Article(id=1198624470421308250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661097600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-22, revisedDate=1665417600000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943113, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943113, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943113, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1069, endPage=1078, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624470727492455, articleId=1198624470421308250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification and expression analysis of flavonoid O-methyltransferases gene family in Artemisia argyi, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Artemisia argyi (A. argyi) is a Chinese herbal medicine in China. The main active components are volatile oils, flavonoids, and other compounds, which have various pharmacological activities. Methoxylated flavonoids are the main active ingredients in A. argyi. Flavonoid O-methyltransferase (FOMT) is a key enzyme in the O-methylation of flavonoids. In order to further understand the function and characteristics of FOMT proteins, this paper carried out the whole genome mining and identification of FOMT genes in A. argyi and performed phylogenetic, chromosomal localization, gene sequence characterization, subcellular localization prediction, protein structure, gene structure analysis, and expression pattern analysis. The results showed that a total of 83 FOMT genes were identified in the genome of A. argyi. The phylogenetic tree shows that FOMT genes are divided into two subgroups, CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase) subfamily (32 genes) and COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase) subfamily (51 genes). Gene sequence analysis showed that the number of amino acids encoded by FOMT was 70-734 aa, the molecular weight was 25 296.55-34 241.3 Da, and the isoelectric point was 4.51-9.99. Compared with 32 members of the CCoAOMT subfamily, nearly 1/3 of the 51 members of the COMT subfamily were hydrophobic proteins and 2/3 were hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization prediction showed that more than 80% of CCoAOMT subfamily members were located in the cytoplasm, and 96% of COMT subfamily members were located in the chloroplast. COMT subfamily members have more motifs than CCoAOMT subfamily members. The N-terminal motifs of COMT subfamily proteins are relatively variable, while the C-terminal motifs are relatively conserved. Expression pattern analysis showed that CCoAOMT subfamily members were mainly expressed in roots, while COMT members were mainly expressed in leaves. Some FOMTs showed the tissue expression specificity by real-time quantitative PCR analysis, especially in leaves. In this study, we identified and analyzed the FOMT gene family in A. argyi, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the function of FOMTs and the biosynthesis of methylated flavonoids in A. argyi.

, correspAuthors=Da-hui LIU, Yu-huan MIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sai-nan PENG, Yu-kun LI, Dan-dan LUO, Chang-jie CHEN, Jia ZHOU, Jia-yi LI, Jia ZHENG, Da-hui LIU, Yu-huan MIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624472610735099, articleId=1198624470421308250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=艾叶类黄酮O-甲基转移酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

艾(Artemisia argyi) 以叶片入药, 为我国常用大宗中药材, 主要活性成分为挥发油、黄酮等化合物, 具有多种药理活性。目前鉴定到的艾叶黄酮类物质多为氧甲基化修饰, 而类黄酮O-甲基转移酶(flavonoid O-methyltransferase, FOMT) 是黄酮类化合物氧甲基化修饰的关键酶。为进一步了解FOMT蛋白功能及特性, 本研究对艾中FOMT基因家族进行了全基因组的挖掘和鉴定, 并进行系统发育、染色体定位、基因序列特征、亚细胞定位预测、蛋白结构、基因结构分析及表达模式的分析和验证。结果表明, 在艾的基因组中, 共鉴定得到83个FOMT基因, 系统发育树显示FOMT基因分为CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase) 亚家族(32个基因) 和COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase) 亚家族(51个基因) 两个亚类。基因序列特征分析显示FOMT编码氨基酸的数目介于70~734 aa, 分子质量为25 296.55~34 241.3 Da, 等电点为4.51~9.99, 与32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员相比, 51个COMT亚家族成员中, 约1/3的FOMT蛋白为疏水性蛋白, 2/3蛋白为亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位预测结果显示超过80%的CCoAOMT亚家族成员定位于细胞质, 96%的COMT亚家族成员定位于叶绿体。COMT成员相对CCoAOMT成员motif数较多, 且位于N端的motifs变异相对较大, 位于C端的motifs相对保守; 表达模式分析显示CCoAOMT亚家族成员主要在根中表达, 而COMT成员主要在叶片中高量表达; 实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 验证了部分FOMT在叶片中优势表达, 具有组织表达特异性。本研究对艾叶FOMT基因家族进行鉴定与分析, 为进一步深入研究FOMT功能和甲基化黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘大会, 苗玉焕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘大会, Tel: 86-27-68890106, E-mail: ;
苗玉焕, Tel: 13419560708, E-mail:
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Acta Hort Sin (园艺学报), 2012, 39: 355-362., articleTitle=Cloning and expression of flavonoid O-methyltransferase gene in Ginkgo biloba, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702047139824608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, awardId=2060302, language=CN, fundingSource=中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设项目”(2060302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702037790720142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037811691665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, companyId=1198702037790720142, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Wuhan 430065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037820080275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, companyId=1198702037790720142, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖北中医药大学, 中药资源中心, 湖北 武汉 430065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702044627436315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EDSgvrk+ocgcteIZbEgqLg==, figureFileBig=z9kyh/GvKPpAhRzSalx4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044761654056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Phylogenetic tree of <i>FOMT</i> gene family of <i>Artemisia argyi</i>. CCoAOMT: Caffeoyl CoA <i>O</i>-methyltransferase; COMT: Caffeic acid <i>O</i>-methyltransferase , figureFileSmall=EDSgvrk+ocgcteIZbEgqLg==, figureFileBig=z9kyh/GvKPpAhRzSalx4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044921037624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M6DcBNpr/bbtIurkVguc7A==, figureFileBig=fjy06KAyGuVEhLJEhlOXUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045264970564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The distribution of members of the <i>FOMT</i> family on chromosomes. The red font indicates that the gene is on the positive strand of DNA and the green font indicates that the gene is on a negative strand of DNA , figureFileSmall=M6DcBNpr/bbtIurkVguc7A==, figureFileBig=fjy06KAyGuVEhLJEhlOXUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045415965521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j7tqvlusAw2vRMQ2RS6u5w==, figureFileBig=f2Wbl8UBB/uq414ytAAaqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045579543391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= A: Phylogenetic tree of <i>FOMT</i> gene family of <i>Artemisia argyi</i>. B, C: The motifs (B) and conserved domains (C) of <i>FOMT</i> gene family of <i>Artemisia argyi</i>. D: Gene structure analyses of <i>FOMT</i> gene family of <i>Artemisia argyi</i> , figureFileSmall=j7tqvlusAw2vRMQ2RS6u5w==, figureFileBig=f2Wbl8UBB/uq414ytAAaqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045709566833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QQj94uPXt1KmqFcdDnPY9w==, figureFileBig=3EX2048VMEBGEbH4H+r0tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045827007356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Expression pattern of <i>FOMT</i> gene in <i>Artemisia argyi</i>. A: Indicates expression pattern of <i>CCoAOMT</i> subfamily genes in different tissues; B: Indicates expression pattern of <i>COMT</i> subfamily genes in different tissues. The red asterisks indicate the <i>FOMT</i> genes randomly selected from <i>Artemisia argyi</i> , figureFileSmall=QQj94uPXt1KmqFcdDnPY9w==, figureFileBig=3EX2048VMEBGEbH4H+r0tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046011556746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VHhchc29B37tya6NSRNmtA==, figureFileBig=fMgT8l6lo1X5c6rY9j5kYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046200300441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The expression levels of the <i>FOMT</i> genes in different tissues. R: Root; Rh: Rhizome; S: Stem; L1: Young leaves; L2: Mature leaves; L3: Old leaves , figureFileSmall=VHhchc29B37tya6NSRNmtA==, figureFileBig=fMgT8l6lo1X5c6rY9j5kYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046372266920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Forward primer sequence (5'-3') Reverse primer sequence (5'-3')
Reference gene GCAAGAGCTTGAAACCGCAA AAGAGAACCTCAGGGCAACG
FOMT1 GGTCCATAGACAAATGTTTGATCTT TTCTACACGCCATTGCTTCATT
FOMT2 CCACTGAAGAGACCTTTGCTTATGC CTACGGGAGTGAGTCCATACGC
FOMT3 GGTTGCTAAGAGTAAATCAAATAAATA CCATCGTCCTTTCGCACATA
FOMT4 CCACTGAAGAGAACTTTACTTATGC GAACTGATCTAGACTTGTAGTCCCC
FOMT5 ATGACAACCGAAATTAAAACAGAAA TGTTTCAGTTTCAGATAAGGGTTTTT
FOMT6 CACATACTTCATTCTCAGGCTCATA CCTTCTTTTTCTCCATTCTCGGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1198702046527456181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of flavonoid O-methyltransferase (FOMT) genes randomly selected from Artemisia argyi

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Forward primer sequence (5'-3') Reverse primer sequence (5'-3')
Reference gene GCAAGAGCTTGAAACCGCAA AAGAGAACCTCAGGGCAACG
FOMT1 GGTCCATAGACAAATGTTTGATCTT TTCTACACGCCATTGCTTCATT
FOMT2 CCACTGAAGAGACCTTTGCTTATGC CTACGGGAGTGAGTCCATACGC
FOMT3 GGTTGCTAAGAGTAAATCAAATAAATA CCATCGTCCTTTCGCACATA
FOMT4 CCACTGAAGAGAACTTTACTTATGC GAACTGATCTAGACTTGTAGTCCCC
FOMT5 ATGACAACCGAAATTAAAACAGAAA TGTTTCAGTTTCAGATAAGGGTTTTT
FOMT6 CACATACTTCATTCTCAGGCTCATA CCTTCTTTTTCTCCATTCTCGGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1198702046682645440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sequence ID Amino acid length Molecular mass/Da pI Instability index Aliphatic Index GRAVY Subcellular localization
CCoAOMT
  AY149247-RA 77.00 8 511.05 6.23 38.88 122.73 0.440 Nucleus
  AY239694-RA 279.00 31 200.99 7.00 39.31 97.46 -0.010 Chloroplast
  AY235918-RA 185.00 21 069.00 4.58 24.51 102.76 -0.137 Cytoplasm
  AY235920-RA 197.00 22 540.75 4.80 26.36 101.47 -0.184 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY235961-RA 109.00 12 410.68 5.54 39.18 127.89 0.418 Chloroplast
  AY235951-RA 584.00 65 124.66 5.32 31.78 93.30 -0.144 Chloroplast
  AY235950-RA 115.00 12 767.04 6.29 32.69 103.48 -0.033 Cytoplasm
  AY071553-RA 229.00 26 049.98 5.08 28.96 100.87 -0.218 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY270094-RA 227.00 25 207.26 4.51 40.25 95.73 -0.256 Cytoplasm
  AY260644-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY278243-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY269035-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY298043-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY235956-RA 229.00 25 860.71 5.23 29.42 97.55 -0.203 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY235966-RA 574.00 65 770.09 5.88 38.29 101.03 -0.080 Cytoplasm
  AY235972-RA 70.00 7 802.12 9.99 24.33 114.14 -0.053 Chloroplast
  AY163682-RA 252.00 28 211.32 5.32 37.36 95.20 -0.223 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240907-RA 233.00 26 441.46 5.29 38.26 103.39 -0.228 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240911-RA 244.00 27 459.48 5.26 28.85 101.93 -0.206 Cytoplasm
  AY240906-RA 486.00 54 584.57 5.27 30.80 102.53 -0.172 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240908-RA 244.00 27 442.45 5.29 29.65 104.30 -0.147 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240916-RA 725.00 82 749.66 5.94 31.89 98.12 -0.183 Cytoplasm
  AY240913-RA 243.00 27 325.34 5.17 35.42 103.95 -0.145 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240909-RA 244.00 27 434.53 5.28 30.38 103.11 -0.156 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY030677-RA 266.00 29 966.43 5.20 32.99 104.89 -0.102 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY030679-RA 247.00 27 795.93 5.56 35.05 100.69 -0.203 Cytoplasm
  AY182940-RA 109.00 12 585.39 5.52 33.76 94.77 -0.188 Cytoplasm
  AY264504-RA 244.00 27 340.31 5.16 34.17 102.75 -0.156 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240919-RA 734.00 84 350.75 5.83 32.90 104.06 -0.124 Cytoplasm
  AY297453-RA 244.00 27 399.38 5.28 33.39 102.75 -0.168 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY296908-RA 244.00 27 399.38 5.28 33.39 102.75 -0.168 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY277792-RA 412.00 47 473.14 8.59 41.84 88.45 -0.214 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
COMT
  AY065929-RA 260.00 29 062.74 7.65 34.10 87.04 -0.040 Chloroplast
  AY065926-RA 352.00 39 155.04 5.43 41.14 96.68 -0.028 Chloroplast
  AY182609-RA 302.00 33 385.82 6.08 24.82 96.49 0.030 Chloroplast
  AY182607-RA 357.00 40 129.53 5.85 33.34 91.74 -0.054 Chloroplast
  AY269690-RA 357.00 39 612.66 5.39 32.81 92.04 0.015 Chloroplast
  AY261599-RA 357.00 39 612.66 5.39 32.81 92.04 0.015 Chloroplast
  AY271418-RA 353.00 39 434.52 5.38 33.73 96.69 -0.027 Chloroplast
  AY261603-RA 353.00 39 434.52 5.38 33.73 96.69 -0.027 Chloroplast
  AY271416-RA 352.00 39 002.23 5.26 31.04 96.36 0.068 Chloroplast
  AY261605-RA 352.00 39 002.23 5.26 31.04 96.36 0.068 Chloroplast
  AY062438-RA 369.00 42 106.76 5.81 38.64 96.07 -0.122 Chloroplast
  AY291035-RA 398.00 45 558.61 5.07 26.71 95.95 -0.117 Chloroplast
  AY062441-RA 398.00 45 573.58 5.06 26.77 95.70 -0.122 Chloroplast
  AY163775-RA 244.00 27 379.62 5.54 29.99 97.50 0.008 Chloroplast
  AY163777-RA 392.00 44 168.96 6.31 34.84 95.03 -0.098 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY163585-RA 363.00 40 756.99 5.69 34.29 97.22 -0.033 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY065065-RA 363.00 40 650.13 5.72 38.81 101.02 0.006 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY065064-RA 360.00 40 573.91 5.80 35.97 92.64 -0.129 Chloroplast
  AY065069-RA 237.00 26 594.02 5.66 28.63 101.60 0.006 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY065068-RA 266.00 29 585.37 6.05 32.25 99.70 0.089 Chloroplast
  AY259406-RA 231.00 25 967.00 5.73 34.91 80.52 -0.153 Chloroplast
  AY297101-RA 259.00 28 479.82 5.34 37.28 91.04 -0.136 Chloroplast
  AY161038-RA 246.00 26 996.16 5.31 39.64 92.24 -0.076 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY068204-RA 363.00 40 196.52 5.62 35.41 87.77 -0.101 Chloroplast
  AY068208-RA 359.00 39 985.95 5.34 40.38 91.45 -0.094 Chloroplast
  AY068210-RA 364.00 40 481.72 5.15 44.37 89.67 -0.074 Chloroplast
  AY068207-RA 365.00 40 660.86 5.35 43.24 92.08 -0.081 Chloroplast
  AY183190-RA 364.00 39 773.75 5.18 28.67 87.36 0.007 Chloroplast
  AY064395-RA 364.00 39 693.62 5.10 28.95 88.19 0.001 Chloroplast
  AY028399-RA 384.00 42 000.57 6.18 35.14 89.40 -0.013 Chloroplast
  AY028396-RA 289.00 31 505.29 5.77 35.48 85.40 0.002 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY163215-RA 364.00 39 914.18 5.42 30.95 90.33 0.029 Chloroplast
  AY163525-RA 203.00 22 290.72 5.68 29.25 84.09 -0.087 Chloroplast
  AY182323-RA 357.00 39 890.35 5.86 26.35 96.11 0.041 Chloroplast
  AY152098-RA 350.00 38 827.07 6.26 23.22 95.23 -0.032 Chloroplast
  AY163248-RA 350.00 39 047.17 5.95 25.86 96.34 0.005 Chloroplast
  AY026740-RA 227.00 25 296.55 8.99 27.77 105.59 0.094 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY178618-RA 350.00 38 932.11 5.84 35.34 93.54 0.125 Chloroplast
  AY178612-RA 352.00 39 312.39 5.49 32.52 92.73 0.084 Chloroplast
  AY178617-RA 352.00 39 074.33 5.77 26.00 95.51 0.115 Chloroplast
  AY178615-RA 270.00 30 336.34 7.18 31.95 101.00 0.182 Chloroplast
  AY186255-RA 356.00 40 096.12 5.61 30.78 85.17 -0.110 Chloroplast
  AY265592-RA 298.00 33 442.62 6.00 36.39 90.97 -0.073 Mitochondrion
  AY270170-RA 233.00 26 559.46 6.08 53.61 82.83 -0.245 Chloroplast, nucleus
  AY267177-RA 178.00 20 058.90 5.13 41.70 86.01 -0.074 Cytoplasm
  AY178629-RA 238.00 26 358.29 6.23 25.65 82.73 -0.054 Chloroplast
  AY178613-RA 350.00 38 913.88 6.06 26.47 89.69 -0.013 Chloroplast
  AY178622-RA 184.00 20 671.02 6.05 25.41 89.46 -0.045 Chloroplast
  AY287149-RA 184.00 20 671.02 6.05 25.41 89.46 -0.045 Chloroplast
  AY287150-RA 358.00 39 736.75 5.57 27.91 91.20 -0.005 Chloroplast
  AY178621-RA 358.00 39 736.75 5.57 27.91 91.20 -0.005 Chloroplast
), ArticleFig(id=1198702046842029002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470421308250, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information and characteristics of the FOMT gene family in the flavonoid synthesis of Artemisia argyi. pI: Isoelectric point; GRAVY: Grand average of hydropathicity

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Sequence ID Amino acid length Molecular mass/Da pI Instability index Aliphatic Index GRAVY Subcellular localization
CCoAOMT
  AY149247-RA 77.00 8 511.05 6.23 38.88 122.73 0.440 Nucleus
  AY239694-RA 279.00 31 200.99 7.00 39.31 97.46 -0.010 Chloroplast
  AY235918-RA 185.00 21 069.00 4.58 24.51 102.76 -0.137 Cytoplasm
  AY235920-RA 197.00 22 540.75 4.80 26.36 101.47 -0.184 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY235961-RA 109.00 12 410.68 5.54 39.18 127.89 0.418 Chloroplast
  AY235951-RA 584.00 65 124.66 5.32 31.78 93.30 -0.144 Chloroplast
  AY235950-RA 115.00 12 767.04 6.29 32.69 103.48 -0.033 Cytoplasm
  AY071553-RA 229.00 26 049.98 5.08 28.96 100.87 -0.218 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY270094-RA 227.00 25 207.26 4.51 40.25 95.73 -0.256 Cytoplasm
  AY260644-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY278243-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY269035-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY298043-RA 305.00 34 241.30 4.65 35.94 87.21 -0.475 Cytoplasm
  AY235956-RA 229.00 25 860.71 5.23 29.42 97.55 -0.203 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY235966-RA 574.00 65 770.09 5.88 38.29 101.03 -0.080 Cytoplasm
  AY235972-RA 70.00 7 802.12 9.99 24.33 114.14 -0.053 Chloroplast
  AY163682-RA 252.00 28 211.32 5.32 37.36 95.20 -0.223 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240907-RA 233.00 26 441.46 5.29 38.26 103.39 -0.228 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240911-RA 244.00 27 459.48 5.26 28.85 101.93 -0.206 Cytoplasm
  AY240906-RA 486.00 54 584.57 5.27 30.80 102.53 -0.172 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240908-RA 244.00 27 442.45 5.29 29.65 104.30 -0.147 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240916-RA 725.00 82 749.66 5.94 31.89 98.12 -0.183 Cytoplasm
  AY240913-RA 243.00 27 325.34 5.17 35.42 103.95 -0.145 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240909-RA 244.00 27 434.53 5.28 30.38 103.11 -0.156 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY030677-RA 266.00 29 966.43 5.20 32.99 104.89 -0.102 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY030679-RA 247.00 27 795.93 5.56 35.05 100.69 -0.203 Cytoplasm
  AY182940-RA 109.00 12 585.39 5.52 33.76 94.77 -0.188 Cytoplasm
  AY264504-RA 244.00 27 340.31 5.16 34.17 102.75 -0.156 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY240919-RA 734.00 84 350.75 5.83 32.90 104.06 -0.124 Cytoplasm
  AY297453-RA 244.00 27 399.38 5.28 33.39 102.75 -0.168 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY296908-RA 244.00 27 399.38 5.28 33.39 102.75 -0.168 Cytoskeleton, cytoplasm
  AY277792-RA 412.00 47 473.14 8.59 41.84 88.45 -0.214 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
COMT
  AY065929-RA 260.00 29 062.74 7.65 34.10 87.04 -0.040 Chloroplast
  AY065926-RA 352.00 39 155.04 5.43 41.14 96.68 -0.028 Chloroplast
  AY182609-RA 302.00 33 385.82 6.08 24.82 96.49 0.030 Chloroplast
  AY182607-RA 357.00 40 129.53 5.85 33.34 91.74 -0.054 Chloroplast
  AY269690-RA 357.00 39 612.66 5.39 32.81 92.04 0.015 Chloroplast
  AY261599-RA 357.00 39 612.66 5.39 32.81 92.04 0.015 Chloroplast
  AY271418-RA 353.00 39 434.52 5.38 33.73 96.69 -0.027 Chloroplast
  AY261603-RA 353.00 39 434.52 5.38 33.73 96.69 -0.027 Chloroplast
  AY271416-RA 352.00 39 002.23 5.26 31.04 96.36 0.068 Chloroplast
  AY261605-RA 352.00 39 002.23 5.26 31.04 96.36 0.068 Chloroplast
  AY062438-RA 369.00 42 106.76 5.81 38.64 96.07 -0.122 Chloroplast
  AY291035-RA 398.00 45 558.61 5.07 26.71 95.95 -0.117 Chloroplast
  AY062441-RA 398.00 45 573.58 5.06 26.77 95.70 -0.122 Chloroplast
  AY163775-RA 244.00 27 379.62 5.54 29.99 97.50 0.008 Chloroplast
  AY163777-RA 392.00 44 168.96 6.31 34.84 95.03 -0.098 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY163585-RA 363.00 40 756.99 5.69 34.29 97.22 -0.033 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY065065-RA 363.00 40 650.13 5.72 38.81 101.02 0.006 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY065064-RA 360.00 40 573.91 5.80 35.97 92.64 -0.129 Chloroplast
  AY065069-RA 237.00 26 594.02 5.66 28.63 101.60 0.006 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY065068-RA 266.00 29 585.37 6.05 32.25 99.70 0.089 Chloroplast
  AY259406-RA 231.00 25 967.00 5.73 34.91 80.52 -0.153 Chloroplast
  AY297101-RA 259.00 28 479.82 5.34 37.28 91.04 -0.136 Chloroplast
  AY161038-RA 246.00 26 996.16 5.31 39.64 92.24 -0.076 Chloroplast, cytoplasm
  AY068204-RA 363.00 40 196.52 5.62 35.41 87.77 -0.101 Chloroplast
  AY068208-RA 359.00 39 985.95 5.34 40.38 91.45 -0.094 Chloroplast
  AY068210-RA 364.00 40 481.72 5.15 44.37 89.67 -0.074 Chloroplast
  AY068207-RA 365.00 40 660.86 5.35 43.24 92.08 -0.081 Chloroplast
  AY183190-RA 364.00 39 773.75 5.18 28.67 87.36 0.007 Chloroplast
  AY064395-RA 364.00 39 693.62 5.10 28.95 88.19 0.001 Chloroplast
  AY028399-RA 384.00 42 000.57 6.18 35.14 89.40 -0.013 Chloroplast
  AY028396-RA 289.00 31 505.29 5.77 35.48 85.40 0.002 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY163215-RA 364.00 39 914.18 5.42 30.95 90.33 0.029 Chloroplast
  AY163525-RA 203.00 22 290.72 5.68 29.25 84.09 -0.087 Chloroplast
  AY182323-RA 357.00 39 890.35 5.86 26.35 96.11 0.041 Chloroplast
  AY152098-RA 350.00 38 827.07 6.26 23.22 95.23 -0.032 Chloroplast
  AY163248-RA 350.00 39 047.17 5.95 25.86 96.34 0.005 Chloroplast
  AY026740-RA 227.00 25 296.55 8.99 27.77 105.59 0.094 Chloroplast, mitochondrion
  AY178618-RA 350.00 38 932.11 5.84 35.34 93.54 0.125 Chloroplast
  AY178612-RA 352.00 39 312.39 5.49 32.52 92.73 0.084 Chloroplast
  AY178617-RA 352.00 39 074.33 5.77 26.00 95.51 0.115 Chloroplast
  AY178615-RA 270.00 30 336.34 7.18 31.95 101.00 0.182 Chloroplast
  AY186255-RA 356.00 40 096.12 5.61 30.78 85.17 -0.110 Chloroplast
  AY265592-RA 298.00 33 442.62 6.00 36.39 90.97 -0.073 Mitochondrion
  AY270170-RA 233.00 26 559.46 6.08 53.61 82.83 -0.245 Chloroplast, nucleus
  AY267177-RA 178.00 20 058.90 5.13 41.70 86.01 -0.074 Cytoplasm
  AY178629-RA 238.00 26 358.29 6.23 25.65 82.73 -0.054 Chloroplast
  AY178613-RA 350.00 38 913.88 6.06 26.47 89.69 -0.013 Chloroplast
  AY178622-RA 184.00 20 671.02 6.05 25.41 89.46 -0.045 Chloroplast
  AY287149-RA 184.00 20 671.02 6.05 25.41 89.46 -0.045 Chloroplast
  AY287150-RA 358.00 39 736.75 5.57 27.91 91.20 -0.005 Chloroplast
  AY178621-RA 358.00 39 736.75 5.57 27.91 91.20 -0.005 Chloroplast
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艾叶类黄酮O-甲基转移酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析
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彭赛男 , 李宇琨 , 罗丹丹 , 陈昌婕 , 周佳 , 李佳怡 , 郑佳 , 刘大会 * , 苗玉焕 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 1069-1078
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 1069-1078
艾叶类黄酮O-甲基转移酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析
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彭赛男, 李宇琨, 罗丹丹, 陈昌婕, 周佳, 李佳怡, 郑佳, 刘大会* , 苗玉焕*
作者信息
  • 湖北中医药大学, 中药资源中心, 湖北 武汉 430065

通讯作者:

*刘大会, Tel: 86-27-68890106, E-mail: ;
苗玉焕, Tel: 13419560708, E-mail:
Identification and expression analysis of flavonoid O-methyltransferases gene family in Artemisia argyi
Sai-nan PENG, Yu-kun LI, Dan-dan LUO, Chang-jie CHEN, Jia ZHOU, Jia-yi LI, Jia ZHENG, Da-hui LIU* , Yu-huan MIAO*
Affiliations
  • Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Wuhan 430065, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1004
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艾(Artemisia argyi) 以叶片入药, 为我国常用大宗中药材, 主要活性成分为挥发油、黄酮等化合物, 具有多种药理活性。目前鉴定到的艾叶黄酮类物质多为氧甲基化修饰, 而类黄酮O-甲基转移酶(flavonoid O-methyltransferase, FOMT) 是黄酮类化合物氧甲基化修饰的关键酶。为进一步了解FOMT蛋白功能及特性, 本研究对艾中FOMT基因家族进行了全基因组的挖掘和鉴定, 并进行系统发育、染色体定位、基因序列特征、亚细胞定位预测、蛋白结构、基因结构分析及表达模式的分析和验证。结果表明, 在艾的基因组中, 共鉴定得到83个FOMT基因, 系统发育树显示FOMT基因分为CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase) 亚家族(32个基因) 和COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase) 亚家族(51个基因) 两个亚类。基因序列特征分析显示FOMT编码氨基酸的数目介于70~734 aa, 分子质量为25 296.55~34 241.3 Da, 等电点为4.51~9.99, 与32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员相比, 51个COMT亚家族成员中, 约1/3的FOMT蛋白为疏水性蛋白, 2/3蛋白为亲水性蛋白。亚细胞定位预测结果显示超过80%的CCoAOMT亚家族成员定位于细胞质, 96%的COMT亚家族成员定位于叶绿体。COMT成员相对CCoAOMT成员motif数较多, 且位于N端的motifs变异相对较大, 位于C端的motifs相对保守; 表达模式分析显示CCoAOMT亚家族成员主要在根中表达, 而COMT成员主要在叶片中高量表达; 实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 验证了部分FOMT在叶片中优势表达, 具有组织表达特异性。本研究对艾叶FOMT基因家族进行鉴定与分析, 为进一步深入研究FOMT功能和甲基化黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供理论依据。

艾叶  /  类黄酮  /  类黄酮O-甲基转移酶  /  生物信息学  /  表达分析

Artemisia argyi (A. argyi) is a Chinese herbal medicine in China. The main active components are volatile oils, flavonoids, and other compounds, which have various pharmacological activities. Methoxylated flavonoids are the main active ingredients in A. argyi. Flavonoid O-methyltransferase (FOMT) is a key enzyme in the O-methylation of flavonoids. In order to further understand the function and characteristics of FOMT proteins, this paper carried out the whole genome mining and identification of FOMT genes in A. argyi and performed phylogenetic, chromosomal localization, gene sequence characterization, subcellular localization prediction, protein structure, gene structure analysis, and expression pattern analysis. The results showed that a total of 83 FOMT genes were identified in the genome of A. argyi. The phylogenetic tree shows that FOMT genes are divided into two subgroups, CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase) subfamily (32 genes) and COMT (caffeic acid O-methyltransferase) subfamily (51 genes). Gene sequence analysis showed that the number of amino acids encoded by FOMT was 70-734 aa, the molecular weight was 25 296.55-34 241.3 Da, and the isoelectric point was 4.51-9.99. Compared with 32 members of the CCoAOMT subfamily, nearly 1/3 of the 51 members of the COMT subfamily were hydrophobic proteins and 2/3 were hydrophilic proteins. Subcellular localization prediction showed that more than 80% of CCoAOMT subfamily members were located in the cytoplasm, and 96% of COMT subfamily members were located in the chloroplast. COMT subfamily members have more motifs than CCoAOMT subfamily members. The N-terminal motifs of COMT subfamily proteins are relatively variable, while the C-terminal motifs are relatively conserved. Expression pattern analysis showed that CCoAOMT subfamily members were mainly expressed in roots, while COMT members were mainly expressed in leaves. Some FOMTs showed the tissue expression specificity by real-time quantitative PCR analysis, especially in leaves. In this study, we identified and analyzed the FOMT gene family in A. argyi, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the function of FOMTs and the biosynthesis of methylated flavonoids in A. argyi.

Artemisia argyi  /  flavonoid  /  flavonoid O-methyltransferase  /  bioinformatics  /  expression analysis
彭赛男, 李宇琨, 罗丹丹, 陈昌婕, 周佳, 李佳怡, 郑佳, 刘大会, 苗玉焕. 艾叶类黄酮O-甲基转移酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1069 -1078 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1004
Sai-nan PENG, Yu-kun LI, Dan-dan LUO, Chang-jie CHEN, Jia ZHOU, Jia-yi LI, Jia ZHENG, Da-hui LIU, Yu-huan MIAO. Identification and expression analysis of flavonoid O-methyltransferases gene family in Artemisia argyi[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1069 -1078 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1004
艾叶为菊科植物艾Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant.的干燥叶, 具有温经止血、散寒止痛、祛湿止痒等功效[1]。黄酮类化合物为其主要活性成分, 具有多种药理活性[2]。据统计, 目前艾叶中已鉴定的类黄酮成分有约2/3属于O-甲基化修饰的类黄酮, 如异泽兰黄素、棕矢车菊素、矢车菊黄素、紫花牡荆素、高车前素、鼠李素等。甲基化是类黄酮重要的修饰反应, 包括O-甲基化和C-甲基化两类, 其中O-甲基化较为常见, O-甲基化的类黄酮在植物中广泛存在。研究表明[3], O-甲基化修饰可提高类黄酮的结构稳定性、蛋白亲和力、转运力, 降低其水溶性, 并显著提高类黄酮的生物利用度, 这些性质的改变使得部分类黄酮的生理活性和药理活性显著提高。在生理活性方面, O-甲基化修饰的黄酮可提高植物对生物和非生物胁迫的抵抗力, 例如柑橘在感染黄龙病时其果实中多甲氧基黄酮的总量也显著提高[4]; 在干旱和高山中生长的唇形科植物产生更多的O-甲基化黄酮[5]; 毛白桦叶片腺毛分泌的5-羟基-4', 7-二甲氧基黄酮对秋蛾幼虫具有更强的毒性[6]。以上结果表明, O-甲基化类黄酮可能是植物中重要的防御类化合物, 可显著提高植物对环境的适应性。在药理活性方面, O-甲基化的类黄酮因其更易靶向穿透癌细胞, 具有较好的抗癌活性。如黄芩中的汉黄芩素(5, 7-二羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮)、黄芩黄酮I (5, 2'-二羟基-7, 8-二甲基黄酮) 和韧黄芩素I (5, 2'-二羟基-6, 7, 8-三甲基黄酮) 能诱导癌细胞的凋亡而对正常细胞没有影响[7, 8]。此外, O-甲基化的类黄酮还具有更强的抗炎、抗代谢紊乱、抗疟原虫等活性。如柑橘中的多氧甲基类黄酮是中国传统医药制剂“橘汁姜汤”的主要抗炎成分[9]; 黑姜中的多氧甲基类黄酮(5, 7-二甲氧基黄酮、5, 7, 4'-三甲氧基黄酮和3, 5, 7, 3', 4'-五甲氧基黄酮) 可减轻昼夜节律紊乱并改善代谢综合征和肥胖症[10]; 青蒿中的O-甲基类黄酮能增强青蒿素的抗疟原虫和细胞毒性作用[11]
植物类黄酮的生物合成前体为苯丙氨酸[12], 在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸4-羟化酶(C4H) 和4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL) 催化下生成香豆酰辅酶A, 底物进一步在查尔酮合酶(CHS) 的作用下形成查尔酮, 然后由查尔酮异构酶(CHI) 异构化形成柚皮素等黄烷酮苷元; 柚皮素经黄烷酮3-羟化酶(F3H)、类黄酮3'-羟化酶(F3'H) 和黄酮合酶(FNS I/FNS II) 等作用下分别生成黄酮醇和黄酮类化合物; 最后, 这些黄酮类化合物在羟化酶(HO)、糖基转移酶(GT)、酰基转移酶(AT)、异戊二烯基转移酶(PT)、O-甲基转移酶(OMT) 等修饰下形成各种结构的类黄酮[13]。在植物体内, 类黄酮O-甲基化反应主要由类黄酮O-甲基转移酶(flavonoid O-methyltransferase, FOMT) 以S-腺苷-L-蛋氨酸(SAM) 为甲基供体将甲基转移到类黄酮-OH上[14]。FOMT催化类黄酮合成O-甲基化类黄酮, 是类黄酮代谢途径中的关键修饰酶[3]。根据分子质量和是否依赖二价离子, 可将OMT分为咖啡酸氧甲基转移酶(caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, COMT) 和咖啡酰辅酶A氧甲基转移酶(caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase, CCoAOMT)[15]。COMT亚家族成员蛋白分子质量一般在38~43 kDa, 催化过程不需阳离子参与, 可利用基于组氨酸(His) 催化的二元体来增强其酶活性[16]。FOMT大多属于此亚家族。CCoAOMT亚家族成员数目相对较少, 蛋白分子质量较小(26~30 kDa), 催化过程需二价阳离子参与。CCoAOMT亚家族又被分为两个亚组, 其中一个亚组成员特异性催化咖啡酰辅酶A, 是木质素合成关键酶, 为true CCoAOMT; 另一亚组成员偏好催化咖啡酸酯和类黄酮, 被命名为CCoAOMT-like[17]
异泽兰黄素(5, 7-二羟基-3', 4', 6-三甲氧基黄酮) 是艾叶中重要活性成分之一[2], 是一种极具药用价值的多甲氧基黄酮类物质[18], 具有抗肿瘤[19-21]、抗炎[22]、抗氧化等作用[23]。本团队前期已公布蕲艾高质量染色体级别基因组, 为解析艾叶中药效成分黄酮类物质的生物合成路径奠定重要基础, 对艾重要品质性状遗传改良具有重要意义[24]。本研究利用生物信息学的方法, 对艾FOMT基因家族进行了全基因组的挖掘和鉴定, 并分析了其系统发育、染色体定位、基因序列特征、亚细胞定位、蛋白结构、基因结构等, 利用荧光定量PCR技术, 对部分艾叶FOMT基因在艾不同组织器官及不同叶片发育时期进行表达模式分析, 以期为深入解析艾叶中异泽兰黄素等氧甲基化修饰的黄酮类有效成分的生物合成路径奠定基础。
材料   以本团队前期在湖北蕲春筛选的富含黄酮类成分的艾种质“香艾” (基因组测序材料) 为研究对象, 取其根(root, R)、根茎(rhizome, Rh)、茎秆(stem, S)、叶芽(0d, LA)、幼叶(15d, LB)、成熟叶片(30d, LC)、老叶片(45d, LD) 等不同组织作为实验材料分别进行转录组测定, 转录组数据参考本团队前期发表的蕲艾全基因组测序和组装结果[24]。本课题组前期已完成高质量艾基因组组装及注释。
FOMT基因全基因组的鉴定、系统发育树构建及染色体定位   利用同源比对和保守结构域(PF01596) 从艾叶基因组数据库中调取类黄酮生物合成通路上的FOMT基因家族序列, 根据同源比对和保守结构域分析, 在艾叶基因组中共鉴定得到83个FOMT家族成员。利用83个FOMT蛋白的序列, 与其他植物的FOMT成员进行系统进化树构建。应用MEGA比对工具采取NJ (Neighbour-join) 方法, 并进行了重复1 000次的bootstrap检验, 所有设定均采用默认值。同时从基因组注释文件中筛选出基因家族成员ID, 并利用TBtools软件确定每个FOMT基因的位置信息并绘制其所对应的染色体物理位置图。
FOMT基因家族成员的鉴定、蛋白质特征分析及亚细胞定位   利用TBtools软件对获取的83个FOMT蛋白的基本理化性质进行预测, 包括理论等电点、不稳定系数及分子质量等。使用在线生物信息学工具Plant-mPLoc (http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/plant-multi/) 和WOLF PSORT (https://www.genscript.com/wolf-psort.html?src=leftbar) 对获取的83个FOMT蛋白进行亚细胞定位预测。
FOMT基因保守结构域和基因结构分析   利用MEME (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme) 在线网站对83个FOMT的蛋白质保守基序进行分析, 目标保守基序设为10, 其余为默认值。利用TBtools对艾叶FOMT家族的基因进行保守基序、保守结构域和基因结构三者可视化分析。
FOMT基因家族成员的实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 分析   随机选择FOMT基因: AY065929-RA、AY178629-RA、AY068208-RA、AY287150-RA、AY261599-RA和AY163585-RA (依次命名为FOMT1、FOMT2、FOMT3、FOMT4、FOMT5、FOMT6) 进行qRT-PCR验证。实验样品为艾的根(R)、根茎(Rh)、茎杆(S)、嫩叶(young leaves, L1)、成熟叶(mature leaves, L2)、老叶(old leaves, L3) 6个不同组织。利用天根试剂盒提取本研究所述植物总RNA, 用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计检测所提取总RNA的A260/A280的比值和浓度及用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测总RNA的完整性。将符合要求的总RNA利用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA。以cDNA为模板, β-actin为内参基因, Primer Premier 5设计引物用于qRT-PCR反应, 对部分艾叶FOMT基因进行qRT-PCR, 定量引物见表 1。qRT-PCR反应体系及反应条件参照ABclone公司的荧光定量PCR试剂盒说明书进行, 利用荧光定量PCR仪进行反应, 相对定量的计算采用2-ΔΔCt方法。
从艾叶基因组数据库筛选并鉴定FOMT基因, 去除可变剪切导致的重复转录本和结构域确认, 最终获得83个FOMT家族成员。为研究艾叶FOMT基因家族的进化关系, 本研究选取其他植物的FOMT成员与艾FOMT进行系统进化树构建。如图 1所示, 进化树主要由两大进化枝构成, 包括CCoAOMT亚家族(32个基因) 和COMT亚家族(51个基因), 根据FOMT催化位点具有相对特异性的特点, COMT亚家族成员与已进行功能报道的FOMT的聚类结果可预测其催化位点。根据COMT亚家族进化分枝和聚类结果, 可将其进一步分为3'FOMT (31个基因)、4'FOMT (10个基因)、6FOMT (6个基因) 及未归类基因(4个)。
基于本课题组已组装完成的艾染色体级别参考基因组, 本研究分析了FOMT家族成员在艾染色体上的分布情况。结果显示, FOMT家族成员在艾10条染色体上均有分布但分布不均匀, 每条染色体排列的基因数目差别很大, 以在2、9和10号染色体上分布数目最多, 在1、3和4号染色体上分布最少(图 2), 并发现在染色体2、5、9、10号上, 大多数FOMT以基因簇形式存在。
利用FOMT基因ID, 从基因组数据中获得FOMT蛋白序列, 使用TBtools对FOMT蛋白质序列进行理化性质分析。结果如表 2所示, 32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员编码氨基酸的数量介于70 (AY235972-RA)~725 (AY240916-RA) 个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量在7 802.12 Da (AY235972-RA)~84 350.75 Da (AY240919-RA)。此外, 32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员中有29个蛋白的理论等电点在4.51 (AY270094-RA)~6.29 (AY235950-RA), 为酸性蛋白, AY239694-RA的理论等电点为7.00, 属于中性蛋白, AY277792-RA、AY235972-RA蛋白的理论等电点分别为8.59、9.99, 均为碱性蛋白。对CCoAOMT亚家族成员进行蛋白稳定系数的预测结果表明, 有30个不稳定系数小于40, 为稳定蛋白, 剩余2个为不稳定蛋白。预测结果显示此32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员蛋白的亲水性平均值均为负值, 均为亲水性蛋白, 亚细胞定位结果显示超过80%的CCoAOMT亚家族成员定位于细胞质。51个COMT亚家族成员编码氨基酸的数量为178 (AY267177-RA)~398 (AY062441-RA) 个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量在20 058.9 Da (AY267177-RA)~45 573.58 Da (AY062441-RA), 理论等电点预测结果表明有48个COMT亚家族成员为酸性蛋白, 其余3个COMT亚家族成员为碱性蛋白。51个COMT亚家族成员蛋白稳定系数的预测结果显示有45个FOMT蛋白为稳定蛋白, 其余3个为不稳定蛋白。亲水性平均值预测结果显示, 与32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员相比, 51个COMT亚家族成员中, 约1/3的FOMT蛋白为疏水性蛋白, 2/3蛋白为亲水性蛋白。另外, 与CCoAOMT亚家族成员不同的是96%的COMT亚家族成员定位于叶绿体。
FOMT基因的系统进化树与其基因结构和蛋白结构进行交互分析, 从进化角度探究基因结构和蛋白结构的差异性。系统进化分析结果表明, 艾中CCoAOMT亚家族和COMT亚家族在进化关系可区分开(图 3A), 在蛋白结构上也可清晰区分开。蛋白结构模体(motif) (查找数为10) 分析显示, COMT成员相对CCoAOMT成员motif数较多, 且位于N端的motifs变异相对较大, 位于C端的motifs相对保守。CCoAOMT亚家族成员主要具有motif2、6、3、4、8; COMT亚家族成员主要具有motif5、6、1、7、9、10 (图 3B)。此外, 保守结构域分析显示, CCoAOMT亚家族成员氨基酸序列相对较短, 只包含1个AdoMet_MTases supfamily结构域。COMT亚家族成员氨基酸序列相对较长, 包含AdoMet_MTases supfamily和Methyltransf_2结构域, 此外, 大多数COMT的N端还包含1个dimerization结构域, 该结构域在蛋白二聚体的形成发挥重要作用。部分FOMT成员还具有PcnB superfamily、AraC superfamily、F-box_AtFBL13-like及dimerization2 superfamily结构域(图 3C)。在基因结构上, FOMT家族成员基因长度变异较大, 内含子外显子数目变异较大, 其中CCoAOMT亚家族成员的外显子和内含子数目明显多于COMT亚家族成员(图 3D)。
为揭示FOMT基因的表达情况, 将鉴定到的FOMT两个亚家族基因分别在艾的根(R)、根茎(Rh)、茎秆(S)、叶芽(0 d, LA)、幼叶(15 d, LB)、成熟叶片(30 d, LC)、老叶片(45 d, LD) 7个不同组织的表达量进行归一化和热图分析, 结果显示32个CCoAOMT亚家族成员中有超过一半基因(17个) 在根(R) 和根茎(Rh) 中高表达, 8个基因在7个组织中都不表达, 其余7个基因在茎秆(S) 和叶片(LA-D) 中高表达; 而COMT亚家族成员中一半以上基因(31个) 在茎秆和叶片中优势表达, 20个基因在根和根茎中优势表达。以上结果说明CCoAOMTCOMT亚家族成员在组织表达模式上也存在明显差异, CCoAOMT成员主要在艾根和根茎中优势表达, 可能主要参与到根中木质素的合成, 而COMT成员主要在叶片中优势表达, 可能主要参与到叶片中类黄酮成分的合成(图 4)。
为进一步研究艾叶类黄酮生物合成通路中FOMT家族基因在艾不同组织及不同叶龄叶片中的表达模式, 本研究利用荧光定量PCR技术对该家族中的部分基因进行表达模式的分析, 通过对比不同组织及不同叶龄叶片中FOMT基因表达量的FPKM热图分析发现(图 5), FOMT1FOMT2、FOMT3、FOMT4均在叶片(L1~3) 中优势表达, 这与热图中FOMT基因表达量的FPKM变化一致, 均在叶片中高表达, 推测在叶片中优势表达的基因, 可能主要参与到叶片中类黄酮成分的合成。FOMT5、FOMT6均在根中高表达, 在其他部位几乎无表达, 该结果与热图中FOMT5、FOMT6在根优势表达的趋势相符。两种方法互相验证后结果会更具说服力。
类黄酮是植物中广泛存在的天然产物, 其结构和种类极为丰富。目前, 植物中已鉴定到的类黄酮达到8 000多种[25], 其基本结构为C6-C3-C6, 是由2个苯环(A环与B环) 通过中央三碳(C环) 相互连接而成。根据中央三碳的氧化程度及B环的连接位点, 可将类黄酮分为6大类:黄酮(flavones)、黄酮醇(flavonols)、黄烷酮(flavanones)、黄烷醇(flavanols)、异黄酮(isoflavones) 和花青素(anthocyanidins)[26, 27]。类黄酮的生物活性与其结构密切相关, 而结构上的巨大差异主要是通过羟基化、糖基化、酰基化和甲基化等对类黄酮基本骨架进行多重修饰而产生。其中羟基化是类黄酮最常见的修饰, 据统计78.6%的类黄酮都有羟基化修饰, 56.2%的类黄酮再进行糖基化修饰, 24.8%的类黄酮会发生甲基化修饰, 而酰基化修饰较少发生, 只占4.8%[28]。目前研究最多的是黄酮的羟基化和糖基化修饰, 而关于甲基化和酰基化的研究较少。艾叶富含黄酮类化合物, 目前从艾叶中共分离得到51种黄酮类物质, 经统计发现约2/3的黄酮都属于O-甲基化类黄酮[2]。在植物体内, 类黄酮O-甲基化反应主要由FOMT以SAM为甲基供体通过SN2亲核取代反应完成[29], 这表明FOMTO-甲基化类黄酮的生物合成中起到非常重要的作用。近年来, O-甲基类黄酮的药用价值和生物合成调控备受关注, 其药理活性及药物开发研究已成为当下的研究热点。此外, O-甲基化类黄酮也是植物体内重要的抗逆代谢物, 在绿色农药开发、作物抗性育种领域也具有较大的应用潜力。
本研究基于生物信息学方法, 对艾叶中鉴定到的类黄酮生物合成通路上FOMT基因家族成员进行基因序列特征、亚细胞定位、系统发育、基因结构、组织表达模式等的分析。系统进化分析结果表明, 艾叶类黄酮生物合成通路上的FOMT家族基因主要由两大进化枝构成, 包括CCoAOMT亚家族(32个基因) 和COMT亚家族(51个基因)。通过对FOMT催化位点分析发现FOMT常对黄酮骨架B环的3'和4'位羟基及A环的6、7、8位羟基进行催化, 且具有底物特异性和位点特异性的特征, 而且同科属物种中FOMT往往具有较高的同源性和相同的O-甲基化位点[30]FOMT的催化特性也可为后续其功能验证提供借鉴。基因结构分析表明, FOMT家族成员基因长度变异较大, 内含子外显子数目变异较大, 其中CCoAOMT亚家族成员的外显子和内含子数目明显多于COMT亚家族成员, 两者基因结构的差异可能会导致两者基因功能的多样性[31]。通过荧光定量PCR分析发现, 一半以上FOMT基因在艾的叶片中表达量较高, 具有组织表达的特异性。根据银杏GbFOMT-13在叶片中的表达量变化与叶片中类黄酮合成速率相似, 推测GbFOMT-13参与银杏叶片中类黄酮甲基化反应[32]。以此类推, 由于氧甲基化类黄酮成分在艾植株中的分布具有组织特异性, 主要分布艾的叶片中。在艾的叶片中高表达的FOMT1FOMT2、FOMT3、FOMT4可能参与艾叶类黄酮的氧甲基化反应。
综上所述, 本研究基于艾全基因组数据, 筛选并鉴定出83个FOMT基因, 对其进行全面的生物信息学分析, 包括系统发育、染色体定位、基因序列特征、亚细胞定位预测、系统发育、染色体定位、蛋白结构、基因结构分析及表达模式的分析和验证, 能初步了解艾FOMT基因家族的基因数量、功能分类及表达趋势, 为进一步深入研究FOMT功能和甲基化黄酮类化合物的生物合成提供理论依据。
作者贡献: 第一作者彭赛男负责论文设计、实验、数据分析及论文撰写; 通讯作者刘大会、苗玉焕负责论文设计、数据分析和论文指导; 李宇琨、罗丹丹、陈昌婕参与实验及数据分析; 周佳、李佳怡、郑佳参与样品采集。所有作者参与论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设项目”(2060302)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1004
  • 接收时间:2022-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-22
  • 修回日期:2022-10-11
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中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设项目”(2060302)
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    湖北中医药大学, 中药资源中心, 湖北 武汉 430065

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*刘大会, Tel: 86-27-68890106, E-mail: ;
苗玉焕, Tel: 13419560708, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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