Article(id=1198652609809711222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0888, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1666195200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-20, revisedDate=1678550400000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763710652067, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1691769600000, pubDateStr=2023-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763710652067, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763710652067, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763710652067, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198652605778985059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='8', pageStart='0', pageEnd='2540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1691769600000', pubDateStr='2023-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763710651106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763710739504, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198652976601596348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198652605778985059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2461, endPage=2467, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198652610145255546, articleId=1198652609809711222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Analysis of the of Pb, Cd and As in decoction of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. by PBET digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model and their cumulative risk assessment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model was established to investigate the bioaccessible contents of Pb, Cd and As in decoction of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. The target-organ toxicity dose modification of HI method (TTD) was used to evaluate the cumulative risk caused by the combined exposure of the total levels of Pb, Cd and As in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. and the bioaccessible contents in the decoction. The results showed that the total contents of Pb, Cd and As in 4 batches of samples were in the range of 2.901-3.872, 1.299-1.800 and 0.062-0.216 mg·kg-1, respectively. After transportation by Cacco-2 cells, the bioaccessible contents of Pb, Cd, and As in the decoction were in the range of 0.045-0.080, 0.070-0.112 and 0.004-0.018 mg·kg-1. The results of risk assessment showed that calculated by the total amounts of heavy metals in the Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm., for the end points of nervous system, the cumulative risks of co-exposure of heavy metals in 3 batches of samples were of concern. After decoction and transportation by Caco-2 cells, for the end points of cardiovascular system, blood, nervous system, kidney and testis, the TTD modification of HI values of all batches of samples were less than 1, and the health risks were acceptable. The study provided methodology basis for a more objective assessment of the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in traditional Chinese medicine and for a more scientific limit standard of heavy metals and harmful elements.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tian-tian ZUO, Ya-qiong SUO, Fei-ya LUO, De-juan KONG, Hong-yu JIN, Lei SUN, Shu-xia XING, Yuan-sheng GUO, Gang-li WANG, Shuang-cheng MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gang-li WANG, Shuang-cheng MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198652611382575271, articleId=1198652609809711222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析乌药水煎液中铅、镉和砷的生物可给量及累积风险评估, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了考察乌药水煎液中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd) 和砷(As) 的生物可给量, 并对其风险进行评估, 本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS) 法测定乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留量; 建立体外模拟消化/Caco-2细胞模型考察乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd和As的生物可给量; 采用靶器官毒性剂量(TTD) 法对于乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量以及水煎液中生物可给量联合暴露产生的累积风险进行评估。结果表明: 乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量分别为2.901~3.872、1.299~1.800和0.062~0.216 mg·kg-1。经Caco-2细胞转运后, 乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd、As的生物可给浓度分别为0.045~0.080、0.070~0.112和0.004~0.018 mg·kg-1。风险评估结果表明: 以乌药中重金属残留总量计算, 对于作用终点神经系统, 三样品中重金属联合暴露产生的累积风险较高。然而, 煎煮并经过Caco-2细胞转运后, 对于作用终点心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏、睾丸, 所有批次乌药中TTD法修正的危害指数(hazard index, HI) 值< 1, 健康风险可接受。该项目研究将为准确评价中药中重金属及有害元素的健康风险、建立更科学的重金属及有害元素限量标准奠定理论和技术基础。

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*马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail: ;
王钢力, E-mail:
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Environ Monit Assess, 2019, 191: 171., articleTitle=Refined assessment of heavy metal-associated health risk due to the consumption of traditional animal medicines in humans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960121045938749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, awardId=2018ZX09735006, language=CN, fundingSource=国家十三五“重大新药创制”科技重大专项(2018ZX09735006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960121213710921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, awardId=2020A3, language=CN, fundingSource=中国食品药品检定研究院中青年基金资助项目(2020A3), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960112556667601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960112590222037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, companyId=1198960112556667601, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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No. Batch No. Location Source
1 ZJ-1 Zhejiang Pharmacy
2 ZJ-2 Zhejiang Production site
3 FJ-1 Fujian Pharmacy
4 JX-1 Jiangxi Pharmacy
), ArticleFig(id=1198960120249020905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample information in the present study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. Batch No. Location Source
1 ZJ-1 Zhejiang Pharmacy
2 ZJ-2 Zhejiang Production site
3 FJ-1 Fujian Pharmacy
4 JX-1 Jiangxi Pharmacy
), ArticleFig(id=1198960120358072819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Total content/mg·kg-1 Bioaccessible content in gastric phase/mg·kg-1 Bioaccessible content after transportation by Caco-2 cells/mg·kg-1
Pb Cd As Pb Cd As Pb Cd As
ZJ-1 3.872 ± 0.08 1.648 ± 0.11 0.216 ± 0.02 0.446 ± 0.13 0.293 ± 0.03 0.068 ± 0.01 0.067 ± 0.01 0.093 ± 0.02 0.017 ± 0.01
ZJ-2 3.273 ± 0.22 1.800 ± 0.05 0.222 ± 0.01 0.507 ± 0.18 0.221 ± 0.03 0.060 ± 0.01 0.042 ± 0.01 0.086 ± 0.02 0.018 ± 0.01
FJ-1 3.047 ± 0.10 1.759 ± 0.19 0.065 ± 0.01 0.355 ± 0.15 0.279 ± 0.02 0.011 ± 0.01 0.080 ± 0.01 0.070 ± 0.01 0.006 ± 0.01
JX-1 2.901 ± 0.16 1.299 ± 0.18 0.062 ± 0.01 0.604 ± 0.17 0.152 ± 0.01 0.009 ± 0.01 0.049 ± 0.02 0.112 ± 0.04 0.004 ± 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1198960120479707651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The total contents of Pb, Cd and As in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. and bioaccessible contents in the decoction of samples. n = 2, x ± s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Total content/mg·kg-1 Bioaccessible content in gastric phase/mg·kg-1 Bioaccessible content after transportation by Caco-2 cells/mg·kg-1
Pb Cd As Pb Cd As Pb Cd As
ZJ-1 3.872 ± 0.08 1.648 ± 0.11 0.216 ± 0.02 0.446 ± 0.13 0.293 ± 0.03 0.068 ± 0.01 0.067 ± 0.01 0.093 ± 0.02 0.017 ± 0.01
ZJ-2 3.273 ± 0.22 1.800 ± 0.05 0.222 ± 0.01 0.507 ± 0.18 0.221 ± 0.03 0.060 ± 0.01 0.042 ± 0.01 0.086 ± 0.02 0.018 ± 0.01
FJ-1 3.047 ± 0.10 1.759 ± 0.19 0.065 ± 0.01 0.355 ± 0.15 0.279 ± 0.02 0.011 ± 0.01 0.080 ± 0.01 0.070 ± 0.01 0.006 ± 0.01
JX-1 2.901 ± 0.16 1.299 ± 0.18 0.062 ± 0.01 0.604 ± 0.17 0.152 ± 0.01 0.009 ± 0.01 0.049 ± 0.02 0.112 ± 0.04 0.004 ± 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1198960120601342482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Target organ Based on total contents Based on bioaccessible content
HQ of Pb HQ of Cd HQ of As HI HQ of Pb HQ of Cd HQ of As HI
ZJ-1 Cardiovascular system 0.35 0.04 0.08 0.47 0.01 2.18×10-3 6.65×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.11 0.24 0.04 0.39 1.87×10-3 0.01 3.33×10-3 0.02
Nerve 0.11 0.97 0.08 1.16 1.87×10-3 0.05 6.65×10-3 0.06
Kidney 0.76 0.23 2.82×10-4 0.99 0.01 0.01 2.22×10-5 0.03
Testes 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 4.71×10-4 3.64×10-3 6.65×10-3 4.11×10-3
ZJ-2 Cardiovascular system 0.30 0.04 0.09 0.42 3.79×10-3 2.01×10-3 6.85×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.09 0.26 0.04 0.40 1.17×10-3 0.01 3.42×10-3 0.02
Nerve 0.09 1.06 0.09 1.23 1.17×10-3 0.05 6.85×10-3 0.06
Kidney 0.64 0.25 2.89×10-4 0.90 0.01 0.01 2.28×10-5 0.02
Testes 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.09 2.95×10-4 3.35×10-3 6.85×10-3 3.64×10-3
FJ-1 Cardiovascular system 0.28 0.04 0.03 0.34 7.21×10-3 1.64×10-3 2.35×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.09 0.26 0.01 0.36 2.23×10-3 0.01 1.17×10-3 0.01
Nerve 0.09 1.03 0.03 1.14 2.23×10-3 0.04 2.35×10-3 0.05
Kidney 0.60 0.25 8.48×10-5 0.85 0.02 0.01 7.83×10-6 0.03
Testes 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.09 5.61×10-4 2.74×10-3 2.35×10-3 3.30×10-3
JX-1 Cardiovascular system 0.26 0.03 0.02 0.32 4.44×10-3 2.64×10-3 1.66×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.28 1.37×10-3 0.02 8.28×10-4 0.02
Nerve 0.08 0.76 0.02 0.87 1.37×10-3 0.07 1.66×10-3 0.07
Kidney 0.57 0.18 8.15×10-5 0.75 0.01 0.02 5.52×10-6 0.03
Testes 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.07 3.45×10-4 4.40×10-3 1.66×10-3 4.75×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1198960120743948832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198652609809711222, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cumulative exposure assessment results of Pb, Cd and As in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. based on target-organ toxicity dose (TTD) modified hazard quotient (HQ). HI: Hazard index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Batch No. Target organ Based on total contents Based on bioaccessible content
HQ of Pb HQ of Cd HQ of As HI HQ of Pb HQ of Cd HQ of As HI
ZJ-1 Cardiovascular system 0.35 0.04 0.08 0.47 0.01 2.18×10-3 6.65×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.11 0.24 0.04 0.39 1.87×10-3 0.01 3.33×10-3 0.02
Nerve 0.11 0.97 0.08 1.16 1.87×10-3 0.05 6.65×10-3 0.06
Kidney 0.76 0.23 2.82×10-4 0.99 0.01 0.01 2.22×10-5 0.03
Testes 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 4.71×10-4 3.64×10-3 6.65×10-3 4.11×10-3
ZJ-2 Cardiovascular system 0.30 0.04 0.09 0.42 3.79×10-3 2.01×10-3 6.85×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.09 0.26 0.04 0.40 1.17×10-3 0.01 3.42×10-3 0.02
Nerve 0.09 1.06 0.09 1.23 1.17×10-3 0.05 6.85×10-3 0.06
Kidney 0.64 0.25 2.89×10-4 0.90 0.01 0.01 2.28×10-5 0.02
Testes 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.09 2.95×10-4 3.35×10-3 6.85×10-3 3.64×10-3
FJ-1 Cardiovascular system 0.28 0.04 0.03 0.34 7.21×10-3 1.64×10-3 2.35×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.09 0.26 0.01 0.36 2.23×10-3 0.01 1.17×10-3 0.01
Nerve 0.09 1.03 0.03 1.14 2.23×10-3 0.04 2.35×10-3 0.05
Kidney 0.60 0.25 8.48×10-5 0.85 0.02 0.01 7.83×10-6 0.03
Testes 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.09 5.61×10-4 2.74×10-3 2.35×10-3 3.30×10-3
JX-1 Cardiovascular system 0.26 0.03 0.02 0.32 4.44×10-3 2.64×10-3 1.66×10-3 0.01
Blood 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.28 1.37×10-3 0.02 8.28×10-4 0.02
Nerve 0.08 0.76 0.02 0.87 1.37×10-3 0.07 1.66×10-3 0.07
Kidney 0.57 0.18 8.15×10-5 0.75 0.01 0.02 5.52×10-6 0.03
Testes 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.07 3.45×10-4 4.40×10-3 1.66×10-3 4.75×10-3
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基于体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析乌药水煎液中铅、镉和砷的生物可给量及累积风险评估
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左甜甜 1 , 所雅琼 1 , 罗飞亚 1 , 孔德娟 2 , 金红宇 1 , 孙磊 1 , 邢书霞 1 , 郭愿生 1, 3 , 王钢力 1, * , 马双成 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(8): 2461-2467
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (8) : 2461 -2467
基于体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析乌药水煎液中铅、镉和砷的生物可给量及累积风险评估
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左甜甜1, 所雅琼1, 罗飞亚1, 孔德娟2, 金红宇1, 孙磊1, 邢书霞1, 郭愿生1, 3, 王钢力1, * , 马双成1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 2.通辽市市场检验检测中心, 内蒙古 通辽 028000
  • 3.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 211198
通讯作者:
*马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail: ;
王钢力, E-mail:
Analysis of the of Pb, Cd and As in decoction of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. by PBET digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model and their cumulative risk assessment
Tian-tian ZUO1, Ya-qiong SUO1, Fei-ya LUO1, De-juan KONG2, Hong-yu JIN1, Lei SUN1, Shu-xia XING1, Yuan-sheng GUO1, 3, Gang-li WANG1, * , Shuang-cheng MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Tongliao Market Detection and Testing Center, Tongliao 028000, China
  • 3. China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2023-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0888
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为了考察乌药水煎液中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd) 和砷(As) 的生物可给量, 并对其风险进行评估, 本研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS) 法测定乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留量; 建立体外模拟消化/Caco-2细胞模型考察乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd和As的生物可给量; 采用靶器官毒性剂量(TTD) 法对于乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量以及水煎液中生物可给量联合暴露产生的累积风险进行评估。结果表明: 乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量分别为2.901~3.872、1.299~1.800和0.062~0.216 mg·kg-1。经Caco-2细胞转运后, 乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd、As的生物可给浓度分别为0.045~0.080、0.070~0.112和0.004~0.018 mg·kg-1。风险评估结果表明: 以乌药中重金属残留总量计算, 对于作用终点神经系统, 三样品中重金属联合暴露产生的累积风险较高。然而, 煎煮并经过Caco-2细胞转运后, 对于作用终点心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏、睾丸, 所有批次乌药中TTD法修正的危害指数(hazard index, HI) 值< 1, 健康风险可接受。该项目研究将为准确评价中药中重金属及有害元素的健康风险、建立更科学的重金属及有害元素限量标准奠定理论和技术基础。

乌药  /  水煎液  /  体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型  /  生物可给量  /  重金属及有害元素  /  联合暴露  /  累积风险评估

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. The physiologically based extraction test (PBET) digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model was established to investigate the bioaccessible contents of Pb, Cd and As in decoction of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. The target-organ toxicity dose modification of HI method (TTD) was used to evaluate the cumulative risk caused by the combined exposure of the total levels of Pb, Cd and As in Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. and the bioaccessible contents in the decoction. The results showed that the total contents of Pb, Cd and As in 4 batches of samples were in the range of 2.901-3.872, 1.299-1.800 and 0.062-0.216 mg·kg-1, respectively. After transportation by Cacco-2 cells, the bioaccessible contents of Pb, Cd, and As in the decoction were in the range of 0.045-0.080, 0.070-0.112 and 0.004-0.018 mg·kg-1. The results of risk assessment showed that calculated by the total amounts of heavy metals in the Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm., for the end points of nervous system, the cumulative risks of co-exposure of heavy metals in 3 batches of samples were of concern. After decoction and transportation by Caco-2 cells, for the end points of cardiovascular system, blood, nervous system, kidney and testis, the TTD modification of HI values of all batches of samples were less than 1, and the health risks were acceptable. The study provided methodology basis for a more objective assessment of the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in traditional Chinese medicine and for a more scientific limit standard of heavy metals and harmful elements.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.  /  decoction  /  PBET digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model  /  bioaccessible content  /  heavy metal and harmful element  /  co-exposure  /  cumulative risk assessment
左甜甜, 所雅琼, 罗飞亚, 孔德娟, 金红宇, 孙磊, 邢书霞, 郭愿生, 王钢力, 马双成. 基于体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型分析乌药水煎液中铅、镉和砷的生物可给量及累积风险评估. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2461 -2467 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0888
Tian-tian ZUO, Ya-qiong SUO, Fei-ya LUO, De-juan KONG, Hong-yu JIN, Lei SUN, Shu-xia XING, Yuan-sheng GUO, Gang-li WANG, Shuang-cheng MA. Analysis of the of Pb, Cd and As in decoction of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. by PBET digestion in vitro/Caco-2 cell model and their cumulative risk assessment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (8) : 2461 -2467 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0888
乌药为樟科山胡椒属植物Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.的干燥块根, 性味辛温, 归肺、脾、肾、膀胱经, 具有行气镇痛、温肾散寒的功效。乌药为著名的新“浙八味”之一, 其主要活性成分包括挥发油类、黄酮类、萜类、生物碱等。现代药理学研究表明乌药具有消肿止痛、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、保肝、保护心血管等作用[1, 2]。目前, 国内外学者对乌药的研究多侧重于对其有效成分和药理功效的开发, 然而对乌药中有害物质的研究却鲜有报道。
铅(Pb)、镉(Cd) 和砷(As) 属于重金属及有害元素, 一旦进入机体很难被降解, 已在国际中被公认为环境污染物。根茎类药材直接与土壤接触并直接参与物质的吸收, 导致其重金属及有害元素残留量较高, 进而通过食物链损害人体健康, 比如, Pb、Cd和As中毒可引起皮肤病变, 导致神经、消化、造血、泌尿和心血管系统障碍等, 紊乱人体细胞的正常代谢[3-6]。因此, 研究根茎类药材乌药中重金属及有害元素的残留及其对人体的健康风险十分必要。
中药一般由药材煎煮后得到煎煮液才能被患者服用。换言之, 只有那些被转移到煎煮溶液中的重金属才可以被摄入体内[7]。除此之外, 在现实情况中, 中药材中的重金属及有害元素残留量不一定被人体完全吸收, 因此在风险评估过程中建议考虑与重金属及有害元素毒性密切相关的生物可给量的概念, 重金属及有害元素的生物可给量系指在人体胃肠中可以实际溶出的重金属及有害元素的量[8-10]
Caco-2细胞来源于人体结肠癌细胞, 结构及生理、生化功能与人体小肠上皮细胞相似, 培养后能够形成紧密联结, 并分化出绒毛面即肠腔室和基底室, 同时能够表达小肠的多种转运体和代谢酶, 包括谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和磺基转移酶等[11-13]。因此, Caco-2细胞被公认为是一种模拟小肠上皮细胞吸收的体外模型。随着研究的不断深入, 现已证明污染物通过Caco-2细胞的转运量与人体口服吸收试验结果呈现出了较好的相关性。在环境等领域, Caco-2细胞已作为研究金属离子等环境污染物在小肠吸收和转运机制的模型[14, 15]
目前, 我国对重金属及有害元素的限量标准的制定和对其进行的健康风险评价, 大多是建立在单一重金属、单一路径的暴露基础上的, 这对于确定重金属及有害元素暴露的“可接受水平”和建立相关限量标准具有重要意义[16-18]。但是, 研究显示, 人体同时或者连续地暴露于多种污染物, 可能会导致较高或较低的联合效应, 所以, 只针对单一重金属及有害元素进行风险评估的传统方法, 可能会出现对风险的低估或高估的情况。在2007年, 世界卫生组织国际化学品安全规划署(WHO/IPCS) 为混合化合物的风险评估建立了通用框架, 并建议采用分阶段推进评估法, 强调污染物联合暴露带来的健康风险不能忽视[19], 随后, 基于多种污染物联合暴露的累积风险评估模型在国际上应运而生[20-23]
本项目以课题组前期筛选出的具有高残留重金属和有害元素特征的乌药为研究材料, 通过Transwell培养技术, 利用“中药水煎服”的特性, 构建Caco-2小肠吸收模型, 结合in vitro模拟胃、肠消化(PBET) 的二步消化法, 建立体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型。基于此, 结合ICP-MS技术, 实现对中药水煎液中重金属及有害元素的生物有效性分析, 并基于靶器官毒性剂量(target-organ toxicity dose modification of the hazard index, TTD) 法评价乌药中Pb、Cd和As的联合暴露风险。本研究将为我国传统中药中重金属及有害元素的健康风险和限量标准的制订与修改奠定理论基础。
Agilent 7700X ICP-MS (美国Agilent公司); Mars5微波消解仪(美国CEM公司); 细胞培养箱(美国MMM公司); CK2型倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Transwell小室(美国Millipore公司); Millicell ERS跨膜电阻仪(美国WPI公司); Pb、Cd和As单元素标准溶液购于国家标准物质研究中心; 内标溶液为100 μg·mL-1 Li、Sc、Ge、Rh、In、Tb、Lu、Bi的混合内标溶液稀释100倍使用, 调谐溶液为1 μg·L-1 Li、Y、Ce、Tl、Co的混合标准溶液(美国Agilent公司); 硝酸(微电子级)、胃蛋白酶、胆酸钠、苹果酸钠(美国Sigma公司); 胰酶、柠檬酸钠、碳酸氢钠、乳酸、氢氧化钠、冰醋酸(国药集团); 胎牛血清(FBS)、0.25%胰酶-EDTA、DMEM高糖培养基(美国Gibco公司)。
Caco-2细胞系由中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心提供; 乌药[Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.] 购买于药材市场和零售药店, 由中国食品药品检定研究院康帅副研究员鉴定, 样品信息如表 1所示。
等离子气流量: 15.0 L·min-1; 蠕动泵: 0.20 r·s-1; 雾化室温度: 2 ℃; 辅助气流量: 0.8 L·min-1; He气流量: 5 mL·min-1; 载气流量: 0.8 L·min-1; 射频功率: 1 550 W; 采样深度: 10 mm; 重复次数: 3次; 扫描次数: 100次。
将样品粉碎, 过50目筛, 精密称取乌药2份, 每份5 g, 用水(8倍量) 煎煮30 min, 将得到的溶液滤过, 药材重复提取1次, 合并滤液, 减压浓缩至1~2 mL, 再加水移入5 mL量瓶, 定容至刻度, 得到药材提取液, 待用。
取中药水煎液, 置微波消解罐中, 加硝酸8.0 mL, 按《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版四部通则“2321铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法”消解样品[24], 制备供试品溶液, 同法同时制备试剂空白溶液。
采用文献[24]方法, 仅以随行质量控制(包括精密度、同位素内标及随行回收实验) 对该方法进行验证。在此基础上, 取标准曲线第4点溶液, 连续进样6次, 并根据各元素的峰面积值计算相对标准偏差(RSD)。铅、镉、砷的RSD均小于3%, 表明仪器精密度良好; 各元素的内标回收率为83%~107%, 表明内标回收率符合残留检测要求; 取上述重复性实验所用乌药样品粉末(批号为ZJ-1) 共6份, 按“中药水煎液的制备”制备乌药水煎液, 置消解罐中, 加入混合标准储备液1 mL, 按“供试品溶液和空白对照溶液的制备”项下自“加硝酸8.0 mL”起操作, 进行测定, 计算加样回收率。结果表明, 铅、镉、砷加样回收率分别为104.8% ± 3.2%、113.3 ± 2.8%和86.3% ± 4.3%, 符合残留检测的要求。
提取胃液的制备以及乌药煎煮液中重金属及有害元素溶出率的考察[25]  将5 mL中药材水煎液加入45 mL模拟胃液, 溶解后定容至1 L, 将pH值调至2.0。在37 ℃的恒温水浴中震荡1 h (100 r·min-1), 离心5 min (4 000 r·min-1), 精密量取上清液25 mL, 电热板低温浓缩到约3 mL, 冷却后加入硝酸5 mL, 置微波消解仪中消解。将消化后的溶液冷却, 然后将其加入超纯水, 采用50 mL的量瓶定容, 测定。同法同时制备试剂空白溶液。
提取肠液的制备以及乌药煎煮液中重金属及有害元素溶出率的考察  向45 mL模拟肠液(由0.5 g胰酶和1.75 g胆酸钠配制而成, 溶解后定容至1 L, 再用NaOH将pH值调至7.0) 中加入5 mL中药材水煎液。在37 ℃的恒温水浴中震荡4 h (100 r·min-1), 之后按照“提取胃液的制备以及乌药煎煮液中重金属及有害元素溶出率的考察”自“离心5 min”开始操作。同法同时制备试剂空白溶液。
Caco-2细胞的培养  将Caco-2细胞置于T75培养瓶内, 在5% CO2、37 ℃、相对湿度90%的培养箱中用含10% FBS的DMEM高糖培养液中进行培养, 培养液隔天更换。
Caco-2细胞Transwell模型的建立  当Caco-2细胞增殖和融合超过80%以上时, 用0.25% EDTA-胰酶进行消化, 调节细胞浓度至5×104/mL, 并在24孔板中接种于Transwell聚碳酸酯膜上进行培养。将0.5 mL细胞悬液加入肠腔室中, 将0.5 mL新鲜培养液加入基底室中, 在培养21天后给药, 并于给药前24 h更换液体。
跨膜电阻(transepithelial electrical resistance, TEER) 值的测定  培养结束后, 将Transwell 24孔板从培养箱中取出, 在常温下平衡0.5 h, 将用培养液平衡过的电极垂直插入细胞培养小室内, 待示数平稳之后, 进行读数记录。
Pb、Cd和As生物可给量的测定  将Transwell 24孔板中的培养液吸弃, 向肠腔室加入0.5 mL “提取肠液”, 向基底室加入0.5 mL培养液。于37 ℃、5% CO2、相对湿度90%的恒温培养箱中将Transwell 24孔板进行2 h的培养。吸出培养液过膜后, 用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS) 进行测定。
暴露量的计算  每人每千克体重中药煎煮液中Pb、Cd和As日暴露量的计算公式如式1:
$ \mathrm{Exp} = \frac{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\times \mathrm{E}\mathrm{d}\times \mathrm{I}\mathrm{R}\times C}{W\times \mathrm{A}\mathrm{T}} $
式1中, Exp为每人每千克体重单一重金属的日暴露量, 单位为μg·kg-1; 其中, EF为中药的服用频率, Ed为服用中药的年限。根据国家食品安全风险评估中心在全国11个省份20 917份调查问卷, EF的P95值为每年90天、Ed为20年; IR为乌药的日暴露量, 根据中国药典(2020年版) 规定的最大日用量为10 g; C为乌药中重金属及有害元素的残留总量或煎煮液中重金属及有害元素的生物可给量, 单位为mg·kg-1; W为人体体重, 以70 kg计; AT为平均寿命(天) = 365×70 = 25 550。
靶器官毒性剂量(TTD) 法  单一重金属风险的高低由危害熵(HQ) 来描述, 计算公式如式2:
$ \mathrm{HQ} = \mathrm{Exp} × \mathrm{SF} × 0.001 / \mathrm{HBGV}$
式2中, Exp为式1计算得到的日暴露量(μg·kg-1); SF为10, 即安全因子, 表示每日由中药材及其制品中摄取的重金属的量不得超过每日暴露总量(包括食物和饮用水) 的10%; HBGV为基于每一特定作用终点效应的重金属及有害元素的健康指导值(μg·kg-1)。根据美国环保署(US EPA) 发布的指南[26], 针对5种不同毒理终点, 即心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏、睾丸的Pb的每日允许暴露量(ADI) 分别为每千克体重0.001 3、0.004 2、0.004 2、0.000 6和0.016 7mg·kg-1; 针对5种不同毒理终点, 即心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏、睾丸的Cd的ADI分别为0.005、0.000 8、0.000 2、0.000 83和0.003 mg·kg-1; 针对4种不同毒理终点, 即心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏的As的ADI分别为每千克体重0.000 3、0.000 6、0.000 3、0.09 mg·kg-1
基于TTD法的累积风险评估  TTD法对于危害指数(HI) 法进行改进, 累积风险通过TTD法修正的HI值计算。TTD法修正的HI值是各元素HQ之和, 见计算公式3:
$ \mathrm{HI} = \mathrm{HQ}_{\mathrm{Pb}} + \mathrm{HQ}_{\mathrm{Cd}} + \mathrm{HQ}_{\mathrm{As}}$
式3中, HQPb、HQCd和HQCd分别为Pb、Cd和As的HQ值。TTD法需考虑每一污染物质基于每一作用终点的毒理效应, 计算基于每一特定作用终点效应的HI值[27]。TTD法修正的HI值计算公式同HI的计算公式, 如式3所示, 所不同的是, TTD法是针对特定毒理作用终点风险特征描述。若HI < 1, 则认为风险可以被接受; 若HI > 1, 则认为风险不可接受。
在Caco-2细胞接种到Transwell培养板21天后, TEER值> 200 Ω·cm2, 表明细胞单层完整, 紧密性良好, 可以应用于下一步的转运实验。
乌药煎煮前和采用PBET法模拟胃肠消化提取后乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd、As的残留总量以及胃相生物可给浓度结果分别如表 2所示。乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量分别为2.901~3.872、1.299~1.800和0.062~0.216 mg·kg-1。采用PBET法模拟胃相消化后, 4批乌药水煎液在胃相中Pb、Cd和As的生物可给浓度分别为0.355~0.604、0.152~0.293和0.009~0.068 mg·kg-1。在经Caco-2细胞转运后, 乌药水煎液中Pb的生物可给浓度为0.042~0.080 mg·kg-1; Cd的生物可给浓度为0.070~0.112 mg·kg-1; As的生物可给浓度为0.004~0.018 mg·kg-1 (表 2)。胃相与细胞转运后的生物可给量之和如图 1所示。
Pb和Cd的毒理作用终点主要包括心血管系统、神经系统、肾脏、血液和睾丸, 而As的毒理作用终点主要包括心血管系统、神经系统、肾脏、血液, 针对每个靶器官的毒性剂量, 分别采用乌药中Pb、Cd和As的残留总量以及水煎液中的生物可给量计算重金属及有害元素的日暴露量, 并计算出Pb、Cd、As相应的HQ值, 进一步计算出TTD法修正的HI值(表 3图 2)。HQ结果(表 3) 说明, 以煎煮液生物可给浓度计算得到的HQ值均小于以乌药中Pb、Cd和As初始浓度计算得到的结果(图 2)。对于作用终点神经系统, 以乌药中Cd残留总量计算, 2批样品中Cd的HQ值大于1, 且3批样品进一步计算得到的HI值大于1, 说明Pb、Cd和As联合暴露产生的累积健康风险不可忽视。然而, 煎煮并经过Caco-2细胞转运后, 对于作用终点心血管、血液、神经系统、肾脏、睾丸, 所有批次乌药中经TTD法校正后的HI值均 < 1, 为可接受的健康风险。由此可见, 乌药中Pb、Cd和As并未被机体充分吸收, 采用煎煮后的生物可给量结果用于重金属及有害元素联合暴露产生的累积健康风险评估, 得到的结果更科学合理。
Caco-2细胞模型具有人体同源性、可分化表达小肠中多种转运体和代谢酶、细胞培养条件可控, 实验结果重现性良好等优势。因此, 本项目研究选择Caco-2细胞作为评价中药中金属元素细胞生物可给量的体外模型。Caco-2细胞对于Cd的转运效率受到诸多因素的影响[28, 29], 包括细胞中与Cd相关的基因表达、温度、pH值、Cd的离子形态活性、Fe、Zn等营养金属运载蛋白存在的情况等。考虑到细胞的生长状态, 接种密度是关键影响因素。本研究中, 所采用的Caco-2细胞接种密度将会显著地影响细胞发生增殖分化直至形成紧密联结的整个过程。进行一系列实验后, 确定接种密度为5×104 /mL。连续培养21天后, 获得其跨膜电阻(TEER) 值稳定超过200 Ω·cm2, 说明细胞单层完整, 紧密性良好, 符合下一步转运实验的要求。
虽然中药一般由药材煎煮后得到煎煮液才能被患者服用, 目前对于中药煎煮液中重金属及有害元素风险评估的研究尚少, 且重金属及有害元素暴露量的计算大多是基于中药煎煮液中的总摄入量为基础, 并未考虑与其毒性关系密切的生物可给量。然而, 消化过程中并非所有物质全部从基质中释放, 因此生物可给量小于外暴露剂量。若将中药材本身的重金属及有害元素总量用于评估中药重金属及有害元素对人体的健康风险, 往往会高估其对人体的危害, 从而导致政府进行不必要的干预, 造成资源的浪费[30]。因此, 对于中药煎煮液中重金属及有害元素人体生物可给量的研究对于准确评估其对于人类的健康危害具有十分重要的意义。
考虑到人体每天暴露于多种化学物质, 两种或两种以上有害物质可能产生协同、加和或拮抗作用, 因此多种重金属及有害元素联合暴露所产生的累积风险不容忽视。对于具有共同毒性机制的化学物同时暴露的累积风险评估, ATSDR认为剂量加和是最合适的方法[25]。当前假设在满足剂量可加的前提下建立起的一系列累积风险评估方法有HI、相对效能因子(relative potency factor, RPF)、联合暴露边界比(combined margin of exposure, MoET)、分离点指数(point of departure index, PODI) 和累积风险指数(cumulative risk index, CRI) 等。这些方法之间相互关联, 有的指标各组分是另一种指标各组分的倒数转换, 或在不同的水平上纳入不确定系数。其共同之处在于将暴露量与健康指导值或参考点进行比较。然而, 铅、镉、砷的毒性机制并不完全相同, 因此本文采用了更高级别的针对具有相同作用终点的TTD法进行累积风险评估。本研究建立了体外消化/Caco-2细胞模型测定乌药水煎液中Pb、Cd和As生物可给量的评价模型, 并尝试采用相对于HI法更加精确的TTD法对于多种重金属及有害元素联合暴露产生的累积风险进行评估, 为客观科学地评价中药中重金属及有害元素的健康风险提供新的思路, 为建立科学合理的中药材限量标准提供方法依据。
作者贡献: 左甜甜、所雅琼、罗飞亚、孔德娟负责实验; 左甜甜、郭愿生负责风险评估; 马双成和金红宇负责实验顶层设计; 孙磊、邢书霞和王钢力负责技术支持。
利益冲突: 没有利益冲突。
  • 国家十三五“重大新药创制”科技重大专项(2018ZX09735006)
  • 中国食品药品检定研究院中青年基金资助项目(2020A3)
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2023年第58卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0888
  • 接收时间:2022-10-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-20
  • 修回日期:2023-03-12
基金
国家十三五“重大新药创制”科技重大专项(2018ZX09735006)
中国食品药品检定研究院中青年基金资助项目(2020A3)
作者信息
    1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
    2.通辽市市场检验检测中心, 内蒙古 通辽 028000
    3.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 211198

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*马双成, Tel: 86-10-53852076, E-mail: ;
王钢力, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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