Article(id=1198656147247952719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0937, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659024000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-29, revisedDate=1662998400000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763711495458, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1694448000000, pubDateStr=2023-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763711495458, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763711495458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763711495458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198656143976399200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='9', pageStart='2541', pageEnd='2834', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1694448000000', pubDateStr='2023-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763711494677, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763711620095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198656670072144035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198656143976399200, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2541, endPage=2550, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198656147596079963, articleId=1198656147247952719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in histone epigenetic enzyme inhibitors based on proteomics, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important component of nucleosomes on the chromatin of eukaryotic cells, histones play an important role in the development and progression of tumour diseases by regulating epigenetic post-translational modifications such as acetylation and methylation. In addition, development of inhibitors targeting methyltransferase and deacetylase provides novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can reveal the global changes of histone modifications under the action of drugs during disease progression, which in turn provides important support for revealing drug action mechanism, drug resistance mechanism, and investigating novel drug combination strategies. This article focuses on the progress and status of proteomic research on a variety of histone modifying enzyme inhibitors, including methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which will help to understand the current and further utilization of proteomics in studying histone modifications.

, authors=null, authorsList=Quan LIU, Lu-lu WANG, Jun-yu XU, Min-jia TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min-jia TAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198656147910652781, articleId=1198656147247952719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于蛋白质组学的组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

组蛋白作为真核生物体细胞染色质上核小体的重要组成部分, 其上发生的如乙酰化和甲基化等能够调控表观遗传的翻译后修饰, 在肿瘤疾病发生、发展的过程中发挥了重要的作用。与此同时, 靶向干预甲基转移酶和去乙酰化酶的药物开发, 为肿瘤疾病提供了新的治疗策略。基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学, 可解析疾病进展过程中药物作用下组蛋白修饰的全景变化, 进而为揭示药物作用及其耐药机制, 研究新型药物联用策略提供重要支持。本文重点介绍了包括甲基转移酶抑制剂和去乙酰化酶抑制剂在内的多种组蛋白修饰酶抑制剂的蛋白质组学研究进展和现状, 有助于了解蛋白质组学在组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂方面的最新研究, 为蛋白质组学在更多表观遗传酶及其特异性抑制剂的研究中提供新线索。

, authors=

#共同第一作者.

, authorsList=刘权, 王璐璐, 徐骏宇, 谭敏佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谭敏佳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*谭敏佳, Tel: 18602106487, E-mail:
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Target Inhibitor Disease type Status
KMT EZH2 EPZ-6438 (tazemetostat) ES, FL Launched-2020
CPI-0209 Advanced solid tumor, DLBCL, mesothelioma, lymphoma Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
SHR-2554 Lymphoma, MLN, PC, TNBC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
MAK-683 DLBCL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
CPI-1205 BCL, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
FTX-6058 SS Phase Ⅰ
PF-06821497 SCLC, FL, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ
MLL1 BMF-219 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
DS-1594 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
SNDX-5613 AML, ALL, MLL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
KO-539 AML, ALL, MLL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
JNJ-75276617 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
DOT1L EPZ-5676 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
SMYD2 EF-009 PaC IND filed
KDM LSD1 CC-90011 SCLC, NHL Phase Ⅱ
IMG-7289 AML, ET, MFF Phase Ⅱ
GSK-2879552 SCLC, MDS Phase Ⅱ
ORY-1001 SCLC, ML Phase Ⅱ
ORY-2001 AD Phase Ⅱ
HCI-2577 BC, OC, CRC, PC, leukemia Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
INCB-059872 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
TAS-1440 AML Phase Ⅰ
SYHA-1807 Extensive-stage SCLC Phase Ⅰ
KDM5B GS-5801 HBV Phase Ⅰ
PRMT PRMT5 AMG-193 MTAP-null solid tumor Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
MRTX-1719 Mesothelioma, NSCLC, PA Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
PRT-811 Glioma, CNS lymphoma Phase Ⅰ
PRT-543 DLBCL, AML, ACC, CML Phase Ⅰ
JNJ-64619178 NHL, MDS Phase Ⅰ
SKL-27969 Advanced solid tumor IND filed
TNG-908 Advanced solid tumor IND filed
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Major classifications, disease types and research stages of histone methyltransferase inhibitors. ES: Epithelioid sarcoma; FL: Follicular lymphoma; DLBCL: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; MLN: Mature lymphoid neoplasms; PC: Prostate cancer; TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer; BCL: B-cell lymphoma; mCRPC: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; SS: Sickle cell disease; SCLC: Small cell lung cancer; ALL: Acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML: Acute myeloid leukemia; MLL: Mixed lineage leukemia; PaC: Pancreatic cancer; NHL: Non Hodgkin lymphoma; ET: Essential thrombocythemia; MF: Myelofibrosis; MDS: Myelodysplastic syndromes; ML: Myeloid leukemia; AD: Alzheimer's disease; CRC: Colorectal cancer; OC: Ovarian cancer; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; PA: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; ACC: Adenoid cystic carcinoma; CML: Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; BC: Breast cancer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target Inhibitor Disease type Status
KMT EZH2 EPZ-6438 (tazemetostat) ES, FL Launched-2020
CPI-0209 Advanced solid tumor, DLBCL, mesothelioma, lymphoma Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
SHR-2554 Lymphoma, MLN, PC, TNBC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
MAK-683 DLBCL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
CPI-1205 BCL, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
FTX-6058 SS Phase Ⅰ
PF-06821497 SCLC, FL, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ
MLL1 BMF-219 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
DS-1594 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
SNDX-5613 AML, ALL, MLL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
KO-539 AML, ALL, MLL Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
JNJ-75276617 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
DOT1L EPZ-5676 AML, ALL Phase Ⅰ
SMYD2 EF-009 PaC IND filed
KDM LSD1 CC-90011 SCLC, NHL Phase Ⅱ
IMG-7289 AML, ET, MFF Phase Ⅱ
GSK-2879552 SCLC, MDS Phase Ⅱ
ORY-1001 SCLC, ML Phase Ⅱ
ORY-2001 AD Phase Ⅱ
HCI-2577 BC, OC, CRC, PC, leukemia Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
INCB-059872 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
TAS-1440 AML Phase Ⅰ
SYHA-1807 Extensive-stage SCLC Phase Ⅰ
KDM5B GS-5801 HBV Phase Ⅰ
PRMT PRMT5 AMG-193 MTAP-null solid tumor Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
MRTX-1719 Mesothelioma, NSCLC, PA Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
PRT-811 Glioma, CNS lymphoma Phase Ⅰ
PRT-543 DLBCL, AML, ACC, CML Phase Ⅰ
JNJ-64619178 NHL, MDS Phase Ⅰ
SKL-27969 Advanced solid tumor IND filed
TNG-908 Advanced solid tumor IND filed
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Target Inhibitor Disease type Status
HDAC Tucidinostat PTCL Launched-2015
Panobinostat MM Launched-2015
Belinostat PTCL Launched-2014
Romidepsin CTCL, PTCL Launched-2010
Vorinostat CTCL Launched-2016
Abexinostat FL, DLBCL, NHL Phase Ⅲ
Entinostat BC, NT Phase Ⅲ
BET CPI-0610 Lymphoma, MM Phase Ⅲ
INCB-057643 MN Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
PLX-2853 GN, EOC, SCLC, UM, OCCC, AML, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
GS-5829 Lymphoma, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
CC-90010 GBM, NHL, lymphoma, SCLC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BI-894999 NUT carcinoma Phase Ⅰ
ABBV-075 AML, MM, PC, SCLC, NHL Phase Ⅰ
SYHA-1801 Advanced solid tumors Phase Ⅰ
ODM-207 Solid tumors Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BMS-986158 Lymphoma, MM, BT Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
INCB-54329 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BPI-23314 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ
ABBV-744 AML Phase Ⅰ
KAT CCS-1477 AML, NHL, MM, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
FT-7051 mCRPC Phase Ⅰ
PF-07248144 ER+HER2-BC, mCRPC, NSCLC Phase Ⅰ
), ArticleFig(id=1198960246950560419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198656147247952719, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major classifications, disease types and research stages of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. PTCL: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas; MM: Multiple myeloma; CTCL: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; NT: Neuroendocrine tumors; MN: Myeloproliferative neoplasm; GN: Gynecologic neoplasms; EOC: Epithelial ovarian cancer; UM: Uveal melanoma; OCCC: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma; GBM: Glioblastoma; BT: Brain tumor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target Inhibitor Disease type Status
HDAC Tucidinostat PTCL Launched-2015
Panobinostat MM Launched-2015
Belinostat PTCL Launched-2014
Romidepsin CTCL, PTCL Launched-2010
Vorinostat CTCL Launched-2016
Abexinostat FL, DLBCL, NHL Phase Ⅲ
Entinostat BC, NT Phase Ⅲ
BET CPI-0610 Lymphoma, MM Phase Ⅲ
INCB-057643 MN Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
PLX-2853 GN, EOC, SCLC, UM, OCCC, AML, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
GS-5829 Lymphoma, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
CC-90010 GBM, NHL, lymphoma, SCLC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BI-894999 NUT carcinoma Phase Ⅰ
ABBV-075 AML, MM, PC, SCLC, NHL Phase Ⅰ
SYHA-1801 Advanced solid tumors Phase Ⅰ
ODM-207 Solid tumors Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BMS-986158 Lymphoma, MM, BT Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
INCB-54329 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
BPI-23314 Solid tumors and hematologic malignancy Phase Ⅰ
ABBV-744 AML Phase Ⅰ
KAT CCS-1477 AML, NHL, MM, mCRPC Phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ
FT-7051 mCRPC Phase Ⅰ
PF-07248144 ER+HER2-BC, mCRPC, NSCLC Phase Ⅰ
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基于蛋白质组学的组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂研究进展
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刘权 1, 2, # , 王璐璐 1, 3, # , 徐骏宇 1 , 谭敏佳 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(9): 2541-2550
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (9) : 2541 -2550
基于蛋白质组学的组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂研究进展
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2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
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刘权1, 2, #, 王璐璐1, 3, #, 徐骏宇1, 谭敏佳1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 新药研究国家重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
通讯作者:
*谭敏佳, Tel: 18602106487, E-mail:
Advances in histone epigenetic enzyme inhibitors based on proteomics
Quan LIU1, 2, Lu-lu WANG1, 3, Jun-yu XU1, Min-jia TAN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2023-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0937
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组蛋白作为真核生物体细胞染色质上核小体的重要组成部分, 其上发生的如乙酰化和甲基化等能够调控表观遗传的翻译后修饰, 在肿瘤疾病发生、发展的过程中发挥了重要的作用。与此同时, 靶向干预甲基转移酶和去乙酰化酶的药物开发, 为肿瘤疾病提供了新的治疗策略。基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学, 可解析疾病进展过程中药物作用下组蛋白修饰的全景变化, 进而为揭示药物作用及其耐药机制, 研究新型药物联用策略提供重要支持。本文重点介绍了包括甲基转移酶抑制剂和去乙酰化酶抑制剂在内的多种组蛋白修饰酶抑制剂的蛋白质组学研究进展和现状, 有助于了解蛋白质组学在组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂方面的最新研究, 为蛋白质组学在更多表观遗传酶及其特异性抑制剂的研究中提供新线索。

蛋白质组学  /  组蛋白修饰  /  组蛋白甲基转移酶  /  组蛋白去乙酰化酶  /  表观遗传抑制剂

As an important component of nucleosomes on the chromatin of eukaryotic cells, histones play an important role in the development and progression of tumour diseases by regulating epigenetic post-translational modifications such as acetylation and methylation. In addition, development of inhibitors targeting methyltransferase and deacetylase provides novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can reveal the global changes of histone modifications under the action of drugs during disease progression, which in turn provides important support for revealing drug action mechanism, drug resistance mechanism, and investigating novel drug combination strategies. This article focuses on the progress and status of proteomic research on a variety of histone modifying enzyme inhibitors, including methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which will help to understand the current and further utilization of proteomics in studying histone modifications.

proteomics  /  histone modification  /  histone methyltransferase  /  histone deacetylase  /  epigenetic inhibitor
刘权, 王璐璐, 徐骏宇, 谭敏佳. 基于蛋白质组学的组蛋白表观遗传酶抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2541 -2550 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0937
Quan LIU, Lu-lu WANG, Jun-yu XU, Min-jia TAN. Advances in histone epigenetic enzyme inhibitors based on proteomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (9) : 2541 -2550 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0937
表观遗传参与并调控了人体内许多关键的生命过程, 而组蛋白作为真核生物体细胞染色质上核小体的重要组成部分, 其上发生的乙酰化和甲基化能够调控表观遗传的翻译后修饰, 与肿瘤发生和发展紧密相关。针对表观遗传学的研究表明, 组蛋白的甲基化和赖氨酸上的去乙酰化分别由组蛋白甲基转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC) 催化调控, 目前对于靶向干预组蛋白上甲基化和乙酰化的药物已经有成功应用到临床上的案例, 靶向组蛋白修饰的药物研究为一些肿瘤疾病提供了新的治疗策略。
鉴于传统药理学的研究技术手段在药物的研发方面具有不可避免的偶然性和局限性, 基于生物质谱技术的蛋白组学策略逐渐发展起来, 致力于在分子水平“精细化”解析疾病作用机制、定位药物靶标, 为组蛋白表观遗传酶及其特异性抑制剂的研究中提供新线索。
组蛋白是存在于真核生物体细胞染色质上的一类碱性蛋白, 与DNA共同形成核小体为染色体提供结构支持, 是染色质的主要组分并在基因调控中发挥重要作用。和其他蛋白一样, 组蛋白在相关酶的作用下也可以发生多种翻译后修饰。就目前组蛋白翻译后修饰的研究结果来看, 组蛋白上的修饰种类繁多, 包括磷酸化、泛素化、甲基化、乙酰化、丙酰化、丙二酰化、丁酰化、琥珀酰化、巴豆酰化等[1]。不同的翻译后修饰使其功能具有差异性, 部分修饰可以直接改变组蛋白的结构, 进而改变组蛋白与染色质之间的相互作用, 最终影响DNA的转录过程。这种不改变DNA序列却引起可遗传的基因表达或细胞表型变化的组蛋白修饰, 属于表观遗传上的改变。从当前对于表观遗传学的理解来看, 至少3个因素共同参与了启动并维持表观遗传的改变过程, 即组蛋白上的修饰、DNA的甲基化和非编码RNA相关的基因沉默[2]。组蛋白修饰作为表观遗传的重要表现形式之一, 广泛参与了衰老、肿瘤疾病发生等诸多生命活动过程。当前研究报道揭示了组蛋白修饰调控疾病发生发展的过程, 其中关于组蛋白甲基化与乙酰化的研究最为丰富。
组蛋白甲基化是指H3和H4组蛋白N端精氨酸或赖氨酸被添加上一个或多个甲基, 该修饰被认为是与转录激活和抑制相关的重要修饰类型[3]。组蛋白甲基化最早在1964年被Murray发现并报道, 该工作表明甲基化具体发生在组蛋白赖氨酸的ε-氨基上[4]。后续进一步报道揭示了精氨酸的胍基基团也可以发生类似的甲基化修饰。目前多项研究证明组蛋白中多个位点的赖氨酸和精氨酸均会发生甲基化修饰[5, 6]。如H3K4、H3K9、H3K27、H3K36、H3K79及H4K20在内的6个赖氨酸残基已经被证实与染色质的转录调控及DNA的损伤修复反应密切相关[3, 7]。赖氨酸可以发生单甲基化、二甲基化和三甲基化, 而精氨酸只能发生单甲基化、对称或不对称的二甲基化[8-10]。这些甲基化修饰在组蛋白尾部尤其常见, 并为染色质的变化提供了巨大的调节潜力, 进而引发一系列的转录激活和抑制效应。
甲基化作为组蛋白的重要的修饰类型, 关于其如何在体内发生, 一直是科学家们关注的重要问题。1988年, Ghosh等[11]发现了负责组蛋白和其他蛋白甲基化的精氨酸甲基转移酶。直到2000年, 人们才发现了第一个催化赖氨酸修饰的组蛋白甲基转移酶[12]。关于甲基转移酶的这一发现推动了一系列后续研究发展, 使得研究者对组蛋白甲基化如何调控核内生物过程的理解逐渐深入。
就目前的研究结果来看, 精氨酸甲基转移酶主要分为以下3类[8-10]: Ⅰ型酶负责催化单甲基化及不对称二甲基化, 包括PRMT1 (protein arginine methyltransferase 1)、PRMT3 (protein arginine methyltransferase 3)、CRM1/PRMT4 (protein arginine methyltransferase 4)、PRMT6 (protein arginine methyltransferase 6) 和PRMT8 (protein arginine methyltransferase 8); Ⅱ型酶负责进行单甲基化和对称二甲基化, 包括PRMT5 (protein arginine methyltransferase 5)、PRMT7 (protein arginine methyltransferase 7) 和PRMT9/FBXO11 (protein arginine methyltransferase 9); 而由于PRMT7可以终止单甲基化的发生, 被归为Ⅲ型精氨酸甲基转移酶。组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶主要有两个类型: 第一类酶包含SET结构域, 其中典型代表为组蛋白-赖氨酸N-甲基转移酶EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2)。SET结构域是一个拥有130~140个氨基酸的进化良好的保守序列, 最初在果蝇Su (var)3-9、enhancer-of-zeste和Trithorax蛋白中被识别鉴定[13]。另一类是赖氨酸甲基转移酶Dot1-like (DOT1L/KMT4) 相关酶[14]。它们不具有保守的SET结构域。无论第一类或第二类甲基转移酶, 两种酶都利用S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为供体, 完成对赖氨酸进行的甲基修饰[5, 15]
由组蛋白甲基转移酶催化的甲基化修饰, 目前已被证实参与了多项重要的生命活动过程, 包括细胞周期调节、DNA损伤和应激反应、发育和分化, 以及肿瘤发生发展等。一些证据表明, 异常的组蛋白甲基化可能与肿瘤疾病进程密切关联, 影响患者预后康复[16]。最新的研究表明, 组蛋白甲基化事件与肿瘤发生具有一定的因果关系。如H3K27me3甲基转移酶EZH2被发现在前列腺癌[17]、乳腺癌[18]和淋巴癌[19]等多种肿瘤疾病中水平上调。同时, EZH2的激活导致了B细胞淋巴瘤的增殖效应[19], 这与EZH2可能导致肿瘤发生的观点一致。此外, 人们在多种肿瘤疾病中也发现了H3K27脱甲基酶UTX的突变[20]。然而EZH2并不总是作为促癌基因起作用。研究发现, 在骨髓成形体综合征[21]中EZH2失活会导致甲基转移酶活性丧失, 表明EZH2在该疾病中可能起到肿瘤抑制的作用。EZH2作为促癌基因或肿瘤抑制因子的双重作用暗示着H3K27me3可能在不同细胞类型中具有不同功能, 表明组蛋白甲基化在肿瘤的发生发展过程中扮演着重要角色。
组蛋白乙酰化作为另外一个重要的组蛋白修饰, 在1964年由Allfrey等[22]首先报道。组蛋白乙酰化通过组蛋白乙酰转移酶(HAT) 将乙酰辅酶A上的乙酰基团转移到核小体组蛋白突出N端尾部内的赖氨酸残基, 该过程通常与转录激活有关。组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC) 负责除去组蛋白乙酰化的反应, 逆转染色质的结构松弛。HAT和HDAC共同负责体内乙酰化稳态, 起到调控表观遗传修饰的作用[23]
具体而言, HAT将乙酰基团(由乙酰辅酶A提供EZH2) 转移到组蛋白赖氨酸侧链的ε-氨基上, 使赖氨酸氨基上的正电荷被中和。倘若DNA带负电, 那么组蛋白与DNA之间的交互作用就会减弱[24]。目前, 已经在人体内发现了约30种HAT。已经被报道的HAT根据其亚细胞定位被分为两大类: A类型(定位于细胞核中) 和B类型(定位于细胞质中)。A型HAT催化染色质中转录相关的组蛋白乙酰化反应, 而B型HAT乙酰化新合成的组蛋白并影响核小体的结构。
去乙酰化酶与乙酰转移酶功能相反, 具有多个家族成员, 可发挥多种多样的生理功能。主要通过去除组蛋白上的乙酰基团, 使赖氨酸恢复正电荷, 让组蛋白与DNA紧密结合从而阻碍DNA顺利进行转录。目前, 研究发现的去乙酰化酶主要分为两大类[25]: Zn2+依赖型去乙酰化酶和Sirtuin去乙酰化酶。其中Zn2+依赖型去乙酰化酶是一种锌水解酶, 一般具有高度保守的功能结构域, Zn2+作为重要的辅因子对其结构组成与功能发挥具有重要作用。Sirtuin去乙酰化酶则是一种NAD+依赖的去乙酰化酶, NAD+作为其辅因子发挥作用。除此之外, 还有少数非典型的去乙酰化酶虽然具备类似于去乙酰化酶活性的功能但又不符合前两类酶的定义, 因此未被明确分类, 如TCF1 (T cell-specific transcription factor 1) 和LEF1 (lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1)[26]
在研究组蛋白修饰的过程中不难发现, 乙酰化是一种在众多肿瘤疾病中频繁发生的蛋白质修饰类型, 对肿瘤疾病进程有着关键的影响作用。肿瘤疾病发生发展过程中常伴随组蛋白H4上第16位的赖氨酸的乙酰化丢失[27]。在胰腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌等多种不同类型肿瘤疾病的研究中发现, H3第18位赖氨酸的低水平乙酰化可以作为不良预后的指标[28], 这暗示着乙酰化修饰极有可能有着非常重要的功能和意义。随着对组蛋白乙酰化的深入研究, 发现其在乳腺癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、肺癌及白血病等疾病中都发挥重要作用[29]。随后, 更多深入全面且系统的研究聚焦在组蛋白乙酰化这一生命现象上。
鉴于甲基化与乙酰化这两类组蛋白修饰都与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关, 研究人员试图开发针对组蛋白甲基化转移酶与组蛋白去乙酰化酶的抑制剂来抑制肿瘤生长。目前, 对于组蛋白甲基化转移酶抑制剂和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的研究已取得一定进展。针对几个关键性的赖氨酸甲基转移酶和精氨酸甲基转移酶如EZH2、DOT1L、PRMT1和PRMT5的抑制剂正在被开发研究以用于肿瘤疾病的治疗。据统计, 目前靶向EZH2的抑制剂包括GSK-126、DZNeP、Tazemetostat、CPI-205、Valemetostat及PF-06821497; 靶向DOT1L的抑制剂有Plinometostat和EPZ004777; 靶向PRMT1的抑制剂有GSK3368715; 靶向PRMT5的抑制剂有JNJ-64619178、GSK3326595、LLY-283和PF-06855800。其他甲基转移酶包括G9a/GLP、SET (suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (myeloid-nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing protein 2 (SMYD2)、SMYD3、PRMT4、PRMT7、PRMT9等也均有相关抑制剂正在进行研发与临床研究。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACi) 根据化学结构的不同可分为异羟肟酸类、短链脂肪酸类、环肽类及苯甲酰胺类4个类别[30]。异羟肟酸类包括伏立诺他(SAHA)、帕比司他、贝立司他、曲古抑菌素A、奎西诺他、吉维司他、AC-15和abexinostat。短链脂肪酸类包括丁酸盐、丙戊酸等碳原子数小于6的有机脂肪酸, 该类使用浓度通常在毫摩尔级别, 而药物在该浓度范围内效力弱[31]且半衰期短。其中, 丙戊酸能够有针对性地使HDAC2发生特定降解[32]。环肽是一组在纳摩尔范围内即可发挥作用的强效HDACi[31], 以mocetinostat (MgCD0103) 和entinostat (MS-275)[30]为代表。
目前, 经美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 特别批准用于临床治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤的HDACi共有4个, 分别是伏立诺他、罗米地辛、贝里司他和帕比司他。伏立诺他最早于2006年被FDA批准用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤这一血液系统恶性肿瘤。其次罗米地辛分别于2009年和2011年被批准用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤和外周T细胞淋巴瘤。贝里司他在2014年被批准用于治疗外周T细胞淋巴瘤, 次年帕比司他被批准用于多发性骨髓瘤。值得一提的是, 我国首个原创亚型选择性HDACi——西达本胺, 目前已在中国获批, 用于治疗外周T细胞淋巴瘤。
此前, 传统药理学研究分析药物作用机制的方法主要分为以下两类[33]。第一类依赖于模型生物体与基因层面的操作。不可避免的耐药性及个体、种群差异等原因, 使得多种潜在药物在这些模型生物体内不活跃, 阻碍了药物的深入挖掘与研究。第二类主要基于以亲和富集为原理的技术方法, 旨在识别与结合药物的蛋白质。总而言之, 当药物强力有效且药物靶标在体内较为丰富时, 该方法是显著有效的。然而, 为确定该药物的结合蛋白是否为生理作用靶点, 通常取决于体外结合或活性检测与蛋白质敲除表型之间的相关性。但相关性有时也存在一定误导性, 因为药物的化学抑制可能是急性的, 而蛋白敲除与表型之间的联系可能是间接的或者是累积效应造成的。因此, 在传统药理学及分子药理学的研究体系中, 药物靶标的这种不全面性和不确定性需要相当多的工作从各个方面进行验证, 以确保最终得到精准可信的药物靶点信息。
基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学, 提供了在不同条件下获得高分辨率蛋白质组数据的可能性, 便于研究者从更细微的层面全面描绘健康或患病个体的蛋白质丰度变化, 通过结合蛋白质功能来分析其状态。目前, 大多数抗肿瘤药物均以蛋白质为靶点, 蛋白质组学既可分析单个药物或联合用药的蛋白质组, 寻找新靶点或者是新的联用策略, 又可进行高通量的药物分析, 具有独特的双重价值。
药物开发不可避免地需要经过一个漫长的周期, 并且这一过程需要耗费高昂的人力与物力资源。耐药性的产生和药物下游途径的改变使得开发的药物反应率低, 阻碍了药物的开发, 而质谱技术实现了高通量分析, 即蛋白质在复杂样品中的无偏差定量分析。因此, 基于生物质谱技术的定性和定量蛋白质组学在药物研发的多个领域均可以被应用, 譬如筛选潜在的药物作用靶点、探究药物作用机制和蛋白质相互作用机制、找寻生物体内的疾病标志物。基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学的出现, 很好地解决了传统药理学研究中的通量低、效率低及蛋白质总体水平变化检测不敏感等缺点。目前, 蛋白质组学在挖掘和发现药物作用新靶点、描绘药物作用下蛋白水平的整体改变等方向已经做出了重大突破。因此, 利用基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学对于组蛋白修饰抑制剂进行研究, 有利于全局性揭示抑制剂结合靶标蛋白后系统的网络调控动态, 帮助研究者全面清晰地描绘蛋白变化, 极大地促进人类对于该类抑制剂作用效应及机制精细解析, 同时可以观察其脱靶效应并进而预测不良反应, 为后续深入研究提供线索和资源。表 12归纳总结了组蛋白甲基化转移酶及去乙酰化酶抑制剂的主要分类、疾病类型及研究阶段。
组蛋白甲基转移酶及组蛋白甲基转移酶抑制剂的研究在本世纪初才逐渐被人们所重视, 尤其是在2010年以后, 随着基于质谱技术的蛋白质组学飞速发展, 利用蛋白质组学及多学研究组蛋白甲基转移酶及组蛋白甲基转移酶抑制剂的研究也获得了较大的突破与进展。本实验室于2021年发表的工作通过整合转录组学、蛋白质组学及磷酸蛋白质组学确定了具备生物学、临床性和治疗特征的子集, 据此提出的补偿性磷蛋白生物标志物分析(CPBA) 具有磷酸化蛋白质组综合分析的独特优势, 可利用药物敏感性信息识别新的药物组合, 从而进一步发现了DOT1L抑制剂和SHP2抑制剂协同治疗KRAS突变肿瘤的一个子集[34]。一定程度上突破了原有的KRAS突变肿瘤分子分型的研究, 指导后续精准治疗策略研发。
目前, 已有对于不同甲基转移酶抑制剂的蛋白组学研究报道, 其中以EZH2、DOT1L及不同类型的PRMT抑制剂居多。其他类型的甲基转移酶抑制剂如SMYD2、SMYD3、G9a/GLP和CARM1的抑制剂等, 未见相关蛋白质组学对该类抑制剂的研究。这可能是由于这些抑制剂大多还处于临床前研究阶段。
在EZH2抑制剂的研究中, Rizq等[35]在2017年将蛋白质组学、基因组学及病理学方法相结合, 在白血病细胞中对UNC1999 (EZH2和EZH1双重抑制剂) 和GSK126 (EZH2选择性抑制剂) 进行了研究。研究结果表明, GSK126未能有效抑制H3K27me3和MLL重排白血病细胞的增殖, UNC1999对白血病细胞的抑制效果要优于GSK126, 而UNC1999并非通过PRC2 (核心组分是EED、SUZ12、EZH1和EZH2) 招募的沉默因子沉默下游基因, 很可能是通过影响PRC2的甲基转移酶活性, 使得H3K27me3被抑制, H3K27ac则相对活跃, 进而使得下游基因沉默。此外, Wang等[36]凭借蛋白组学技术手段发现EZH2有希望是高钙血症型卵巢小细胞癌的治疗靶点, HDACi与EZH2抑制剂相结合, 通过诱导组蛋白H3K27乙酰化和靶基因表达, 导致癌细胞和异种移植肿瘤的凋亡和生长抑制, 表现协同的抗肿瘤活性。
但值得注意的是, EZH2抑制剂的临床治疗效益往往被局限在血液肿瘤和恶性肿瘤相关疾病, 本实验室和本所肿瘤药理研究团队于2018年发表的研究工作对EZH2抑制剂具有不同敏感性的癌细胞系做了全局性的组蛋白翻译后修饰变化的研究, 发现在肿瘤细胞中由MLL1与p300/CBP复合物相互作用介导的致癌转录重编程, 抑制H3K27me的同时引起H3K27ac增加, 造成了EZH2抑制剂在实体瘤的耐药性。同时抑制H3K27me和H3K27ac对于一部分耐药细胞株有效, 但未起效的细胞中发生了MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) 途径的激活。同时使用EZH2、BRD4和MAPK的抑制剂三重组合, 会极大地增加实体瘤对于EZH2抑制剂的敏感性[37], 这一研究加深了人们对EZH2抑制剂的耐药及作用机制的理解。
另一个研究报道, 将组蛋白PTMs (post-translational modifications) 分析与磷酸化蛋白质组学相结合, 发现H3K27me3是EMT的显著上调标记, 通过EZH2抑制剂介导的H3K27me3结合蛋白募集这一过程被抑制, 进一步提出ERK (eukaryotic protein kinase) 和EZH2抑制剂的联合治疗可以促使EMT重编程的阻断[38]。研究人员对EZH2抑制剂的研究未止步于此, 后续的研究工作借助蛋白质组学手段证明EZH2抑制剂可消除CDK9 (cdc2-related kinase 9) 抑制剂对H3K27三甲基化的上调, 并增强其对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的活性[39], 而H3K27M突变的弥漫性中线胶质瘤对EZH2抑制剂GSK126敏感, 并且阿托伐他汀与低剂量GSK126具有协同作用, 可抑制肿瘤细胞生长[40]
除了EZH2抑制剂外, DOT1L抑制剂也颇受研究者关注。2016年Zhu等[41]利用小分子亲和探针的蛋白质组分析手段试图分析DOT1L抑制剂介导的FED1体内活性低这一问题, 发现其潜在原因极可能是抑制剂无法到达功能性DOT1L所在的细胞核。与此同时, 他们发现了NOP2 (一种核糖体RNA甲基转移酶) 可能是FED1的脱靶靶标。Lillico等[42]利用蛋白质组学方法对DOT1L、LSD1和HDAC抑制剂在组蛋白上的修饰进行了鉴定, 发现DOT1L的选择性抑制剂EPZ-5657会在白血病细胞MLL-AF9中引起LSD1的表达降低, 进而导致了组蛋白整体二甲基化水平上升。这些组学研究为DOT1L抑制剂的机制研究及临床应用提供了扎实的工作基础。
关于精氨酸甲基转移酶抑制剂的研究, 2020年Lim等[43]对结肠癌患者组织中的精氨酸甲基化位点在蛋白质组水平上进行了深入研究, 鉴定出272种蛋白质的455个单甲基精氨酸位点, 以及155种蛋白质的314个非对称二甲基化精氨酸位点。此外, 该工作进一步使用Ⅰ型PRMT抑制剂(MS023) 处理结肠癌细胞后, 发现结肠癌细胞增殖被显著抑制, 并伴有细胞凋亡诱导。这表明Ⅰ型PRMT是治疗结肠癌药物的潜在靶点。Plotnikov等[44]也同样对MS023在人结肠癌细胞中的作用进行了研究, 发现MS023是结肠癌细胞有效的分化诱导剂, 并具有较大的治疗窗口。在分化诱导时, 裸鼠HT-29异种移植肿瘤的生长显著延迟。同年, Noto等[45]利用蛋白质组学技术对Ⅰ型PRMT小分子抑制剂GSK3368715在人外周血单核细胞中对精氨酸甲基化的影响进行了鉴定, 确定了hnRNP-A1 (异质性核糖核蛋白A1) 可作为Ⅰ型PRMT抑制的药效学生物标志物, 这一工作推进了GSK3368715的临床试验研究。
HDACi作为组蛋白的去乙酰化酶抑制剂, 对于组蛋白的修饰影响相当重要。早期蛋白质组学对于HDACi的研究主要采用基于2DE (双向凝胶电泳) 平台的蛋白质组学技术。根据2DE得到的凝胶图谱判断变化蛋白, 选取变化蛋白进行质谱鉴定。
Beck等[46]在2006年利用基于2DE的蛋白质组学平台, 在培养人小细胞肺癌OC-NYH细胞时添加PXD101处理, 鉴定了HDACi对于组蛋白修饰的影响情况, 证明PXD101以位点特异性和剂量依赖性的方式增加组蛋白H2A、H2B、H3和H4的乙酰化。
蛋白质组学极大地促进了对于HDACi作用机制与靶点的解析。2008年Chen等[47]利用2DE方法鉴定出FK228诱导的人肺癌细胞H322相关的变化蛋白, 共筛选出45个显著差异蛋白质, 其中27个蛋白质的功能覆盖包括信号转导、转录调控、代谢、细胞骨架组织及蛋白质折叠、合成和降解等。同时还发现了一种新的靶蛋白——硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR), 它在对FK228敏感的癌细胞中下调, 但在耐药细胞中上调, 表明这可能是引起HDACi敏感性变化的相关重要蛋白。后续He等[48]的研究利用SAHA处理HeLa细胞, 使用2DE方法鉴定到9种差异表达的蛋白, 其中PGAM1作为糖酵解中的关键酶在SAHA作用下显著下调, 并且后续在另一宫颈癌细胞CaSki中也验证了这一情况。Tong等[49]同样利用2DE方法鉴定了SAHA对于肝癌细胞HepG2的蛋白变化影响, 共观察到55种差异蛋白, 质谱分析鉴定到34种蛋白质。后续通过半定量RT-PCR进一步证实了在mRNA和蛋白质水平中, SAHA抑制RCN1、ANXA3和HSP27的表达, 同时上调了AR、TPI和SOD2的表达。这些都是蛋白质组学在初期发展阶段对于HDACi的机制的初步探索和研究, 虽然所提供的信息深度有限, 但为后续蛋白质组学对于HDACi的研究奠定了基础。
2009年Naldi等[50]进一步利用LC-MS对4种HDACi在不同浓度下影响的HT29细胞的组蛋白进行了提取和修饰的鉴定, 发现SAHA (非选择性HDACi) 可引起所有组蛋白的乙酰化修饰水平增加。MC1855 (Ⅰ类选择性HDACi, 异羟肟酸盐) 被证明比SAHA引起的组蛋白全局乙酰化修饰水平变化更强烈, 但毒性更低。MS-275 (Ⅰ类选择性HDACi, 苯甲酰胺) 表现出较高程度的H4乙酰化增加和一定程度的H2A、H2B和H3乙酰化增加。MC1568 (Ⅱ类选择性HDACi) 仅对H4乙酰化水平增高有一定效果, 对其他组蛋白无效。这说明不同种类、不同选择性的HDACi会引起组蛋白不同模式的乙酰化变化。
随着质谱技术的发展, 其鉴定灵敏度不断被提高, Drogaris等[51]在几株不同细胞(K562、HeLa、HEK293T和U937) 中使用SAHA或MS-275处理后, 鉴定了细胞中由HDAC抑制引起的组蛋白乙酰化的全局性变化。他们发现这两种HDACi会在这些细胞中引发H3和H4的乙酰化修饰水平升高, 但细胞并没有失去活力。随后在2015年, Krautkramer等[52]建立了一套DIA方法, 对SAHA引起的人乳腺癌细胞内的组蛋白翻译后修饰进行了鉴定, 对共计62个独特组蛋白的翻译后修饰进行定量分析, 揭示了SAHA诱导的组蛋白H3和H4乙酰化和甲基化的系统性变化, 这使得研究HDACi对组蛋白影响的技术得到了进一步的发展。2021年, Slaughter等[53]通过蛋白质组学和基因组学相结合的研究方式分析了SAHA处理后的HL60细胞组蛋白的乙酰化变化和BRD4 (溴结构域蛋白4) 的结合情况。他们发现SAHA引起组蛋白H4在赖氨酸5、8、12和16处的赖氨酸上发生强烈的乙酰化增加并伴随DNA转录活性的改变。SAHA会优先增强体内的组蛋白乙酰化, 而对H4乙酰化的增加会引起BRD4结合增加, 并进一步控制基因的表达。纵观目前的HDACi对组蛋白乙酰化的影响, 多数HDACi会引起全局性组蛋白乙酰化增加, 尤其是H4的乙酰化增加较为明显, 并有充足证据证明其可影响DNA的转录。
在2012年, Kilner等[54]利用了iTRAQ定量标记技术对短链脂肪酸类HDACi (丁酸盐、丙酸盐和戊酸盐) 在结肠癌细胞HCT116中的影响进行了研究。结果表明, 这些短链脂肪酸(SCFAs) 各自具有特定的效果。丁酸盐被证明对角蛋白和中间丝有更显著的影响; 而戊酸改变了β-微管蛋白的表达; 丙酸盐同时具有这两种机制, 显示出中间效应。这说明短链脂肪酸型HDACi抗肿瘤机制可能与细胞骨架结构组装、稳定性和完整性具有一定的关联性。同年, Fung等[55]利用iTRAQ方法证明丁酸盐及4-苯甲酰丁酸盐在结直肠癌细胞HT29中可以抑制HDAC活性并诱导H4的乙酰化。20种共同蛋白质的水平在丁酸和4-苯甲酰丁酸分别处理后发生改变, 其中包括c-Myc转录靶点蛋白、参与内质网稳态的蛋白质、信号转导途径和细胞能量代谢相关的蛋白。
2015年, Mackmull等[56]通过基于大规模生物质谱的蛋白质组学研究了HDACi处理的细胞, 证明HDACi主要影响核蛋白质组并选择性诱导了含溴结构域蛋白(BCP) 的减少, 并且BCP丰度降低后会介导转录的变化。该研究提出了一个新的机制: 由组蛋白乙酰化和BCP丰度之间的相互作用介导引起的对于肿瘤的抑制。而Wu等[57]使用SAHA处理非小细胞肺癌A549细胞系, 揭示了SAHA处理下细胞中蛋白质组、泛素组和乙酰组之间的相互作用。在本工作中, 使用SILAC技术, 基于抗体的亲和富集和高分辨率LC-MS/MS分析, 共鉴定并量化了2 968种蛋白质、1 099个乙酰化位点和1 012个泛素化位点。借用生物信息学手段, 其认为SAHA处理直接改变A549细胞中的赖氨酸乙酰化和泛素化水平, 而乙酰化和泛素化水平的改变也会相互调节。这一研究在对SAHA的机制解析中引入了乙酰化和泛素化的交互作用, 提供了蛋白组、乙酰组和泛素组的数据集, 建立了三者之间的联系。
Wang等[58]利用同样的技术对于另一种HDACi FK228在结肠癌细胞HCT-8中进行了研究, 结果发现85种蛋白质中的115个位点显著上调, 32种蛋白质中的38个位点在响应FK228处理后显著下调。该研究建立了FK228与HCT-8细胞响应的蛋白质组变化之间的联系。Méhul等[59]认为quisinostat在皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤细胞模型HuT78中, 除了上调组蛋白的乙酰化, 其他非组蛋白乙酰化同样被调节, 包括nucleolin、RPA70、PGK1、hsp70、Myc和SHMT, 猜测这些非组蛋白的乙酰化可能也是HDACi抑制肿瘤的重要机制。其他研究也提出了有关RPL24 (核糖体亚基蛋白24)、TFEB (转录因子EB) 与UNG2 (DNA糖苷酶, 尿嘧啶-DNA N-糖基化酶异构体2) 可能是HDACi的治疗靶点的观点[60-62]。在最新的一些研究中, Sun等[63]认为HDACi抑制HDAC介导Parkin (一种E3泛素连接酶) 的乙酰化增加, 进而激活线粒体自噬, 从而抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖。这一研究为HDACi的机制解析引入了一层新的认知, 揭示HDACi与乙酰化依赖的自噬调节有关。
对于HDACi的耐药性问题的研究, Valiuliene等[64]发现PXD101与RA (分化诱导剂视黄酸) 的联合使用可以显著地上调H4的乙酰化水平, 增强和加速粒细胞白血病细胞分化。Dahabieh等[65]通过筛选对HDACi敏感的U937淋巴瘤细胞和耐药的U937细胞进行分析, 发现通过对PEX26进行基因沉默可增强HDACi抗性细胞中的自噬。本实验室利用SILAC标记技术对SAHA敏感细胞株和耐药细胞株分别进行定量蛋白质组学分析, 发现SAHA在实体瘤中药物效果不如在血液瘤中的可能原因是实体瘤中己糖激酶引起的糖酵解途径活跃[66]
组蛋白翻译后修饰是表观遗传的重要组成部分, 组蛋白的甲基化与乙酰化都是细胞中的可逆事件。这些修饰在生物体内几乎各个方面都起着至关重要的作用, 其功能异常会导致发育缺陷、衰老甚至肿瘤疾病等一系列问题。因此, 保持组蛋白甲基化与乙酰化之间的平衡对于生物体维持正常的生物学功能是至关重要的。对修饰酶抑制剂的开发与应用, 旨在让生物体恢复修饰稳态, 得以正常运行生理功能。
蛋白质组学目前被运用在研究疾病过程中蛋白质变化、翻译后修饰鉴定、药物靶标筛选与解析等多个方面, 通过比较正常体与疾病体, 探究给药前和给药后的蛋白质谱变化, 可以全局解析蛋白质在疾病中的动态调控网络。因而基于生物质谱技术的蛋白质组学在解析组蛋白翻译后修饰及修饰酶抑制剂作用机制方面具有独特的优势, 凭借具有高通量和大规模识别的质谱(MS) 技术, 研究者得以在与疾病相关的系统中鉴定到更全面、更深层次的蛋白质翻译后修饰, 实现了对接近天然状态下的蛋白修饰进行精确地定位。在此基础上, 蛋白质组学和其他组学的联合研究极大程度地促进了表观遗传抑制剂的药物筛选、作用机制、修饰作用确证、药效及潜在毒性、药物联用策略等方面深入研究, 推动了肿瘤疾病抑制剂药物走向临床的进程。
但即便如此, 由于在各种底物上与甲基或乙酰基结合的抗体并不容易获得, 且抗体富集效率很难达到非常高的水平, 全景描绘组蛋白与全蛋白的修饰谱依然困难重重。在蛋白质组学技术进步发展的同时, 也许研究者还要寻求其他层面的技术突破, 以配合蛋白质组学技术进行翻译后修饰的深度鉴定分析, 进而获得更全面、更准确的生物体内翻译后修饰信息及相关抑制剂的作用信息。如创新或优化化学富集技术以提升抗体富集效率以便获取更优的富集样本, 提升基因组学及遗传学技术来了解修饰酶和阅读器之间的生物学机制, 又或者结合蛋白质与蛋白质之间、蛋白质和DNA之间、蛋白质和RNA之间的相互作用的复杂网络, 利用生物信息学技术对细胞内作用网络进行深度描绘。
在对组蛋白修饰进行研究的过程中, 即便伫立于已有研究的基础之上, 研究者仍然会遇见很多深刻的且未解决的科学问题, 譬如组蛋白甲基化与乙酰化是否直接影响转录过程? 这些修饰酶又如何被招募到其靶点进行修饰反应? 甲基转移酶与去乙酰化酶抑制剂在体内具体会导致哪些组蛋白和非组蛋白的位点发生可逆修饰反应? 其具有怎样的抗肿瘤机制? 其他尚未确定的机制是否也决定了反应过程的特异性? 这些都是后续研究工作中亟待解决的问题。
作者贡献: 刘权、王璐璐负责研究选题、调研整理文献、文章撰写; 徐骏宇负责提出选题、设计论文框架、修订论文; 谭敏佳负责提出选题、终审论文。
利益冲突: 作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22225702)
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2023年第58卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0937
  • 接收时间:2022-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-29
  • 修回日期:2022-09-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(22225702)
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    1.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 新药研究国家重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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