Article(id=1198624309234205121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1662652800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-09, revisedDate=1664467200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703904683, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703904683, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703904683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703904683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=371, endPage=376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624309750104533, articleId=1198624309234205121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Activity and mechanism of palbinone against hepatic fibrosis and inflammation, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study aims to investigate the anti-hepatic fibrosis and anti-inflammatory activities of palbinone, and to explore the internal regulatory mechanism, so as to lay an active foundation for its development as an anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) candidate. First, sulforhodamine B (SRB) method was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells LX-2 and rat hepatic stellate cells HSC-T6. Following, in the in vitro hepatic fibrosis cell model that activated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of palbinone on the transcription level and protein expression level of hepatic fibrosis markers. And the regulating mechanism of palbinone on fibrosis-related genes was analyzed at the same time. In addition, in the inflammatory cell model that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nigericin, ELISA was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the released interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level. At the same time, Western blot was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the related proteins of inflammatory pathway. The results showed that palbinone could significantly inhibit the proliferation activity of LX-2 and HSC-T6, and their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were (375.11 ± 55.45) and (260.27 ± 36.81) nmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, palbinone showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the expression levels of TGF-β1-induced fibrosis-related genes, including collagen type Ⅰ α 1 (COL1A1), TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). Mechanism study showed that palbinone may decrease the expression level of Yes-associated protein (YAP), thereby weakening its activation effect on the downstream fibrosis pathway. In addition, palbinone also exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory factors cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) and IL-1β release. In conclusion, palbinone can not only inhibit the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting the expression of YAP, but also inhibit the expression and release of inflammatory factors at the same time. All these studies provide theoretical support for the development of palbinone as an anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis drug.

, correspAuthors=Na ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-ming LI, Yun-yang BAO, Hong-wei HE, Na ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624311234888285, articleId=1198624309234205121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=芍药二酮抗肝纤维化及抗炎的活性和机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在研究芍药二酮(palbinone, PB) 的抗肝纤维化活性和抗炎活性, 并初步探讨内在的调节机制, 为其发展成为抗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 候选药物奠定活性基础。首先采用磺酰罗丹明B (sulforhodamine B, SRB) 方法检测化合物PB对人肝星状细胞LX-2和大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6增殖的影响。并在转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1) 诱导的体外肝纤维化细胞模型中, 采用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 和Western blot的方法检测不同浓度芍药二酮对肝纤维化标志基因转录水平及蛋白表达水平的抑制作用, 同时分析芍药二酮调控肝纤维化相关基因的作用机制。另外, 在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 联合尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 诱导的炎症细胞模型中, 采用ELISA的方法检测芍药二酮对于细胞释放白介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 水平的影响, 同时Western blot检测芍药二酮对炎症信号通路中相关蛋白表达的影响。结果表明, 芍药二酮可以显著性抑制肝星状细胞LX-2和HSC-T6的增殖活力, 其半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 值分别为(375.11 ± 55.45) 和(260.27 ± 36.81) nmol·L-1, 并且芍药二酮对TGF-β1诱导的肝纤维化相关基因Ⅰ型胶原α1 (collagen type Ⅰ α 1, COL1A1)、TGF-β1、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, TIMP1) 的表达水平呈现出剂量依赖性的抑制作用。机制研究表明, 芍药二酮可能是通过抑制了Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP) 的表达水平, 从而减弱了其对于下游纤维化通路的激活作用。此外, 芍药二酮还可以通过抑制核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 信号通路的活性, 减少炎症因子含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 和IL-1β的释放, 从而发挥抗炎作用。综上所述, 芍药二酮不仅能够通过抑制YAP蛋白的表达抑制肝星状细胞的增殖与活化, 而且能够同时抑制炎症因子的表达与释放, 其对于肝纤维化和炎症的双向调节作用为芍药二酮开发为抗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎药物提供理论支持。

, correspAuthors=张娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张娜, Tel: 13521211082, E-mail:
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language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=核因子κB)], refs=[Reference(id=1198706530217456567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=5031, pageEnd=5073, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, et al. 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Chem Pharm Bull, 1993, 41: 487-490., articleTitle=Palbinone, a novel terpenoid from Paeonia albiflora; potent inhibitory activity on 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198706530045490094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, awardId=81903695, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903695), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198706526073484078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198706526081872687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, companyId=1198706526073484078, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198706526090261296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, companyId=1198706526073484078, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198706529185657732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SEGQ32mSoI+3ALWtTKh5uA==, figureFileBig=0QbwLTIY2IVdDl35+2AnTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529252766599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Chemical structure of palbinone (PB) , figureFileSmall=SEGQ32mSoI+3ALWtTKh5uA==, figureFileBig=0QbwLTIY2IVdDl35+2AnTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529357624203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f4bBBsI8mJyjQ5XnOYuo5w==, figureFileBig=KjYd9cXg4A7lncuBNG5ubg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529437315984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= PB inhibited the proliferation activity of hepatic stellate cells. Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 nmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) of PB for 24 h, and cell proliferation activity was measured using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. A: LX-2; B: HSC-T6. <i>n</i> = 3, <i>x</i> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> 0 nmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PB group , figureFileSmall=f4bBBsI8mJyjQ5XnOYuo5w==, figureFileBig=KjYd9cXg4A7lncuBNG5ubg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529512813459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=H2oCt99zORRGDLKRQzoPwg==, figureFileBig=lpePlP3ieTa+EMNxvZ3L4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529575728024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= PB inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells. LX-2 or HSC-T6 cells were starved without fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 24 h, followed by treatment with or without the indicated concentrations of PB and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-<i>β</i>1, 2 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) for another 24 h. Western blot analysis of collagen type Ⅰ <i>α</i> 1 (COL1A1), TGF-<i>β</i>1, <i>α</i>-smooth muscle actin (<i>α</i>-SMA), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) protein expressions, where glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) served as the internal control. A: LX-2; B: HSC-T6; C: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of <i>COL1A1</i>, <i>TGFB1</i>, <i>ACTA2</i> (encode <i>α</i>-SMA), and <i>TIMP1</i> mRNA levels in LX-2 cells, where the values were expressed as the mean ± SEM and <i>GAPDH</i> served as the internal control. <i>n</i> = 3, <i>x</i> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TGF-<i>β</i>1 group , figureFileSmall=H2oCt99zORRGDLKRQzoPwg==, figureFileBig=lpePlP3ieTa+EMNxvZ3L4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529642836893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A0RHMChsYTNrZknTm6X3JQ==, figureFileBig=qznZmNFvqUh9smweKuTpDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529739305888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= PB decreased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP). Cells were starved without FBS for 24 h, followed by treatment with or without the indicated concentrations of PB and TGF-<i>β</i>1 (2 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) for another 24 h. Western blot analysis of YAP, cysteine-rich protein 61 (CYR61), and survivin protein expressions, and GAPDH served as the internal control. A: LX-2; B: HSC-T6 , figureFileSmall=A0RHMChsYTNrZknTm6X3JQ==, figureFileBig=qznZmNFvqUh9smweKuTpDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529823191971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KkyTArhBVmEon8dJRr2pdA==, figureFileBig=VAMRAZj0uqWRHl/VIHRu/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706529907078057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624309234205121, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The inhibitory effects of PB on inflammatory pathway. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated THP1 cells were pre-treated with 50 or 100 nmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PB for 4 h, then lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) was added for 3 h and the whole medium was changed without FBS lastly. After that, nigericin (5 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) stimulation was put on for another 30 min. Following, the cell supernant and whole cell lysis (WCL) were all collected. A: Part of the cell supernant was precipitated by acetone and up against SDS-PAGE for the analysis of pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, pro-interleukin-1<i>β</i> (pro-IL-1<i>β</i>) and IL-1<i>β</i>. 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芍药二酮抗肝纤维化及抗炎的活性和机制研究
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李翊铭 , 鲍云洋 , 何红伟 , 张娜 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(2): 371-376
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(2): 371-376
芍药二酮抗肝纤维化及抗炎的活性和机制研究
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李翊铭, 鲍云洋, 何红伟, 张娜*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张娜, Tel: 13521211082, E-mail:
Activity and mechanism of palbinone against hepatic fibrosis and inflammation
Yi-ming LI, Yun-yang BAO, Hong-wei HE, Na ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1050
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本文旨在研究芍药二酮(palbinone, PB) 的抗肝纤维化活性和抗炎活性, 并初步探讨内在的调节机制, 为其发展成为抗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 候选药物奠定活性基础。首先采用磺酰罗丹明B (sulforhodamine B, SRB) 方法检测化合物PB对人肝星状细胞LX-2和大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6增殖的影响。并在转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1) 诱导的体外肝纤维化细胞模型中, 采用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 和Western blot的方法检测不同浓度芍药二酮对肝纤维化标志基因转录水平及蛋白表达水平的抑制作用, 同时分析芍药二酮调控肝纤维化相关基因的作用机制。另外, 在脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 联合尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 诱导的炎症细胞模型中, 采用ELISA的方法检测芍药二酮对于细胞释放白介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 水平的影响, 同时Western blot检测芍药二酮对炎症信号通路中相关蛋白表达的影响。结果表明, 芍药二酮可以显著性抑制肝星状细胞LX-2和HSC-T6的增殖活力, 其半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 值分别为(375.11 ± 55.45) 和(260.27 ± 36.81) nmol·L-1, 并且芍药二酮对TGF-β1诱导的肝纤维化相关基因Ⅰ型胶原α1 (collagen type Ⅰ α 1, COL1A1)、TGF-β1、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, TIMP1) 的表达水平呈现出剂量依赖性的抑制作用。机制研究表明, 芍药二酮可能是通过抑制了Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP) 的表达水平, 从而减弱了其对于下游纤维化通路的激活作用。此外, 芍药二酮还可以通过抑制核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 信号通路的活性, 减少炎症因子含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 和IL-1β的释放, 从而发挥抗炎作用。综上所述, 芍药二酮不仅能够通过抑制YAP蛋白的表达抑制肝星状细胞的增殖与活化, 而且能够同时抑制炎症因子的表达与释放, 其对于肝纤维化和炎症的双向调节作用为芍药二酮开发为抗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎药物提供理论支持。

肝纤维化  /  炎症  /  芍药二酮  /  Yes相关蛋白  /  核因子κB

The study aims to investigate the anti-hepatic fibrosis and anti-inflammatory activities of palbinone, and to explore the internal regulatory mechanism, so as to lay an active foundation for its development as an anti-non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) candidate. First, sulforhodamine B (SRB) method was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells LX-2 and rat hepatic stellate cells HSC-T6. Following, in the in vitro hepatic fibrosis cell model that activated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of palbinone on the transcription level and protein expression level of hepatic fibrosis markers. And the regulating mechanism of palbinone on fibrosis-related genes was analyzed at the same time. In addition, in the inflammatory cell model that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nigericin, ELISA was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the released interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level. At the same time, Western blot was used to detect the effect of palbinone on the related proteins of inflammatory pathway. The results showed that palbinone could significantly inhibit the proliferation activity of LX-2 and HSC-T6, and their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were (375.11 ± 55.45) and (260.27 ± 36.81) nmol·L-1, respectively. In addition, palbinone showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the expression levels of TGF-β1-induced fibrosis-related genes, including collagen type Ⅰ α 1 (COL1A1), TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). Mechanism study showed that palbinone may decrease the expression level of Yes-associated protein (YAP), thereby weakening its activation effect on the downstream fibrosis pathway. In addition, palbinone also exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory factors cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) and IL-1β release. In conclusion, palbinone can not only inhibit the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting the expression of YAP, but also inhibit the expression and release of inflammatory factors at the same time. All these studies provide theoretical support for the development of palbinone as an anti-nonalcoholic steatohepatitis drug.

hepatic fibrosis  /  inflammation  /  palbinone  /  Yes-associated protein  /  nuclear factor kappa-B
李翊铭, 鲍云洋, 何红伟, 张娜. 芍药二酮抗肝纤维化及抗炎的活性和机制研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 371 -376 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1050
Yi-ming LI, Yun-yang BAO, Hong-wei HE, Na ZHANG. Activity and mechanism of palbinone against hepatic fibrosis and inflammation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 371 -376 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1050
非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 又称代谢性脂肪性肝炎, 是一种以肝脂质积累、炎症和进行性纤维化为特征的慢性肝病, 是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 疾病谱中的一个阶段[1]。NAFLD发生的起始特征是肝脏出现超过5%的脂肪变性(hepatic steatosis), 发展到NASH则出现肝损伤, 包括肝细胞膨胀和炎症, 可进一步发展成肝纤维化(fibrosis)[2]
肝纤维化是肝脏内弥漫性细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM), 特别是Ⅰ型胶原(collagen type Ⅰ α 1, COL1A1) 过度沉积的病理过程, 导致肝脏正常生理结构和功能的受损[3]。肝纤维化过程中有肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC)、Kupffer细胞等多种细胞的参与, HSC通常被认为是肝纤维化过程中的主要效应细胞[4]。活化的HSC会大量表达α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA), 合成大量以COL1A1为主的细胞外基质和降解正常细胞外基质的金属蛋白酶2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2, MMP2) 等, 最终导致细胞外基质大量沉积[5]。因此, 抑制肝星状细胞的增殖和活化、减少细胞外基质的沉积, 是抗肝纤维化研究同时也是抗NASH研究的重中之重[6]。Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP) 作为Hippo通路的主要效应因子, 在HSC活化中起着重要作用。YAP被磷酸化激活后, 会移位进入细胞核, 结合TEA结构域转录因子(TEA domain-containing protein, TEAD)[7], 促进下游靶基因包括半胱氨酸富集蛋白61 (cysteine-rich protein 61, CYR61) 和生存素(survivin) 等基因的转录[8, 9], 而这些靶基因大多与肝纤维化形成直接相关[10, 11]
同时, NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体激活时会发生前体含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1 (pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, pro-caspase-1) 的加工和激活, 活化的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 将前体白介素-1β (pro-interleukin-1β, pro-IL-1β) 和前体白介素-18 (pro-interleukin-18, pro-IL-18) 切割为成熟形式。此时细胞膜离子梯度会发生改变, 产生净增加的渗透压, 导致细胞膜破裂, 细胞膨大, 变形, 最后释放炎性物质, 发生细胞焦亡[12]。而包括IL-1β[13]、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、血小板衍生生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF) 在内的很多炎症因子能够直接激活HSC, 所以炎症也是目前抗NASH药物研究的重要靶点之一[14, 15]
芍药二酮(palbinone, PB, 图 1) 作为从芍药属(Paeonia suffruticosa) 根皮中分离到的一种三萜类化合物, 被证明可以通过上调血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 发挥保护肝细胞的作用[16]。有研究也表明PB可以缓解链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) 诱导的大鼠糖尿病视网膜病变[17]。但关于芍药二酮其他方面的药效研究还非常少, 因此本研究从肝纤维化和炎症两个角度共同考察PB的活性并推测其对于NASH的治疗潜力, 争取为未来NASH领域提供更多的候选药物。
细胞与主要试剂  人肝星状细胞LX-2、大鼠肝星状细胞HSC-T6和人巨噬细胞THP-1均购自北京协和医学院基础学院细胞资源中心; 芍药二酮标准品购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; DMEM培养基、青霉素、链霉素购自美国Hyclone公司; 胎牛血清购自北京翱擎生物科技有限公司; 细胞因子转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1) 和caspase-1抗体购自美国R & D公司; 磺酰罗丹明B (sulforhodamine B, SRB) 购自美国Sigma公司; 转染试剂lipofectamine 2000和Trizol购自美国Invitrogen公司; Taqman探针购自美国Applied Biosystem公司; 抗体YAP、CYR61、survivin、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, TIMP1)、IL-1β、磷酸化p65 (p-p65)、NLRP3和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; 抗体α-SMA、COL1A1、TGF-β1购自美国Abnova公司; 辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 标记的二抗购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司; 化学发光HRP底物购自美国Millipore公司。人IL-1β ELISA试剂盒购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司。
细胞培养  人肝星状细胞系LX-2用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/GlutaMAX培养基培养, 大鼠肝星状细胞系HSC-T6用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基培养, 人巨噬细胞THP-1用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养基培养。所有细胞培养基中均加入1%青霉素和链霉素, 放置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养。
细胞活力测定  将细胞接种于96孔板中, 约2×104个/孔, 第二天给予梯度浓度(25、50、100、200、400、800 nmol·L-1) 的化合物PB处理24 h, 而后进行SRB染色分析。简单的方法为: 按照1∶4的比例加入50% 三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA) 固定过夜, 蒸馏水冲洗晾干后加入SRB (0.4%) 染色液15~30 min。乙酸(1%) 漂洗晾干后加入Tris (10 mmol·L-1, pH 10.5) 溶解, 酶标仪测定490 nm处吸光度值(A)。根据药物浓度和抑制率, 计算半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)。
实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)  将细胞以约4×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中, 首先将正常培养基换作无血清培养基饥饿24 h, 再给予梯度浓度(25、50、100、200、400、800 nmol·L-1) 的化合物PB作用24 h, 给药的同时加入TGF-β1 (2 ng·mL-1) 诱导。收集细胞, 用Trizol提取细胞总RNA, 然后NucleoSpin RNA Clean-up试剂盒进行纯化。最后采用Taqman方法进行实时荧光定量PCR, 条件为: 95 ℃预变性5 min; 95 ℃ 15 s, 60 ℃ 30 s, 共35个循环。Taqman探针货号: COL1A1 (Hs01076775_g1); TGFB1 (Hs00171257_m1); ACTA2 (Hs00909449_m1); TIMP1 (Hs01092512_g1); GAPDH (Hs99999905_m1)。
Western blot  将细胞以约4×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板中, 正常培养基换作无血清培养基饥饿24 h, 再给予梯度浓度(25、50、100、200、400、800 nmol·L-1)的化合物PB作用24 h, 给药的同时加入TGF-β1 (2 ng·mL-1) 诱导。收集细胞, 加入RIPA裂解液, 在4 ℃条件下裂解30 min, 然后4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心10 min。收集上清液, 测定蛋白含量, 再进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳。湿转法将目的蛋白转移到PVDF膜上, 而后将膜在5%脱脂奶粉的TBS-T中室温封闭1 h。随后加入一抗, 4 ℃孵育过夜, 二抗封闭后进行显色。
炎症模型诱导和IL-1β活性测定  首先使用质量浓度为50 ng·mL-1的佛波酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, PMA) 刺激THP-1细胞24~48 h后, 加入PB (50和100 nmol·L-1) 处理4 h, 加入1 μg·mL-1脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 处理3 h后, 替换为无血清培养基, 再加入5 μmol·L-1尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 处理30 min。处理后的细胞分成两部分, 一部分收集细胞上清和总细胞裂解液, Western blot检测目的蛋白的表达; 另一部分处理后的细胞取上清[18, 19], 10 000 ×g 4 ℃离心5 min, 再取上清液按照ELISA试剂盒说明书进行(EK0392), 并根据标准品浓度和吸光度绘制标准曲线, 根据公式计算待测样品中IL-1β的浓度。
统计学方法  每组实验至少重复3次, 统计数据采用SPSS22.0软件处理, 结果以均数±标准误(x ± SEM) 表示, 组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 多重比较采用Tukey检验, 以P < 0.05表示差异具有显著性统计学意义。
本研究首先进行了化合物PB对肝纤维化细胞增殖活性影响的考察, 在LX-2和HSC-T6两种星状细胞中, 给予不同浓度(25、50、100、200、400、800 nmol·L-1) 的芍药二酮作用24 h。实验结果显示, PB在两种细胞中均可以明显抑制细胞的增殖活力, 其IC50值分别为(375.11 ± 55.45 nmol·L-1) 和(260.27 ± 36.81 nmol·L-1) (图 2AB)。研究结果说明, 芍药二酮可以抑制HSC的增殖活力, 具有抑制肝纤维化的进展作用。
除了考察芍药二酮对肝星状细胞增殖的抑制作用之外, 本研究还通过Western blot和qRT-PCR的方法考察了其对于纤维化标志基因表达的影响。在LX-2细胞中, 使用低于IC50浓度(25、50、100、200 nmol·L-1) 的化合物PB处理TGF-β1诱导的LX-2细胞24 h, 结果表明, 由TGF-β1激活的纤维化标志基因(COL1A1、TGF-β1、α-SMA、TIMP1) 的mRNA和蛋白水平均明显被PB抑制, 并且低至约100 nmol·L-1时就表现出了极佳的抑制活性(图 3AC)。同时, 在大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC-T6) 中对PB的抗肝纤维化活性进行了验证, Western blot实验再次证明了PB对多种肝纤维化基因激活的抑制活性(图 3B)。
当证明了化合物PB良好的抗肝纤维化活性之后, 本研究对其生物学机制进行了分析。YAP蛋白的表达水平密切调控纤维化相关因子的转录, 所以, 本研究首先检测了PB作用后YAP蛋白的表达。Western blot结果表明, 在LX-2和HSC-T6两种细胞中, PB均下调了YAP的蛋白表达水平(图 4AB)。同时, YAP下游靶基因CYR61和survivin的表达水平也出现降低(图 4AB)。这些结果共同证明PB可以下调YAP蛋白的表达水平, 并可能通过抑制YAP信号通路发挥其抗肝纤维化活性。
为了验证芍药二酮的抗炎作用, 本研究采用经典的THP-1细胞模型考察芍药二酮对于多种炎症因子激活的影响[20]。化合物PB (50和100 nmol·L-1) 处理THP-1细胞4 h后, 细胞上清中成熟形式的caspase-1和IL-1β明显减少, 说明PB可以明显抑制pro-caspase-1和pro-IL-1β的激活(图 5A)。另外, 研究结果显示全细胞裂解液中的pro-IL-1β表达也明显减少, 说明PB还能够抑制IL-1β蛋白的合成。并且PB作用之后p65蛋白的磷酸化水平明显受到抑制, 而NLRP3的蛋白表达水平不受影响, 说明PB可能是通过调控NF-κB通路实现抗炎作用。最后, 本研究使用ELISA方法同样证明了PB作用之后, 被激活的IL-1β水平明显降低(图 5B)。综上所述, PB能够通过抑制p65的磷酸化, 抑制IL-1β的合成, 同时减少炎症因子caspase-1和IL-1β的激活, 从而实现减少对肝脏的损伤作用。
目前, 全球有超过1亿的NAFLD患者已发展成为NASH, NASH成为当前肝硬化与肝癌最重要的风险因素, 并且在可以预见的未来, NASH将成为全球公共卫生的一个重大挑战。但NASH却因发病机制复杂、对药物的安全性要求极高、发病机制至今仍不明确等诸多原因[21, 22], 尚未有药物被美国FDA或欧洲EMA批准。仅印度在2020年批准了靶向过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体αγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ, PPAR α/γ) 的双重激动剂saroglitazar用于非肝硬化性(non-cirrhotic) NASH的治疗, 成为全球首个NASH治疗药物, 但该药在国际上仍未被广泛接受[23]。所以, 目前对于抗NASH候选药物的研发依然意义重大。
炎症和纤维化作为NASH疾病的两个重要特征, 对于它们的改善程度是NASH临床药物研究终点的主要评判指标[24]。而多个研究表明肝脏炎症可以促进肝纤维化, 最终导致肝硬化, 所以肝脏中的炎症反应是NASH进展的重要驱动力, 调控炎症和纤维化双重靶点的药物为复杂的NASH治疗提供了新思路。
前期有研究表明, 芍药二酮作为萜类化合物具有抗炎功效, 但仅证明了其能抑制3α羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3α-HSD) 的活性[25], 缺少深入的机制研究。本研究结合前期的基础, 挖掘具有抗炎活性的化合物运用在NASH治疗领域的可能性。本研究结果发现芍药二酮在体外可以抑制肝纤维化通路的激活, 能够减弱多个肝纤维化标志物的表达水平。同时, 芍药二酮还可以抑制NF-κB信号通路, 减少巨噬细胞中炎症因子的释放。研究表明, NLRP3炎症小体活化产生的多种炎症因子, 尤其是IL-1β, 可以直接促进肝星状细胞的活化[13]。所以, 本研究证实了芍药二酮不仅通过抑制YAP蛋白的表达, 抑制肝星状细胞的活化, 同时也可能通过减少IL-1β等因子对星状细胞的刺激作用, 共同发挥抗纤维化的效果。
本课题组证实芍药二酮本身毒性很小, 在HSC-T6细胞中, 当给予约25倍化合物IC50的浓度时, PB对细胞的杀伤作用并没有同步增强, 一直保持在约50%~60%的范围。同时, 化合物PB对巨噬细胞几乎没有杀伤作用, 高达6.4 μmol·L-1 PB对THP1的活力抑制也仅为35%, 所以推测PB可以在不破坏机体整体功能的情况下, 针对性地改善肝功能。由于大量的芍药二酮难以获得, 本课题组目前的研究停留在体外的细胞模型, 缺少动物体内的整体活性研究。但本研究发现约100 nmol·L-1芍药二酮就可以很好地抑制纤维化和炎症各个指标, 其本身良好的抗NASH活性值得未来继续深入地研究。
总之, 本研究证实了天然产物芍药二酮的体外抗肝纤维化和抗炎活性, 为肝纤维化患者和NASH伴随肝纤维化患者提供了一种治疗的可能性。接下来本课题组将着力解决芍药二酮合成困难的现状, 并将以PB为先导物进行系列改造, 以期发现活性更优的候选物, 为芍药二酮类发展成新型抗肝纤维化或抗NASH候选物提供科学数据, 改善目前抗肝纤维化及抗NASH领域药物稀缺的现状。
作者贡献: 李翊铭负责完成相关实验研究; 鲍云洋负责数据采集与处理分析工作; 何红伟负责对本课题实验设计思路进行指导; 张娜负责完成撰写论文与修改论文工作。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903695)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1050
  • 接收时间:2022-09-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-09
  • 修回日期:2022-09-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81903695)
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    中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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