Article(id=1210518240359477307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0858, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657555200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-12, revisedDate=1662912000000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539638843, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539638843, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539638843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539638843, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3626, endPage=3633, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518243723309157, articleId=1210518240359477307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The protective effect of schisandrol A against senecionine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hepatotoxicity induced by herbal medicines such as Gynura japonica, which contains large amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) such as senecionine (SEN), is among the most serious problems of herbal drug-induced liver injury, yet there is no effective treatment in clinic. We have previously reported that ritonavir (the well-known CYP3A4 inhibitor) protected rats against Gynura japonica-induced liver injury in rats, which was closely related to the inhibition of the metabolic activation of PAs. A large number of lignans have been identified in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructis and are reported to attenuate drug-induced liver injuries by modulating the drug metabolism enzymes. Therefore, the present study investigated the protective effect and potential mechanism of schisandrol A (SoA, a representative lignan identified in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructis) against SEN-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. All experiments were approved by the Animal Research Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM210604002). Animal welfare and the animal experimental protocols were strictly consistent with related ethics regulations of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Liver injury was induced by a single gavage of SEN (150 μmol·kg-1); mice in the protection group were gavaged with SoA (116 μmol·kg-1) 7 days before SEN treatment. The results show that SoA dramatically alleviated SEN-induced liver injury in mice. Mice in the protection group showed decreased serum activities for alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase; in addition, the hepatic necrosis and sinusoidal hemorrhage in SEN-treated mice were markedly attenuated in the protection group. The serum contents of SEN metabolites in mice were decreased. In vitro studies were performed by using human liver microsomes and proved that SoA inhibits CYP3A4 to decrease the metabolism of SEN. These studies indicate that SoA attenuated SEN-induced liver injury in mice, which was closely related to the inhibition of the metabolic activation of SEN. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between CYP3A4 and PA-induced toxicity. This work also will be helpful in developing effective treatments for SEN-induced liver injury based on inhibition of its metabolic activation, and in making reasonable evaluations of the safety of herbal medicines containing PAs such as G. japonica.

, correspAuthors=Ai-zhen XIONG, Zheng-tao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan CHEN, Xia-li JIA, Ai-zhen XIONG, Chang-hong WANG, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518245925318840, articleId=1210518240359477307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

菊三七含千里光碱(senecionine, SEN) 等大量吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), 其所导致的肝毒性问题成为最受关注的中药药源性肝损伤之一, 但尚无有效的临床治疗药物。本课题组前期研究表明CYP3A4抑制剂利托那韦可有效抑制SEN代谢活化并降低其肝毒性。保肝中药五味子含大量木脂素类活性成分, 可通过影响药物代谢酶改善药源性肝损伤。因此, 本研究探讨了五味子主要木脂素类化合物五味子醇甲(schisandrol A, SoA) 对SEN致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用, 并初步探讨其对千里光碱代谢的影响。所有动物实验经上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查(PZSHUTCM210604002), 符合实验动物伦理相关规范。小鼠单次灌胃SEN (150 μmol·kg-1) 造成肝损伤模型, 并设SoA (116 μmol·kg-1) 干预组、溶剂对照组和SoA对照组。结果表明, SoA可明显降低SEN致肝损伤小鼠血清转氨酶活性, 缓解肝细胞坏死、肝窦淤血等病理状态。进一步测定小鼠血清中SEN代谢产物的含量, 结合体外肝微粒体代谢研究, 发现SoA可抑制SEN代谢活化关键酶CYP3A4酶活性, 降低千里光碱代谢产物的含量。本研究表明, SoA可明显改善SEN致小鼠肝损伤, 与抑制SEN代谢活化密切相关。研究结果为基于药物代谢探讨SEN的减毒策略, 以及菊三七等含PAs中草药的临床合理应用提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=熊爱珍, 王峥涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*熊爱珍, Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail: ;
王峥涛, E-mail:
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The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210518250786517356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, authorId=1210518250463555923, language=CN, stringName=王长虹, firstName=长虹, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
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Chem Biol Interact, 2018, 288: 38-48., articleTitle=PXR: structure-specific activation by hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210518255572218520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, awardId=20ZR1473300, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市自然科学基金(20ZR1473300), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518255672881821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, awardId=2020099, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市人才发展资金(2020099), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518255786128033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, awardId=B1-GY21-409-04-06, language=CN, fundingSource=上海中医药大学“杏林学者”计划(B1-GY21-409-04-06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210518246181171396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518246189560005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, companyId=1210518246181171396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518246197948614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, companyId=1210518246181171396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210518248047636685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518248064413905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, companyId=1210518248047636685, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518248072802514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, companyId=1210518248047636685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210518252892058171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xotcBMqIjQbK/Vwtn9cX2g==, figureFileBig=r93YrTBUlBIA2mUMG3wtMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252988527170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schisandrol A (SoA) treatment attenuates senecionine (SEN)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Mice were orally treated with SoA (116 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>) 7 days before SEN treatment (150 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>), and sacrificed 24 h after SEN administration. A: Chemical structures of SEN and SoA; B: Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of the liver; C: Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). VEH: Vehicle group. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=xotcBMqIjQbK/Vwtn9cX2g==, figureFileBig=r93YrTBUlBIA2mUMG3wtMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518253374403154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L5XNKM3NfWTeo/JkhIKb2Q==, figureFileBig=8J/lQA5ZHTDcrMcXYAKbzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518254611722840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= SoA treatment decreases the serum concentration of SEN metabolites in mice. Mice were orally treated with SoA (116 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>) 7 days before SEN treatment (150 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>), and blood samples were collected at 1 h and 24 h, respectively. A: Serum concentration of SEN <i>N</i>-oxide (SENNO) and hydroxylated SEN (SENOH) at 1 h after SEN exposure; B: Serum concentration of pyrrole-protein adducts (PPAs) at 24 h after SEN exposure. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=L5XNKM3NfWTeo/JkhIKb2Q==, figureFileBig=8J/lQA5ZHTDcrMcXYAKbzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518254720774751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vCShlGAVE4vZz1B42sjJKg==, figureFileBig=lEMybozrspL/Rr0xqtuoig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518254821438053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= SoA treatment inhibits phase I metabolism of SEN in human liver microsomes. Michaelis-Menten (A) and Eadie-Hofstee (B) plots of SEN metabolism in human liver microsomes. SEN (0-1 000 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) was incubated with human liver microsomes (0.5 g·L<sup>-1</sup>) at 37 ℃ for 30 min with NADPH. C: SoA decreases the velocity of formation of SEN phase I metabolites dose-dependently. SoA (0-500 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) was incubated with SEN (200 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in human liver microsomes (0.5 g·L<sup>-1</sup>) at 37 ℃ for 30 min with NADPH. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> SEN , figureFileSmall=vCShlGAVE4vZz1B42sjJKg==, figureFileBig=lEMybozrspL/Rr0xqtuoig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518254909518446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=G2qy3yB2Fw/aa/ZmwG2UPA==, figureFileBig=FrFNCosisX5Ie0H9ZrAK7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518254997598837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= SoA inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human liver microsomes. SoA (0-500 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) was incubated with testosterone (50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) in human liver microsomes (0.5 g·L<sup>-1</sup>) at 37 ℃ for 30 min with NADPH. Enzyme activity of CYP3A4 was measured by the LC-MS/MS cocktail assay by using testosterone as the specific CYP3A4 probe substrate. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=G2qy3yB2Fw/aa/ZmwG2UPA==, figureFileBig=FrFNCosisX5Ie0H9ZrAK7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255081484922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L6CenoQUXB5NgJPipgIXCg==, figureFileBig=mOJgNUOa5WfpwAaE5wMJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255186342528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= SoA treatment modulates hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in the metabolism of SEN. Mice were orally treated with SoA (116 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>) 7 days before SEN treatment (150 μmol·kg<sup>-1</sup>), and sacrificed at 24 h after SEN administration. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=L6CenoQUXB5NgJPipgIXCg==, figureFileBig=mOJgNUOa5WfpwAaE5wMJmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255312171656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimerSequence (5′ to 3′)
GapdhForwardGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGT
ReverseACATACTCAGCACCGGCCTCA
Cyp3a11ForwardGAAGCATTGAGGAGGATCACAC
ReverseTTACGAGTCCCATATCGGTAGAG
PxrForwardGATCATGTCCGATGCCGCT
ReverseTGGGAGAAAGTTGTGTCAAAGGT
CarForwardTTGGTCCCATCTGTCCGTTT
ReverseTGCTTTCTCTGCCCGCC
), ArticleFig(id=1210518255412834960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518240359477307, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequences for RT-PCR. Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Cyp3a11: Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 11; Pxr: Pregnane X receptor; Car: Constitutive androstane receptor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimerSequence (5′ to 3′)
GapdhForwardGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGT
ReverseACATACTCAGCACCGGCCTCA
Cyp3a11ForwardGAAGCATTGAGGAGGATCACAC
ReverseTTACGAGTCCCATATCGGTAGAG
PxrForwardGATCATGTCCGATGCCGCT
ReverseTGGGAGAAAGTTGTGTCAAAGGT
CarForwardTTGGTCCCATCTGTCCGTTT
ReverseTGCTTTCTCTGCCCGCC
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五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用
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陈岩 1 , 贾夏丽 1 , 熊爱珍 1, 2, * , 王长虹 1, 2 , 杨莉 1, 2 , 王峥涛 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(12): 3626-3633
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(12): 3626-3633
五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用
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陈岩1, 贾夏丽1, 熊爱珍1, 2, * , 王长虹1, 2, 杨莉1, 2, 王峥涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*熊爱珍, Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail: ;
王峥涛, E-mail:
The protective effect of schisandrol A against senecionine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Yan CHEN1, Xia-li JIA1, Ai-zhen XIONG1, 2, * , Chang-hong WANG1, 2, Li YANG1, 2, Zheng-tao WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Shanghai R & D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0858
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菊三七含千里光碱(senecionine, SEN) 等大量吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), 其所导致的肝毒性问题成为最受关注的中药药源性肝损伤之一, 但尚无有效的临床治疗药物。本课题组前期研究表明CYP3A4抑制剂利托那韦可有效抑制SEN代谢活化并降低其肝毒性。保肝中药五味子含大量木脂素类活性成分, 可通过影响药物代谢酶改善药源性肝损伤。因此, 本研究探讨了五味子主要木脂素类化合物五味子醇甲(schisandrol A, SoA) 对SEN致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用, 并初步探讨其对千里光碱代谢的影响。所有动物实验经上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会审查(PZSHUTCM210604002), 符合实验动物伦理相关规范。小鼠单次灌胃SEN (150 μmol·kg-1) 造成肝损伤模型, 并设SoA (116 μmol·kg-1) 干预组、溶剂对照组和SoA对照组。结果表明, SoA可明显降低SEN致肝损伤小鼠血清转氨酶活性, 缓解肝细胞坏死、肝窦淤血等病理状态。进一步测定小鼠血清中SEN代谢产物的含量, 结合体外肝微粒体代谢研究, 发现SoA可抑制SEN代谢活化关键酶CYP3A4酶活性, 降低千里光碱代谢产物的含量。本研究表明, SoA可明显改善SEN致小鼠肝损伤, 与抑制SEN代谢活化密切相关。研究结果为基于药物代谢探讨SEN的减毒策略, 以及菊三七等含PAs中草药的临床合理应用提供理论依据。

吡咯里西啶生物碱  /  千里光碱  /  木脂素  /  五味子醇甲  /  中药药源性肝损伤  /  CYP3A4

Hepatotoxicity induced by herbal medicines such as Gynura japonica, which contains large amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) such as senecionine (SEN), is among the most serious problems of herbal drug-induced liver injury, yet there is no effective treatment in clinic. We have previously reported that ritonavir (the well-known CYP3A4 inhibitor) protected rats against Gynura japonica-induced liver injury in rats, which was closely related to the inhibition of the metabolic activation of PAs. A large number of lignans have been identified in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructis and are reported to attenuate drug-induced liver injuries by modulating the drug metabolism enzymes. Therefore, the present study investigated the protective effect and potential mechanism of schisandrol A (SoA, a representative lignan identified in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructis) against SEN-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. All experiments were approved by the Animal Research Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM210604002). Animal welfare and the animal experimental protocols were strictly consistent with related ethics regulations of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Liver injury was induced by a single gavage of SEN (150 μmol·kg-1); mice in the protection group were gavaged with SoA (116 μmol·kg-1) 7 days before SEN treatment. The results show that SoA dramatically alleviated SEN-induced liver injury in mice. Mice in the protection group showed decreased serum activities for alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase; in addition, the hepatic necrosis and sinusoidal hemorrhage in SEN-treated mice were markedly attenuated in the protection group. The serum contents of SEN metabolites in mice were decreased. In vitro studies were performed by using human liver microsomes and proved that SoA inhibits CYP3A4 to decrease the metabolism of SEN. These studies indicate that SoA attenuated SEN-induced liver injury in mice, which was closely related to the inhibition of the metabolic activation of SEN. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between CYP3A4 and PA-induced toxicity. This work also will be helpful in developing effective treatments for SEN-induced liver injury based on inhibition of its metabolic activation, and in making reasonable evaluations of the safety of herbal medicines containing PAs such as G. japonica.

pyrrolizidine alkaloid  /  senecionine  /  lignan  /  schisandrol A  /  herbal-induced liver injury  /  CYP3A4
陈岩, 贾夏丽, 熊爱珍, 王长虹, 杨莉, 王峥涛. 五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝损伤的改善作用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3626 -3633 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0858
Yan CHEN, Xia-li JIA, Ai-zhen XIONG, Chang-hong WANG, Li YANG, Zheng-tao WANG. The protective effect of schisandrol A against senecionine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3626 -3633 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0858
吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs) 是一类天然的毒性生物碱, 是导致临床肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, HSOS) 的主要原因之一[1]。PAs是一大类结构相似的化合物, 由双稠吡咯环(次碱) 和植物中的有机酸(次酸) 酯化形成; 其中次碱结构上C1和C2位的不饱和双键为PAs致毒的关键结构。已发现600多种PAs (含氮氧化物) 存在于菊科、紫草科、豆科等6 000多种植物中[2, 3], 我国有50多种中草药含有PAs。大量研究表明, PAs致毒与其代谢过程密切相关。PAs经细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP450) 代谢活化生成脱氢吡咯酯, 其不稳定、亲电性强, 与体内多种物质结合进一步诱发毒性[4-6]: 与蛋白结合生成吡咯-蛋白加合物(pyrrole-protein adducts, PPAs), 进一步诱发HSOS; 与DNA结合生成吡咯-DNA加合物, 可导致基因毒性并致癌。近年来, 因误服误用菊科植物菊三七Gynura japonica等含PAs的中草药导致HSOS的报道在我国逐年增多[7, 8]; 2017年, 中华医学会消化病学分会肝胆疾病协作组发布了针对PAs致临床HSOS的诊断和治疗指南[8], 进一步明确了该疾病的发病特征, 然而目前临床上尚无有效的预防和治疗药物。
中药五味子始载于《神农本草经》, 具有敛肺滋肾、生津敛汗、涩精止泻、宁心安神的功效, 是传统的保肝中药。药典收录的五味子药材为木兰科植物五味子Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.的干燥成熟果实, 主产于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古等地, 故又称北五味子。五味子临床应用极为广泛, 五味子单味或与其他中药配伍用于急、慢性肝损伤的治疗[9-11], 在保肝经典方剂扶正化瘀方以及中成药护肝片中均含有五味子。木脂素类化合物是五味子的主要活性成分(约占8%), 这类成分多具有抑制神经中枢、抵抗药源性肝损伤、促进肝再生等多方面的药理作用[12-14], 引起研究者的广泛关注。《中华人民共和国药典》2020版以五味子醇甲(schisandrol A, SoA) 作为中药五味子的指标成分, 并规定五味子中含SoA不得少于0.40%[15]。现代药理研究证实SoA可改善四氯化碳[16]、对乙酰氨基酚[17]所致药源性肝损伤。
本课题组前期研究已表明CYP3A4抑制剂可明显改善菊三七中PAs诱导的大鼠肝毒性[18]。近年来, 国内外学者从诸多中草药中发现了多种代谢酶的强效抑制剂[19], 极大地丰富了中药肝毒性、配伍禁忌及解毒研究的内涵。因此, 本研究以菊三七中最主要的、毒性最强的PAs千里光碱(senecionine, SEN)[20-22]诱导小鼠肝损伤, 探讨SoA对千里光碱致肝毒性的影响, 并探讨其可能的作用机制, 为PAs减毒策略的开发及含PAs中药及制剂的临床应用提供理论依据。
药品与试剂  千里光碱(批号: PRF8101624) 购自成都普瑞法科技开发有限公司, 纯度大于98%。五味子醇甲(批号: RFS-W00211812007) 购自成都瑞思芬生物科技有限公司, 纯度大于98%。称取千里光碱粉末适量, 用5% 盐酸水溶液溶解, 加入1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠水溶液调节pH至6~7, 以生理盐水稀释至15.0 mmol·L-1。称取五味子醇甲粉末适量, 加入0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠水溶液制得浓度为11.6 mmol·L-1的混悬液。色谱级乙腈、甲酸以及分析级丙酮均购自国药控股化学试剂有限公司; 睾酮(testosterone, 纯度大于98%, 批号: J0805AS) 购自大连美仑生物技术有限公司; 6β-羟基睾酮(6β-OH-testosterone, 纯度大于97%, 批号: 0536084-5) 购自加拿大Cayman Chemical公司; 混合人肝微粒体(human liver microsomes, HLM) 购自上海瑞德肝脏疾病有限公司。
实验动物  SPF级雄性C57 BL/6J小鼠(8周龄, 体重20 ± 2 g) 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司(合格证号: 20210824Ab220619000223), 饲养于上海中医药大学实验动物中心(饲养条件: 温度20 ± 2 ℃, 相对湿度55% ± 5%, 室内空气交换每小时12~18次, 12 h昼/夜循环, 自由摄取食物和水)。动物实验方案经上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(PZSHUTCM210604002)。
实验动物适应性喂养7天, 将小鼠随机分为4组, 每组8只, 分别为溶剂对照组(VEH组)、模型组(SEN组)、五味子醇甲干预组(SoA+SEN组)、五味子醇甲对照组(SoA组)。SEN组单次灌胃SEN 150 μmol·kg-1; SoA+SEN组每日给药SoA 116 μmol·kg-1, 连续7天, 于末次给药后灌胃千里光碱(150 μmol·kg-1) 造模; VEH和SoA组分别灌胃空白溶剂和五味子醇甲(116 μmol·kg-1)。各组小鼠分别于千里光碱造模1 h后异氟烷麻醉眼眶静脉丛取血, 千里光碱造模24 h后异氟烷麻醉摘眼球取血, 收集肝脏。全血于室温下静置2 h, 4 ℃、4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 分离血清; 取小鼠肝脏最大叶中1 cm × 1 cm置4%多聚甲醛中, 其余肝脏以液氮速冻后保存于-80 ℃。
肝损伤评价  血清肝功能指标, 包括谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 活力、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 活力, 根据试剂盒(江苏南京建成生物工程研究所) 说明书进行测定, 多功能酶标仪(Thermo Scientific, 型号: Varioskan Flash) 于波长510 nm处读取各吸光度(A) 值, 根据标准曲线计算ALT、AST活力。
肝脏组织以4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后, 依次进行脱水、包埋、切片、苏木素-伊红(HE) 染色、乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、树胶封固, 于光学显微镜下观察组织病理变化并采集图片。
千里光碱及代谢物含量测定  利用液相色谱-质谱联用系统(配备日本Shimadzu CBM-30 A高效液相色谱系统, 连接美国ABSCIEX QTRAP6500质谱系统) 进行, 采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM) 模式进行检测。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm); 流动相为0.1%甲酸水-乙腈。取各组小鼠血清适量, 加5倍体积4 ℃预冷的丙酮沉淀蛋白。取上清液, 根据本课题组前期报道方法[23, 24], 利用LC-MS/MS测定上清液中千里光碱代谢物千里光碱氮氧化物(SEN N-oxide, SENNO)、羟化产物(hydroxylated SEN, SENOH) 的含量; 梯度洗脱: 0~0.5 min, 2%乙腈; 0.5~3 min, 2%~20%乙腈; 3~5 min, 20%乙腈; 5~5.5 min, 20%~95%乙腈; 5.5~7 min, 95%乙腈。蛋白以无水乙醇洗涤, 参考前期课题组建立方法以Ehrlich试剂和2%硝酸银溶液进行衍生化[25, 26], 所得上清液利用LC-MS/MS测定PPAs含量, 梯度洗脱: 0~0.5 min, 2%乙腈; 0.5~3 min, 2%~20%乙腈; 3~5 min, 20%乙腈; 5~5.5 min, 20%~95%乙腈; 5.5~7 min, 95%乙腈。各化合物的检测离子通道分别为: 千里光碱, 336.2 > 120.2 (定量离子对), 336.2 > 138.2 (定性离子对); 千里光碱氮氧化物或羟化产物, 352.2 > 120.2 (定量离子对), 352.2 > 138.2 (定性离子对); 野百合碱(内标), 326.2 > 120.2 (定量分析), 326.2 > 138.2 (定性离子对); PPAs, 341.2 > 252.2 (定量离子对), 341.2 > 296.2 (定性离子对)。
人肝微粒I相代谢反应  肝微粒体反应总体系包含: 混合人肝微粒体(0.5 g·L-1)、NADPH (G-6-P, 10 mmol·L-1; G-6-PDH, 1 unit·mL-1; NADPNa2, 1 mmol·L-1)、MgCl2 (4 mmol·L-1)、Tris-HCl (50 mmol·L-1, pH 7.4); 总体积100 μL。
以上肝微粒体反应体系加入除启动子NADPH以外的各试剂, 加入不同浓度的千里光碱溶液(母液: 100 mmol·L-1, 甲醇溶解; 工作液终浓度为0、1、10、20、50、100、200、500、1 000 μmol·L-1), 于37 ℃预孵育5 min; 加入启动子NADPH, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 加入5%冰丙酮终止反应, 取上清液利用LC-MS/MS测定千里光碱含量, 根据千里光碱剩余量计算不同底物浓度下千里光碱在人肝微粒体发生I相代谢反应速率。
以上肝微粒体反应体系加入除启动子NADPH以外的各试剂, 加入千里光碱溶液(200 μmol·L-1) 和不同浓度的五味子醇甲溶液(母液: 100 mmol·L-1, 甲醇溶解; 工作液终浓度为0、1、10、20、50、100、200、500 μmol·L-1), 于37 ℃预孵育5 min; 加入启动子NADPH, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 加入冰丙酮终止反应并沉淀蛋白, 蛋白用于PPAs含量测定, 上清液用于千里光碱代谢物SENNO、SENOH含量测定, 测定五味子醇甲对千里光碱在人肝微粒中I相代谢的影响。
CYP3A4酶活性测定  参考文献[27]报道, 采用底物探针法以睾酮为CYP3A4特异性底物, 测定产物6β-羟基睾酮含量, 以此表征CYP3A4酶活性。肝微粒体反应总体系包含: 混合人肝微粒体(0.5 g·L-1)、NADPH (G-6-P, 10 mmol·L-1; G-6-PDH, 1 unit·mL-1; NADPNa2, 1 mmol·L-1)、MgCl2 (4 mmol·L-1)、Tris-HCl (50 mmol·L-1, pH 7.4)、反应底物睾酮(50 μmol·L-1); 总体积100 μL。以上肝微粒体反应体系加入除启动子NADPH以外的各试剂, 加入不同浓度的五味子醇甲溶液(终浓度0、1、10、20、50、100、200、500 μmol·L-1), 于37 ℃预孵育5 min; 加入启动子NADPH, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 加入冰甲醇100 mL (含内标伪麻黄碱30 nmol·L-1) 终止反应并沉淀蛋白, 4 ℃、4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液用于LC-MS/MS分析, 色谱柱为Acquity UPLC HSS T3柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水-乙腈; 梯度洗脱方式如下: 0~1 min, 8%乙腈; 1~2 min, 8%~40%乙腈; 2~4 min, 40%~95%乙腈; 4~4.5 min, 95%乙腈。采用MRM模式测定产物6β-OH睾酮的含量(离子通道分别为: 6β-OH睾酮, 305.2 > 269.2; 内标伪麻黄碱, 166.1 > 148.1), 测定五味子醇甲对CYP3A4酶活性的影响。
RT-PCR分析  称取小鼠肝脏约10 mg, 以总RNA极速抽提试剂盒(上海飞捷生物技术有限公司, 货号: 220011) 提取总RNA, 取1 μg总RNA以逆转录试剂盒(日本Takara公司, 货号: RF420A) 逆转录为cDNA, 以美国ABI ViiA7实时荧光定量基因扩增荧光检测系统(RT-PCR) 测定肝脏中相关基因的mRNA表达水平。以Gapdh为内参, 采用2-∆∆Ct法计算相关基因的相对表达量, VEH组设为1, 引物(上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司合成) 序列见表 1
统计学分析  实验数据采用均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA) 软件用于统计分析, 两组间比较满足正态分布采用参数检验进行差异分析, 若P < 0.05则表示差异有统计学意义。
图 1所示, 与VEH组比较, SEN模型组肝脏组织切片可见明显肝细胞坏死和肝窦瘀血, 血清转氨酶ALT、AST活力明显升高(P < 0.001), 与本课题组前期报道[23, 28]一致; 116 μmol·kg-1五味子醇甲干预组(SoA+SEN) 小鼠肝脏损伤情况较模型组显著改善, 未见明显损伤, 血清ALT、AST活力也明显降低(分别降低约57.8%、34.7%), 以上结果均表明五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝毒性具有明显的保护作用。此外, 与VEH组比较, SoA对照组小鼠行为、肝脏病理及血清转氨酶均未表现出明显异常。
本课题组前期研究[23, 24]表明, 千里光碱在血清中的主要代谢物为SENNO和SENOH。本研究测定千里光碱造模1 h后血清中千里光碱主要代谢物的含量, 结果表明, SoA干预组血清SENNO、SENOH含量均明显低于模型SEN组(图 2A)。此外, PPAs为PAs致肝毒性的代谢标志物, 与肝损伤程度相关[25, 26]。由图 2B可见, 千里光碱造模24 h后, SoA干预组血清中PPAs含量较模型组明显降低(P < 0.01)。以上结果提示, 五味子醇甲可抑制千里光碱代谢活化, 降低千里光碱代谢物含量。
利用人肝微粒体进行体外孵育, 根据千里光碱剩余量计算不同底物浓度下千里光碱在人肝微粒体的I相代谢反应速率。将底物浓度和反应速度作图(图 3AB) 可知, 千里光碱在人肝微粒体中发生I相代谢符合典型酶促反应动力学Michaelis-Menten方程(米氏方程: V = Vmax × [S] / Km ± [S], Vmax为酶反应最大速度, Km为米氏常数, [S]为底物浓度), 相关系数为0.999, Km为714.6 ± 157.2 μmol·L-1, Vmax为1.21 ± 0.17 nmol·mg-1 pro·min-1, 内在清除率(CLint) 为1.7 μL·mg-1 pro·min-1。进一步研究五味子醇甲对千里光碱在人肝微粒体种I相代谢的影响, 以不同浓度五味子醇甲(0~500 μmol·L-1) 与千里光碱共孵育, 千里光碱I相代谢物SENNO、SENOH及PPAs的生成量均呈剂量依赖性降低(图 3C)。以上结果提示, 五味子醇甲对千里光碱I相代谢具有明显的抑制作用。
千里光碱主要经CYP3A4酶代谢发生I相代谢, 生成SENNO、SENOH以及脱氢吡咯, 脱氢吡咯进一步与蛋白结合生成PPAs[6]。因此, CYP3A4是催化千里光碱代谢物SENNO、SENOH及PPAs生成的主要酶。本研究进一步利用人肝微粒体测定了五味子醇甲对CYP3A4酶活性的影响。结果表明, 五味子醇甲可抑制CYP3A4酶活性, 半数抑制率(IC50) 为52.3 μmol·L-1 (图 4)。该部分结果与五味子醇甲降低千里光碱在人肝微粒的I相代谢产物生成的结果相符, 由此推测: 五味子醇甲通过抑制CYP3A4酶活性, 从而抑制千里光碱的I相代谢。
进一步测定小鼠肝脏中千里光碱代谢关键基因Cyp3a11及相关核受体PxrCar的mRNA表达水平(图 5)。造模24 h后, SEN组肝脏Cyp3a11PxrCar的mRNA表达均较溶剂对照组显著降低, 与文献[28]报道一致; 而SoA干预组中此基因的mRNA表达均较模型组显著升高, 与溶剂对照组趋近一致, 表明五味子醇甲可通过调节代谢酶缓解千里光碱造成的小鼠肝损伤。
含千里光碱等PAs的中草药及膳食补充剂导致肝毒性的问题引起国际社会的广泛关注[29, 30], 成为最严重的中药药源性肝损伤问题之一。PAs本身无毒性, 主要由细胞色素P450酶(主要是CYP3A4) 代谢生成活化吡咯并与蛋白等生命大分子物质结合从而诱导毒性[4-6]。本研究以菊三七中最具代表性的肝毒性PAs千里光碱构建肝损伤模型, 探讨保肝中药五味子木脂素类活性成分五味子醇甲对其毒性的改善作用。结果表明, 五味子醇甲对千里光碱致小鼠肝损伤具有显著的保护作用, 减轻肝脏细胞坏死及瘀血, 降低血清转氨酶活性。
药物代谢酶在药物发挥作用过程起到重要的作用, 药物-药物相互作用可能会影响药物代谢酶促使药物产生药效或增加毒性[31-33]。中药配伍是我国传统中医药的核心理论之一, 也是中药减毒增/存效的有效方式, 对于中药临床合理用药尤其重要。PAs致肝毒性与代谢密切相关, 对PAs代谢的调节将严重影响其毒性。五味子中含有的木脂素类成分是一类由两分子苯丙素衍生物聚合而成的天然化合物, 五味子醇乙、五味子酯乙、五味子酯甲、五味子乙素等木脂素类化合物均对CYP3A4酶活性具有不同程度的抑制作用[34-36], 并且已有研究证实此类成分对药物代谢酶的调控是其发挥保肝药效的重要机制[17, 36, 37]。本研究进一步利用人肝微粒体测定五味子醇甲对CYP3A4酶活性的影响, 结果表明五味子醇甲可抑制CYP3A4的酶活性从而改善肝损伤, 并在体内外抑制千里光碱经CYP3A4催化的代谢产物的含量。以上研究均证实五味子醇甲发挥药效与其抑制CYP3A4酶活性进而抑制千里光碱代谢活化密切相关。CYP3A4是催化千里光碱代谢活化致毒的关键代谢酶, 而上游核受体孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 和组成型雄甾烷受体(constitutive androstane receptor, CAR) 对其具有显著的调节作用[38]。已有报道证明核受体对PAs致肝毒性的调控作用[39]。本研究发现五味子醇甲可以回调千里光碱致肝损伤小鼠肝脏中Cyp3a11及核受体PxrCar的mRNA表达水平, 使其趋于溶剂对照组, 进一步证实五味子醇甲可通过调节药物代谢酶发挥其对千里光碱致肝损伤的保护作用。以本研究为基础, 后续将进一步深入探讨五味子醇甲对千里光碱体内吸收、分布、代谢及排泄的动力学特征及相关代谢机制, 为菊三七等含千里光碱的中草药及其制剂的减毒策略的开发及临床合理应用提供参考。
作者贡献: 陈岩、熊爱珍设计实验、撰写及修改论文; 陈岩、贾夏丽负责实验样本及数据的采集与分析; 杨莉、王峥涛、王长虹提供学术指导; 熊爱珍提供基金支持。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 上海市自然科学基金(20ZR1473300)
  • 上海市人才发展资金(2020099)
  • 上海中医药大学“杏林学者”计划(B1-GY21-409-04-06)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0858
  • 接收时间:2022-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-12
  • 修回日期:2022-09-12
基金
上海市自然科学基金(20ZR1473300)
上海市人才发展资金(2020099)
上海中医药大学“杏林学者”计划(B1-GY21-409-04-06)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室暨国家中医药管理局中药新资源与质量评价重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2.上海中药标准化研究中心, 上海 201203

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*熊爱珍, Tel: 86-21-51322506, Fax: 86-21-51322519, E-mail: ;
王峥涛, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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