Article(id=1198622903366415236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0914, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658764800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-26, revisedDate=1666281600000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703569498, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703569498, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703569498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703569498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=193, endPage=200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622903731319717, articleId=1198622903366415236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Content assay and metabolic study of flavonoids from Citrus reticulata 'Chachi', columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to simultaneously determine three flavonoids including hesperidin (HES), nobiletin (NOB) and tangeretin (TAN) in 10 batches of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' planted and collected in Xinhui District, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province. Moreover, we studied the metabolism and transformation of three flavonoids in liver and intestinal flora in vitro, and sequenced 16S rRNA of bacteria flora samples after incubation. The RP-HPLC system consisted of Alltima C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and a mobile phase of water (A)-methanol (B). The column temperature was 25℃ and the detection wavelength was both 283 nm and 330 nm while the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The results showed that the retention time of HES, NOB and TAN ranged from 12.313 min to 34.271 min. The content of HES, NOB and TAN in 10 batches of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' was 26.81-39.80 mg·g-1, 4.06-7.90 mg·g-1 and 1.81-3.93 mg·g-1, respectively. There were differences in the content of flavonoids in different batches and growing areas. The three flavonoids were metabolized in various degrees after incubation of rat and human liver S9, cytosol, microsomes or intestinal flora in vitro, especially HES. The results of 16S rRNA showed that the main flavonoids of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' could regulate lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal flora related to energy metabolism. This study established a rapid, simple, reproducible and stable quantitative analysis method for detecting the main flavonoids in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' which evaluated the content of flavonoids from Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' in different growing areas and different storage periods. The intestinal bacteria can metabolize and transform the flavonoids of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' to varying degrees, which provides a valuable scientific basis for the subsequent study on the material basis of the efficacy of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' from the perspective of metabolism. Animal experiments were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College (No. 20190419).

, authors=null, authorsList=Bao-ying WEN, Xue HAN, Xiu-quan ZHANG, Mei-lian JING, Yan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622906914795625, articleId=1198622903366415236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=广陈皮黄酮类主成分分析及其代谢转化研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究建立同时测定广陈皮中3种黄酮类化合物橙皮苷(hesperidin,HES)、川陈皮素(nobiletin,NOB)及橘皮素(tangeretin,TAN)含量的高效液相色谱法,对3种黄酮类成分进行体外肝脏和肠道菌群代谢转化研究,并对孵育后菌群进行16S rRNA测序。采用Alltima C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为水(A)-甲醇(B)梯度洗脱,柱温25℃,检测波长283、330 nm,流速1.0 mL·min-1。结果显示,橙皮苷、川陈皮素和橘皮素的保留时间在12.313~34.271 min之间,10批广陈皮中橙皮苷的含量在26.81~39.80 mg·g-1,川陈皮素和橘皮素的含量分别在4.06~7.90 mg·g-1、1.81~3.93 mg·g-1。不同批次、不同产地的广陈皮黄酮类主成分含量存在差异。3种黄酮成分在大鼠和人肝S9、胞质溶胶、微粒体以及体外肠道菌群孵育中,均有不同程度的代谢,以橙皮苷尤为明显。16S rRNA基因分析结果表明,广陈皮黄酮类主成分可通过调节与能量代谢相关的肠道菌属达到调节脂质代谢的效果。本研究建立的广陈皮黄酮类主成分的含量测定方法快速、简便,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于不同年限、不同产区广陈皮的黄酮类成分含量分析与评价;而肠道菌可不同程度代谢转化广陈皮的黄酮类成分,这从代谢角度为后续广陈皮药效物质基础的研究提供有价值的科学依据。本研究中实验动物的使用已获得广东江门中医药职业学院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:20190419)。

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*王琰, Tel: 86-10-63165238, E-mail:
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Cheng: Hesperidin; Chuan: Nobiletin; Ju: Tangeretin; Guang: No.1 <i>Citrus reticulata</i> 'Chachi' sample , figureFileSmall=0HZTdVXG7nesZBg2qRBvSg==, figureFileBig=AGb2B/lrM11dR3F4JpPtlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702085735805365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903366415236, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Variety Storage/year Growing area
1 'Chachi' (Primordial) 1 Chakeng
2 'Chachi' (Grafted) 1 Chakeng
3 'Chachi' (Grafted) 3 Chakeng
4 'Chachi' (Primordial) 3 Chakeng
5 'Chachi' 5 Tianma
6 'Chachi' 1 Tianma
7 'Chachi' 1 Meijiang
8 'Chachi' 5 Meijiang
9 'Chachi' 10 Sanjiang
10 'Chachi' (Viride) 1 Tianma
), ArticleFig(id=1198702085865828798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903366415236, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample information of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' from different growing areas, different storage periods and different varieties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Variety Storage/year Growing area
1 'Chachi' (Primordial) 1 Chakeng
2 'Chachi' (Grafted) 1 Chakeng
3 'Chachi' (Grafted) 3 Chakeng
4 'Chachi' (Primordial) 3 Chakeng
5 'Chachi' 5 Tianma
6 'Chachi' 1 Tianma
7 'Chachi' 1 Meijiang
8 'Chachi' 5 Meijiang
9 'Chachi' 10 Sanjiang
10 'Chachi' (Viride) 1 Tianma
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No. HES /mg·g-1 HES /% NOB /mg·g-1 TAN /mg·g-1 NOB and TAN/%
1 32.72 3.27 4.48 1.98 0.65
2 27.29 2.73 6.00 2.77 0.88
3 27.47 2.75 5.52 2.57 0.81
4 39.80 3.98 7.90 3.93 1.18
5 37.39 3.74 6.94 3.35 1.03
6 38.41 3.84 7.13 3.45 1.06
7 36.21 3.62 7.07 3.53 1.06
8 34.80 3.48 4.06 1.81 0.59
9 26.81 2.68 4.48 2.47 0.70
10 28.18 2.82 5.38 2.70 0.81
), ArticleFig(id=1198702086134264262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903366415236, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contents of flavonoids in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' samples from different growing areas, different storage periods and different varieties. HES: Hesperidin; NOB: Nobiletin; TAN: Tangeretin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. HES /mg·g-1 HES /% NOB /mg·g-1 TAN /mg·g-1 NOB and TAN/%
1 32.72 3.27 4.48 1.98 0.65
2 27.29 2.73 6.00 2.77 0.88
3 27.47 2.75 5.52 2.57 0.81
4 39.80 3.98 7.90 3.93 1.18
5 37.39 3.74 6.94 3.35 1.03
6 38.41 3.84 7.13 3.45 1.06
7 36.21 3.62 7.07 3.53 1.06
8 34.80 3.48 4.06 1.81 0.59
9 26.81 2.68 4.48 2.47 0.70
10 28.18 2.82 5.38 2.70 0.81
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广陈皮黄酮类主成分分析及其代谢转化研究
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温宝莹 1 , 韩雪 2 , 张秀权 1 , 敬美莲 1 , 王琰 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(1): 193-200
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (1) : 193 -200
广陈皮黄酮类主成分分析及其代谢转化研究
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温宝莹1, 韩雪2, 张秀权1, 敬美莲1, 王琰3, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东江门中医药职业学院/国家中药现代化工程技术研究中心江门健康产品分中心, 广东 江门 529000
  • 2.华南理工大学生物科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
*王琰, Tel: 86-10-63165238, E-mail:
Content assay and metabolic study of flavonoids from Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'
Bao-ying WEN1, Xue HAN2, Xiu-quan ZHANG1, Mei-lian JING1, Yan WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College/Jiangmen Health Products Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen 529000, China
  • 2. School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 3. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0914
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本研究建立同时测定广陈皮中3种黄酮类化合物橙皮苷(hesperidin,HES)、川陈皮素(nobiletin,NOB)及橘皮素(tangeretin,TAN)含量的高效液相色谱法,对3种黄酮类成分进行体外肝脏和肠道菌群代谢转化研究,并对孵育后菌群进行16S rRNA测序。采用Alltima C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为水(A)-甲醇(B)梯度洗脱,柱温25℃,检测波长283、330 nm,流速1.0 mL·min-1。结果显示,橙皮苷、川陈皮素和橘皮素的保留时间在12.313~34.271 min之间,10批广陈皮中橙皮苷的含量在26.81~39.80 mg·g-1,川陈皮素和橘皮素的含量分别在4.06~7.90 mg·g-1、1.81~3.93 mg·g-1。不同批次、不同产地的广陈皮黄酮类主成分含量存在差异。3种黄酮成分在大鼠和人肝S9、胞质溶胶、微粒体以及体外肠道菌群孵育中,均有不同程度的代谢,以橙皮苷尤为明显。16S rRNA基因分析结果表明,广陈皮黄酮类主成分可通过调节与能量代谢相关的肠道菌属达到调节脂质代谢的效果。本研究建立的广陈皮黄酮类主成分的含量测定方法快速、简便,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于不同年限、不同产区广陈皮的黄酮类成分含量分析与评价;而肠道菌可不同程度代谢转化广陈皮的黄酮类成分,这从代谢角度为后续广陈皮药效物质基础的研究提供有价值的科学依据。本研究中实验动物的使用已获得广东江门中医药职业学院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:20190419)。

高效液相色谱法  /  广陈皮  /  黄酮  /  体外肝代谢  /  肠道菌代谢

In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to simultaneously determine three flavonoids including hesperidin (HES), nobiletin (NOB) and tangeretin (TAN) in 10 batches of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' planted and collected in Xinhui District, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province. Moreover, we studied the metabolism and transformation of three flavonoids in liver and intestinal flora in vitro, and sequenced 16S rRNA of bacteria flora samples after incubation. The RP-HPLC system consisted of Alltima C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) and a mobile phase of water (A)-methanol (B). The column temperature was 25℃ and the detection wavelength was both 283 nm and 330 nm while the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The results showed that the retention time of HES, NOB and TAN ranged from 12.313 min to 34.271 min. The content of HES, NOB and TAN in 10 batches of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' was 26.81-39.80 mg·g-1, 4.06-7.90 mg·g-1 and 1.81-3.93 mg·g-1, respectively. There were differences in the content of flavonoids in different batches and growing areas. The three flavonoids were metabolized in various degrees after incubation of rat and human liver S9, cytosol, microsomes or intestinal flora in vitro, especially HES. The results of 16S rRNA showed that the main flavonoids of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' could regulate lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal flora related to energy metabolism. This study established a rapid, simple, reproducible and stable quantitative analysis method for detecting the main flavonoids in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' which evaluated the content of flavonoids from Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' in different growing areas and different storage periods. The intestinal bacteria can metabolize and transform the flavonoids of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' to varying degrees, which provides a valuable scientific basis for the subsequent study on the material basis of the efficacy of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' from the perspective of metabolism. Animal experiments were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College (No. 20190419).

high performance liquid chromatography  /  Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'  /  flavonoid  /  in vitro liver metabolism  /  intestinal bacteria metabolism
温宝莹, 韩雪, 张秀权, 敬美莲, 王琰. 广陈皮黄酮类主成分分析及其代谢转化研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 193 -200 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0914
Bao-ying WEN, Xue HAN, Xiu-quan ZHANG, Mei-lian JING, Yan WANG. Content assay and metabolic study of flavonoids from Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 193 -200 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0914
陈皮为芸香科植物橘Citrus reticulata Blanco及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮, 主要产自广东、福建、四川、浙江、江西等地。其药材可分为“陈皮”及“广陈皮”[1], 以广陈皮质量为优。广陈皮药材正品为茶枝柑Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ (当地称大红柑)的干燥成熟果皮, 因主产自广东新会, 又称为新会陈皮。具有理气健脾、和胃止呕、燥湿化痰等功效, 临床上治疗脘腹胀满、食少吐泻、咳嗽痰多等症状[2]
新会陈皮依据采收时期可分为柑青皮(青皮)、二红柑(微红皮、黄皮) 及大红柑(大红皮、红皮)。新会陈皮从摘果到晒皮, 只靠纯天然日光晒, 干后自然陈化, 讲究三年成皮(陈皮), 即陈化三年方可称为“陈皮”。新会陈皮产区很多, 其中以第一产区, 也叫核心产区陈皮品质最好。核心产区包括天马、梅江、茶坑、东甲、西甲, 第二产区包括三江、南坦、小冈、大泽, 第三产区包括双水、罗坑、古井, 第四产区包括司前镇、崖西、沙堆、崖南。
广陈皮主要含有挥发油和黄酮类化合物。黄酮类成分分为两大类: 其一是黄酮苷类, 主要为橙皮苷、柚皮苷等的二氢黄酮类成分; 其二是多甲氧基黄酮类, 主要有川陈皮素、橘皮素、3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3′, 4′-七甲氧基黄酮等[3]。据文献报道, 多甲氧基黄酮类成分具有抗氧化[4]、抗癌[5]、抗诱变[6]、抗炎[7]和心血管保护[8]等多种药理作用。
本研究采用HPLC法对10批不同年限、不同产区、不同品种的广陈皮中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素3种黄酮类化合物同时进行含量测定, 以期全面了解广陈皮的质量情况。同时, 对3种黄酮类成分进行体外肝脏和肠道菌群代谢转化研究, 并对孵育后菌群进行16S rRNA测序, 探索广陈皮的代谢特征及阐释广陈皮药效的物质基础, 为广陈皮的应用提供科学依据。
仪器、材料与试剂  Agilent 1200高效液相色谱系统(美国安捷伦科技有限公司), 配有二极管阵列检测器(DAD); 超声波清洗机SB-5200DT (宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 电子天平TP-114 (美国丹佛仪器公司); 色谱柱Alltima C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) (美国VWR国际有限公司)。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(批号: S24O6K4914)、6-磷酸葡萄糖(批号: T06D9Q76790)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(批号: L20D9Y77966)、对照品橙皮苷(批号: K21F3C1, 纯度 > 98%)、川陈皮素(批号: H22M8K32109, 纯度 > 98%)、橘皮素(批号: RJ0628HA13, 纯度 > 98%) 均购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司(图 1)。氯化镁(批号: 20181201) 和流动相所用色谱纯甲醇(批号: 20181220) 购于天津市大茂化学试剂厂, 水(杭州娃哈哈有限公司, 纯净水)。肝S9 (大鼠, 批号: 20130917; 人, 批号: 1810001)、胞质溶胶(人, 批号: 1210269)、微粒体(大鼠, 批号: 20190910RS; 人, 批号: 1810003) 均购于北京汇智和源生物技术有限公司; 肝胞质溶胶(大鼠, 批号: LC3003) 购于杭州欣润医疗科技有限公司; SPF级C57BL/6雄性小鼠(5~6周龄, 15~17 g) 购于广东省医学实验动物中心, 许可证号SCXK (粤) 2018-0002, 动物合格证号: No.44007200070748。收集采自广东新会不同产区、不同贮存年限的陈皮共10批, 经新会陈皮村市场有限公司鉴定为茶枝柑Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’的干燥成熟果皮(第1~9批为大红皮, 其中第1批和第4批为圈枝, 第2批和第3批为驳枝, 第10批为青皮, 产区分别为茶坑、天马、梅江、三江, 见表 1)。
供试品溶液的制备  药材经粉碎机粉碎, 过40目筛。精密称取样品粉末1.0 g, 置于带塞的锥形瓶中, 精密量取并加入甲醇60 mL, 称重后进行超声提取60 min, 放冷至室温后, 用甲醇补足减失量, 摇匀, 4 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液, 经微孔滤膜滤过, 即得。
对照品溶液的制备  分别精密称定对照品橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素适量, 加甲醇分别制成每1 mL含橙皮苷1.50 mg、川陈皮素1.50 mg、橘皮素1.50 mg的单一成分对照品溶液, 置于4 ℃冰箱保存备用。临用前, 将储备液用甲醇稀释至合适浓度的对照品溶液。
HPLC色谱条件  色谱柱: Alltima C18柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相: 水(A)-甲醇(B), 梯度洗脱程序: 0~10 min, 25%~55% B; 10~45 min, 55%~85% B; 柱温: 25 ℃, 检测波长: 283 nm (橙皮苷)、330 nm (川陈皮素和橘皮素) 双波长检测, 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 进样量: 10 μL。
方法学考察
专属性  取混合对照品溶液、广陈皮供试品溶液分别进样测定, 比较色谱图。
线性与范围  精密吸取适量橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素标准品储备液, 用甲醇稀释至8个质量浓度, 橙皮苷质量浓度为0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2 mg·mL-1, 川陈皮素、橘皮素质量浓度为0.005、0.01、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.1和0.12 mg·mL-1的混合对照品溶液, 按“HPLC色谱条件”进样分析。以各自的峰面积Y为纵坐标, 对照品浓度X (mg·mL-1) 为横坐标, 绘制标准曲线, 得到回归方程、线性范围及相关系数。
精密度  取6份1号陈皮样品, 按“供试品溶液的制备”项下方法制备供试品溶液, 分别进样10 μL, 作为重复性实验, 记录橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素色谱峰的峰面积值, 代入“线性与范围”项下回归方程, 计算含量和RSD值。
精密吸取同一份供试品溶液10 μL, 日内重复进样6次, 并连续测定6天, 作为日内、日间精密度实验, 记录橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素色谱峰的峰面积值, 以峰面积计算RSD值。
稳定性  取1号陈皮样品提取液作为供试品溶液, 于室温下, 在0、4、8和24 h不同的时间点精密吸取10 μL进样, 记录橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素色谱峰的峰面积, 计算含量的RSD值。
加样回收率  取6份已知3种组分含量的1号陈皮样品粉末, 按照每份1.0 g进行精密称定。按照各成分已知含量的100%浓度水平, 精密加入混合对照品溶液后, 按“供试品溶液的制备”项下方法制备待测溶液, HPLC进样分析, 计算加样回收率。
耐用性  取1号陈皮样品, 按“供试品溶液的制备”项下方法制备成供试品溶液, 按“HPLC色谱条件”项下方法, 分别考察不同进样体积(8、10和12 μL), 不同流速(0.8、1.0和1.2 mL·min-1), 不同柱温(20、25和30 ℃), 不同检测波长(280、283、285 nm; 328、330、332 nm), 测定3种黄酮成分的含量并计算不同条件下的RSD值。
样品含量测定  取收集于不同产区、不同年限的10批广陈皮药材, 每批3份, 按“供试品溶液的制备”项下方法制备供试品溶液, 按“HPLC色谱条件”测定, 代入“线性与范围”项下建立的回归方程, 按照外标法计算其橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素含量。
大鼠和人的肝S9、胞质溶胶及微粒体的体外代谢  大鼠和人的肝S9、胞质溶胶及微粒体的温孵条件: 根据3种黄酮类成分在广陈皮中的含量百分比, 确定温孵体系中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素的终浓度分别为300、40和40 μg·mL-1, NADPH发生系统(烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸1.3 mmol·L-1、6-磷酸葡萄糖3.3 mmol·L-1、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶0.4 U·mL-1、氯化镁3.3 mmol·L-1), 肝S9或胞质溶胶或微粒体蛋白终浓度为1 mg·mL-1, 加入适量Tris缓冲液, 构成100 μL温孵体系。
37 ℃预温孵3 min后, 加入NADPH发生系统启动反应, 并于37 ℃温孵60 min。加入冷乙腈300 μL终止反应, 于12 000 ×g离心5 min, 上清液经氮气吹干。残渣用流动相100 μL复溶, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤, 并注入HPLC进行分析测定。
肠道菌群培养液的配制  动物实验程序经广东江门中医药职业学院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20190419)。取雄性C57BL/6小鼠的结肠和小肠内容物各1 g混合, 放入洁净的已充满N2的自封袋中, 按比例加入厌氧培养液(1 g: 20 mL), 随后轻轻挤压以使匀质化, 使用医用纱布过滤后即得含菌培养液。充满N2封口并在厌氧条件下进行预温孵30 min, 使菌种活化。
黄酮类样品在肠道菌群的代谢转化  取新鲜的C57BL/6雄性小鼠结肠肠菌培养液0.99 mL置于1.5 mL锥形离心管中, 分别加入30 mg·mL-1橙皮苷、6 mg·mL-1川陈皮素、3 mg·mL-1橘皮素溶液各10 μL, 使得肠道菌群培养液中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素的终浓度分别为300、60和30 μg·mL-1; 平行操作1份肠菌培养液, 加入1号陈皮样品提取液10 μL, 同时用甲醇溶液作为阴性对照。
37 ℃恒温培养箱中振荡培养, 温孵肠道菌样品在0和72 h取样, 样品加入冷乙腈1 mL, 涡旋混合30 s, 12 000 ×g离心15 min后, 移取上清液并用氮气吹干。用甲醇200 μL溶解残渣后, 使用0.22 μm滤膜进行过滤。取10 μL进样HPLC检测。菌体沉淀速冻-80 ℃冰箱, 菌体沉淀寄往上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行16S rRNA测序分析。
在上述色谱条件下, 对照品和样品的色谱图见图 2。橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素3成分色谱峰与相邻色谱峰之间的分离度均大于1.5, 理论塔板数均大于15 000, 表明该方法专属性良好。
橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素回归方程分别为: Y = 9 784.6X + 390.25 (r = 0.999 8)、Y = 9 920.6X + 37.57 (r = 0.999 7)、Y = 15 772X + 62.11 (r = 0.999 8)。线性范围分别为50~1 200 μg·mL-1、5~120 μg·mL-1、5~120 μg·mL-1
6份样品中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素含量平均值分别为3.27%、0.45%、0.20%; RSD分别为1.22%、0.98%、1.09%, 表明该方法重复性良好。测得同一份供试品中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素峰面积日内RSD分别为0.86%、0.77%、0.89%, 日间RSD分别为1.01%、0.92%、0.88%, 同时准确度在98.24%~103.85%, 表明方法的精密度良好。
不同时间点测得样品中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素色谱峰含量的RSD分别为0.97%、1.13%、0.92%, 表明供试品溶液24 h内稳定性良好。
样品中橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素的平均回收率分别为98.57%、99.01%、101.05%, RSD分别为1.57%、2.08%、1.96%。
不同进样体积、流速、柱温和检测波长下, 3种黄酮成分含量的RSD值均小于2%, 表明方法的耐用性良好。
不同产区和年限的10批广陈皮药材的橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素含量测定结果见表 2。10批广陈皮中橙皮苷的含量在26.81~39.80 mg·g-1, 川陈皮素和橘皮素的含量分别在4.06~7.90 mg·g-1、1.81~3.93 mg·g-1。产于茶坑的陈化3年的圈枝大红皮的橙皮苷、川陈皮素和橘皮素的含量在9批大红皮样品中均为最高, 产于三江的陈化10年的大红皮的橙皮苷含量在9批样品中最低, 但川陈皮素和橘皮素的总量仍相对较高。
采用橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素分别与大鼠肝S9、胞质溶胶、微粒体共温孵的方法进行黄酮类化合物体外代谢研究, 通过优化温孵反应体系, 应用“HPLC色谱条件”进样测定3种黄酮类成分在大鼠肝中的体外代谢消除, 分析比较其代谢差异见图 3。经过1 h的体外温孵, 橙皮苷在大鼠肝S9、胞质溶胶和微粒体中均发生一定程度代谢转化, 且在微粒体中代谢最为明显。川陈皮素和橘皮素在大鼠肝S9中发生代谢, 在微粒体中未发生代谢, 而在胞质溶胶中发生了显著的代谢。
橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素分别与人肝S9、胞质溶胶、微粒体共温孵1 h后, 采用“HPLC色谱条件”进样测定3种黄酮类成分的含量变化, 分析比较各成分在人肝不同亚单位中的代谢情况(图 4)。橙皮苷在人肝S9、胞质溶胶和微粒体中均发生一定程度代谢转化, 且在微粒体中代谢最为明显。川陈皮素和橘皮素在人肝S9中发生代谢, 在微粒体中未发生代谢, 而在胞质溶胶中发生了显著的代谢。3种黄酮类成分在人和大鼠肝不同亚单位中的代谢特征相似。
橙皮苷、川陈皮素、橘皮素分别与C57BL/6雄性小鼠结肠肠菌培养液共温孵72 h后, 采用“HPLC色谱条件”进样测定3种黄酮类成分的含量变化, 分析比较各成分在肠道菌群中的代谢转化(图 5)。经过72 h后, 橙皮苷在肠道菌群中代谢完全, 川陈皮素和橘皮素在肠道菌群中发生一定程度的代谢。
利用16S rRNA测序技术, 检测经与不同黄酮类成分及陈皮样品提取液孵育72 h后肠道菌群结构与组成的变化。热图(图 6) 显示, 在经与黄酮类成分孵育后, 肠道菌群中丰度变化最显著的前30个细菌属, 颜色从蓝色到红色的变化代表了相应菌落的相对丰度。4种细菌丰度有明显增加, 其中3种丰度增加的细菌与产生丁酸有关, 分别是Escherichia-Shigella[9, 10]Butyri-cimonas[11]Bacteroides[12]; 丰度明显增加的细菌为Lactobacillales[13], 该菌目与增强肠上皮细胞屏障功能有关。丰度较为明显下降的为Rikenella[14], 该菌属在高脂饮食诱导肥胖小鼠粪便中丰度上调。
历版中国药典仅以橙皮苷作为含量测定的技术指标, 并未对普通陈皮和广陈皮进行区分, 难以反映广陈皮的道地性。中国药典(2020版) 以橙皮苷、川陈皮素和橘皮素对照品为标准物质, 对广陈皮单独制定含量限度要求。本次实验的10批广陈皮中, 9批大红皮橙皮苷的百分含量在2.68%~3.98%, 均符合药典标准(≥2.0%), 川陈皮素和橘皮素的总量在0.65%~1.18%, 均达到药典要求(总量≥0.42%)。中国药典(2020版) 规定青皮中橙皮苷含量不得少于5.0%, 本实验的青皮中橙皮苷的量低于药典要求, 但川陈皮素和橘皮素的含量与大红皮差别不大。
新会茶枝柑按种植技术可分为圈枝柑和驳枝柑。圈枝柑是指在母树上选取生长繁茂、结果较多的优质枝条, 用小刀环切枝条上的表皮后揭开外皮, 用缠上泥土的营养草裹上环切了表皮的枝条, 包起来让其生根的繁育方法。驳枝柑即嫁接柑, 指把新会柑的枝或芽, 嫁接到柠檬树的茎或根上, 使接在一起的两个部分长成一棵完整的新会柑树。本次实验考察了不同种植技术对广陈皮黄酮类成分含量的影响, 发现陈化3年的圈枝大红皮中3种黄酮类成分含量均较驳枝大红皮高, 而陈化1年的驳枝大红皮中川陈皮素和橘皮素含量则高于圈枝大红皮。结果表明, 不同年限、不同产区、不同种植技术的大红皮中各黄酮类成分的含量差别较大, 广陈皮的质量可能受繁育技术、生长环境、采收时间、加工方法、贮藏年限等多因素影响。
研究药物代谢的体外模型主要有亚细胞系模型[15-17] (如微粒体、胞质溶胶、S9), S9中含有完整的Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相代谢酶, 微粒体中含有内膜定位代谢酶(如CYPs、FMO以及Ⅱ相代谢酶之一的UGTs) 和水解酶, 胞质溶胶中含有SULT、NAT、GST等。从构效关系分析, 黄酮类化合物的取代基, 尤其是甲氧基, 可能对代谢酶起抑制作用[18]。橘皮素可以选择性抑制人CYP1A1、CYP1B1以及CYP19芳香酶活性[19, 20]。另有研究[21]指出, Ⅱ相代谢尤其是葡萄糖醛酸化在川陈皮素的代谢中发挥重要作用。结合本次结果, 多甲氧基黄酮类成分可能抑制微粒体中CYPs而未发生明显代谢。
黄酮类化合物主要在体内的肝脏和肠道发生代谢, 肠道菌群参与的代谢反应以水解反应为主。肠道菌群能产生丰富的酶类[22], 如α-鼠李糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶等, 黄酮苷经肠道菌群的代谢可转变为更易被吸收的苷元。橙皮苷在肠道菌群中完全代谢, 可能与糖苷水解有关。
短链脂肪酸是人体内未经消化吸收的碳水化合物在结肠经发酵后合成的一类由2~6个碳原子组成的小分子化合物, 包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等, 可被肠道快速吸收入血随后分布于各组织器官[23-25]。短链脂肪酸的活性包括增加机体的能量代谢、免疫调节、抗炎等[26-28]。橙皮苷与橙皮苷元均可增加短链脂肪酸的合成, 并且苷元的刺激作用更强[29]。由黄酮类刺激产生的短链脂肪酸是肠道细胞的能量来源, 同时丁酸可通过刺激肠道水钠吸收从而调节结肠的运动性, 维持肠道内环境稳定, 减轻炎症反应。药理实验表明, 广陈皮的多甲氧基黄酮成分具有降血脂效应[30]。由16S rRNA测序结果可知, 广陈皮黄酮类主成分可上调与能量代谢相关的肠道菌属的丰度, 促进产丁酸肠道菌(Escherichia-ShigellaButyricimonasBacteroides) 产生丁酸, 可能与广陈皮调节脂质代谢的作用有关。与增强肠上皮细胞屏障功能有关的细菌的丰度亦明显增加, 结合丁酸的抗炎和维持肠道内环境稳定的作用, 可能与广陈皮适用于脘腹胀满、食少吐泻等症状有关。综上, 促进肠道菌产生丁酸可能是广陈皮黄酮类成分调节能量代谢的其中一个重要机制[31], 本研究从肠道菌代谢角度阐释广陈皮药效的物质基础。
本研究建立了快速、简便, 具有良好的重复性和稳定性的定量分析方法。实验结果显示, 不同年限和产区的广陈皮3种黄酮类主成分的含量存在差异。广陈皮的3种黄酮类主成分可在肝脏和肠道菌群中发生不同程度的代谢, 有关代谢产物有待进一步研究, 同时, 黄酮类主成分可上调与能量代谢相关的肠道菌属的丰度, 促进产丁酸的肠道菌生成丁酸, 可能是黄酮类成分调节能量代谢的一个重要机制, 从肠道菌代谢角度阐释了广陈皮药效的物质基础。
作者贡献: 温宝莹设计实验和采集实验数据; 韩雪参与实验和数据分析; 张秀权考察药材提取方法; 温宝莹、敬美莲撰写和修改论文; 王琰整体指导和修改论文。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者无利益冲突。
  • 广东省教育厅青年创新人才项目(自然科学)(2017GKQNCX121)
  • 2021-2022年江门市科协青年科技人才托举工程项目
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0914
  • 接收时间:2022-07-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-26
  • 修回日期:2022-10-21
基金
广东省教育厅青年创新人才项目(自然科学)(2017GKQNCX121)
2021-2022年江门市科协青年科技人才托举工程项目
作者信息
    1.广东江门中医药职业学院/国家中药现代化工程技术研究中心江门健康产品分中心, 广东 江门 529000
    2.华南理工大学生物科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 510006
    3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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