Article(id=1198624403647983865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0983, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659974400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-09, revisedDate=1664467200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703927193, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703927193, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703927193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703927193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=688, endPage=694, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624403937390861, articleId=1198624403647983865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The target of celastrol acting on HSP60 against pulmonary fibrosis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Celastrol, extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii, is a natural pentacyclic triterpene compound, which has an anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect. However, its effect, binding targets and regulatory mechanism in pulmonary fibroblasts remain unclear. In this study, we found that celastrol could prevent fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation (FMT) by significantly inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced α-smooth muscle actin and type Ⅰ collagen expression. Previous studies suggested that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) may be the target of celastrol. This study confirmed the direct interaction between celastrol and HSP60 through cellular thermal shift assay and surface plasmon resonance experiment, and demonstrated that the KD value of celastrol binding to HSP60 was 8.59 μmol·L-1. Further studies showed that knockdown of HSP60 promoted TGFβ1-induced FMT, especially in the medium and low dose TGFβ1 treatment group, and that the anti-FMT effect of celastrol was significantly weakened after HSP60 knockdown. These results indicated that HSP60 was involved in maintaining the resting state of fibroblasts, and the anti-FMT effect of celastrol was dependent on HSP60. Furthermore, the autophagy promotion and antioxidant effects of celastrol were also weakened after HSP60 knockdown. In conclusion, celastrol inhibits FMT by targeting HSP60, thus exerting anti-pulmonary fibrosis function.

, correspAuthors=Tian-ming YANG, Tian-tai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu ZHOU, Ya-zi WEI, Tian-ming YANG, Tian-tai ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624405220847976, articleId=1198624403647983865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=雷公藤红素作用于HSP60抗肺纤维化的靶点研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雷公藤红素是来源于传统中药雷公藤的五环三萜类天然活性化合物, 具有抗肺纤维化作用, 但是其对于肺成纤维细胞功能影响、作用靶点和机制尚不明确。本研究发现雷公藤红素具有抗成纤维细胞-肌成纤维细胞转化(fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation, FMT) 功能, 表现为显著抑制转化生长因子β1 (transforming growth factor β1, TGFβ1) 诱导的α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和一型胶原表达。前期研究提示热休克蛋白60 (heat shock protein 60, HSP60) 可能是雷公藤红素抗FMT的作用靶点, 本研究通过细胞热迁移实验、表面等离子共振实验确证了雷公藤红素与HSP60相互作用, 并且发现二者相互作用KD值为8.59 μmol·L-1。进一步研究显示, 使用siRNA在人肺成纤维细胞(human pulmonary fibroblast, HPF) 敲低HSP60后, HPF对于TGFβ1的敏感性显著增加, 表现为相同浓度TGFβ1刺激下, 敲低组FMT程度显著高于对照组, 此效应在中低剂量TGFβ1处理组尤为明显。并且雷公藤红素抗FMT效果在HSP60敲低后显著减弱。以上结果表明, HSP60参与维持成纤维细胞静息态, 并且雷公藤红素抗FMT效果依赖于HSP60。机制研究方面, 在HSP60敲低后雷公藤红素的自噬促进和抗氧化应激效果显著减弱。综上所述, 雷公藤红素通过直接作用于HSP60, 抑制肺成纤维细胞发生FMT, 从而发挥抗肺纤维化功能。

, correspAuthors=杨天明, 张天泰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨天明, Tel: 86-22-23006807, E-mail: ;
张天泰, Tel: 86-10-50927385, E-mail:
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Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9: 161., articleTitle=Oncogenic HSP60 regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to support Erk1/2 activation during pancreatic cancer cell growth, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702056828662299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, awardId=82204410, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82204410), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702056967074343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, awardId=2021-I2M-1-028, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702057176789557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, awardId=2020YFA0908004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0908004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702057323590213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, awardId=3332020043, language=CN, fundingSource=北京协和医学院“中央高校基本科研业务费”(3332020043), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702050415571911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050428154829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, companyId=1198702050415571911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050444932045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, companyId=1198702050415571911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702050625287132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050646258656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, companyId=1198702050625287132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050654647266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, companyId=1198702050625287132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.天津药物研究院, 天津市新药设计与发现重点实验室, 天津 300301)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702055025111385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CP5BIADusCnm3o/QlUGbNQ==, figureFileBig=68EBWHQ0dwcBqM5C2s9R2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055209660787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The cell viability inhibition of celastrol in HPF. The effect of celastrol on cell viability with or without 5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> TGF<i>β</i>1 for 24 and 48 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. ns: Not significant; CLT: Celastrol; TGF<i>β</i>1: Transforming growth factor <i>β</i>1; HPF: Human pulmonary fibroblast , figureFileSmall=CP5BIADusCnm3o/QlUGbNQ==, figureFileBig=68EBWHQ0dwcBqM5C2s9R2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055385821574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BXlmn6lY5mhBEDUlkUgyWA==, figureFileBig=QROLbSYK0brE1hiD4L3Q/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055541010841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The inhibition of celastrol on TGF<i>β</i>1 induced FMT. <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2 expression in HPF under 5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> TGF<i>β</i>1 with or without celastrol treatment. Quantified expression of <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. FMT: Fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation; <i>α</i>SMA: <i>α</i>-Smooth muscle actin; COL1A2: Collagen Ⅰ A2 , figureFileSmall=BXlmn6lY5mhBEDUlkUgyWA==, figureFileBig=QROLbSYK0brE1hiD4L3Q/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055712977320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HPu1Eiuby5HoaJWnoCLaAw==, figureFileBig=bgk89npJrxadTFtvPVIcIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055918498235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Confirmation of HSP60 as the direct target of celastrol. A: The binding affinity of celastrol with HSP60 was analyzed by SPR assay; B, C: Temperature-dependent (B) and dose-dependent (C) CESTA analysis of HSP60 stability with or without celastrol treatment. HSP60: Heat shock protein 60; SPR: Surface plasmon resonance; CESTA: Cellular thermal shift assay , figureFileSmall=HPu1Eiuby5HoaJWnoCLaAw==, figureFileBig=bgk89npJrxadTFtvPVIcIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056056910281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5dGWvhEqSLj620kf0LSZeA==, figureFileBig=5HxPbYhhbI/Z2Jj9C7MhuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056233071066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of HSP60 on TGF<i>β</i>1 induced FMT and inhibition of celastrol on FMT. A: <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2 expression under 10, 5 and 2.5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> concentrations of TGF<i>β</i>1 treatment in control and HSP60 siRNA transfected HPF. Quantified expression of <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2; B: <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2 expression under 5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> TGF<i>β</i>1 with or without celastrol treatment in control and HSP60 siRNA transfected HPF. Quantified expression of <i>α</i>SMA and COL1A2. <i>n</i> = 4, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=5dGWvhEqSLj620kf0LSZeA==, figureFileBig=5HxPbYhhbI/Z2Jj9C7MhuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056417620463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hGpaWBVMoltnvj3j7YiTmw==, figureFileBig=V5aT9Wm8P2M/ggJgljpQtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056564421120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403647983865, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of HSP60 on antioxidant function of celastrol. A: LC3 Ⅰ and Ⅱ relative expression under 5 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> TGF<i>β</i>1 with or without celastrol treatment in siRNA transfected HPF. Quantified expression of LC3 Ⅰ and Ⅱ relative expression; B: Confocal imaging of ROS stained by CellROX Deep Red and nuclear stained by DAPI. Scale bar: 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. 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雷公藤红素作用于HSP60抗肺纤维化的靶点研究
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周禹 1 , 隗雅姿 1 , 杨天明 2, * , 张天泰 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 688-694
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 688-694
雷公藤红素作用于HSP60抗肺纤维化的靶点研究
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周禹1, 隗雅姿1, 杨天明2, * , 张天泰1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.天津药物研究院, 天津市新药设计与发现重点实验室, 天津 300301

通讯作者:

*杨天明, Tel: 86-22-23006807, E-mail: ;
张天泰, Tel: 86-10-50927385, E-mail:
The target of celastrol acting on HSP60 against pulmonary fibrosis
Yu ZHOU1, Ya-zi WEI1, Tian-ming YANG2, * , Tian-tai ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Nature Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0983
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雷公藤红素是来源于传统中药雷公藤的五环三萜类天然活性化合物, 具有抗肺纤维化作用, 但是其对于肺成纤维细胞功能影响、作用靶点和机制尚不明确。本研究发现雷公藤红素具有抗成纤维细胞-肌成纤维细胞转化(fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation, FMT) 功能, 表现为显著抑制转化生长因子β1 (transforming growth factor β1, TGFβ1) 诱导的α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和一型胶原表达。前期研究提示热休克蛋白60 (heat shock protein 60, HSP60) 可能是雷公藤红素抗FMT的作用靶点, 本研究通过细胞热迁移实验、表面等离子共振实验确证了雷公藤红素与HSP60相互作用, 并且发现二者相互作用KD值为8.59 μmol·L-1。进一步研究显示, 使用siRNA在人肺成纤维细胞(human pulmonary fibroblast, HPF) 敲低HSP60后, HPF对于TGFβ1的敏感性显著增加, 表现为相同浓度TGFβ1刺激下, 敲低组FMT程度显著高于对照组, 此效应在中低剂量TGFβ1处理组尤为明显。并且雷公藤红素抗FMT效果在HSP60敲低后显著减弱。以上结果表明, HSP60参与维持成纤维细胞静息态, 并且雷公藤红素抗FMT效果依赖于HSP60。机制研究方面, 在HSP60敲低后雷公藤红素的自噬促进和抗氧化应激效果显著减弱。综上所述, 雷公藤红素通过直接作用于HSP60, 抑制肺成纤维细胞发生FMT, 从而发挥抗肺纤维化功能。

雷公藤红素  /  成纤维细胞  /  肺纤维化  /  热休克蛋白60  /  自噬

Celastrol, extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii, is a natural pentacyclic triterpene compound, which has an anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect. However, its effect, binding targets and regulatory mechanism in pulmonary fibroblasts remain unclear. In this study, we found that celastrol could prevent fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation (FMT) by significantly inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced α-smooth muscle actin and type Ⅰ collagen expression. Previous studies suggested that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) may be the target of celastrol. This study confirmed the direct interaction between celastrol and HSP60 through cellular thermal shift assay and surface plasmon resonance experiment, and demonstrated that the KD value of celastrol binding to HSP60 was 8.59 μmol·L-1. Further studies showed that knockdown of HSP60 promoted TGFβ1-induced FMT, especially in the medium and low dose TGFβ1 treatment group, and that the anti-FMT effect of celastrol was significantly weakened after HSP60 knockdown. These results indicated that HSP60 was involved in maintaining the resting state of fibroblasts, and the anti-FMT effect of celastrol was dependent on HSP60. Furthermore, the autophagy promotion and antioxidant effects of celastrol were also weakened after HSP60 knockdown. In conclusion, celastrol inhibits FMT by targeting HSP60, thus exerting anti-pulmonary fibrosis function.

celastrol  /  fibroblast  /  pulmonary fibrosis  /  heat shock protein 60  /  autophagy
周禹, 隗雅姿, 杨天明, 张天泰. 雷公藤红素作用于HSP60抗肺纤维化的靶点研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 688 -694 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0983
Yu ZHOU, Ya-zi WEI, Tian-ming YANG, Tian-tai ZHANG. The target of celastrol acting on HSP60 against pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 688 -694 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0983
肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF) 是由炎症等因素诱发的以肺泡上皮细胞损伤为起始, 伴随持续异常组织修复为主要过程, 导致细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 堆积, 最终肺功能丧失的呼吸系统疾病[1]。包括肺上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和巨噬细胞等多种细胞共同参与肺纤维化的发生与发展, 其中成纤维细胞是ECM的最主要来源, 因此成纤维细胞-肌成纤维细胞转化(fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation, FMT) 是导致肺纤维化的核心事件, 多个处于研发阶段和已获批上市的抗肺纤维化药物均具有抑制FMT的功能[2, 3]。2014年尼达尼布和吡菲尼酮被批准用于临床治疗特发性肺纤维化, 但其只能减缓疾病进程, 并不能缓解疾病症状, 也不能降低死亡率[2]。因此, 肺移植目前仍是对于肺纤维化的唯一根治方法, 但术后患者5年生存率仅有53%, 且器官来源有限[4]。中医药在新药开发领域有巨大的潜力, 众多来源于中医药的天然产物具有明确的抗肺纤维化功能报道。但是天然产物的作用靶点不明确是限制其成药的关键因素之一。明确天然产物的作用靶点, 有助于了解其抗肺纤维化分子机制, 并在此基础上, 针对有效靶点对天然产物进行结构优化, 提升药效并规避毒副作用, 从而充分利用中草药资源开发出有效缓解肺纤维化的药物。
雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, TWHF) 作为药用效果明确、应用最为广泛的中草药之一, 其各种组分药效和作用机制研究报道甚广。雷公藤红素(celastrol) 是雷公藤重要的活性成分之一, 已经被广泛报道具有抗纤维化、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤、代谢调节等多种药理学功能[5]。其中, 雷公藤红素抗纤维化功能在多种器官中被报道, 其功能主要体现在3个方面: ①作用于免疫细胞, 发挥炎症环境调控作用[6, 7]; ②作用于肺泡上皮细胞, 抑制上皮间质样转化[8, 9]; ③作用于成纤维细胞, 抑制FMT[6, 10]。虽然雷公藤红素抗肺纤维化作用肯定, 但是其对于肺成纤维细胞功能的调控、抗FMT的直接作用靶点和分子机制仍然未知。
本课题组前期使用基于活性蛋白酶谱解析技术(activity-based proteome profiling, ABPP) 在人肺成纤维细胞系(human pulmonary fibroblast, HPF) 的靶点垂钓研究提示, 热休克蛋白60 (heat shock protein 60, HSP60) 与雷公藤红素存在相互作用的可能。并且在较早的研究中, Zhou等[11]使用碘乙酰胺探针体系, 在HeLa细胞中寻找雷公藤红素的作用靶点, 其质谱数据表明HSP60符合预设的相互作用筛选条件, 但未进行确证研究和机制探讨。因此, 本研究推测HSP60可能是雷公藤红素发挥抗FMT作用的蛋白靶点。HSP60定位于细胞线粒体和细胞浆, 具有代谢调节、辅助线粒体蛋白折叠运输及自噬调节等功能[12, 13]。在肿瘤增殖凋亡调控、脂肪代谢、巨噬细胞活化调控等方面均有报道, 但HSP60在肺纤维化中的作用还不明确。本研究使用细胞热迁移实验(cellular thermal shift assay, CESTA) 和表面等离子共振实验(surface plasmon resonance, SPR), 确定HSP60是雷公藤红素的直接相互作用靶点, 并且发现二者相互作用KD值为8.59 μmol·L-1。在细胞功能方面, 本研究发现雷公藤红素具有明确抗转化生长因子β1 (transforming growth factor β1, TGFβ1) 诱导肺成纤维细胞FMT功能, 敲低HSP60后, 在TGFβ1的刺激下成纤维细胞具有更强FMT倾向。并且, 雷公藤红素对敲低HSP60的肺成纤维细胞抗FMT干预效果明显减弱。进一步研究表明, 雷公藤红素抗氧化和自噬促进效果在敲低HSP60后显著减弱, 这可能是其通过靶向HSP60发挥抗FMT功能的分子机制。综上, 本研究发现雷公藤红素在肺成纤维细胞中通过直接结合HSP60促进细胞自噬, 从而抑制TGFβ1诱导的FMT, 发挥抗肺纤维化功能。
药品及试剂  雷公藤红素购自安耐吉化学公司; 磷酸氯喹、Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) 购自美国MedChemExpress (MCE) 公司。重组人源TGFβ1购自美国PeproTech公司。α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, αSMA)、一型胶原(collagen Ⅰ A2, COL1A2)、HSP60抗体购自美国Proteintech公司; 微管关联蛋白1轻链3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta, LC3B) 抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; tubulin抗体、山羊抗兔HRP标记抗体、山羊抗鼠HRP标记抗体、DAPI荧光封片剂购自中杉金桥公司。人源HSP60重组蛋白购自北京义翘神州公司。CellROX Deep Red购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
细胞培养及处理  细胞培养: HPF、成纤维细胞专用培养基均购自美国ScienCell Research Laboratories。培养时添加1% 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor, FGS) 及青霉素/链霉素, 置于37 ℃恒温、5% CO2培养箱中; 雷公藤红素抑制细胞增殖实验: 将HPF以每毫升1.2×105个细胞数接种于96孔板中(每孔100 μL), 培养24 h, 使细胞处于对数生长期。设置完全培养基(含血清和FGS)、TGFβ1培养基(不含血清和FGS) 两组, 按照10、3、1、0.3、0.1和0.03 μg·mL-1的质量浓度加入雷公藤红素, 分别培养细胞24和48 h后加入CCK-8, 使用酶标仪读取450 nm波长吸光度, 进行细胞增殖分析; 细胞刺激以及雷公藤红素干预: 将HPF以每毫升1.2×105个细胞数接种于12孔板中(每孔1 mL), 培养24 h, 使细胞处于对数生长期。设置不同处理组别, 分别为对照组(PBS/DMSO)、模型组(5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1/DMSO)、高剂量组(5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1/0.3 μmol·L-1雷公藤红素)、中剂量组(5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1/0.15 μmol·L-1雷公藤红素) 和低剂量组(5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1/0.075 μmol·L-1雷公藤红素)。继续培养细胞48 h后, 收取蛋白样品进行肌成纤维细胞标志蛋白检测。对于细胞自噬水平检测, 收取蛋白样品前6 h向培养体系中加入磷酸氯喹, 以便阻断自噬流, 检测LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ。
CESTA  温度依赖的CESTA: 将HPF以每毫升1.2×105个细胞数接种于10 cm培养皿中(每碟10 mL), 待细胞生长至对数生长期, 分别加入10 μmol·L-1雷公藤红素和相等体积DMSO, 置于细胞培养箱中孵育1 h。孵育结束后, 将细胞小心刮下并离心收集, 分别平均分配置于10个PCR小管中。使用梯度PCR仪, 从43 ℃开始, 每隔3 ℃设置1个加热温度, 直至70 ℃。将细胞加热3 min, 之后通过反复多次冻融裂解细胞, 离心取得细胞裂解上清, 将样品变性用于分析; 浓度依赖的CESTA: 将HPF以每毫升1.2×105个细胞数接种于6孔板中(每孔2 mL), 待细胞生长至对数生长期, 分别加入0.156、0.312 5、0.625、1.25、2.5、5和10 μmol·L-1雷公藤红素和相等体积DMSO, 置于细胞培养箱中孵育1 h。孵育结束后, 将细胞小心刮下并离心收集, 置于PCR小管中。使用PCR仪, 以61 ℃将细胞加热3 min, 之后通过冻融法裂解细胞, 离心取得细胞裂解上清, 将样品变性待分析。
SPR  SPR所使用的仪器型号为OpenSPRTM, 芯片型号为Sensor Chip NTA, 仪器与芯片均购自Nicoya公司。实验过程如下: ①芯片活化: 制备200 mmol·L-1咪唑和40 mmol·L-1氯化镍溶液, 将溶液注入芯片使芯片表面活化。使用HEPES (pH = 7.4) 溶液将HSP60蛋白稀释至30 μg·mL-1。以20 μL·min-1流速将HSP60溶液注入芯片, 使其达到约1 900 RU的捕获水平; ②样品检测: 将雷公藤红素使用1% DMSO PBS (pH = 7.4) 分别配制为40、20、10、5和2.5 μmol·L-1。将配制好的雷公藤红素以浓度由低到高注入芯片中, 速度为20 μL·min-1, 设置其结合时间为240 s, 解离时间为360 s。每次解离后, 使用10 mmol·L-1 glycine-HCl的解离液以100 μL·min-1速度冲洗30 s, 以保证结合物完全解离。实验结果所使用分析软件为TraceDrawer (Ridgeview Instruments ab, Sweden), 分析方法为1∶1分析模型。
HSP60敲低实验  HSP60特异性敲低siRNA序列购自吉玛基因公司, 序列为: siRNA HSP60 5'-GCACAGGUUGCUACGAUUUTT-3', 对照siRNA序列为5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3'。转染试剂为RNAi Max, 辅助试剂为Opti-MEM培养基, 均购买自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。转染步骤如下: 将HPF以每毫升0.8×105个细胞数接种于12孔板(每孔1 mL), 培养24 h, 使细胞融合度达到60%, 更换新培养基。使用每孔100 μL转染体系, 加入3.5 μL转染试剂及siRNA, 使siRNA终浓度为50 nmol·L-1, 剧烈震荡混匀, 静置5 min后加入培养板, 继续培养细胞48 h后, 收取蛋白样品, 使用Western blot进行敲低效率检测, 确定敲低效率后, 进行后续细胞刺激和给药实验。
胞内活性氧检测  将HPF以每毫升1.2×105个细胞数接种于24孔板(每孔0.5 mL), 孔板中提前放置无菌、防脱片处理的圆形玻片, 培养24 h, 使细胞融合度达到60%。按照上述方法进行HSP60敲低和TGFβ1/雷公藤红素处理, 48 h后每孔加入活性氧检测探针CellROX Deep Red, 使其终浓度为10 μmol·L-1, 将培养板放置于37 ℃细胞培养箱中孵育30 min。孵育完毕后, 使用PBS将多余探针洗去。将玻片小心取出, 使用荧光封片剂封片, 30 min内使用激光共聚焦显微镜检测荧光情况。
Western blot  弃去细胞培养基, 将中强度RIPA裂解液加入孔板中, 使用刮刀收集细胞, 裂解后定量, 加入上样缓冲液100 ℃处理进行变性。样品采用SDS-PAGE电泳, 充分展开后将蛋白转至PVDF膜。1∶1 000稀释对应检测抗体, 4 ℃孵育过夜。第二天使用TBST洗膜3次, 采用HRP标记的二抗室温孵育1 h, TBST洗膜3次。使用ECL发光液, 进行显影。
统计学分析  所有Western blot条带灰度值使用ImageJ获取, 在Excel中进行总结和计算, 使用GraphPad Prism进行统计分析。分析方法为单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05为差异显著且具有统计学意义。数据呈现形式为平均值±标准差(x ± s)。
为了考察雷公藤红素对HPF潜在的毒性作用, 通过CCK-8法检测不同浓度雷公藤红素对HPF细胞的活力影响。结果显示(图 1), 使用雷公藤红素单独或TGFβ1存在的培养条件下处理HPF细胞24和48 h, 与对照组比较, 0.3 μmol·L-1及以下浓度的雷公藤红素对细胞没有明显生长抑制作用(P > 0.05); 而在1 μmol·L-1及以上浓度则对HPF生长有明显抑制效果(P < 0.001)。基于雷公藤红素对HPF细胞活力的影响, 后续实验雷公藤红素的使用剂量确定为0.3 μmol·L-1及以下。
αSMA和COL1A2表达升高是FMT的重要标志, 因此通过Western blot检测其蛋白表达, 考察雷公藤红素对TGFβ1诱导HPF细胞FMT的抑制作用。在TGFβ1 (5 μg·mL-1) 刺激HPF的同时, 加入不同浓度雷公藤红素(0.3、0.15和0.075 μmol·L-1), 作用48 h后收取细胞, 检测αSMA和COL1A2蛋白表达。结果显示(图 2), 与单独TGFβ1处理组比较, 雷公藤红素显著抑制了αSMA (P < 0.001, P < 0.01或P > 0.05) 和COL1A2 (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) 蛋白表达, 且抑制效果有浓度依赖性, 说明雷公藤红素具有抑制TGFβ1诱导HPF细胞FMT的作用。
为了确证HSP60是雷公藤红素抗肺纤维化的作用靶点, 采用SPR考察雷公藤红素与HSP60蛋白的相互作用, 结果如图 3A所示, 二者之间相互作用的KD值为8.59 μmol·L-1, 表明雷公藤红素与HSP60存在直接相互作用。同时, 本研究使用温度和浓度依赖的CESTA这一经典方法[14], 在细胞水平验证雷公藤红素与HSP60相互作用, 首先采用10 μmol·L-1固定浓度的雷公藤红素或DMSO处理细胞1 h, 然后以37 ℃为起始梯度升温, 结果表明随着温度升高, DMSO处理组HSP60蛋白浓度逐渐降低, 而雷公藤红素处理组HSP60浓度降低明显滞后于DMSO处理组(图 3B); 采用0~10 μmol·L-1梯度浓度的雷公藤红素处理细胞1 h, 使用61 ℃加热处理细胞, 结果显示, 随着雷公藤红素浓度逐渐升高, HSP60的条带显著变强(图 3C)。CESTA实验结果同样表明, 雷公藤红素与HSP60存在相互作用, 是其可能的抗肺纤维化作用靶点。
通过合成靶向HSP60的siRNA对其进行瞬时敲低, 从而探究HSP60对肺成纤维细胞FMT及雷公藤红素抗FMT效果的影响。如图 4A所示, 使用10、5和2.5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1处理转染后的HPF, 48 h后检测αSMA和COL1A2表达。HSP60敲低后HPF对于TGFβ1刺激的敏感度增加, 表现为αSMA和COL1A2表达均高于对应的对照siRNA转染组, 以TGFβ1中低剂量处理条件下最为明显(αSMA: P > 0.05, P < 0.05; COL1A2: P < 0.001)。如图 4B所示, 使用5 μg·mL-1 TGFβ1刺激转染后的HPF, 同时给予雷公藤红素干预。在对照siRNA转染组HPF中, 相比于TGFβ1处理组, 雷公藤红素干预组αSMA和COL1A2表达明显下降(αSMA: P < 0.01; COL1A2: P < 0.05)。但是在敲低HSP60后, 雷公藤红素抗FMT效果显著减弱(αSMA: P < 0.05; COL1A2: P < 0.01)。综上, HSP60有助于维持肺成纤维细胞的静息状态, 雷公藤红素抗FMT效果依赖于HSP60。
在明确HSP60对肺成纤维细胞功能和雷公藤红素抗FMT效果影响后, 进一步探究其机制。雷公藤红素具有抗氧化功能, 因此检测雷公藤红素是否通过HSP60促进自噬和清除胞内活性氧。如图 5A所示, TGFβ1处理后, 两组HPF自噬水平均下降(P < 0.05, P > 0.05), 对照siRNA转染组HPF在雷公藤红素干预后自噬水平显著升高(P < 0.001), 但是HSP60敲低组HPF自噬水平在雷公藤红素干预后并未升高(P > 0.05), 并且显著低于对应的对照siRNA转染组(P < 0.01)。如图 5B所示, TGFβ1刺激后, 对照siRNA转染组和HSP60敲低细胞内活性氧水平均明显上升, 并且两组在雷公藤红素干预后胞内活性氧水平均下降, 但是HSP60敲低细胞内活性氧水平仍然高于对照siRNA组。实验结果表明, 雷公藤红素可能通过结合HSP60, 促进肺成纤维细胞自噬和抗氧化功能, 从而发挥抗FMT功能。
已有研究表明雷公藤红素具有多种药理学作用, 这种广泛的作用可能是由于天然产物的多靶点性质。目前基于蛋白芯片和ABPP技术, 结合化合物探针, 已鉴定并证实了多个雷公藤红素作用靶点, 包括HSP90[15]、CAP1[16]、Cdc37[17]、p23[18]、Nur77[19]、STAT3[20]、Prdx1/2[21, 22]、Annexin Ⅱ、eEF1A[23]、GSTO1、PDI[11]和HMBG1[24]等, 说明雷公藤红素的作用可能存在细胞和疾病的特异性。本研究通过SPR和CESTA实验证实HSP60与雷公藤红素存在直接相互作用, 并且使用siRNA在HPF中敲低HSP60进行功能和机制研究。结果表明, HSP60敲低后, HPF对于TGFβ1刺激的敏感性明显增加, 同时雷公藤红素抗TGFβ1诱导FMT效果减弱, 提示HSP60是雷公藤红素的作用靶点, 雷公藤红素通过HSP60抑制FMT发挥抗肺纤维化作用。
HSP60主要存在于线粒体中, 其功能为与HSP10协同帮助线粒体蛋白正确折叠, 维持线粒体蛋白稳定, 因此对于维持线粒体完整性和呼吸链稳态十分重要。此外, 部分HSP60分布于细胞质中, 通过与多种蛋白相互作用参与调节细胞存活和代谢等功能[12, 13]。目前并没有HSP60对于纤维化疾病和成纤维细胞功能直接调控的报道。肺成纤维细胞活化并转化为肌成纤维细胞是肺纤维化发病的核心事件, 基于此, 本研究发现HSP60参与维持肺成纤维静息态, 并且雷公藤红素抗FMT功能依赖于HSP60。在调控机制方面, TGFβ1通过下游信号通路诱导的肺成纤维细胞代谢重构、线粒体损伤和ROS含量增加, 是引发FMT的重要因素, 而自噬有助于清除被ROS损伤的蛋白和线粒体, 维持成纤维细胞稳态, 阻止FMT发生[25]。HSP60被报道具有自噬调控功能, 并且在不同细胞和疾病中分别表现出促进和抑制自噬的效果[26, 27]。因此, 本研究初步探索了雷公藤红素通过结合HSP60调控自噬和ROS含量在抗FMT中的作用。结果显示, HSP60敲低后, 雷公藤红素对自噬的促进(体现为LC3 Ⅱ相对增强) 和ROS清除效果显著减弱。需要注意的是, 虽然HSP60敲低组FMT指标(αSMA和COL1A2) 在TGFβ1刺激后表达水平高于对应的对照siRNA转染组, 表明HSP60缺失后成纤维细胞更容易发生FMT, 但是其自噬水平也相对较高, 提示HSP60对于成纤维细胞的功能影响可能存在其他机制。HSP60具有广泛的代谢调节报道, 包括调控糖酵解和氧化磷酸化功能[28, 29], 而以糖酵解强度增加为主要特点的代谢重构是促进FMT发生的必要因素。此外, HSP60还参与调控AMPK、MAPK、β-catenin和p53相关通路[13], 这些信号通路均对FMT具有调节作用。接下来仍有很多问题需要进一步探究, 如在肺成纤维细胞中, HSP60通过哪些经典的自噬调控蛋白直接促进自噬功能, 是否调控糖酵解和脂质代谢的平衡从而影响代谢重构, 以及阐明雷公藤红素具体影响HSP60与哪些蛋白直接相互作用等, 这些问题的揭示有助于更加清晰地阐明雷公藤红素抗纤维化直接机制, 为药物开发做出铺垫。
综上, 本研究确证了HSP60为雷公藤红素的结合靶点, 并且证明雷公藤红素通过HSP60发挥促进自噬和抗肌成纤维细胞转化功能。
作者贡献: 周禹、杨天明、张天泰进行实验设计; 周禹、隗雅姿进行实验操作、数据采集和分析; 周禹、杨天明、张天泰进行文章内容撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82204410)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0908004)
  • 北京协和医学院“中央高校基本科研业务费”(3332020043)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0983
  • 接收时间:2022-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-09
  • 修回日期:2022-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金资助项目(82204410)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-028)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0908004)
北京协和医学院“中央高校基本科研业务费”(3332020043)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.天津药物研究院, 天津市新药设计与发现重点实验室, 天津 300301

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*杨天明, Tel: 86-22-23006807, E-mail: ;
张天泰, Tel: 86-10-50927385, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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