Article(id=1210517372100808776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0951, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1660924800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-20, revisedDate=1664467200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539431834, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539431834, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539431834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539431834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3419, endPage=3428, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517372562182225, articleId=1210517372100808776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Deodorization with retention of the beneficial activities of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum by supercritical CO2 cryogenic fluid extraction, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum (GGEC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for digestion. Its odor is unpleasant, which decreases children's compliance with taking this traditional medicine. Traditional processing methods utilize heat processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing to deodorize the medicine, but this affects the activity of digestive enzymes, so there is a need to find a new method for removing the fishy odor while retaining the beneficial effect of GGEC. Here we have developed the use of supercritical CO2 low-temperature fluid extraction to eliminate the odor while retaining the medicinal benefits. Headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS) combined with the gas activity value method was used to determine compositional differences in the product before and after supercritical CO2 extraction and separation. Then, based on the sensory evaluation of volunteers, combined with the analysis of volatile components, the fishy odor intensity and the types of fishy odorants were compared between the raw product, stir-fried product, vinegar product and the supercritical CO2 extract. Pepsin and amylase activity were used to compare the differences in the digestive enzyme activities with the four forms of GGEC, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to compare the differences in the structure. We compared the content of total amino acids, digestive amino acids and bitter amino acids, and an animal model of delayed gastric emptying in mice with soybean oil, based on a phenol red indicator, was used to determine differences in the efficacy of gastric emptying in vivo. The results show that the fishy odor of GGEC powder is significantly reduced after supercritical extraction, and the substances that contribute the fishy odor are only 12.8% of the raw material. The results of FT-IR analysis show that the supercritical extract of GGEC is not changed in its material structure compared with the raw product. The digestive enzyme activity titers showed that amylase and pepsin activity in the raw products are about 3.9 and 1.4 times higher than those of stir-fried products and vinegar products. The activity titers of amylase and pepsin in the supercritical CO2extracts are about 2.7 and 1.3 times higher than those of stir-fried products and vinegar products, and there was no significant difference in the content of digestive-promoting amino acids in the four types of GGEC. The in vivo validation experiment showed that the average gastric emptying rates of the mice in the raw product group, the supercritical extract group, the stir-fried product group, and the vinegar product group were 69%, 59%, 40% and 51%, respectively. Compared with the stir-frying method and the vinegar-simmering method, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction method retained the gastric emptying effect of GGEC. In general, the supercritical CO2 fluid low-temperature extraction method removes the fishy odor of GGEC as compared with the traditional stir-frying method and vinegar method, and retains the biologically active components and the effect on digestion of GGEC.

, correspAuthors=Jun-zhi LIN, Ding-kun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Run-chun XU, Wei HUANG, Qian LIU, Hong-yan MA, Zhi-ping GUO, Li HAN, Ming YANG, Jun-zhi LIN, Ding-kun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517375158456487, articleId=1210517372100808776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于超临界CO2低温流体萃取的鸡内金去腥存效方法研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鸡内金是临床常用的消食类中药, 属于药食同源品种, 但腥臭气味强, 影响儿童服药的顺应性。传统炮制方法采用清炒、醋制等加热炮制方法去腥除臭, 影响其消化酶活力, 亟需寻找新的去腥存效方法。本研究提出并验证超临界CO2低温流体萃取法用于鸡内金去腥存效的技术可行性。首先, 采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS)结合气味活度值(OVA)法初步确定超临界CO2萃取分离前后鸡内金腥臭气成分差异; 然后, 基于志愿者感官评价结合挥发性成分分析对比鸡内金生品、清炒品、醋炙品和超临界CO2萃取品腥臭气强度和腥臭气物质种类及含量差异, 采用胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力效价测定法对比分析4种鸡内金消化酶活力差异, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对比研究4种鸡内金的物质结构差异, 氨基酸含量测定对比总氨基酸、促消化类氨基酸及苦味氨基酸含量差异, 采用基于酚红指示剂的大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟动物模型实验验证体内促胃排空药效差异。研究结果表明, 鸡内金粉末腥臭气突出, 超临界萃取后腥臭气显著降低, 腥臭气成分含量仅为生品中的12.8%;FT-IR分析结果表明鸡内金超临界萃取品较生品物质结构未发生改变, 消化酶活力效价测定结果显示生品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价约是清炒品和醋炙品的3.9、1.4倍, 超临界CO2萃取品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价约为清炒品和醋炙品的2.7、1.3倍; 氨基酸含量测定结果表明4种鸡内金中促消化类氨基酸含量没有明显差异。体内验证实验结果显示, 生品组、超临界萃取品组、清炒品组和醋炙品组小鼠平均胃排空率分别为69%、59%、40%和51%, 超临界CO2流体萃取法相较清炒法和醋炙法能够有效保留鸡内金促胃排空药效。总体而言, 超临界CO2流体低温萃取法较传统的清炒法和醋炙法, 可有效去除鸡内金腥臭气, 保留鸡内金中生物活性成分与消食化积药效, 能有效实现鸡内金的去腥存效。

, correspAuthors=林俊芝, 张定堃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林俊芝, E-mail: ;
张定堃, E-mail:
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Food Res Dev (食品研究与开发), 2021, 42: 12-17., articleTitle=Comparison of amino acids and taste characteristics in four kinds of emydidae meat enzymatic hydrolysate, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210517384780190421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, awardId=82173991, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173991), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210517384868270809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, awardId=2022YFS0442, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFS0442), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210517384977322717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, awardId=2021-YF05-02192-SN, language=CN, fundingSource=成都市科技局技术创新研发项目(2021-YF05-02192-SN), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210517385057014497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, awardId=ZYYCXTD-D-202209, language=CN, fundingSource=国家中医药多学科交叉创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202209), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517375447863487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517375468835011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, companyId=1210517375447863487, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517375993123057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, companyId=1210517375967957230, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.成都中医药大学附属医院, 代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210517381252780624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+/dadwmTgVyVSPoQkuZC3g==, figureFileBig=ufT1rnuAKTxjwarknqQ7yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517381345055319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The results of heat map of raw, stir-fried, vinegar and supercritical extract product in GGEC were evaluated. The bluer the heat map color is, the lower the odor is, and the redder the color is, the heavier the fishy smell is (<i>n</i> = 12) , figureFileSmall=+/dadwmTgVyVSPoQkuZC3g==, figureFileBig=ufT1rnuAKTxjwarknqQ7yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517382699815527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=k+sdaS8/VLRtgOqE8w0ynQ==, figureFileBig=l1TTlLQDdGl4x2vVRJnSXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517382825644652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score diagrams (A, C, E) and S-plot diagrams (B, D) of volatile components in GGEC extracted by supercritical extract product, raw products, fried products and vinegar product of GGEC (<i>n</i> = 3) , figureFileSmall=k+sdaS8/VLRtgOqE8w0ynQ==, figureFileBig=l1TTlLQDdGl4x2vVRJnSXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517382922113650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NrO0CIS4Z2WDfi5a0FB6KA==, figureFileBig=XbHn/u7MqNDPwICCHxtjEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383035359869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= OPLS-DA score maps (A, C, E, G) and S-plot maps (B, D, F) of fishy odor products from supercritical extract products, raw products, fried products and vinegar products of GGEC (<i>n</i> = 3) , figureFileSmall=NrO0CIS4Z2WDfi5a0FB6KA==, figureFileBig=XbHn/u7MqNDPwICCHxtjEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383123440261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aEj/3fkbvXH/1gumQpcRCg==, figureFileBig=M/MD6SXHRDcIa6THYCbadA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383211520650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= FT-IR spectra of raw product, supercritical extract product, stir-fried and vinegar product of GGEC (<i>n</i> = 3) , figureFileSmall=aEj/3fkbvXH/1gumQpcRCg==, figureFileBig=M/MD6SXHRDcIa6THYCbadA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383303795343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=icoVt/eh5fNCo6wJsyaiNA==, figureFileBig=cHm0CNOr23b/UbCv2uNyFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383513510552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Differences in total amino acids, digestive-promoting amino acids and bitter amino acids in raw product, supercritical extract product, stir-fried and vinegar product of GGEC (<i>n</i> = 3) , figureFileSmall=icoVt/eh5fNCo6wJsyaiNA==, figureFileBig=cHm0CNOr23b/UbCv2uNyFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383622562463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=w/+FVGn2EgQKUgj79gzdvQ==, figureFileBig=Cc8s5ovtvJ0QSj0+OH26uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383723225764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Establishment of a model of disturbance of gastric emptying in mice induced by different samples. A: Different concentrations of soybean oil. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> the blank group; B: Raw product, supercritical extract product, stir-fried product and vinegar products of GGEC. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> the raw product group , figureFileSmall=w/+FVGn2EgQKUgj79gzdvQ==, figureFileBig=Cc8s5ovtvJ0QSj0+OH26uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517383828083372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score0(0, 2](3, 4](5, 6](7, 8](9, 10]
Odor levelNo smellSlightly fishy SmellWeak odorThe smell is obviousExtremely fishyUnbearable smell
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383928746673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fishy odor intensity scoring standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score0(0, 2](3, 4](5, 6](7, 8](9, 10]
Odor levelNo smellSlightly fishy SmellWeak odorThe smell is obviousExtremely fishyUnbearable smell
), ArticleFig(id=1210517384041992888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassificationNo.NameMass fraction/ng·g-1Odor activity value (OAV)
Raw productSupercritical extract productStir-fried productVinegar productRaw productSupercritical extract productStir-fried productVinegar product
Aldehyde1N-Octanal62.29 ± 0.760.00 ± 0.0059.72 ± 1.0052.00 ± 1.790.240.000.220.10
2(E)-2-Heptene Aldehyde31.06 ± 1.000.00 ± 0.0024.60 ± 0.0223.43 ± 1.281.140.000.920.45
3Decanal1.66 ± 1.210.22 ± 0.010.21 ± 0.011.88 ± 0.050.630.110.080.36
4trans-2-Nonanal2.05 ± 0.010.00 ± 0.000.63 ± 0.020.61 ± 0.010.780.000.240.12
5trans-2-Decenylaldehyde1.60 ± 0.120.00 ± 0.000.00 ± 0.000.00 ± 0.000.600.000.000.00
6Glutaraldehyde14.14 ± 0.0114.01 ± 0.3228.81 ± 0.0116.07 ± 1.790.050.070.100.03
Alcohol7Linalool12.61 ± 0.4913.17 ± 0.7819.52 ± 0.2218.00 ± 0.170.480.690.730.35
82-Methyl isoborneol0.07 ± 0.010.31 ± 0.020.06 ± 0.010.00 ± 0.000.231.610.210.00
92-Mercaptan0.65 ± 0.010.36 ± 0.020.16 ± 0.090.18 ± 0.120.250.190.060.04
10Verbenenol1.63 ± 0.014.07 ± 0.272.54 ± 0.041.31 ± 0.050.060.210.100.03
Phenol11m-Methylphenol0.17 ± 0.010.04 ± 0.010.14 ± 0.010.27 ± 0.010.620.180.540.50
Heterocycle122-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine0.08 ± 0.010.03 ± 0.010.02 ± 0.010.01 ± 0.014.050.970.710.24
Sulfur13Dimethyl trisulfide3.61 ± 0.090.79 ± 0.022.84 ± 0.075.68 ± 0.1813.584.1310.6010.85
Ketone14Zhongoctanone1.08 ± 0.011.04 ± 0.012.77 ± 0.302.88 ± 0.200.040.060.100.06
152-Heptanone1.34 ± 0.012.37 ± 0.105.25 ± 0.015.40 ± 0.040.050.130.210.11
162, 3-Butanedione0.00 ± 0.001.80 ± 0.202.14 ± 0.013.14 ± 2.4700.090.083.30
), ArticleFig(id=1210517384146850495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of fishy odor product content and odor activity in Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum (GGEC) extracted by supercritical extract product, raw product, stir-fried product and vinegar product (n = 3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassificationNo.NameMass fraction/ng·g-1Odor activity value (OAV)
Raw productSupercritical extract productStir-fried productVinegar productRaw productSupercritical extract productStir-fried productVinegar product
Aldehyde1N-Octanal62.29 ± 0.760.00 ± 0.0059.72 ± 1.0052.00 ± 1.790.240.000.220.10
2(E)-2-Heptene Aldehyde31.06 ± 1.000.00 ± 0.0024.60 ± 0.0223.43 ± 1.281.140.000.920.45
3Decanal1.66 ± 1.210.22 ± 0.010.21 ± 0.011.88 ± 0.050.630.110.080.36
4trans-2-Nonanal2.05 ± 0.010.00 ± 0.000.63 ± 0.020.61 ± 0.010.780.000.240.12
5trans-2-Decenylaldehyde1.60 ± 0.120.00 ± 0.000.00 ± 0.000.00 ± 0.000.600.000.000.00
6Glutaraldehyde14.14 ± 0.0114.01 ± 0.3228.81 ± 0.0116.07 ± 1.790.050.070.100.03
Alcohol7Linalool12.61 ± 0.4913.17 ± 0.7819.52 ± 0.2218.00 ± 0.170.480.690.730.35
82-Methyl isoborneol0.07 ± 0.010.31 ± 0.020.06 ± 0.010.00 ± 0.000.231.610.210.00
92-Mercaptan0.65 ± 0.010.36 ± 0.020.16 ± 0.090.18 ± 0.120.250.190.060.04
10Verbenenol1.63 ± 0.014.07 ± 0.272.54 ± 0.041.31 ± 0.050.060.210.100.03
Phenol11m-Methylphenol0.17 ± 0.010.04 ± 0.010.14 ± 0.010.27 ± 0.010.620.180.540.50
Heterocycle122-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine0.08 ± 0.010.03 ± 0.010.02 ± 0.010.01 ± 0.014.050.970.710.24
Sulfur13Dimethyl trisulfide3.61 ± 0.090.79 ± 0.022.84 ± 0.075.68 ± 0.1813.584.1310.6010.85
Ketone14Zhongoctanone1.08 ± 0.011.04 ± 0.012.77 ± 0.302.88 ± 0.200.040.060.100.06
152-Heptanone1.34 ± 0.012.37 ± 0.105.25 ± 0.015.40 ± 0.040.050.130.210.11
162, 3-Butanedione0.00 ± 0.001.80 ± 0.202.14 ± 0.013.14 ± 2.4700.090.083.30
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SampleReaction rate/%Potency/U·mg-1Fiducial limit/%
20 mg·mL-112 mg·mL-17.2 mg·mL-14.32 mg·mL-1
Raw product0.88 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.000.41 ± 0.010.16 ± 0.0144.80 ± 0.7028.82 ± 0.36
Supercritical extract product0.77 ± 0.010.34 ± 0.010.22 ± 0.010.05 ± 0.0029.76 ± 0.38**17.02 ± 0.18
Stir-fried product0.23 ± 0.000.13 ± 0.000.12 ± 0.000.06 ± 0.0011.36 ± 0.15**12.47 ± 0.13
Vinegar product0.16 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.000.06 ± 0.069.45 ± 0.06**11.47 ± 0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1210517384457229001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Amylase activity titers of raw product, supercritical extract product, stir-fried and vinegar product of GGEC. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01 vs the raw product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleReaction rate/%Potency/U·mg-1Fiducial limit/%
20 mg·mL-112 mg·mL-17.2 mg·mL-14.32 mg·mL-1
Raw product0.88 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.000.41 ± 0.010.16 ± 0.0144.80 ± 0.7028.82 ± 0.36
Supercritical extract product0.77 ± 0.010.34 ± 0.010.22 ± 0.010.05 ± 0.0029.76 ± 0.38**17.02 ± 0.18
Stir-fried product0.23 ± 0.000.13 ± 0.000.12 ± 0.000.06 ± 0.0011.36 ± 0.15**12.47 ± 0.13
Vinegar product0.16 ± 0.010.15 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.000.06 ± 0.069.45 ± 0.06**11.47 ± 0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1210517384562086606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleReaction rate/%Potency/U·mg-1Fiducial limit/%
20 mg·mL-112 mg·mL-17.2 mg·mL-14.32 mg·mL-1
Raw product0.83 ± 0.030.69 ± 0.010.52 ± 0.010.38 ± 0.0036.00 ± 0.667.37 ± 0.28
Supercritical extract product0.97 ± 0.010.63 ± 0.030.43 ± 0.000.27 ± 0.0031.95 ± 0.38*4.38 ± 0.06
Stir-fried product0.71 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.020.40 ± 0.000.25 ± 0.0225.60 ± 0.81**4.60 ± 0.21
Vinegar product0.94 ± 0.040.6 ± 0.030.29 ± 0.020.22 ± 0.0027.56 ± 0.56**3.50 ± 0.09
), ArticleFig(id=1210517384641778385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372100808776, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pepsin activity titers of raw product, supercritical extract product, stir-fried and vinegar product of GGEC. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the raw product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleReaction rate/%Potency/U·mg-1Fiducial limit/%
20 mg·mL-112 mg·mL-17.2 mg·mL-14.32 mg·mL-1
Raw product0.83 ± 0.030.69 ± 0.010.52 ± 0.010.38 ± 0.0036.00 ± 0.667.37 ± 0.28
Supercritical extract product0.97 ± 0.010.63 ± 0.030.43 ± 0.000.27 ± 0.0031.95 ± 0.38*4.38 ± 0.06
Stir-fried product0.71 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.020.40 ± 0.000.25 ± 0.0225.60 ± 0.81**4.60 ± 0.21
Vinegar product0.94 ± 0.040.6 ± 0.030.29 ± 0.020.22 ± 0.0027.56 ± 0.56**3.50 ± 0.09
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基于超临界CO2低温流体萃取的鸡内金去腥存效方法研究
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许润春 1 , 黄伟 1 , 刘倩 1 , 马鸿雁 1 , 郭治平 2 , 韩丽 1 , 杨明 3 , 林俊芝 4, * , 张定堃 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(11): 3419-3428
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(11): 3419-3428
基于超临界CO2低温流体萃取的鸡内金去腥存效方法研究
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许润春1, 黄伟1, 刘倩1, 马鸿雁1, 郭治平2, 韩丽1, 杨明3, 林俊芝4, * , 张定堃1, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.四川厚德医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610041
  • 3.江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 4.成都中医药大学附属医院, 代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610072

通讯作者:

*林俊芝, E-mail: ;
张定堃, E-mail:
Deodorization with retention of the beneficial activities of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum by supercritical CO2 cryogenic fluid extraction
Run-chun XU1, Wei HUANG1, Qian LIU1, Hong-yan MA1, Zhi-ping GUO2, Li HAN1, Ming YANG3, Jun-zhi LIN4, * , Ding-kun ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Pharmacy School, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. Sichuan Houde Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 4. TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0951
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鸡内金是临床常用的消食类中药, 属于药食同源品种, 但腥臭气味强, 影响儿童服药的顺应性。传统炮制方法采用清炒、醋制等加热炮制方法去腥除臭, 影响其消化酶活力, 亟需寻找新的去腥存效方法。本研究提出并验证超临界CO2低温流体萃取法用于鸡内金去腥存效的技术可行性。首先, 采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS)结合气味活度值(OVA)法初步确定超临界CO2萃取分离前后鸡内金腥臭气成分差异; 然后, 基于志愿者感官评价结合挥发性成分分析对比鸡内金生品、清炒品、醋炙品和超临界CO2萃取品腥臭气强度和腥臭气物质种类及含量差异, 采用胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力效价测定法对比分析4种鸡内金消化酶活力差异, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对比研究4种鸡内金的物质结构差异, 氨基酸含量测定对比总氨基酸、促消化类氨基酸及苦味氨基酸含量差异, 采用基于酚红指示剂的大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟动物模型实验验证体内促胃排空药效差异。研究结果表明, 鸡内金粉末腥臭气突出, 超临界萃取后腥臭气显著降低, 腥臭气成分含量仅为生品中的12.8%;FT-IR分析结果表明鸡内金超临界萃取品较生品物质结构未发生改变, 消化酶活力效价测定结果显示生品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价约是清炒品和醋炙品的3.9、1.4倍, 超临界CO2萃取品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价约为清炒品和醋炙品的2.7、1.3倍; 氨基酸含量测定结果表明4种鸡内金中促消化类氨基酸含量没有明显差异。体内验证实验结果显示, 生品组、超临界萃取品组、清炒品组和醋炙品组小鼠平均胃排空率分别为69%、59%、40%和51%, 超临界CO2流体萃取法相较清炒法和醋炙法能够有效保留鸡内金促胃排空药效。总体而言, 超临界CO2流体低温萃取法较传统的清炒法和醋炙法, 可有效去除鸡内金腥臭气, 保留鸡内金中生物活性成分与消食化积药效, 能有效实现鸡内金的去腥存效。

鸡内金  /  去腥存效  /  生物效价  /  超临界CO2低温流体萃取技术

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum (GGEC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for digestion. Its odor is unpleasant, which decreases children's compliance with taking this traditional medicine. Traditional processing methods utilize heat processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing to deodorize the medicine, but this affects the activity of digestive enzymes, so there is a need to find a new method for removing the fishy odor while retaining the beneficial effect of GGEC. Here we have developed the use of supercritical CO2 low-temperature fluid extraction to eliminate the odor while retaining the medicinal benefits. Headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS) combined with the gas activity value method was used to determine compositional differences in the product before and after supercritical CO2 extraction and separation. Then, based on the sensory evaluation of volunteers, combined with the analysis of volatile components, the fishy odor intensity and the types of fishy odorants were compared between the raw product, stir-fried product, vinegar product and the supercritical CO2 extract. Pepsin and amylase activity were used to compare the differences in the digestive enzyme activities with the four forms of GGEC, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to compare the differences in the structure. We compared the content of total amino acids, digestive amino acids and bitter amino acids, and an animal model of delayed gastric emptying in mice with soybean oil, based on a phenol red indicator, was used to determine differences in the efficacy of gastric emptying in vivo. The results show that the fishy odor of GGEC powder is significantly reduced after supercritical extraction, and the substances that contribute the fishy odor are only 12.8% of the raw material. The results of FT-IR analysis show that the supercritical extract of GGEC is not changed in its material structure compared with the raw product. The digestive enzyme activity titers showed that amylase and pepsin activity in the raw products are about 3.9 and 1.4 times higher than those of stir-fried products and vinegar products. The activity titers of amylase and pepsin in the supercritical CO2extracts are about 2.7 and 1.3 times higher than those of stir-fried products and vinegar products, and there was no significant difference in the content of digestive-promoting amino acids in the four types of GGEC. The in vivo validation experiment showed that the average gastric emptying rates of the mice in the raw product group, the supercritical extract group, the stir-fried product group, and the vinegar product group were 69%, 59%, 40% and 51%, respectively. Compared with the stir-frying method and the vinegar-simmering method, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction method retained the gastric emptying effect of GGEC. In general, the supercritical CO2 fluid low-temperature extraction method removes the fishy odor of GGEC as compared with the traditional stir-frying method and vinegar method, and retains the biologically active components and the effect on digestion of GGEC.

Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum  /  deodorization and retention effect  /  biological potency  /  supercritical CO2 low temperature extraction technology
许润春, 黄伟, 刘倩, 马鸿雁, 郭治平, 韩丽, 杨明, 林俊芝, 张定堃. 基于超临界CO2低温流体萃取的鸡内金去腥存效方法研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3419 -3428 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0951
Run-chun XU, Wei HUANG, Qian LIU, Hong-yan MA, Zhi-ping GUO, Li HAN, Ming YANG, Jun-zhi LIN, Ding-kun ZHANG. Deodorization with retention of the beneficial activities of Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum by supercritical CO2 cryogenic fluid extraction[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3419 -3428 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0951
鸡内金为雉科动物家鸡Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson的干燥沙囊内壁, 是临床常用的消食类中药, 常单味研末服, 或入丸散剂, 或煎汤服用; 也是儿科消食类中成药的基础药味与高频药味, 广泛用于复方鸡内金片、小儿复方鸡内金散、小儿消食散、健儿散等。鸡内金生品研末服用时, 普遍存在较强的腥臭气, 易致儿童患者出现恶心、呕吐, 服药顺应性不佳[1]。传统鸡内金炮制方法有清炒、砂烫和醋炙等, 具有一定的矫臭作用, 但炒制或烫制温度往往超过100 ℃, 鸡内金中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶等消化酶活力因高温而降低, 导致临床疗效降低[2, 3]。如何在去除腥臭气同时保存药效是鸡内金品质提升亟待解决的关键问题之一。
从生物来源看, 鸡内金是鸡肌胃内最靠近内腔的一层生物膜, 与内腔中的食物和消化液直接接触, 其含有的蛋白质、脂肪酸等易分解产生具有不良气味的小分子醛、酮、醇、胺、氨、硫等物质, 混合后散发出较强的腥臭气[4, 5]。针对这些腥臭气物质可能存在的挥发性, 以及鸡内金中主要药效物质酶、氨基酸等的不挥发性与大极性[1], 本课题组提出采用超临界CO2低温萃取技术, 萃取分离除去小极性部位, 分析萃取后“药渣”部位的腥臭气味与酶活力, 评价超临界CO2低温流体萃取技术用于鸡内金去腥存效的可行性。
本研究首先采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS) 结合气味活度值(odor activity value, OAV) 确定鸡内金腥臭气物质, 对比分析鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品(萃取后的“药渣”部位) 和超临界CO2萃取物中对整体腥臭气有显著影响的腥臭气成分种类及含量差异, 初步评估超临界CO2低温流体萃取法的去腥除臭效果。其次, 基于主观嗅觉评价结合挥发性成分分析, 系统对比鸡内金生品、清炒品、醋炙品和超临界CO2萃取品的腥臭气强度差异, HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS分析4种鸡内金的挥发性成分组成及含量[6]。最后, 综合化学指标、生物活性指标及体内药效验证实验结果, 综合评价超临界CO2低温流体萃取法用于鸡内金去腥存效的技术优势。
动物和仪器  KM小鼠, 雌雄各半, SPF级, 体重20 ± 2 g, 购于成都达硕实验动物有限公司, 动物许可证号: SYXK (川) 2020-030。饲养条件: 温度为20 ± 0.5 ℃, 湿度55% ± 5%。动物实验规程经成都中医药大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2019BL-016)。SpectraMax iD3多功能酶标仪, 美谷分子仪器上海有限公司; 96孔酶标板, 美国COSTAR公司; LVDV-1T型数字旋转黏度计, 上海方瑞仪器有限公司; Shimadzu LC-20AT液相色谱仪, 日本岛津公司; TQ8050型三重四极杆气质联用仪, 日本岛津公司; SPME Arrow型固相微萃取进样器, 瑞士思特斯分析仪器有限公司; SFE-4超临界二氧化碳萃取仪, 德国Applied Separations公司。
药物与试剂  阳性对照药为多酶片(批号: 181206, 四川依科制药有限公司)。先用0.1 mol·L-1 HCl溶液浸泡5 min去掉糖衣, 再置于另一0.1 mol·L-1 HCl溶液浸泡5 min, 最后置于超纯水中漂洗, 用滤纸吸干表面水分, 40 ℃烘干, 粉碎过3号筛备用。福林酚(批号: LA15B3), 飞净生物科技有限公司; 酪蛋白(批号: LC7288), 合肥博美生物科技有限责任公司; 奶粉(批号: 20200602), 双城雀巢有限公司; 3, 5-二硝基水杨酸(批号: AFBOC-ML), 梯希爱(上海) 化成工业发展有限公司; 苯酚(批号: CHB180323), 成都克洛玛生物科技有限公司; 三氯乙酸(批号: 2019121001)、酒石酸钾钠四水合物(批号: 2019010401) 均来自成都市科隆化学有限公司; 羧甲基纤维素钠(批号: 2016032201)、葡萄糖(批号: 20190301)、可溶性淀粉(批号: 20100531)、无水硫酸钠(批号: 20110214)、氢氧化钠(批号: 2011075) 均来自成都市科龙化工试剂厂。醋(批号: CC092815C), 佛山市海天调味食品股份有限公司; 鸡内金药材购自成都市荷花池药材专业市场, 经成都中医药大学药学院许润春副教授鉴定均为稚科动物家鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) 的干燥沙囊内壁。
超临界CO2萃取工艺  鸡内金生品, 粉碎, 称取过一号筛、不过二号筛的粉末2.0 kg, 置于超临界CO2釜中萃取。萃取条件为萃取压力27 MPa, 萃取温度55 ℃, CO2流量计30 L·h-1, 分离压力7 MPa, 分离温度50 ℃, 萃取时间300 min, 得到鸡内金超临界CO2流体萃取品及萃取物。
HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS条件[7]
色谱条件  进样口温度250 ℃, 分流比5∶1, 进样口压力83.5 kPa, 载气为高纯氦气, 程序升温(初始温度50 ℃, 保持5 min, 以10 ℃·min-1升温至250 ℃, 保持10 min, 柱平衡时间2.0 min)。
质谱条件  离子化能量70 eV, 离子源温度200 ℃, 质谱传输接口温度250 ℃, 碰撞气为氩气; 多反应监测(MRM), 检测器电压+0.3 kV, 溶剂延迟时间1.3 min。
HS-SPME条件  将样品粉碎后过三号筛, 准确称取0.5 g, 50 ℃平衡40 min。固相萃取头在50 ℃恒温下萃取吸附10 min, 于250 ℃解吸2 min后进行GC-MS/MS分析。
鸡内金不同炮制品的制备[8]
清炒品  据2020版《中国药典》四部炮制通则(通则0213) 项下进行制备。
醋炙品  据2020版《中国药典》四部炮制通则(通则0213) 项下进行制备。每100 kg净鸡内金, 用醋15 kg。
腥臭气感官评价[9]  招募了25名具有嗅觉实验和定量描述分析经验的小组成员, 年龄22~28岁, 预先使其接受了2周(30 min·d-1) 的训练, 以便表征和区分鸡内金的腥臭气味。最后, 根据他们对气味的敏感度和准确描述气的能力, 选出了12名小组成员。随机选取5个批次2.0 g鸡内金粗粉, 受试者按表 1中评分标准对腥臭气强度进行评分。
傅里叶变换红外光谱分析  分别称取鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品样品粉末(过五号筛) 适量, 与溴化钾在玛瑙研钵中研磨, 压片制成样品片, 先将溴化钾空白片置于红外光谱仪中, 扫描, 得空白背景片的一维红外光谱。再将样品片置于红外光谱仪中, 扫描得到样品片的一维红外光谱[10]
消化酶活力效价测定
胃蛋白酶活力效价测定  鸡内金粉碎过3号筛, 取粗粉1.0 g, 加50倍量水, 60 ℃, 300 W, 40 kHz超声提取0.5 h制得酶液。照文献方法[11]进行测定, 参照《药品生物检定》简化概率单位法的原理计算相对效价[12]。本实验过程中, 约定胃蛋白酶活力效价测定所用阳性药多酶片的效价为300 U·mg-1
淀粉酶活力效价测定  在10 mL EP管中加入1 mL 1%淀粉溶液和4 mL酶液, 在40 ℃作用30 min后立即加入1 mL 3, 5-二硝基水杨酸溶液, 振荡混匀后沸水浴10 min显色, 室温冷却后取200 μL上清液于96孔板中, 540 nm处测定吸收度值, 空白组即将酶液替换为等量的超纯水。实验过程中, 约定淀粉酶活力效价测定所用阳性药多酶片的效价为6 000 U·mg-1
氨基酸含量测定[1]
供试品溶液的制备  鸡内金样品粉碎过3号筛, 称取0.4 g, 置水解管中, 加入含0.5%苯酚的6.0 mol·L-1盐酸溶液10 mL, 通入氮气, 密封, 置于110 ℃烘箱内水解24 h, 取出放冷至室温后开封, 吸取水解液1.0 mL, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 精密吸取滤液100 μL, 准确加入50 μL内标正缬氨酸溶液, 混匀, 75 ℃挥干, 加入1 100 μL 0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液溶解作供试品溶液。
混合对照品溶液的制备  准确量取氨基酸标准溶液100 μL (氨基酸标准溶液中门冬氨酸332.8 μg·μL-1、谷氨酸367.8 μg·μL-1、丝氨酸262.7 μg·μL-1、甘氨酸187.7 μg·μL-1、组氨酸387.9 μg·μL-1、精氨酸435.5 μg·μL-1、苏氨酸297.8 μg·μL-1、丙氨酸222.7 μg·μL-1、脯氨酸287.8 μg·μL-1、酪氨酸453.0 μg·μL-1、缬氨酸292.9 μg·μL-1、甲硫氨酸373.0 μg·μL-1、胱氨酸300.4 μg·μL-1、异亮氨酸327.9 μg·μL-1、亮氨酸327.9 μg·μL-1、苯丙氨酸413.0 μg·μL-1、赖氨酸365.5 μg·μL-1), 准确加入50 μL内标正缬氨酸溶液、500 μL 0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液溶解作混合对照品溶液。
衍生化样品的制备  取九芴甲氧羰基衍生试剂及邻苯二甲醛衍生试剂A、B液10∶1混匀, 另配制0.5%磷酸溶液和50%乙腈溶液, 配备岛津SIL-20A系列自动进样器自动衍生。
大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟模型的建立  本实验采用含酚红的液体试餐测定小鼠的胃排空率。将小鼠分为4组(每组6只), 分别禁食(18 h) 和禁水(2 h)。各组小鼠分别灌胃0.4 mL 0%、20%、40%和80%体积分数的大豆油与水的混合物, 10 min后灌胃0.125%酚红溶液0.4 mL [悬液于1.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC) 溶液中], 30 min后在乙醚麻醉下剖腹取胃。取胃组织匀浆于0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液50 mL中, 室温1 800 ×g离心10 min。取上清液5 mL与20%三氯乙酸溶液0.5 mL混合, 室温1 800 ×g离心20 min, 上清液200 μL转移至96孔板, 与0.5 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液100 μL混合, 在560 nm处测量测试样品的吸收度[13]。按胃排空率(%) = (1 - 测试样品吸收度) / 对照品吸收度× 100%计算胃排空率(%)。
鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品、醋炙品对大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟动物模型的影响
鸡内金混悬液的配制  鸡内金样品均粉碎(过4号筛), 以0.5% CMC配制成鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品、醋炙品混悬液, 300 W、40 kHz超声处理30 min, 放冷, 4 ℃静置过夜。
将小鼠分为5组(每组8只), 分别禁食(18 h) 和禁水(2 h)。各组给药按30 mL·kg-1灌胃0.1 g·mL-1鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品、醋炙品混悬液, 空白组给予相应剂量的0.5% CMC, 90 min后灌胃给小鼠40%体积分数的大豆油与水的混合物, 10 min后灌胃0.125%酚红溶液0.4 mL (悬液于1.5% CMC溶液中), 30 min后在乙醚麻醉下剖腹取胃。取胃组织匀浆于50 mL 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液中, 室温1 800 ×g离心10 min。取5 mL上清液与0.5 mL 20%三氯乙酸溶液混合, 1 800 ×g室温离心20 min, 200 μL上清液转移至96孔板, 与100 μL 0.5 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液混合, 在560 nm处测量测试样品的吸收度。
鸡内金腥臭气的呈现并不完全受其挥发性成分含量高低所支配, 而是由挥发性成分的含量和嗅觉阈值共同决定的[14]。采用OAV量化分析挥发性成分对整体气味的贡献度, OAV = C/T (CT分别为各挥发性成分的相对百分含量和嗅觉阈值)。通常情况下, 成分OAV值越大, 对整体腥臭气的贡献愈大, OAV ≥ 1的成分为样品的关键气物质, 0.1 ≤ OAV < 1的成分对样品腥臭气具有重要的修饰作用[15]
鸡内金生品腥臭气物质气味活度值分析结果见表 2。结果显示, 对鸡内金腥臭气味有重要影响的挥发性成分共11种, 按化学结构包含醛类、醇类、酚类、硫类和杂环类; 其中, (E)-2-庚烯醛、2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪和二甲基三硫是构成鸡内金腥臭气物质的关键性成分, 正辛醛、癸醛、反式-2-壬醛、反式-2-癸烯醛、芳樟醇、2-甲基异冰片、2-茨醇和间甲基苯酚等对腥臭气有重要的修饰作用。
鸡内金超临界CO2萃取物OAV值分析结果见表 2。结果显示, 鸡内金生品中11种腥臭气成分均可在超临界CO2流体萃取物中被检出, 且是其腥臭气物质的主要组成成分, 占萃取物腥臭气物质总含量的84.01%。对比分析鸡内金生品与超临界CO2萃取品的腥臭气物质含量差异(表 2), 关键性腥臭气物质总含量从34.75 ng·g-1下降至0.82 ng·g-1, 修饰性腥臭气物质总含量从81.10 ng·g-1下降至14.10 ng·g-1, 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品腥臭气成分总含量仅为生品中的12.8%。提示超临界CO2萃取物是鸡内金的主要腥臭气物质。
对鸡内金生品、清炒品、醋炙品和超临界CO2萃取品的腥臭气感官评价结果进行热图分析, 结果见图 1。4种鸡内金的腥臭气得分在热图中呈现出两类聚类结果, 显示鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品与生品、清炒品、醋炙品等在腥臭气强度方面具有显著差异。结合腥臭气感官评价平均得分: 超临界CO2萃取品腥臭气得分分布在1~2分, 腥臭气极弱; 而生品和醋炙品腥臭气得分主要分布在4~5分, 清炒品腥臭气得分分布在6~7分, 均具有明显的腥臭气。志愿者感官评价结果表明, 超临界CO2萃取鸡内金腥臭气强度显著弱于鸡内金生品、醋炙品和清炒品, 相对于传统的清炒法和醋炙法, 超临界CO2流体萃取法能够显著降低鸡内金腥臭气强度。
采用HS-SPME/GC-QQQ-MS/MS对鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品的挥发性成分种类及含量进行差异性分析, 从4种不同鸡内金样品中共检测出102种挥发性成分, 4种不同鸡内金样品中挥发性成分种类几无差异; 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品中挥发性成分总含量分别为192.08、266.02、269.26和523.12 ng·g-1, 表明鸡内金经单一受热炮制后挥发性成分含量较生品几乎没有改变, 但经醋炙后挥发性成分含量显著增加, 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品中挥发性成分总含量较生品明显降低, 可能是超临界CO2流体萃取过程中去除了鸡内金中大量脂溶性成分, 从而导致挥发性成分含量明显降低[16, 17]
采用Simca-p 14.0软件对鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品中鉴定出的挥发性成分含量进行OPLS-DA分析, 结果见图 2。OPLS-DA模型R2 = 0.996, Q2 = 0.992, 表明模型建立良好, 以变量投影重要性(VIP) 值> 1为标准, 筛选差异性挥发性成分。结合图 2的S-polt图, 确定差异化合物。图 2AB分析得出鸡内金生品与超临界CO2萃取品中存在9种差异性挥发性成分为(E)-2-庚烯醛、戊醛、2-庚酮、丙酸、己酸、乙酸、异戊酸、芳樟醇和双戊烯。图 2CD分析得出鸡内金生品与醋炙品中存在1种差异性挥发性成分为乙酸。从OPLS-DA得分图可看出, 鸡内金生品、清炒品处于同一区域, 显示二者挥发性成分种类及含量无明显差异, 但与超临界CO2萃取品、醋炙品分别分属于不同的3个区域(图 2E), 表明鸡内金生品或清炒品与超临界CO2萃取品、醋炙品三者两两之间挥发性成分种类或含量具有明显差异。
鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品中腥臭气成分含量及气味活度值结果见表 2, 对鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品中腥臭气物质进行系统分析, 首先, 鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品中腥臭气物质总含量分别为133.39、38.26、149.20、130.86 ng·g-1, 超临界CO2萃取鸡内金腥臭气物质相较于鸡内金生品、清炒品和醋炙品, 其腥臭气物质总含量显著下降, 主要包含醛类、酮类、酚类和硫类。进一步对其进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析, 结果见图 3, OPLS-DA模型R2 = 0.991, Q2 = 0.982, 表明模型建立良好。从鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、生品、清炒品和醋炙品中腥臭气成分的OPLS-DA得分图可看出, 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品与生品、清炒品、醋炙品等分别处于左右不同的区域, 表明鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品与生品、清炒品、醋炙品等腥臭气挥发性成分具有显著性差异。这与感官评价结果中志愿者能够将鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品与生品、清炒品、醋炙品等的腥臭气明显区分不同的两类, 且鸡内金超临界CO2流体萃取品腥臭气强度显著弱于鸡内金生品、醋炙品和清炒品的结果相一致。综上结果表明, 鸡内金中腥臭气成分是产生鸡内金腥臭气的主要物质基础, 相较于鸡内金中所有挥发性成分, 更能提升不同方式鸡内金处理品腥臭气的辨识度; 整合分析主客观数据, 均表明超临界CO2流体萃取技术能够有效去除鸡内金中腥臭气挥发性成分, 降低鸡内金腥臭气强度, 达到鸡内金去腥除臭的目的。
结合S-plot图确定超临界CO2流体萃取技术去腥除臭的特异性标志化合物, 图 3分析得出鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品与生品、清炒品、醋炙品的差异性挥发性成分均为正辛醛和(E)-2-庚烯醛, (E)-2-庚烯醛是鸡内金中关键性腥臭气物质, 正辛醛为修饰性腥臭气物质, 可见(E)-2-庚烯醛和正辛醛为超临界CO2流体萃取技术使鸡内金去腥除臭的特异标志性成分。
鸡内金各样品FT-IR光谱图见图 4, 可见鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品均在3 440.06~3 446.01、1 635.15~1 536.13、1 540.58~1 543.00处检查到主要吸收峰, 其中3 440.06~3 446.01可能是-OH拉伸振动吸收峰, 1 635.15~1 536.13为C=C振动吸收峰, 1 540.58~1 543.00为NO2振动吸收峰, 结果表明各样品FT-IR光谱图基本相似, 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品较生品物质结构均未发生改变。
消化酶是鸡内金发挥消食药效的重要物质基础, 主要包括胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶[18, 19]。鸡内金生品及不同炮制品中胃蛋白酶活力测定结果见表 3, 淀粉酶活力测定结果见表 4。由结果可知, 经超临界CO2萃取、清炒和醋炙后, 鸡内金中淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活力均出现不同程度的下降, 尤其经过热处理后的鸡内金清炒品和醋炙品相较生品和超临界CO2萃取品淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活力效价显著降低, 生品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价约是清炒品和醋炙品的3.9、1.4倍。超临界CO2萃取品中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶活力效价相较生品略有下降, 仍显著高于鸡内金热炮制品, 约为清炒品和醋炙品的2.7、1.3倍。
鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品中氨基酸总含量分别为562.55、503.88、621.04、662.96 mg·g-1; 鸡内金经超临界CO2流体萃取后, 氨基酸总含量略有降低, 可能是少量具有一定脂溶性的氨基酸被CO2流体萃取。由于超临界CO2流体萃取技术主要萃取有机成分等极性较小的物质, 导致部分疏水性氨基酸含量出现下降, 但由于氨基酸分子中同时含有酸性基团和碱性基团, 属于非脂溶性物质[20], 因而鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品较生品中氨基酸总含量没有明显差异。另外, 由于鸡内金在受热过程中, 部分肽类物质水解断裂为肽链和氨基酸, 致鸡内金清炒品和醋炙品中氨基酸总含量明显高于生品和超临界CO2萃取品, 且醋炙过程中添加的辅料醋中氨基酸含量较高[21], 因而醋炙品中氨基酸总含量略高于清炒品。
进一步对比分析鸡内金中促消化类氨基酸及苦味氨基酸含量见图 5, 结果表明鸡内金生品、超临界CO2流体萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品中促消化类氨基酸含量分别为237.66、208.94、265.72、265.49 mg·g-1, 可见鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品中促消化类氨基酸含量较生品略有下降, 清炒品和醋炙品中促消化类氨基酸含量略高于生品, 但四种不同方式处理后的鸡内金样品中促消化氨基酸含量并未有明显差异; 此外, 鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品中苦味类氨基酸含量分别为285.87、250.96、318.21、325.60 mg·g-1, 表明鸡内金经超临界CO2萃取后苦味氨基酸含量呈下降趋势, 依据氨基酸的呈味特性设计相应工艺将成为鸡内金抑苦矫味的重要思路[22]
大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟模型结果见图 6A, 可见灌胃大豆油可剂量依赖性地诱导小鼠胃排空延迟, 小鼠灌胃0.4 mL 0%、20%、40%和80%体积分数大豆油与水的混合物, 小鼠平均胃排空率分别为65%、59%、26%和16%, 其中灌胃40%和80%大豆油小鼠胃排空率较空白组显著降低, 表明基于酚红指示剂的大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟动物模型建立成功。鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品和醋炙品对大豆油致小鼠胃排空延迟动物模型的影响结果见图 6B。空白组(CMC组)、生品组、超临界CO2萃取品组、清炒品组和醋炙品组小鼠平均胃排空率分别为23%、69%、59%、40%和51%, 可见与空白组相比, 鸡内金生品、超临界CO2萃取品、清炒品、醋炙品均能不同程度地抑制大豆油诱导的小鼠胃排空延迟, 提高小鼠胃排空率; 其中, 鸡内金超临界CO2萃取品组的胃排空率仅次于生品组, 高于清炒品组和醋炙品组, 表明超临界CO2流体萃取法相较清炒法和醋炙法能够有效保留鸡内金促胃排空药效。
本研究首次提出采用超临界CO2低温流体萃取技术用于鸡内金粉末的去腥除臭, 在除去鸡内金粉末腥臭气的同时, 对其热敏活性成分无破坏, 保留了鸡内金中消化酶生物活性, 保障了鸡内金消食化积临床疗效, 切实实现了鸡内金去腥提质存效, 为鸡内金药食同源开发与大品种培育提供了技术支撑, 同时为开发适宜具有热敏活性成分动物药的高效去腥技术提供参考。
作者贡献: 许润春、黄伟和张定堃设计实验; 许润春、黄伟、马鸿雁、林俊芝、刘倩和郭治平进行实验数据采集; 张定堃、韩丽和杨明进行药材收集; 许润春、黄伟、刘倩、林俊芝和张定堃撰写、修改论文。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173991)
  • 四川省重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFS0442)
  • 成都市科技局技术创新研发项目(2021-YF05-02192-SN)
  • 国家中医药多学科交叉创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202209)
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2022年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0951
  • 接收时间:2022-08-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-20
  • 修回日期:2022-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173991)
四川省重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFS0442)
成都市科技局技术创新研发项目(2021-YF05-02192-SN)
国家中医药多学科交叉创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-D-202209)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
    2.四川厚德医药科技有限公司, 四川 成都 610041
    3.江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
    4.成都中医药大学附属医院, 代谢性疾病中医药调控四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610072

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*林俊芝, E-mail: ;
张定堃, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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