Article(id=1198624304033264615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0875, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658073600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-18, revisedDate=1661270400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703903444, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703903444, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703903444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703903444, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=274, endPage=284, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624305140560879, articleId=1198624304033264615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advance on nitric oxide combined photothermal therapy for tumor treatment, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted significant attention due to minimal side effects and high treatment specificity. However, it often requires very high temperature to achieve complete tumor ablation under a single PTT. Such high temperature brings obvious thermal damage and inflammatory response to the body, affecting the therapeutic effect. In recent years, nitric oxide (NO) has been used to significantly inhibit tumor growth and enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells of temperature and drugs, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect. However, compounds as NO donors often have some disadvantages such as poor biocompatibility and untargeted delivery, etc., therefore, this medical application based on NO therapy is limited. In conclusion, the organic combination of NO donors and photothermal agents (PTAs) is expected to overcome the shortcomings of single therapy and achieve the antitumor effect of "1 + 1 > 2". In view of the rapid development of NO combining with PTT in tumor therapy, this review firstly introduces the antitumor mechanisms of different types of NO donors. Then the treatment strategy based on NO combined with PTT is discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of this combination therapy strategy in the clinical treatment of cancer are discussed.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-hong BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue HUANG, Ke-xin LI, Dan QING, Yue YANG, Xiao-tian BAI, Zhi-hong BAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624306495320091, articleId=1198624304033264615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于一氧化氮联合光热疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT) 具有不良反应小、治疗特异性好等优点, 在医学研究中得到广泛关注。深入研究发现, 采用单一PTT进行肿瘤治疗时, 往往需要很高温度才能实现肿瘤的完全消融, 这种高温会对机体带来明显的热损伤和炎症反应, 影响治疗效果。近年来, 高浓度的一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 对肿瘤有较强的抑制作用, 并且可增加肿瘤细胞对温度和药物的敏感性, 提高治疗效果。然而作为NO供体的化合物往往存在生物相容性差、非靶向递送等问题, 限制了该方法的医学应用。综上所述, 将NO供体与纳米光热制剂(photothermal agents, PTAs) 有机地结合, 有望克服单一治疗方法的缺点, 实现“1 + 1 > 2”的抗肿瘤效果。鉴于NO联合PTT用于肿瘤治疗研究的快速发展, 本综述首先对不同种类NO供体的抗肿瘤机制进行介绍; 之后重点对基于NO联合PTT的治疗策略进行探讨; 最后着重讨论基于这种联合治疗策略在癌症临床治疗中的应用前景和面临的挑战。

, correspAuthors=包志红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*包志红, Tel: 86-24-43520500, E-mail:
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Biomater Sci, 2020, 8: 4940-4950., articleTitle=Polydopamine free radical scavengers, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702064692981872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, awardId=22175122, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175122), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702064848171135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, awardId=2020-MS-188, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2020-MS-188), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702064986583185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, awardId=2019LQN04, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省教育厅科学技术研究项目(2019LQN04), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702065120800921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, awardId=ZQN2021003, language=CN, fundingSource=沈阳药科大学中青年教师事业发展支持计划项目(ZQN2021003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702056501506553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702056505700858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, companyId=1198702056501506553, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702056514089467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, companyId=1198702056501506553, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=沈阳药科大学药学院, 沈阳市功能性药物载体材料重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702061694055354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R8bwoAbLdEmvuO25khJ/vw==, figureFileBig=9Dl3lk65soA0e1+S8bIt0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061828273093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The schematic illustration of nitric oxide (NO) combined photothermal therapy (PTT) for tumor treatment. NONOate: <i>N</i>-Diazeniumdiolate; PTA: Photothermal agent; NIR: Near infrared , figureFileSmall=R8bwoAbLdEmvuO25khJ/vw==, figureFileBig=9Dl3lk65soA0e1+S8bIt0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702062012822485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ofg7j0GWnEVUcedf4Z31yw==, figureFileBig=YAy3hz6oV89xBHlWjM4Rvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702062197371875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The chemical structures of some NO donors. A: NONOate; B: <i>S</i>-Nitrosothiol (SNO); C: <i>N</i>-Nitrosoamine; D: Metal nitrosyl compound (M-NO); E: Arginine; F: Nitrate; G: Furoxan , figureFileSmall=ofg7j0GWnEVUcedf4Z31yw==, figureFileBig=YAy3hz6oV89xBHlWjM4Rvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702062356755435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Lw/6pMxrUYxRP7SZ0rrotw==, figureFileBig=lbT6lAlO6vj5YNG97LLnvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063514383356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Schematic illustration of the preparation of PEG-PAu@SiO<sub>2</sub>-SNO nanocomposites and the process of mild heat-enhanced gas therapy under NIR irradiation in MCF-7 cells. (Adapted from Ref. 34 with permission. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society) , figureFileSmall=Lw/6pMxrUYxRP7SZ0rrotw==, figureFileBig=lbT6lAlO6vj5YNG97LLnvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063627628548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pi0yg0puvs4PARthlmxVOA==, figureFileBig=76KRonb4vi/05y8sZ3GtGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063770234901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= A: Strategy to fabricate doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and <i>N</i>, <i>N</i>′-di-<i>sec</i>-butyl-<i>N</i>, <i>N</i>′-dinitroso-1, 4-phenylenediamine (BNN6)-loaded polydopamine (PDA) nanocomposites with a <i>D</i>-<i>α</i>-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-galactose (Gal) shell as NO-DOX@PDA-TPGS-Gal. B: Illustration of the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal mechanisms of chemo-PTT using NO-DOX@PDATPGS-Gal (Adapted from Ref. 39 with permission. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society) , figureFileSmall=pi0yg0puvs4PARthlmxVOA==, figureFileBig=76KRonb4vi/05y8sZ3GtGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063896064032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hjFWX6VB3zw9meGw7XKelw==, figureFileBig=8fp7cYl4iGXJFd5QbrMR9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064042864688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= A: Schematic showing N-GQDs@Ru-NO-Pt@FA and its targeted attack on cancer cells through an intracellular conversion of a Pt(Ⅱ)-based drug, release of NO, and PTT under 808 nm NIR light irradiation (Adapted from Ref. 41 with permission. Copyright © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry). B: Schematic of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@PDA@Ru-NO@FA for target-directed delivery of NO and production of PTT under 808 nm NIR light irradiation (Adapted from Ref. 42 with permission. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society) , figureFileSmall=hjFWX6VB3zw9meGw7XKelw==, figureFileBig=8fp7cYl4iGXJFd5QbrMR9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064156110905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO donor PTA Light source Detection of NO release Type of cancer Anticancer mechanism Ref.
NONOate CuS 1 064 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess HeLa NO/PTT [31]
Cu2-xSe 1 064 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [32]
SNO MOF 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 NO/PTT [33]
Au NRs 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Probe (DAFDA) MCF-7 NO/PTT [34]
PFTDPP 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 NO/PTT [35]
Bi2S3@PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess 4T1 NO/PTT [36]
N-NO Bi2S3 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Probe (DAN) BEL-7402 NO/PTT [37]
PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [38]
PDA 808 nm, 1.5 W·cm-2 Probe (DAFDA) MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [39]
aza-BODIPY 808 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2 Griess SKOV3 NO/PTT [40]
M-NO N-GQD 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 NO electrode HeLa CT/NO/PTT [41]
Fe3O4@PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 NO electrode HeLa NO/PTT [42]
MOF 808 nm, 1.5 W·cm-2 Griess 4T1 CT/NO/PTT [43]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702064344854607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624304033264615, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of typical nanoplatforms with NO combined PTT for antitumor. MOF: Metal-organic framework; CT: Chemotherapy; NRs: Nanorods; N-NO: N-Nitrosoamines; N-GOD: N-doped graphene quantum dots; PFTDPP: The strong electrophilic molecules diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were copolymerized with strong electron-donating substitutes; DAFDA: 3-Amino, 4-aminomethyl-2', 7'difluorescein diacetate; DAN: 2, 3-Diaminonaphthalene; MCF-7: Human breast cancer cells; BEL-7420: Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells; SKOV3: Human ovarian cancer cells; HeLa: Human cervical cancer cells; 4T1: Mouse breast cancer cells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NO donor PTA Light source Detection of NO release Type of cancer Anticancer mechanism Ref.
NONOate CuS 1 064 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess HeLa NO/PTT [31]
Cu2-xSe 1 064 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [32]
SNO MOF 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 NO/PTT [33]
Au NRs 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Probe (DAFDA) MCF-7 NO/PTT [34]
PFTDPP 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 NO/PTT [35]
Bi2S3@PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess 4T1 NO/PTT [36]
N-NO Bi2S3 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Probe (DAN) BEL-7402 NO/PTT [37]
PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 Griess MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [38]
PDA 808 nm, 1.5 W·cm-2 Probe (DAFDA) MCF-7 CT/NO/PTT [39]
aza-BODIPY 808 nm, 0.5 W·cm-2 Griess SKOV3 NO/PTT [40]
M-NO N-GQD 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 NO electrode HeLa CT/NO/PTT [41]
Fe3O4@PDA 808 nm, 1 W·cm-2 NO electrode HeLa NO/PTT [42]
MOF 808 nm, 1.5 W·cm-2 Griess 4T1 CT/NO/PTT [43]
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基于一氧化氮联合光热疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展
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黄月 , 李可欣 , 卿丹 , 杨月 , 白晓天 , 包志红 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(2): 274-284
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(2): 274-284
基于一氧化氮联合光热疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展
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黄月, 李可欣, 卿丹, 杨月, 白晓天, 包志红*
作者信息
  • 沈阳药科大学药学院, 沈阳市功能性药物载体材料重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

*包志红, Tel: 86-24-43520500, E-mail:
Advance on nitric oxide combined photothermal therapy for tumor treatment
Yue HUANG, Ke-xin LI, Dan QING, Yue YANG, Xiao-tian BAI, Zhi-hong BAO*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Drug Carrier Materials, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0875
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光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT) 具有不良反应小、治疗特异性好等优点, 在医学研究中得到广泛关注。深入研究发现, 采用单一PTT进行肿瘤治疗时, 往往需要很高温度才能实现肿瘤的完全消融, 这种高温会对机体带来明显的热损伤和炎症反应, 影响治疗效果。近年来, 高浓度的一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 对肿瘤有较强的抑制作用, 并且可增加肿瘤细胞对温度和药物的敏感性, 提高治疗效果。然而作为NO供体的化合物往往存在生物相容性差、非靶向递送等问题, 限制了该方法的医学应用。综上所述, 将NO供体与纳米光热制剂(photothermal agents, PTAs) 有机地结合, 有望克服单一治疗方法的缺点, 实现“1 + 1 > 2”的抗肿瘤效果。鉴于NO联合PTT用于肿瘤治疗研究的快速发展, 本综述首先对不同种类NO供体的抗肿瘤机制进行介绍; 之后重点对基于NO联合PTT的治疗策略进行探讨; 最后着重讨论基于这种联合治疗策略在癌症临床治疗中的应用前景和面临的挑战。

光热疗法  /  一氧化氮  /  联合疗法  /  抗肿瘤  /  机制

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted significant attention due to minimal side effects and high treatment specificity. However, it often requires very high temperature to achieve complete tumor ablation under a single PTT. Such high temperature brings obvious thermal damage and inflammatory response to the body, affecting the therapeutic effect. In recent years, nitric oxide (NO) has been used to significantly inhibit tumor growth and enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells of temperature and drugs, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect. However, compounds as NO donors often have some disadvantages such as poor biocompatibility and untargeted delivery, etc., therefore, this medical application based on NO therapy is limited. In conclusion, the organic combination of NO donors and photothermal agents (PTAs) is expected to overcome the shortcomings of single therapy and achieve the antitumor effect of "1 + 1 > 2". In view of the rapid development of NO combining with PTT in tumor therapy, this review firstly introduces the antitumor mechanisms of different types of NO donors. Then the treatment strategy based on NO combined with PTT is discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of this combination therapy strategy in the clinical treatment of cancer are discussed.

photothermal therapy  /  nitric oxide  /  combination therapy  /  antitumor  /  mechanism
黄月, 李可欣, 卿丹, 杨月, 白晓天, 包志红. 基于一氧化氮联合光热疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 274 -284 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0875
Yue HUANG, Ke-xin LI, Dan QING, Yue YANG, Xiao-tian BAI, Zhi-hong BAO. Advance on nitric oxide combined photothermal therapy for tumor treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 274 -284 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0875
近年来, 恶性肿瘤已成为世界范围内的重大公共卫生问题。虽然临床上有许多经典疗法, 包括手术、化疗和放疗等, 但这些治疗手段不可避免会对免疫系统和骨髓造血功能产生严重的不良反应[1, 2]。在过去十年里, 光热疗法(photothermal therapy, PTT) 在肿瘤治疗领域得到了广泛研究。与传统放疗和化疗相比, PTT具有肿瘤消融效率高、创伤小、特异性高、不良反应少等优点, 在医学和临床上具有广阔的应用前景。在PTT中, 光热制剂(photothermal agents, PTAs) 通过静脉或瘤内注射递送到肿瘤部位, 在与PTA共振能量相近的光的照射下, 通过光热转换产生的高温(> 42 ℃) 提高肿瘤组织的温度, 引发不可逆的细胞凋亡, 破坏细胞膜和细胞骨架, 抑制DNA合成, 从而实现肿瘤的消融[3-5]。虽然PTT从概念到临床试验已迈出一大步, 但通过深入研究发现, PTT在引起肿瘤细胞坏死的过程中, 细胞膜完整性受损且胞内成分异常释放到胞外环境中, 触发炎症反应, 从而诱导组织损伤、肿瘤再生和产生二次治疗抗性等不良反应。此外, 光热治疗过程中产生的高温会诱导细胞上调热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSP) 的表达, 细胞在应激状态下诱发的一系列自我保护机制直接或间接地削弱PTT的治疗效果。因此, 迫切需开发不良反应小、治疗效果佳的光热抗肿瘤疗法。PTT作为一种外在可控的无创性治疗手段, 在肿瘤的联合治疗中具有良好的应用前景。将PTT与其他治疗方法结合, 利用两种或多种疗法的协同作用, 将为实现减毒增效的抗肿瘤效果提供重要的研究方向。
气体治疗是一种新兴治疗方法, 由于其不良反应很小, 成为近年来肿瘤治疗研究领域的热点之一。其中, 一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 作为一种内源性气体递质, 参与多种生理和病理过程, 在肿瘤治疗中显示出令人兴奋的作用[6]。但NO对于肿瘤细胞的治疗具有双重性, 具体表现为在低浓度(< 30 nmol·L-1) 时促进肿瘤细胞生长; 高浓度(> 400 nmol·L-1) 时又具有强大的细胞毒作用, 从而实现抗肿瘤效果[7]。其抗肿瘤的主要机制: ①影响细胞能量代谢, 导致肿瘤细胞死亡; ②与细胞内超氧阴离子结合, 产生N/O自由基, 损伤DNA; ③通过抑制血小板聚集, 介导巨噬细胞抗肿瘤活性, 抑制肿瘤转移; ④通过激活P53的表达诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡[8]。此外, 研究证实NO能增加肿瘤细胞对化疗的敏感性, 显著降低化疗药物对心脏的毒性[9]。尽管NO在抗肿瘤应用中具有很大潜力, 但在临床治疗中吸入气体的量很难调控。此外, 作为一种双原子自由基, NO在生物环境中极不稳定, 半衰期非常短, 这些缺点对NO的临床应用提出了巨大挑战。近年来, 研究者对于各种时间和空间可控递送的NO供体的探索已取得很大进展[10]。虽然外源性NO供体可干预病变组织的生理功能, 达到预防或治疗某些疾病的目的, 但单纯的NO供体在起到一定治疗作用的同时也会带来不良反应。因为大多数NO供体分子属于有机小分子化合物, 在释放NO后, 剩余有机物残基具有一定细胞毒性。此外, NO供体分子生物利用度低, 对病变部位的靶向性较差, 易造成全身性不良反应。因此, 为降低NO供体残基的细胞毒性, 提高其生物利用度和肿瘤靶向能力, 研究者设计和构建了多种可用于负载NO供体的纳米递送系统。
近年来, 研究者将NO供体与光热制剂有机结合, 通过NO联合PTT实现了高效抗肿瘤作用。研究表明, NO与PTT联合, 一方面利用NO能作用到更广泛的肿瘤细胞, 降低P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 的表达, 逆转肿瘤的多药耐药性(multidrug resistance, MDR)[11]; 另一方面, NO可阻止细胞的自噬保护, 下调热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSP) 的表达, 使细胞对温度更加敏感, 有望实现温和PTT的肿瘤治疗, 达到减毒增效的抗肿瘤作用。本综述将从常见的NO供体分子出发, 分别介绍形成纳米递送系统后NO释放机制及抗肿瘤研究的现状。之后, 按不同的光和热敏感的NO供体与PTA结合进行分类, 对近5年关于NO联合PTT用于肿瘤治疗的研究进展做重点介绍(图 1)。最后, 着重讨论基于这种联合治疗策略在癌症临床治疗中的应用前景和面临的挑战。
NO供体种类繁多, 包括偶氮二醇烯盐类(N-diazeniumdiolate, NONOate)、亚硝基硫醇(S-nitrosothiol, SNO)、N-亚硝胺(N-nitrosoamine)、金属-亚硝基化合物(metal nitrosyl compound, M-NO)、精氨酸(arginine)、硝酸盐(nitrate)、呋咱氮(furoxan) 等, 下面将分别说明各种供体的NO释放机制及抗肿瘤研究。
NONOate是一类由伯胺或仲胺在高压下与NO反应形成的NO供体分子(图 2A), 是含有[N(O)NO]-基团的化合物, 由于其在生理条件下可自发释放NO, 因此, 作为NO供体被广泛应用。在质子存在下, NONOate遵循简单的准一级解离反应, 产生2 mol NO, 解离速率取决于NONOate的结构和反应介质的pH。NONOate的半衰期由几秒到几周不等, 具体的NO释放动力学强烈依赖于胺前体的结构和分子内外胺的氢键稳定性[12]。2021年, Lee等[13]合成了一种由白蛋白(Alb) 包裹的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)-共轭线型聚乙烯亚胺重氮二酸(LP/NO) 纳米粒, 即Alb-PLP/NO纳米粒, 在黑色素瘤中可自发释放NO实现治疗作用。该纳米粒利用NONOate与邻近的仲胺基团之间强的分子相互作用, 提高了NONOate的稳定性, 能够持续释放NO (0.34 ± 0.03 mol·mg-1) 达21 h以上, 且细胞实验证实该纳米粒具有较强的细胞内NO递送和细胞毒性作用。体外细胞基质(ECM) 穿透和体内空间分布研究表明, 该纳米粒与带负电荷的ECM成分之间的静电相互作用减少, ECM穿透性能增强, 实现了纳米粒在肿瘤中的高的空间分布, 对肿瘤生长抑制作用显著, 并且没有明显的不良反应。
SNO是一类被广泛应用的内源性NO供体(图 2B), 展现出良好的生物相容性, 在人体血液和组织中天然存在的SNO包括S-亚硝基白蛋白、S-亚硝基血红蛋白、S-亚硝基半胱氨酸和S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽。除内源性SNO化合物, SNO也可由硫醇与亚硝酸根在惰性溶剂中发生歧化或氧化还原反应而制备。SNO在生理条件下不能自发释放NO, 但S-NO键不稳定, 能量较低(≈ 150 kJ·mol-1), 在特定条件下, 如紫外光、热、过渡金属(如Cu+) 和抗坏血酸钠等, SNO能以可控方式储存和释放NO[14, 15]。Liu等[16]设计了一种核壳结构的纳米粒, 包含磁性的Fe3O4核和SNO界面聚合物的壳层。利用可见光(488 nm) 照射引发NO的释放, 其释放总量为1.6 mol·mg-1, 半衰期为180 min。与非磁性纳米粒相比, 磁性纳米粒具有更高的肿瘤蓄积量, 这将有利于NO在病变部位发挥疗效。
N-亚硝胺(图 2C) 通过光引发N-NO的均解或异解释放NO, 其机制类似于SNO化合物中S-NO的裂解。N, N-双(羧甲基)-N, N-二亚硝基-对苯二胺(BNN) 是一种典型的N-亚硝胺。虽然N-亚硝基苯胺具有潜在的致癌性, 但将其并入BNN结构中作为NO的供体后, 没有表现出明显毒性, 这可能是由于胺基自由基形成了稳定的醌结构造成的。在光照条件下, 可诱导其N-NO键断裂, 因此BNN是一类广泛使用的光控NO释放供体[17, 18]。2021年, Wu等[19]合成了一种具有近红外(NIR-Ⅱ) 激光诱导的可同时释放NO和烷基自由基的纳米发生器P (IR/BNN6/AIPH)@Lip-RGD。该纳米发生器是将NIR-Ⅱ响应分子(IR 1061)、NO供体(BNN6) 和自由基引发剂2, 2'-偶氮双[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]二盐酸盐(AIPH) 包裹在两亲性的卵磷脂稳定相变材料(月桂酸和硬脂酸共晶混合物) 中, 得到P(IR/BNN6/AIPH)。通过肿瘤靶向分子精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(arginine glycine aspartic acid, RGD) 的表面包覆, 最终获得纳米发生器P(IR/BNN6/AIPH)@Lip-RGD。在间歇NIR-Ⅱ照射下, 纳米发生器可实现NO和烷基自由基的精准释放。体外和体内实验结果表明, 其抑制乳腺肿瘤生长的效果明显, 显示出NO和烷基自由基的协同抗肿瘤的作用。此外, 深入的机制研究表明, NO和烷基自由基的协同作用是通过线粒体介导的凋亡途径诱导癌细胞凋亡。协同作用导致线粒体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的产生, 显著下调了B淋巴细胞瘤-2蛋白的表达, 加速了细胞色素c的释放, 并触发了半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase-3、caspase-9) 的一系列凋亡相关蛋白的级联反应, 最终实现了高效的肿瘤治疗效果。
NO是一种与金属离子(如Fe、Mn、Ru) 配位能力很强的配体, 因此M-NO可作为潜在的NO释放前体(图 2D)。大多数M-NO具有光敏性, 在紫外光或近红外光照射下, 光电子由金属离子的π轨道跃迁到NO的π反键轨道, 导致M-NO的断键并迅速释放NO。如金属Ru的亚硝酰化合物在可见光的照射下释放高浓度的NO, 能实现诱导人乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231) 的凋亡[20, 21]。Li等[22]报道了一种用于近红外光响应释放NO的多功能纳米平台N-GQDs@Ru-NO@Gal, 该平台由一个NO供体(Ru的亚硝酰化合物, Ru-NO) 和一个肝靶向半乳糖衍生物(Gal) 共价连接到N掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs) 上。与正常细胞相比, 该纳米平台优先靶向肝癌细胞, 在808 nm的近红外光辐射下立即释放NO, 并表现出显著的光热效应, 从而产生高效抗肿瘤作用。同时该纳米平台具有良好的生物相容性和荧光示踪性能, 实现了NO联合PTT用于肝癌靶向治疗的应用。
L-精氨酸(L-Arg) 作为一种天然氨基酸(图 2E), 因其良好的生物相容性和可在诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 或ROS催化下产生NO的特性, 因此被广泛用于生物体的NO递送[23, 24]。Jiang等[25]用标准的固相多肽合成方法设计并合成了嵌合肽(TPP-RRRKLVFFK-Ce6, 简称TRFC)。此嵌合肽由4个离散的功能结构域组成: ① Ce6 (chlorin e6) 部分, 用于产生ROS和荧光信号, 并作为疏水核心形成纳米球; ② KLVFF (Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe), 一个源于β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ) 肽的结构域, 在结构转化中发挥了主要作用。利用KLVFF结构域的分子间氢键主导了自组装行为, 导致纳米粒倾向于形成β-折叠结构, 然而在没有该结构域的情况下, 纳米粒倾向于直接自组装成棒状; ③低聚精氨酸区(RRR), 作为NO供体, 被ROS氧化后释放NO气体; ④三苯基膦(TPP) 部分, 用于线粒体靶向。在水溶液条件下, TRFC单体自组装成球形纳米粒。在激光照射下, 光敏剂Ce6产生大量ROS, 并诱导精氨酸氧化生成NO。NO和ROS之间的进一步反应产生了过氧亚硝酸根阴离子(ONOO-), 其显著增加了细胞毒性, 从而使光动力疗法的治疗结果得以放大。
硝酸盐(图 2F) 是NO供体中最古老的一类, 通常是通过烷基卤化物与硝酸银的反应或在硫酸存在下与醇反应而合成的。该NO供体在内源或外源硫醇(如谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸等) 和细胞色素P450的存在下, 分解释放NO[26]。2019年, Gao等[27]设计了一种环状的硝酸盐单体(NTC) 作为NO供体, 通过开环聚合反应形成两亲性NO共聚物, 此共聚物易自发形成胶束。胶束的形成一方面限制了NO在生理环境下的释放; 另一方面在胞内还原性的条件下, 可实现NO的加速释放。利用胶束优异的载药性能, 将抗肿瘤药物多柔比星(DOX) 装载到胶束中, NO有效的胞内释放抑制了P-gp表达, 增强具有MDR的人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7) 的化疗敏感性, 提高了抗肿瘤活性。
呋咱氮类化合物是一类经典的NO供体(图 2G), 环的3和4位可连接相同或不同基团, 也可与其他环(如苯并呋喃) 结合形成不同衍生物, 进入体内后其含氮杂环可与半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽等含硫醇的化合物发生一系列氧化还原反应释放NO[28]。由于呋咱氮化物和氧化物在酸碱中均具有较好的稳定性, 且易于制备, 因此应用较多。Gu等[29]选择苯磺酰基呋咱(FZ) 作为NO供体, 通过二硫键和酯键合成二聚体前药(FZ-SS-FZ)。该前药能在水中自组装形成均匀的纳米粒, 实现了NO在肿瘤部位的有效输送和细胞摄取, 从而完成NO在肿瘤细胞处特异性释放, 进而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。该前药策略为肿瘤靶向输送NO提供了新的研究方向。
综上所述, NONOate因能在生理条件下自发释放NO, 可设计多种释放响应平台, 是应用最广泛的NO供体。SNO合成方便, 有相对较高的稳定性, 在生理条件下可按预测方式释放NO。此外, SNO在体内有较高生物利用度, 是仅次于NONOate的第二大被广泛研究的NO供体。N-亚硝胺和金属亚硝基化合物可通过光引发N-NO或M-NO的均解或异解来释放NO, 因此比较适合与PTT联合发挥协同抗肿瘤的作用。精氨酸具有良好的生物相容性, 以及在iNOS和ROS催化下产生NO的特性, 因此更多用在与光动力疗法联合的应用上。其他NO供体如硝酸盐和呋咱氮类化合物等, 由于合成难度高及毒性相对较大, 因此在生物医学上的应用受到限制。在治疗应用中, 为了能实时检测NO的产生和去向, 最常用二氨基荧光素(DAFs) 和1, 2-二氨基蒽醌(DAA) 作为NO的荧光探针。此外, 为了准确测定供体释放NO的总量, 常用Griess法、化学发光法、NO微电极等分析测量技术[30]。这些检测技术为NO疗法的医学应用提供了技术保障。
与单一疗法相比, 联合疗法可通过调节不同的细胞信号通路实现最大限度地提高治疗效果并克服耐药性。两种或多种治疗方法的联合使用能实现通过协作增强和相互作用而导致“1 + 1 > 2”的治疗效果。基于PTT和NO在肿瘤治疗领域应用的特点, 通过将PTA与热或光控释NO供体分子有机结合, 一方面, 在PTA发挥光热抗肿瘤疗效的同时, 也实现了NO的可控释放, 同时还增强了NO在肿瘤部位的渗透性; 另一方面, NO的存在能降低P-gp的表达, 逆转肿瘤的MDR, 并且NO可阻止细胞的自噬保护, 下调HSP表达, 使细胞对温度更加敏感, 有望完成温和PTT的肿瘤治疗, 实现减毒增效的抗肿瘤作用。下面对具有光或热敏感的NO供体(NONOate、SNO、N-亚硝胺、M-NO) 与PTA联合抗肿瘤的研究工作进行介绍(表 1[31-43])。
NONOate在生理条件下会自发释放NO, 释放机制是由质子介导的两性离子结构的分解引起的, 因此NONOate释放NO的速率与溶液介质中的质子浓度和温度密切相关。利用共价或非共价键将NONOate与光敏材料结合, 通过控制光照时间和位置来改变质子浓度或温度, 可实现间接的光引发NONOate释放NO。PTT的治疗效果受癌细胞的耐热性限制, 肿瘤细胞的耐热性主要归因于HSP的过度表达。利用NO气体抑制HSP的表达来干扰线粒体的功能, 可实现PTT效率的增强。2020年, Wu等[31]报道了一种由聚乙烯亚胺(PEI) 包裹光热制剂CuS, 再嫁接线粒体靶向分子TPP的研究, 在高压条件下, CuS-PEI-TPP与NO亲核加成生成NO供体NONOate, 最终得到CuS-PEI/NO-TPP复合纳米粒, 将PTT和NO两种不同的治疗方法结合在一种材料中, 用于协同增强癌症治疗效果。在NIR-Ⅱ照射下, 纳米粒表现出良好的光热效应, 并有效释放NO。NO对癌细胞的抑制作用是通过在线粒体释放NO来实现的, 在线粒体内释放的NO可抑制HSP90的表达, 从而克服肿瘤细胞的耐热性, 实现温和的PTT, 提高光热治疗的效率。体外和体内生物安全性表明, 该纳米粒无明显不良反应, 无严重炎症反应。除了抑制HSP的表达, NO还可抑制P-gp的表达, 逆转MDR抗肿瘤, 该课题组[32]又设计了一种具有核壳结构Cu2-xSe@SiO2 (CSNPs) 的NIR触发释放NO的纳米平台, 用于MDR癌症的气体/化疗/光热三联疗法。该平台是利用硅烷偶联剂N-[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]乙二胺(AEAPTS) 对Cu2-xSe@SiO2纳米复合材料进行表面修饰, 然后与叶酸(folic acid, FA) 偶联, 使其具有良好的肿瘤靶向性。同样, 在高压条件下进行亲核加成得到NO供体NONOate。同时, 在介孔壳层中负载抗癌药物DOX, 最终的产物在NIR-Ⅱ照射下, 可将光能转化为热能, 促进DOX和NO气体的释放。释放的NO可导致线粒体功能障碍, 下调P-gp的表达, 从而增强化疗效果。该智能药物递送纳米平台通过协同作用实现了优异的肿瘤治疗效果。
具有光或热控制释放NO性能的SNO由于合成方便, 成为NO联合PTT的首选NO供体分子。研究表明, UV-Vis区域内的光可直接导致SNO的分解, 但由于光传输的非碰撞路径导致组织穿透深度小于1 mm, 因此不利于在生物领域的应用[44]。然而, 穿透能力较强的NIR光却无法实现SNO的分解, 但在NIR照射下PTA产生的热量可导致SNO分解, 更好地实现SNO在生物领域的应用。金属-有机框架材料(MOFs) 是一类新型的多孔材料, 由金属中心与多齿有机连接物组成, 将结构网络延伸到三维空间, 具有超高的孔隙率(高达90%的自由体积) 和巨大的内比表面积(超过6 000 m2·g-3), 而且其分子孔径可调节、易于官能化、生物相容性好。基于这些特性, MOFs成为用于储存和输送各种NO供体的优异载体[45]。此外, MOFs作为一种理想的癌症光疗纳米平台已受到广泛关注[46]。2018年, Zhang等[33]利用生物相容的Zr4+离子与Mn-TCPP (TCPP: 4-羧基苯基-卟啉) 自组装, 制备了具有磁性和光热性能的多功能纳米MOF (Mn-TCPP-NMOF)。通过卟啉分子与SNO分子的共轭作用, 将NO供体分子与NMOF有效地复合, 最终实现了磁共振引导下的NO和光热协同治疗。重要的是, 单次NIR照射实现了PTT和NO的可控释放, 操作简单, 光损伤小。静脉注射后, 核磁共振显示NMOF-SNO在肿瘤部位有明显的积聚。在NIR (808 nm, 1 W·cm-2) 的照射下, PTT产生的热量(54 ℃) 既对肿瘤有消融的作用, 又引发了SNO供体的NO释放, 两种治疗方法的联合使用表现出最佳的肿瘤抑制效果。
金纳米棒(Au NRs) 在600~1 300 nm光谱范围内(即所谓的“治疗窗口”) 具有可调且强大的纵向表面等离子体共振(LSPR), 当暴露于近红外光时, Au NRs具有很强的激光吸收, 使其可进行选择性的局部热疗。同时因其稳定性好、无光漂白、光学性能可调及表面易于生物性修饰等优点, Au NRs在肿瘤光热治疗的应用最为广泛[47, 48]。You等[34]通过将低毒、稳定的HSP-70抑制剂2-苯乙基磺酰胺(PES) 包裹到Au NRs@SiO2上, 再将SNO集成到多功能纳米复合材料中, 成功制备了一种新型的用于低温PTT协同NO的肿瘤治疗平台。一方面, 在NIR照射下, 产生了消融肿瘤的热量, 而且利用PES有效抑制HSP-70, 实现了低温PTT; 另一方面, 产生的热量可引起NO在特定部位的剧烈释放, 产生的NO可有效诱导细胞凋亡或坏死, 从而加强PES介导的轻度PTT的抗肿瘤损伤(图 3)。体外和体内实验证实, PTT增强型NO气体疗法具有强大的抗肿瘤优势, 不良反应明显减小。
半导体光热纳米材料具有合成简单、成本低、光学性能易于调节、稳定性高等特点, 在光热领域受到越来越多的关注[49]。Li等[35]将具有光热转换性能的半导体聚合物(SPNs, PFTDPP) 与SNO类NO供体(S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine, SNAP) 有机结合, 最后通过两亲性聚合物的包覆形成核壳结构的纳米粒(PFTDPP-SNAP NPs)。在NIR照射下, 实现肿瘤的光热治疗, 同时利用SPNs良好的光热转换性能实现SNO可控的NO释放, 最终实现方便、准确的协同治疗(NO/PTT)。细胞毒性实验表明, NO联合PTT处理的细胞毒性比单一治疗方法处理的细胞毒性更显著。
聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA) 是受到贻贝中黏附蛋白启发而合成的一种新型聚合物, 具有良好的生物相容性、优异的光热转换性能、丰富的化学反应中心(丰富的儿茶酚和仲胺结构) 和多重药物释放响应机制等天然优势, 在肿瘤靶向药物递送和光热治疗系统中得到了广泛应用[50, 51]。Huang等[36]将具有光热性能的PDA包裹在Bi2S3中空纳米球表面, 形成核壳结构的纳米杂化材料(H-Bi2S3@PDA), 之后通过对PDA表面的巯基化, 实现H-Bi2S3@PDA与热敏SNO分子的结合(H-Bi2S3@PDA-SNO)。制备的H-Bi2S3@PDA-SNO纳米复合材料在NIR照射下具有高达46.13%的光热转换效率, 并且通过破坏热敏性NO供体的S-NO键, 实现了NIR触发可控NO的释放, 这种NO与PTT的协同疗法具有比单一治疗更显著的抑制肿瘤生长的作用。
以上研究证明不同类型的PTA与光或热敏NO供体SNO复合可实现高效的NO联合光热的抗肿瘤治疗。
BNN作为典型的N-亚硝胺类NO供体, 具有较高的稳定性, 因此可避免在生理条件下意外释放NO。在NIR照射下, PTA可获得较高的局部温度, 导致BNN的分解和NO的释放。这些性质使得BNN和PTA的组合既可作为温和的PTT试剂, 也可作为按需释放的NO供体。Zhang等[37]构建了基于硫化铋(Bi2S3) 纳米粒和BNN的纳米复合材料, 在808 nm激光的照射下, 实现了高的光热转换效率和按需释放NO。研究表明自噬可保护细胞避免其死亡, 而NO的存在可阻止这种保护作用, 加重肿瘤细胞的热致损伤, 因此在温度较低时(~46 ℃) 就可实现对肿瘤的彻底根除。此外, 作用机制研究表明, BNN-Bi2S3产生的外源性NO不仅可损害肿瘤细胞的自噬自修复能力, 而且可向周围细胞扩散, 提高治疗效果。
纳米递送系统高的靶向性为实现肿瘤的高效治疗提供了必要条件。FA是人体所必需的一种B族维生素, 许多肿瘤细胞如卵巢癌等对FA有很强的吸收能力, 这些肿瘤的细胞膜表面都有一种特殊的蛋白质过度表达, 可特异地识别、结合FA, 被称为叶酸受体(folate receptor, FR)。通过这种特殊作用, 可将与FA结合的药物分子或药物载体靶向到这些肿瘤细胞中。2019年, Wei等[38]合成了一种新型的叶酸-聚乙二醇(FA-PEG) 修饰的聚多巴胺(PDA) 纳米粒(简称FAPPs)。利用分子间π-π相互作用分别负载BNN6和DOX, 即BNN6@FAPPs和DOX@FAPPs, 通过间歇给药, 实现气体/化疗/光热三联疗法治疗MDR肿瘤的目的。由于FA高的肿瘤细胞靶向性, 实现了肿瘤的高度蓄积。研究中, 先将BNN6@FAPPs注射到MDR荷瘤(MCF-7/ADR) 小鼠体内, 近红外光照射产生的热量将引发NO的释放, NO有效抑制MCF-7/ADR细胞P-gp的过表达和细胞呼吸, 阻断了能量供应途径, 实现了逆转肿瘤的MDR。之后, 将DOX@FAPPs作为光热-化疗纳米药物再次注射, 光照下产生的热量促进大量的DOX在肿瘤部位的释放, 实现了光疗与化疗的联用, 大大增强了对MDR肿瘤的治疗效果。同样是利用PDA的光热特性, Du等[39]制备了核壳结构的D-α-生育酚聚乙二醇1000琥珀酸酯/半乳糖/聚多巴胺新型纳米粒给药系统, 用于负载DOX和BNN6 (简称NO-DOX@PDA-TPGS-Gal, 图 4A)。研究中巧妙地利用半乳糖蛋白与去唾液酸糖蛋白受体的特异性, 赋予纳米给药系统对肝细胞的靶向性, 有利于DOX和NO在肝癌细胞中定点释放(图 4B)。由于PDA的光热特性, 在NIR照射下, 实现了PTT对肿瘤细胞的消融, 并且促进DOX和NO的释放。结果表明, 由NO-DOX@PDA-TPGS-Gal组成的联合气体/化疗/光热三联疗法在体内外对耐药的肝癌细胞具有很强的抗癌活性, 显著延长了耐药荷瘤小鼠的寿命。
有机PTAs由于具有吸收范围易调控、可生物降解等优点, 已广泛应用于肿瘤的光热治疗中。氟硼二吡咯(BODIPY) 及其衍生物氮杂氟硼二吡咯(aza-BODIPY) 类染料由于高的摩尔吸光系数、吸收可调整至近红外区域、良好的光稳定性及高的荧光量子产率, 常被设计成肿瘤光疗中的光疗剂, 用于肿瘤光热和光动力治疗。Xu等[40]设计合成了一种芳基N-亚硝胺功能化的aza-BODIPY框架化合物(S-NO)。利用脂质体的包覆和自组装作用, 最终获得水溶性和生物相容性良好的集NO和PTT的抗肿瘤纳米平台。研究表明, 由于纳米粒对实体瘤的高通透性和滞留效应, 因此该纳米平台可实现优越的被动靶向肿瘤性能。在808 nm光照下, S-NO快速分解释放NO, 释放后的产物表现出明显的红移, 增强了近红外吸收, 降低了发光量子产率, 显著提高了纳米平台的光热转化性能。可控的NO释放能力和明显的产热增强性能为消除肿瘤和提高小鼠存活率方面提供了必要的保证, 体外与体内实验结果也证实了该纳米治疗平台不仅毒性低, 而且抗肿瘤疗效好。该研究为设计光热增强的肿瘤治疗平台提供了合理的指导。
研究表明, M-NO的金属-NO键可在NIR照射下断裂, 从而释放NO。Shi等[41]报道了一种集铂(Ⅳ) 前药、钌-亚硝酰类NO供体与PTA于一体的纳米治疗平台。首先, 将铂(Ⅳ) 前药通过共价键连接到光活性的NO供体(钌-亚硝酰化合物, Ru-NO) 上, 并将释放NO的铂前药和FA同时修饰在具有光热转换性能的N掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQD) 上, 最终形成多功能纳米治疗平台(N-GQDs@Ru-NO-Pt@FA, 图 5A)。在近红外光照射下, N-GQDs吸收长波光并发射短波光触发纳米平台中Ru-NO的断键, 然后释放NO。此外, 纳米平台高的FR靶向性有助于其在FR过表达的HeLa细胞内共输送铂(Ⅱ) 和NO。N-GQDs@Ru-NO-Pt@FA被HeLa细胞摄取后, 铂(Ⅳ) 前药被还原为癌细胞内活性的铂(Ⅱ), 同时, NIR照射诱导NO释放, 并伴随着优异的光热效应, 展现出化疗/光疗/NO三者协同治疗的效果。2020年, 该课题组[42]又将Ru-NO供体和FA共价结合到具有磁性和光热转换性能的Fe3O4@PDA纳米粒上, 形成具有FA和磁靶向的集NO-PTT于一体的纳米抗肿瘤和抗菌平台(Fe3O4@PDA@Ru-NO@FA, 图 5B)。该纳米平台选择性地聚集在FR过表达的肿瘤细胞和磁场引导的肿瘤组织中, 并在808 nm近红外光照射下诱导NO释放和实现PTT, 从而增强了体外和体内抗肿瘤效果。在NIR光照下, 注射Fe3O4纳米粒和Fe3O4@PDA纳米粒的小鼠组虽然也表现出明显的肿瘤生长抑制作用, 但与Fe3O4@PDA@Ru-NO@FA处理的小鼠组相比, 治疗效果逊色很多, 表明单独的PTT不足以完全抑制肿瘤生长, 而NO联合PTT则表现出更强的抗肿瘤效果。
硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside, SNP) 简单易得, 可光控释放NO, 是另一种被广泛研究的金属-亚硝基类NO供体, Feng等[43]利用SNP结构中的[Fe(CN)5(NO)]2-部分与用于制备介孔普鲁士蓝(m-PB) 的铁氰化钾K3[Fe(CN)6] 结构相似这一特点, 合成了SNP掺杂的m-PB (简称m-PB-NO)。在NIR照射下, m-PB-NO不仅可通过光照强度和光照时间调控NO释放的总量, 还可通过良好的光热转化性能诱导癌细胞的光热消融。此外, 利用m-PB-NO的介孔结构, 可实现对化疗药物多西他赛(DTX) 的装填, 制得DTX@m-PB-NO纳米粒。研究结果表明, 联合疗法与单一疗法相比具有明显的协同效应, 可显著提高治疗效果。更重要地, 联合疗法还可通过消融原发肿瘤显著抑制4T1乳腺癌细胞在荷瘤小鼠体内的肺转移。这种方法巧妙地将NO供体分子作为MOF类PTA的组成部分, 使两种功能分子结合更加紧密, 相互作用更加完全, 而且为药物的装填提供了条件, 增强了NO联合PTT的抗肿瘤效果。
综上所述, 为实现减毒增效的抗肿瘤效果, 将热敏或光敏的NO供体与PTA有机结合实现NO联合PTT的方法已成为癌症治疗的新趋势。本综述总结和讨论了常见的NO供体及将常用的热敏或光敏NO供体结合不同类型的PTA组装形成的NO联合PTT纳米平台在肿瘤治疗领域的应用。虽然目前对NO联合PTT的报道很多, 但此种联合疗法用于肿瘤治疗的研究仍处于起步阶段, 既充满希望又有很多问题亟待解决。
首先, NO联合PTT抗肿瘤纳米治疗平台只有具备了可生物降解的组分、可肾代谢的尺寸、合适的半衰期、较小的健康组织不良反应、良好的抗肿瘤性能, 才能真正实现减毒增效的联合治疗。因此, 从材料的设计、构筑、性能及安全性等方面综合考虑, 设计合理的多功能的联合抗肿瘤治疗平台对于NO和PTT在生物医学上的应用是非常必要的。其次, NO作为一种可作用于全身的气体信使, 需仔细考虑其物理化学性质及其在非靶器官组织中的蓄积, 以评价其潜在的毒性。NO在肿瘤治疗中是一把双刃剑, 低浓度的NO可促进肿瘤生长, 高浓度的NO则不利于肿瘤生长而具有抗肿瘤作用。因此, 如果不能递送适当浓度NO到病灶区, 很可能会促进病情的进一步恶化。目前, 虽然可利用主动或被动靶向分子的生物修饰实现制剂在特定的靶部位释放NO, 但如何精准定量释放NO及基于病变部位释放适当浓度的NO还较难实现。因此, 需设计和开发更智能的NO联合PTT抗肿瘤制剂, 实现根据病理和生理需求释放适当浓度的NO, 达到最佳治疗效果。
相信越来越多基于NO联合PTT新治疗策略会被逐步报道, 甚至可能不止这两种方式联合, 还可考虑联合光动力疗法、免疫疗法等, 但无论如何在不久的将来, 肿瘤的联合诊断和治疗工作将发挥越来越大的作用。
作者贡献: 黄月负责起草并撰写文章; 卿丹、杨月和白晓天负责稿件的修改和校验; 包志红和李可欣负责论文选题、指导、审阅文章和提供行政、技术上的支持。
利益冲突: 论文不涉及相关知识产权, 不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175122)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2020-MS-188)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科学技术研究项目(2019LQN04)
  • 沈阳药科大学中青年教师事业发展支持计划项目(ZQN2021003)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0875
  • 接收时间:2022-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-18
  • 修回日期:2022-08-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175122)
辽宁省自然科学基金资助项目(2020-MS-188)
辽宁省教育厅科学技术研究项目(2019LQN04)
沈阳药科大学中青年教师事业发展支持计划项目(ZQN2021003)
作者信息
    沈阳药科大学药学院, 沈阳市功能性药物载体材料重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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