相互粘连或聚集, 具有形成更大聚集物的趋势。这些结果表明在加热过程中, SGD中的各类成分会发生相互作用形成具有一定粒径的结构, 并且这些结构会逐渐聚集, 经静置离心后即为SGP。
经计算SGD的沉淀率为3.89%, SGP中的成分组成与SGD中一致, 包括芍药苷、甘草酸、多糖和蛋白质等, 仅含量存在差别, 如图 3AB所示。采用离子色谱电化学法对SGP中组成多糖的单糖成分进行定量分析发现(图 3C), 葡萄糖的含量最高为366.14 mg·g-1, 其次是果糖为97.50 mg·g-1, 半乳糖和鼠李糖的含量相对较低, 分别为3.43和2.16 mg·g-1。采用SDS-PAGE电泳对SGP中蛋白质进行定性分析(图 3D) 发现, GCP与SGP均有一条颜色较深的蛋白质条带, 分子量为62~75 kDa, 而SYP中未见明显的蛋白质条带。由实验结果可以说明SGP中的大分子蛋白质来源于甘草。
使用醋酸急性疼痛模型研究SGD的镇痛作用, 由结果可知(图 4AB), 与MG相比, SGD-H、SGD-M组扭体次数均显著减少(P < 0.05)。与NG相比, MG血清中炎症因子NO水平显著升高(P < 0.05)。与MG相比, SGD-M组血清NO水平显著降低(P < 0.01)。扭体结果和血清NO水平证明, SGD中剂量即给药剂量为20 g生药·kg-1时药效更好。
图 4C的结果中, SGD的扭体次数和MG相比显著减少(P < 0.001), 说明SGD具有很好的镇痛作用。相同剂量的SYD和GCD与SGD相比, 扭体次数均有显著性差异(P < 0.05), 说明芍药甘草经共同煎煮后药效作用更强。SGU组、SGES组的扭体次数和MG相比没有差异(P < 0.05), 与SGD相比有显著性差异(P < 0.001)。SGD经30 kDa的中空纤维膜过滤后, 汤剂中分子量较大的沉淀物均被截留, 得到的超滤液中主要含有分子量较小的化合物。芍药甘草汤的沉淀中主要含有多糖及蛋白质类成分, 当SGD中加入乙醇至饱和度为65%时, 汤中的蛋白质、多糖等水溶性成分会逐渐沉淀析出, 得到的上清液中主要含有醇溶性的小分子类成分。药效学实验表明超滤液和醇沉后的上清液均镇痛作用降低, 说明芍药与甘草共同煎煮后形成的由蛋白质、多糖等大分子类成分与小分子组成的沉淀物是SGD发挥镇痛药效的物质基础之一。
对分离得到的组分A、B、C中的各类成分进行检识及含量测定, Molish反应表明组分B中主要含有多糖, 茚三酮反应表明组分C中主要含有蛋白质。含量测定结果如图 5AB所示, 其中, 小分子类成分主要富集在组分A中, 多糖类成分主要富集在组分B中, 蛋白质类成分主要富集在组分C中, 因此认定组分A、B、C分别是汤剂中小分子、多糖和蛋白质, 使用这三个组分在汤剂煎煮环境下构建模拟沉淀物。
计算小分子、多糖和蛋白质在汤剂冻干粉中所占比重, 结果如图 5C所示, 6种小分子芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、甘草酸、甘草苷、异甘草苷和没食子酸的总含量为60.4 mg·g-1, 蛋白质含量为207.2 mg·g-1, 多糖含量为700.7 mg·g-1。由实验结果可知汤剂中的多糖含量最高, 其次是蛋白质, 小分子含量最低。由此得到汤剂中比例为多糖: 小分子= 11.6:1, 蛋白质: 小分子= 3.4:1。分离得到的SMM、POL及PRO的含量分别为25.735%、57.412%和35.081%。根据SGD中各成分的组成比例及分离得到的含量, 分别用SMM、POL及PRO模拟构建沉淀物。使用30 kDa中空纤维膜对沉淀物进行超滤, 检测超滤液中小分子含量, 与SMM中小分子含量进行对比, 以比较沉淀构建前后小分子类成分的含量变化。可以看到(图 5D), 当SMM与POL、PRO形成沉淀物后, 超滤液中游离的6种化合物的含量均明显降低, 其中芍药苷含量变化最为明显。比较形成沉淀前后的粒径变化(图 5EF), 可以发现多糖类成分在形成沉淀物后平均粒径变小, 而蛋白质类成分形成沉淀物后平均粒径变大。这些结果说明在煎煮过程中以芍药苷为代表的小分子成分与蛋白质、多糖发生了相互作用, 形成了沉淀物。
根据前期发现的SGD最佳给药剂量及SGD中各成分的比例换算得到SMM、POL及PRO的给药剂量。药效实验结果如图 6所示, 和MG相比, SMM、POL、PRO组扭体次数显著减少(P < 0.01), 促炎因子NO、PGE2的水平明显降低(P < 0.05), 抗炎因子IL-10分泌显著增多(P < 0.05)。和MG相比, SMM+POL、SMM+PRO、SMM+POL+PRO组扭体次数极显著减少(P < 0.001), SMM+POL、SMM+PRO的促炎因子NO、PGE2的含量显著降低(P < 0.01), 抗炎因子IL-10分泌增多, 与MG有极显著差异(P < 0.01)。这些结果说明小分子与多糖形成的沉淀物、小分子与蛋白质形成的沉淀物及小分子与蛋白质及多糖共同形成的沉淀物均具有很好的镇痛抗炎作用。
从化学成分的角度研究复方是当前阐明中药药效物质基础的重要手段。中药复方煎煮过程中, 有效成分溶出后便会不可避免地相互之间发生复杂的作用并生成沉淀物。传统中医认为沉淀应与汤药同服, 现代研究也表明去除沉淀会对药效产生影响[2]。因此近年来中药汤剂中的沉淀物在复方研究过程中得到了越来越多的关注。
芍药甘草汤在煎煮过程中会产生沉淀, 本研究对芍药甘草汤的煎煮过程进行表征以观察沉淀形成的过程, 结果发现随着不断加热, 饮片中的成分逐渐溶出, 汤剂中形成了形状大小不一的颗粒, 且颗粒之间容易相互粘连或聚集。汤剂中纳米级的颗粒物具有高表面自由能, 可以自发地聚集和沉淀[15]。芍药甘草汤中的各类成分会发生相互作用形成具有一定粒径的结构, 并且这些结构会逐渐聚集, 最终形成汤剂中的沉淀物。
目前中药复方化学研究表明, 汤剂中的成分多源自单味中药的各自原型成分, 少有配伍煎煮过程中形成新结构的报道; 且利用现代分析手段如HPLC-MS对沉淀物化学成分的研究证实了其组成与上清液成分类型一致, 没有发现新的化学实体[16]。对离心得到芍药甘草汤沉淀物进行含量测定, 结果表明沉淀物与芍药甘草汤中成分组成一致, 即均主要由多糖、蛋白质及小分子组成, 但区别在于含量的差别。
芍药甘草汤在临床上能够治疗肋间神经痛、胃痛、腹痛、妇科炎性腹痛、痛经等, 通过腹腔注射冰醋酸建立急性疼痛模型, 不仅操作简单, 行为学明显, 重复性好, 且与芍药甘草汤适应症相一致。因此, 本研究采用此模型评价芍药甘草汤的镇痛效果。首先本研究通过行为学结果和炎症因子结果确定芍药甘草汤剂量为20 g·kg-1时镇痛抗炎效果最好。在此基础上发现芍药甘草共同煎煮的过程是芍药甘草汤具有镇痛药效的关键。进一步研究表明, 超滤液和醇沉后的上清液镇痛作用均降低, 说明芍药甘草汤中粒径较大的沉淀是发挥镇痛药效的物质基础之一, 且这些沉淀主要由蛋白质、多糖等成分组成。研究表明, 汤剂中的沉淀物确实具有较好的药效作用。如黄连解毒汤中的沉淀具有较好的抗神经细胞损伤和抑制神经细胞凋亡的作用, 且沉淀的药效优于上清[17]。杜茜等[18]通过MTT法比较了经0.45 μm滤膜过滤前后麻杏石甘汤的体外抗病毒活性变化, 结果表明经膜过滤后汤剂抗病毒活性显著降低, 究其原因是过滤除去了大量粒径较大的颗粒, 证明麻杏石甘汤抗流感病毒活性与其汤剂中的沉淀物有关。
蛋白质是生物大分子之一, 因其疏水的氨基酸残基一般处于分子内部, 亲水氨基酸残基位于球形外部, 所以在水中有很好的溶解性。蛋白质分子之间或与其他分子间易由于静电引力、范德华力、疏水力和氢键等作用具有特异性识别和结合能力从而形成纳米微粒[19]。糖类骨架结构中富含的大量亲水基团使多糖及皂苷类成分可在特定条件下通过非共价键作用与其他结构单元自发聚集形成各种形式的纳米结构[20]。Zhou等[21]研究表明麻杏石甘汤中麻黄碱(99.7%) 和伪麻黄碱(95.5%) 都被吸附于甘草蛋白形成的颗粒物上中, 推测麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱这类两性分子通过氢键、静电作用和范德华引力等吸附在蛋白质上。在本实验中, UHPLC-MS/MS的结果表明模拟沉淀物的形成后, 芍药苷等小分子化合物含量明显降低, 说明在加热过程中, 芍药甘草汤中的小分子类成分与大分子类成分发生了相互作用并结合在一起, 从而使游离的小分子含量降低, 基于前人研究, 推测小分子类成分可能与多糖、蛋白质间发生了非共价的结合, 如氢键作用、范德华力、静电作用等, 从而形成了芍药甘草汤中的沉淀。
赵君[22]考察了黄连甘草共煎液中沉淀物在消化液中的溶解性, 结果显示甘草与黄连形成的沉淀能够延缓黄连有效成分小檗碱的释放。延胡索在临床上多与含鞣质类药物配伍使用, 延胡索中含有的大量生物碱会与鞣质生成沉淀, 但其治疗效果很好, 因此推测这种沉淀物可能恰巧形成一个缓释制剂, 延缓了药物有效成分的释放, 延长了其在体内的作用时间, 从而利于疾病的治疗[23]。由此可见, 汤剂中的沉淀能够通过延长作用时间从而发挥较好的治疗作用。本实验模拟构建了沉淀物, 并进行了药效学研究, 结果表明汤剂中的小分子和蛋白质、多糖形成沉淀物后均具有较好的镇痛作用, 因此推测, 这种沉淀物可能是芍药甘草汤配伍增效的物质基础之一。
Shen等[24, 25]发现与单药相比, 芍药甘草汤中芍药苷、甘草酸等12个成分的血药峰值浓度Cmax分别提升了1.32~2.86倍, 进一步发现主要是芍药组分群的吸收得到促进。王文萍等[26]也发现芍药甘草汤中的芍药苷生物利用度提高。但芍药甘草汤中的沉淀物与药动学参数的关系尚不明确, 因此, 未来可针对芍药甘草汤沉淀物的吸收机制做进一步研究。
本研究从芍药甘草汤煎煮后汤液浑浊的现象出发, 以芍药甘草汤的沉淀物为对象, 研究了沉淀的形成过程, 结果表明煎煮过程汤剂中会形成具有一定粒径的结构, 这些结构不断聚集, 从而形成沉淀物。沉淀物主要由蛋白质、多糖组成, 虽然其成分与芍药甘草汤组成一致, 但去除沉淀物后会使芍药甘草汤的镇痛药效受到影响。在此基础上, 本研究从汤剂中分离得到小分子、多糖及蛋白质, 并利用这些成分构建了沉淀物, 对沉淀研究表明以芍药苷为代表的小分子成分与蛋白质、多糖发生了相互作用, 并形成了具有一定粒径的颗粒物。急性疼痛模型证明构建的沉淀物具有较好的镇痛作用, 并能有效降低炎症因子PGE2和NO的水平, 提高抗炎因子IL-10水平。这些结果证明, 芍药甘草汤中的沉淀物是其发挥镇痛作用的重要物质基础。对于芍药甘草汤沉淀物的研究, 不仅为阐明芍药甘草汤的药效物质基础提供新的思路和方法, 还为解析传统汤剂的科学性提供了参考。
作者贡献: 高源负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 郭琴、王欢欢、董莹莹、赵宁、阎政燊负责实验研究; 杨玉琴负责对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 柏冬负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程(C12021A00108)
  • 中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202048)
  • 中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202109)
  • 中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202219)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1097
  • 接收时间:2022-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-07
  • 修回日期:2022-12-27
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中国中医科学院科技创新工程(C12021A00108)
中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202048)
中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202109)
中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所自主选题研究项目(YZ-202219)
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    中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所, 北京 100700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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