Article(id=1210518233552122765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661356800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-25, revisedDate=1663603200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539637219, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539637219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539637219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539637219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3487, endPage=3493, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518233891861391, articleId=1210518233552122765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of intestinal flora metabolites on mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells and the traditional Chinese medicine intervention, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It was found that intestinal flora could directly regulate mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells or indirectly through the nucleus. This effect is associated with the flora metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO). These metabolites are involved in mitochondria-related energy metabolic processes and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and even in the immune response of the whole organism. Numerous studies have also shown that intestinal flora metabolites and mitochondria have become a hot spot for research on the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine, but the research on the mechanism of association between them is not yet in-depth. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of mitochondrial regulation of intestinal epithelial cells by intestinal flora metabolites and herbal interventions to provide a theoretical basis for targeting intestinal microbes and mitochondria to regulate body metabolism and health.

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Yue-tao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui ZHANG, Xue-mei QIN, Yue-tao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518234420343703, articleId=1210518233552122765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体的调控机制及中药干预研究进展, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

研究发现肠道菌群可直接或通过细胞核作用间接对肠道上皮细胞线粒体产生调控作用。这种调控作用与短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、硫化氢(H2S) 和一氧化氮(NO) 等菌群代谢产物有关。这些代谢物参与线粒体相关的能量代谢过程和线粒体活性氧(mtROS) 的产生, 甚至整个机体的免疫反应。大量研究也显示, 肠道菌群代谢物和线粒体已成为中药作用机制研究的热点, 但二者的关联机制研究尚不深入。本综述就肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体调控机制研究及中药干预进行总结, 为中药靶向作用于肠道微生物与线粒体进而整体调控作用提供理论依据和启示。

, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 刘月涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011501, E-mail: ;
刘月涛, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail:
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肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体的调控机制及中药干预研究进展
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张辉 1, 2, 3 , 秦雪梅 1, 2, 3, * , 刘月涛 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022,57(12): 3487-3493
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药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022, 57(12): 3487-3493
肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体的调控机制及中药干预研究进展
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张辉1, 2, 3, 秦雪梅1, 2, 3, * , 刘月涛1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.化学生物学与分子工程教育部重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006
  • 3.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011501, E-mail: ;
刘月涛, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail:
Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of intestinal flora metabolites on mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells and the traditional Chinese medicine intervention
Hui ZHANG1, 2, 3, Xue-mei QIN1, 2, 3, * , Yue-tao LIU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 3. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1018
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研究发现肠道菌群可直接或通过细胞核作用间接对肠道上皮细胞线粒体产生调控作用。这种调控作用与短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、硫化氢(H2S) 和一氧化氮(NO) 等菌群代谢产物有关。这些代谢物参与线粒体相关的能量代谢过程和线粒体活性氧(mtROS) 的产生, 甚至整个机体的免疫反应。大量研究也显示, 肠道菌群代谢物和线粒体已成为中药作用机制研究的热点, 但二者的关联机制研究尚不深入。本综述就肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体调控机制研究及中药干预进行总结, 为中药靶向作用于肠道微生物与线粒体进而整体调控作用提供理论依据和启示。

肠道菌群  /  肠道菌群代谢物  /  肠道上皮细线粒体  /  调控作用  /  中药干预

It was found that intestinal flora could directly regulate mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells or indirectly through the nucleus. This effect is associated with the flora metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO). These metabolites are involved in mitochondria-related energy metabolic processes and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and even in the immune response of the whole organism. Numerous studies have also shown that intestinal flora metabolites and mitochondria have become a hot spot for research on the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine, but the research on the mechanism of association between them is not yet in-depth. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of mitochondrial regulation of intestinal epithelial cells by intestinal flora metabolites and herbal interventions to provide a theoretical basis for targeting intestinal microbes and mitochondria to regulate body metabolism and health.

gut flora  /  intestinal flora metabolite  /  mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cell  /  regulating effect  /  traditional Chinese medicine intervention
张辉, 秦雪梅, 刘月涛. 肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体的调控机制及中药干预研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3487 -3493 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1018
Hui ZHANG, Xue-mei QIN, Yue-tao LIU. Research progress on the regulatory mechanism of intestinal flora metabolites on mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells and the traditional Chinese medicine intervention[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3487 -3493 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1018
肠道菌是肠道中数量最多的微生物, 约占总微生物的90%[1], 起着屏障、免疫、代谢等作用, 已成为人体不可分割的重要“器官”[2]。线粒体作为细胞的“发动机”, 是细胞进行有氧呼吸、钙信号传导、细胞代谢调节及细胞凋亡的关键细胞器[3], 参与机体的代谢、免疫等过程, 在维持机体的生命活动中亦起着不可替代的作用。研究显示, 线粒体功能障碍(线粒体解偶联、去极化、呼吸链抑制、DNA突变和蛋白质聚集体的积累等) 会影响ATP的生产能力, 涉及包括癌症、肥胖、肌肉和神经疾病的发展[4]。此外, 线粒体功能障碍亦可通过损伤相关分子模式导致强/弱炎症性疾病, 如系统性红斑狼疮、克罗恩氏病和肾损伤等, 也可使细菌和病毒感染持续或导致肿瘤[5]
近年来发现肠道菌群对肠道上皮细胞线粒体存在调控作用, 可直接或间接通过短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)、硫化氢(H2S) 和一氧化氮(NO) 等代谢产物影响与线粒体相关的能量代谢过程, 调节线粒体活性氧的产生, 调控线粒体甚至整个机体的免疫反应。本综述就肠道菌群代谢物对肠道上皮细胞线粒体调控机制研究及中药干预进行总结, 为中药靶向作用于肠道微生物与线粒体进而调节机体代谢与健康提供理论依据。
拟杆菌门细菌氧化丙酮酸生成乙酰辅酶A (acetyl-CoA) 后, 经磷酸乙酰转移酶和乙酸激酶生成乙酸和H2[6]。后者作为小分子气体, 可自由扩散进入细胞发挥保护作用, 线粒体亦然。研究表明, 富含H2的盐水可改善大鼠线粒体功能保护神经元I/R损伤[7]。H2可抑制B淋巴细胞瘤相关蛋白x (Bax)、细胞色素c (Cyt-c) 的表达, 抑制caspase 3的激活, 从而抑制线粒体凋亡通路的激活[8]和氧化磷酸化。但用2% H2则可抑制FUN14结构域蛋白1 (FUNDC1) 的表达促进线粒体自噬[9]。H2也可激活核因子E2相关因子2-抗氧化反应元件(Nrf2-ARE) 信号通路[10], 使血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx) 表达增加, 减少氧化应激产生的过量活性氧(ROS) 造成的线粒体损伤。
肠道中产生H2S的细菌(硫酸盐还原菌) 大多属于δ-变形菌门, 是一类可利用含硫氨基酸和硫酸盐的严格厌氧菌, 广泛存在于结肠中, 可利用H2生成H2S[11]
H2S作为硫醌氧化还原酶(SQR) 的底物, 被氧化后可释放两个电子, 然后电子经过辅酶Q (CoQ) 传递给复合物Ⅲ (CoQH2-细胞色素c还原酶复合物), 参与线粒体呼吸链电子传递[12], 且不生成多余的ROS。体外研究显示H2S还可增加滋养层原生代细胞线粒体中复合物Ⅳ的表达[13], 提高ATP合成酶的活性, 增加ATP含量[14]。H2S还可抑制磷酸二酯酶PDE2A的活性, 使环磷酸腺苷(cAMP) 含量增加, 增加蛋白激酶A (PKA) 介导的线粒体氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)。但也有报道, 当H2S含量较高时, 可抑制线粒体内膜上的Cyt-c氧化酶活性, 干扰细胞的能量代谢, 甚至可使DNA断裂[15]
肠道微生物会对肠道起到生物屏障作用, 当生物屏障被破坏时, 用H2S治疗会起到恢复微生物屏障的作用[16], 这与H2S增加Nrf2转录因子进核、核因子κB (NF-κB) 通路增加抗氧化蛋白(SOD、CAT、GPx等)[17]和提高还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH) 和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG) 的代谢从而消除活性氧簇(ROS)的作用有关[18]。此外, H2S和GSH还可降低过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-) 介导的硝化反应, 且与剂量有关[19]
食物中的鞣花酸(ellagic acid, EA) 在肠道菌群发酵作用下打开1个内酯环脱去羧基生成尿石素D (Uro D), Uro D进一步通过脱去1~3个羟基分别生成Uro C、Uro A和Uro B[20], 其中Uro A的活性最高[21]。同时, 尿石素被吸收入血后可选择性地富集在肠道等器官[22]
在结肠炎大鼠肠道中, Uro A可抑制群体感应来抑制病原微生物增殖, 且可增加益生菌含量[23], 显示Uro A的益生元活性。Uro A还具有抗氧化活性。研究者[24]用尿石素混合物处理结肠癌Caco-2细胞系, 细胞内ROS显著减少, 抑制氧化应激, 这主要与尿石素能增加SOD、CAT、GSH的活性和通过激活microRNA10a-5p和降低钙离子通道上Orai1蛋白表达, 抑制CD4+细胞内持续性的钙内流, 从而减缓线粒体中Ca2+超载有关[25]
Uro A与线粒体自噬有关, 通过AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK) α通路[26]调控线粒体自噬和分裂基因的表达。基因敲除方法也进一步证实了此结果[27]。最新研究表明[28], Uro A也可激活沉默信息调节因子3 (SIRT3)-叉头框转录因子O3A (FOXO3A)-张力蛋白诱导激酶1 (PINK1)-E3泛素连接酶(PARKIN) 通路调控线粒体自噬。有趣的是, 短期的Uro A处理倾向于诱导线粒体自噬来维持呼吸功能, 而长期的Uro A处理则倾向于增加线粒体的生物合成。但是, 关于Uro A如何调节线粒体自噬及生物合成需进一步深入研究。
食物中的抗性淀粉、低聚糖、膳食纤维和非淀粉多糖等进入机体后, 不能被消化酶作用消化吸收, 而是进入结肠和盲肠后被菌群利用并代谢为SCFAs等。SCFAs主要是丁酸、丙酸和乙酸, 其含量比是1∶1∶3。SCFAs在盲肠和近结肠含量最多, 结肠远端含量下降, 其中90%~95%位于结肠, 为结肠细胞提供能量的主要是丁酸盐[29], 主要在上皮黏膜细胞内代谢。丙酸盐和乙酸盐由门静脉进入肝脏, 丙酸盐在肝脏中降解, 乙酸盐被释放到体循环中。
SCFAs主要激活G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs), 也称游离脂肪酸受体(FFARs)。已发现的GPCRs有GPR41 (FFAR3)、GPR43 (FFAR2) 和GPR109受体。体外研究表明, SCFAs可增加细胞内过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α (PGC-1α)、AMPK和线粒体转录因子A (TFAM) 的表达。PGC-1α是线粒体生物发生的重要调控因子, 与能量代谢关系密切。AMPK激活PGC-1α, 促使其入核激活核呼吸因子1/2 (Nrf1/2)。Nrf1/2与TFAM基因上的启动子结合, 促进其转录。此外, 活化的AMPK还能通过磷酸化转录因子EB (TFEB), 使其入核与PGC-基因的启动子结合, 促进其表达[30]。TFAM调控线粒体DNA的复制、转录和翻译, 影响线粒体的生物发生。SCFAs能明显增加编码ATP合成酶的亚基和线粒体解偶联蛋白的基因表达, 维持线粒体功能[31]。丙酸可作为琥珀酰辅酶A参与三羧酸循环, 乙酸和丁酸可作为乙酰辅酶A参与三羧酸循环, 明显提高细胞内ATP/ADP比率[32]。丁酸只在低浓度时才发挥正面作用, 而高浓度的丁酸会使OXPHOS解偶联增加, 使线粒体功能降低。这种效应体现为SCFAs会使小鼠耐受肥胖, 而肥胖小鼠肠道中的SCFAs更高。
吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ) 是一种新型辅酶, 广泛存在于革兰阴性菌中。有些菌产生痕量PQQ, 供其生理代谢需求, 如恶臭假单胞菌; 有些菌能产生过量PQQ, 分泌到胞外被肠道吸收进入血液。PQQ可促进机体生长, 提高繁殖、抗氧化、抗应激和免疫能力。
PQQ的氧化还原性与浓度相关, 在低浓度(小于10 μmol·L-1) 时发挥抗氧化作用, 高浓度(大于50 μmol·L-1) 时起助氧化剂的作用[33]。在动物体内, PQQ主要发挥抗氧化作用。例如, 大鼠肝脏线粒体中PQQ具有很好的抗氧化作用, 能减少脂质过氧化及促进线粒体修复。研究发现[34], 长期给大鼠喂食缺乏PQQ的食物会引起线粒体缩小, 且PQQ对于缺血再灌注造成线粒体的损伤改善效果优于美托洛尔[35]。PQQ能促进线粒体修复和生物合成可能与其能激活cAMP效应反应元件结合蛋白和PGC-1α有关[36]。PQQ激活PGC-1α途径证明了PQQ介导Nrf1/2的激活及TFAM、TFB1/2蛋白的mRNA合成[37], 所以PQQ缺乏会引起mtDNA相对含量降低, 细胞呼吸降低, 而线粒体功能上的紊乱直接造成了葡萄糖和氨基酸代谢发生障碍。
LPS是革兰阴性菌外膜的主要组成部分。LPS进入体内主要诱发NF-κB介导的炎症反应。具体过程: LPS活化其受体Toll样受体4 (TLR4) 后, 肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6 (TRAF6) 自身泛素化, 激活下游的IκB激酶(IKK) 及NF-κB[38]
LPS可与肠道巨噬细胞上的受体结合, 使其线粒体膜电位降低[39], 线粒体膜电位降低会促进mtROS的产生和mtDNA释放到胞质中, 从而诱导NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NLRP3) 活化[40, 41], 这又导致mtDNA的释放, 使线粒体进一步损伤。LPS可影响三羧酸循环中呼吸链复合体Ⅰ~Ⅲ的活性来抑制OXPHOS途径, 降低异柠檬酸脱氢酶1的活性和蛋白含量[42], 并使得琥珀酸脱氢酶活性下降[43], 从而影响线粒体功能。
LPS可诱导细胞中Bax的mRNA和蛋白水平升高, B细胞淋巴瘤因子-2 (Bcl-2) 表达量降低[44], 促进线粒体凋亡, 或诱导线粒体内Ca2+浓度升高, 导致Ca2+超载, 出现能量代谢异常, 最终也导致细胞凋亡。另外, 线粒体基质Ca2+超载会使线粒体膜电位振荡, 诱发Ca2+外流, 后者迅速被邻近正常的线粒体摄取并触发其线粒体膜通透性转换孔(mPTP) 开放, Ca2+进一步外流, 这种恶性循环称为mCICR[45], 可合理推测, mCICR是肠道上皮细胞线粒体Ca2+超载引发细胞凋亡的重要途径之一。
初级胆汁酸在肠道微生物作用下生成次级胆汁酸(SBAs), 目前只有来自Lachnospiraceae和Ruminococcaceae科的细菌可将鹅脱氧胆酸(CDCA) 和胆酸(CA) 转化为脱氧胆酸(DCA) 和石胆酸(LCA)[46], SBAs具有毒性, 与结肠癌[47]等肠道疾病发病有关。当体内DCA和LCA水平升高时, 会激活内在的细胞凋亡途径, 该途径涉及线粒体氧化应激、ROS产生、Cyt-c释放和激活细胞膜caspases[48]。并且, caspases家族中的caspase 8可介导重组人BH3结构域凋亡诱导蛋白(BID) 的裂解参与线粒体凋亡途径[49]。SBAs激活G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体(TGR5) 受体可激活PGC-1α来增加线粒体的生物合成[50], 其亦可抑制FXR受体, 可增加caspase 3和Bax的表达, 抑制Bcl-2的表达, 则线粒体凋亡通路激活[51]
菌源的ROS主要是在细菌细胞膜上的NADPH氧化酶(NOx) 催化下产生的[52]。ROS会对细胞产生毒性, 导致细菌的生物大分子损伤, 影响细菌活性。而过量ROS穿过细胞膜进入线粒体, 可对线粒体产生各种影响[53]
mtDNA是线粒体的遗传物质, 裸露在外且缺乏组蛋白的保护, 这导致mtDNA比核DNA更易受到损伤。ROS会造成mtDNA损伤, 降低线粒体呼吸链的功能[54], 且亦使mtROS生成增加, 由此出现的ROS-mtDNA损伤的恶性循环最终引发细胞凋亡[55]。有研究发现[56], ROS会缩短端粒长度, 调控线粒体生物合成过程。端粒功能障碍会激活p53介导的信号通路, 抑制过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPAR-γ) 和PGC-1α的表达[57]。而这两种共激活因子受到抑制都会损害线粒体生物合成, 导致ROS加速损伤端粒和mtDNA, 形成恶性循环。
ROS能激活蛋白激酶Cε (PKCε)、p38-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)、信号传导及转录激活因子3 (Stat3) 等蛋白表达。PKCε通过调节转录因子和基因表达及直接磷酸化线粒体蛋白质来提供线粒体保护, 维持线粒体膜电位和减少线粒体肿胀[58]; p38-MAPK通过激活cAMP反应元件结合蛋白, 上调Bcl-2基因表达, 而Bcl-2与Bax表达比值上升可抑制线粒体凋亡, 而其比值降低则诱发线粒体外膜通道的损伤, 继而激活Cyt-c介导的凋亡级联反应[59]; Stat3与丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物E1结合使丙酮酸转化为乙酰辅酶A, 从而促进ATP合成并维持线粒体膜电位。一方面, Stat3在再灌注期间能与线粒体呼吸链复合物Ⅰ的亚基相互作用从而直接调节线粒体呼吸链功能并减少ROS产生; 另一方面, 磷酸化的Stat3可与线粒体亲环蛋白D结合, 抑制mPTP开放, 从而保持线粒体完整性, 减少mtROS生成[60]。当大量产生的ROS及胞内Ca2+浓度升高, 造成线粒体膜内、外离子浓度差平衡被破坏, 引起线粒体膜电位升高, 是mPTP打开并延长开放的主要原因[61], 这导致线粒体膜通透性增加。另外, Bcl-2家族中的Bax和Bak亦是线粒体外膜的成孔蛋白, 孔道通透性增加导致Cyt-c释放入胞浆造成电子漏和激活凋亡信号。
食物或药物中各种物质在肠道中的菌群作用下, 生成各种代谢物, 对线粒体产生直接调控作用或通过细胞核产生间接调控作用(图 1A)。仅有ROS是只通过直接途径来调控线粒体, 其他代谢物(H2、H2S、Uro A、SCFAs、PQQ、LPS和SBAs) 都是通过两种途径同时实现对线粒体的调控作用(图 1B)。
中药绝大多数通过口服吸收而发挥作用, 药物的有效成分在进入肠道之后不可避免地与肠道菌群发生关联。其中很多成分口服利用率低, 需经过肠道菌群的转化才能被宿主有效利用, 同时也可通过改变肠道菌群的结构和功能发挥药效, 因此, 肠道菌群可能是中药发挥疗效的靶点和关键点。
大量研究证实中药通过调节肠道菌群代谢产物从而发挥治疗疾病的作用[62]。例如, 黄连解毒汤、金芪降糖片和泻心汤能通过调节肠道菌及SCFAs的产生来改善能量代谢, 治疗糖尿病、肥胖等疾病。四逆汤降低副痢疾杆菌、大肠埃希菌的丰度, 减少LPS位移[63]。三味干姜散调节胆固醇7-羟化酶、胆盐输出泵、钠离子-牛磺胆酸共转运蛋白表达, 调节胆汁酸代谢[64]。灵芝水提物可通过提高嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌丰度、调节SBAs代谢来发挥治疗结肠癌的作用[65]。可见, 中药能改变肠道菌群代谢物的生成, 但具体作用机制还有待研究。
有研究表明[3, 4], 中药(单体、有效部位、单味药、复方) 可通过作用线粒体结构和功能而起到防病治病的作用, 包括抗癌、抗衰老、抗糖尿病、抗肥胖、神经保护、心脏保护和肝保护等。益气祛瘀化痰方可通过增加脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠线粒体中的超氧化物歧化酶和降低丙二醛和黄嘌呤氧化酶, 增强线粒体抗自由基能力, 以保护神经细胞[66]; 丹柴四君子汤在治疗大鼠肝硬化模型中发现, 其能稳定肝线粒体膜电位, 增强ATP合成酶活性, 从而促进肝细胞新陈代谢, 减轻肝细胞损伤, 延缓肝纤维化进程[67]; 黄芪注射液可使大鼠肾脏组织线粒体Ⅲ态呼吸速率加快、呼吸控制增强、ATP和ADP增加, 从而改善大鼠肾脏线粒体呼吸功能及能量代谢, 保护肾脏损伤[68]。因此, 通过研究中药成分与线粒体之间的相互作用在一定程度上能揭示中药的物质基础和作用机制。
目前, 关于中药通过调节肠道菌群代谢物来影响线粒体的功能的研究尚少。例如, 人参定志汤可改善肠道菌群失衡并通过NLRP3通路影响ROS产生来调节线粒体自噬[69], 可见, 肠道菌群和线粒体在疾病或中药功效上有着重要贡献, 二者间的交互作用可为中药作用机制的解析提供新的研究思路。所以, 需深入挖掘肠道菌群代谢物对线粒体的调控机制, 阐明“中药-肠道菌群代谢物-线粒体”的内在关联, 为中药防治疾病提供新的靶点、思路和方向。
肠道菌群通过其代谢产物调控肠道上皮细胞线粒体的氧化还原、生物合成、能量代谢和炎症反应等。然而, 目前研究多停留于肠道菌群代谢物对于线粒体的调控作用, 调控机制还有待深入阐明。同时, 线粒体对肠道菌群的反馈作用也需深入挖掘。二者交互作用的阐明有助于揭示疾病的发病机制, 也有助于阐明“中药-肠道菌群-线粒体”的内在关联, 为中医药科学内涵的阐释提供科学依据。
作者贡献: 张辉负责文献查阅、文章书写和总结、图片绘制; 秦雪梅负责文章审阅和提供建议; 刘月涛负责文章方向的把握、文章批改并提供建议。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073988)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1018
  • 接收时间:2022-08-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-25
  • 修回日期:2022-09-20
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073988)
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    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.化学生物学与分子工程教育部重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006
    3.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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