Article(id=1210518235255017768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657209600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-08, revisedDate=1662998400000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539637626, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539637626, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539637626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539637626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3494, endPage=3501, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518237431861590, articleId=1210518235255017768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of gut microbiota in the antidepressant effect of traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Depression is a common emotional mental disorder. Patients not only continuously showed depression, pessimism and apathy in mood, but also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and constipation in body. Widely attention has been also received in the potential biological role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of depression. It plays an important role in the interaction between the intestine and the brain, not only affecting the intestinal barrier function, but also maintaining the homeostasis of host through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In recent years, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the advantages of obvious therapeutic effects and few side effects when treating neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression. The pharmacological mechanism of TCM exerting antidepressant effects by regulating the structure of gut microbiota, reducing displacement, and maintaining the normal function of gut microbiota has been also widely concerned. By investigating the relevant literature in recent years, this paper summarizes the antidepressant effect of TCM in different directions such as Chinese medicine monomer, single medicine and compound medicine. And this paper reviews the antidepressant effects and mechanisms of TCM at different levels, such as the correction of gut microbiota structure, the regulation of immunity, the transplantation of gut microbiota and the regulation of its metabolites. This paper will provide a basis for further explaining the mechanism of gut microbiota in depression and the mechanism of antidepressant effect of TCM.

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi WANG, Ying-xia ZHAO, Hui-liang ZHAO, Zhen-ning WU, Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518238350414220, articleId=1210518235255017768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=肠道菌群在中药抗抑郁作用中的研究进展, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抑郁症是一种常见的情感性精神障碍, 患者不仅在情绪上表现出持续的低落、悲观、冷漠等, 同时在躯体上常伴有食欲不振、便秘等胃肠道症状。肠道菌群在抑郁症发病机制中潜在的生物学作用已受到广泛关注, 其在肠与脑相互作用中扮演着重要角色, 不仅影响肠道屏障功能, 还可以通过调控肠道微生物-肠-脑轴维持宿主机体的稳态。近年来, 中药在预防和治疗抑郁症等神经精神系统疾病时, 具有效果显著且不良反应较小的特点, 且中药通过调节肠道菌群结构、减少移位以及维持菌群正常功能等方面发挥抗抑郁作用的研究已被广泛关注。本综述主要通过调研近年来相关文献资料, 从中药单体、单味药及复方多种角度探讨中药对肠道菌群的改善作用, 从中药对肠道菌群结构的矫正作用、调节免疫作用、进行菌群移植以及对其代谢物调节等不同层次发挥抗抑郁的作用及其机制进行由浅入深的总结。本综述将为深入阐释肠道菌群在抑郁症的发生机制及中药抗抑郁的作用机制研究提供依据。

, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 田俊生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Wze5CpwnrfEyzsyYVqHYiw==, magXml=WK0d5fNuEV73w6xDWjegRQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Lo0aD2zKwfo6sawX+A5uBA==, pdfFileSize=1042074, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=IN82vkXyatEYyNFES5QEpg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=K8CzyjqTaNc5dmKy4014FQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=王琦, 赵映霞, 赵慧亮, 吴振宁, 秦雪梅, 田俊生)}, authors=[Author(id=1210518238824370608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210518238929228218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, authorId=1210518238824370608, language=EN, stringName=Qi WANG, firstName=Qi, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 149: 112861., articleTitle=Butyrate emerges as a crucial effector of Zhi-Zi-Chi decoctions to ameliorate depression via multiple pathways of brain-gut axis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210518256528527460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, doi=10.1152/ajpgi.00448.2016, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=313, issue=null, pageStart=G80, pageEnd=G87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhattarai Y, Schmidt BA, Linden DR, et al. Human-derived gut microbiota modulates colonic secretion in mice by regulating 5-HT3 receptor expression via acetate production[J]. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2017, 313: G80-G87., articleTitle=Human-derived gut microbiota modulates colonic secretion in mice by regulating 5-HT3 receptor expression via acetate production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210518256608219240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=454, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Front Psychiatry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J, Hou L, Wang C, et al. Short term intrarectal administration of sodium propionate induces antidepressant-like effects in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress[J]. Front Psychiatry, 2018, 9: 454., articleTitle=Short term intrarectal administration of sodium propionate induces antidepressant-like effects in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210518256696299628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, doi=10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=99, issue=null, pageStart=110, pageEnd=132, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Neurochem Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stilling RM, van de Wouw M, Clarke G, et al. The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?[J]. Neurochem Int, 2016, 99: 110-132., articleTitle=The neuropharmacology of butyrate: the bread and butter of the microbiota-gut-brain axis?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210518256759214194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, doi=10.1038/s41380-020-00953-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=null, pageStart=4191, pageEnd=4204, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=Mol Psychiatry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fiori LM, Kos A, Lin R, et al. miR-323a regulates ERBB4 and is involved in depression[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2021, 26: 4191-4204., articleTitle=miR-323a regulates ERBB4 and is involved in depression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210518256847294583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, doi=10.7150/thno.28068, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=5945, pageEnd=5959, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Theranostics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao ZX, Fu J, Ma SR, et al. Gut-brain axis metabolic pathway regulates antidepressant efficacy of albiflorin[J]. 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TCMExperiment designDiversity analysisSpecies composition analysis (administration vs model)
Poria[24]16s rRNA was used for the fecal of CUMS ratsShannon↑, Chao1↑, the structure is similar to normal statePhylum:
Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria↓
Firmicutes↑
Genus:
Lactobacillus, Romboutsia
Clostridium Xl Va, Oligella
Bupleurum[25]16s rDNA was used for the fecal of CSDS miceShannon↑, Simpson↑, the structure is distinguished from depression statePhylum:
Firmicutes, Melainabacteria↓
Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria↑
Genus:
Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, Intestinimonas
Bacteroides, Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Akkermansia, Alloprevotella
Jiawei Wendan Decoction[26]16s rDNA was used for the fecal of CUMS ratsThe structure is close to normalPhylum:
Firmicutes↑, Bacteroidetes↓
Class:
Bacilli↑, Bacteroidia↓
Shunao Jieyu Decoction[27]16s rRNA was used for the fecal of post stroke depression patient/Phylum:
Firmicutes↑
Genus:
Bacteroides
Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San[28]Anaerobic culture was used for the fecal of depression patient/Species:
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus
Bifidobacterium sp.↑
), ArticleFig(id=1210518248622265088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235255017768, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the composition and structure of the gut microbiota. CUMS: Chronic unpredictable mild stress; CSDS: Chronic social defeat stress depression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TCMExperiment designDiversity analysisSpecies composition analysis (administration vs model)
Poria[24]16s rRNA was used for the fecal of CUMS ratsShannon↑, Chao1↑, the structure is similar to normal statePhylum:
Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria↓
Firmicutes↑
Genus:
Lactobacillus, Romboutsia
Clostridium Xl Va, Oligella
Bupleurum[25]16s rDNA was used for the fecal of CSDS miceShannon↑, Simpson↑, the structure is distinguished from depression statePhylum:
Firmicutes, Melainabacteria↓
Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria↑
Genus:
Lactobacillus, Lachnoclostridium, Intestinimonas
Bacteroides, Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Akkermansia, Alloprevotella
Jiawei Wendan Decoction[26]16s rDNA was used for the fecal of CUMS ratsThe structure is close to normalPhylum:
Firmicutes↑, Bacteroidetes↓
Class:
Bacilli↑, Bacteroidia↓
Shunao Jieyu Decoction[27]16s rRNA was used for the fecal of post stroke depression patient/Phylum:
Firmicutes↑
Genus:
Bacteroides
Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San[28]Anaerobic culture was used for the fecal of depression patient/Species:
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus
Bifidobacterium sp.↑
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肠道菌群在中药抗抑郁作用中的研究进展
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王琦 1, 2 , 赵映霞 1, 2 , 赵慧亮 1, 2 , 吴振宁 1, 2 , 秦雪梅 1, 2, * , 田俊生 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022,57(12): 3494-3501
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药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022, 57(12): 3494-3501
肠道菌群在中药抗抑郁作用中的研究进展
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王琦1, 2, 赵映霞1, 2, 赵慧亮1, 2, 吴振宁1, 2, 秦雪梅1, 2, * , 田俊生1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
Research progress of gut microbiota in the antidepressant effect of traditional Chinese medicine
Qi WANG1, 2, Ying-xia ZHAO1, 2, Hui-liang ZHAO1, 2, Zhen-ning WU1, 2, Xue-mei QIN1, 2, * , Jun-sheng TIAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844
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抑郁症是一种常见的情感性精神障碍, 患者不仅在情绪上表现出持续的低落、悲观、冷漠等, 同时在躯体上常伴有食欲不振、便秘等胃肠道症状。肠道菌群在抑郁症发病机制中潜在的生物学作用已受到广泛关注, 其在肠与脑相互作用中扮演着重要角色, 不仅影响肠道屏障功能, 还可以通过调控肠道微生物-肠-脑轴维持宿主机体的稳态。近年来, 中药在预防和治疗抑郁症等神经精神系统疾病时, 具有效果显著且不良反应较小的特点, 且中药通过调节肠道菌群结构、减少移位以及维持菌群正常功能等方面发挥抗抑郁作用的研究已被广泛关注。本综述主要通过调研近年来相关文献资料, 从中药单体、单味药及复方多种角度探讨中药对肠道菌群的改善作用, 从中药对肠道菌群结构的矫正作用、调节免疫作用、进行菌群移植以及对其代谢物调节等不同层次发挥抗抑郁的作用及其机制进行由浅入深的总结。本综述将为深入阐释肠道菌群在抑郁症的发生机制及中药抗抑郁的作用机制研究提供依据。

肠道菌群  /  抑郁症  /  中药  /  微生物-肠-脑轴  /  菌群代谢物

Depression is a common emotional mental disorder. Patients not only continuously showed depression, pessimism and apathy in mood, but also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and constipation in body. Widely attention has been also received in the potential biological role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of depression. It plays an important role in the interaction between the intestine and the brain, not only affecting the intestinal barrier function, but also maintaining the homeostasis of host through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In recent years, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the advantages of obvious therapeutic effects and few side effects when treating neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression. The pharmacological mechanism of TCM exerting antidepressant effects by regulating the structure of gut microbiota, reducing displacement, and maintaining the normal function of gut microbiota has been also widely concerned. By investigating the relevant literature in recent years, this paper summarizes the antidepressant effect of TCM in different directions such as Chinese medicine monomer, single medicine and compound medicine. And this paper reviews the antidepressant effects and mechanisms of TCM at different levels, such as the correction of gut microbiota structure, the regulation of immunity, the transplantation of gut microbiota and the regulation of its metabolites. This paper will provide a basis for further explaining the mechanism of gut microbiota in depression and the mechanism of antidepressant effect of TCM.

gut microbiota  /  depression  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  microbiota-gut-brain axis  /  microbial metabolite
王琦, 赵映霞, 赵慧亮, 吴振宁, 秦雪梅, 田俊生. 肠道菌群在中药抗抑郁作用中的研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3494 -3501 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844
Qi WANG, Ying-xia ZHAO, Hui-liang ZHAO, Zhen-ning WU, Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN. Research progress of gut microbiota in the antidepressant effect of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3494 -3501 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844
抑郁症是一种常见的情感性精神障碍, 据Huang等[1]在2019年中国精神障碍的流行病学研究调查的结果表明, 中国抑郁症患者人数约9 500万人, 我国抑郁症的终生患病率6.9%。在2020年发布的研究报告结果中也显示, 抑郁症是导致全球疾病负担增加的十大疾病之一[2]。庞大的患病群体及较高的致残或自杀比例也表明抑郁症需要得到更多的重视[3]。抑郁症患者在情绪上表现持续性的低落、悲观、冷漠, 也存在睡眠障碍、认知功能受损等, 常伴发食欲不振、便秘等胃肠道症状。
人体内的肠道菌群约占寄居微生物总量的78%, 种类丰富, 且数量可达1 000亿以上。在健康人的胃肠道中, 菌群主要以厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门为主, 其次是丰度较低的变形菌门、梭杆菌门和放线菌门等[4]。肠道内细菌的数量、比例和种类的变化影响肠道菌群稳态, 继而影响肠道屏障功能, 或通过菌群-肠-脑(microbiota-gut-brain, MGB) 轴来影响抑郁症等疾病的发生和发展[5]
中药作用具有多途径、多靶点, 且不良反应较少的特点, 在抗抑郁药物的研究中已受到广泛关注。与此同时, 中药通过调节肠道菌群稳态发挥抗抑郁作用的药理作用机制也逐渐被认可。中药常以口服后发挥抗抑郁疗效, 复杂的体系在进入肠道后与肠道菌群发生相互作用[6]。不但中药能够影响肠道菌群的数量、结构和功能等发挥作用, 而且肠道菌群也可以将中药化学成分转化为活性更强的功效成分而发挥作用。
本综述主要通过调研近年来相关文献, 总结中药通过调节肠道菌群稳态和功能发挥抗抑郁的作用及其机制, 为阐释肠道菌群与抑郁症的发生及中药抗抑郁的作用机制提供依据。
抑郁患者常伴有胃肠功能障碍, 表现在食欲不振、代谢紊乱、胃肠功能紊乱及肠道菌群异常等方面[7]。肠道菌群与抑郁症关系密切, MGB功能障碍可能是抑郁症的主要病理基础之一[8]。肠道菌群稳态即肠道菌群结构、移位和功能处于正常状态, 肠道菌群的稳态对抑郁症的各项症状具有显著影响。
肠道菌群结构复杂、数量庞大, 在正常情况下, 宿主肠道内共生菌群与致病菌群处在一个平衡的状态。共生菌群能够帮助宿主消化食物、保护宿主的健康, 与致病菌群抗衡。一旦共生菌群减少或致病菌群增加, 导致宿主肠道菌群结构改变, 对宿主的健康有很大影响。
临床研究表明, 肠道菌群在抑郁患者与健康人之间存在显著差异, 抑郁患者的肠道菌群多样性和丰富度等均有所下降, 其中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides) 丰度升高, 布劳特氏菌属(Blautia) 和优杆菌属(Eubacterium) 丰度降低, 即抑郁症患者的肠道菌群结构发生改变[9]。其中拟杆菌属可诱导细胞因子的产生, 而布劳特氏菌则介导有益的抗炎作用, 这也反映了菌群结构的改变能够引起抑郁症患者机体内促炎和抗炎之间的失衡。慢性温和不可预知应激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS) 小鼠肠道菌群与正常小鼠存在显著性差异, 表明经历长期应激后, 模型小鼠肠道菌群组成与结构均发生显著改变, 进而产生抑郁样行为[10]。研究发现, 对无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF) 小鼠和无菌(germ free, GF) 小鼠分别给予母婴分离应激后, 会出现皮质酮激素水平异常和肠道功能受损, 但仅有SPF小鼠会出现焦虑和抑郁样行为, 表明微生物因素是应激导致抑郁样行为出现的必要条件[11]。另有研究表明, 将抑郁症患者的肠道菌群植入健康GF小鼠体内可使得健康GF小鼠表现出明显的抑郁样行为, 并且GF小鼠与抑郁患者的肠道菌群结构高度相似, 表明抑郁样行为会随着肠道菌群发生传递[12]
综上, 无论是临床抑郁症患者还是抑郁症实验模型动物, 在抑郁状态下都表现出肠道菌群结构的紊乱, 并且这种紊乱可以发生传递。
菌群结构和丰度的改变是一种表象, 其深层次往往出现一些代谢产物水平发生改变, 即共生菌群产生的维护肠屏障功能、为肠上皮细胞提供能量以及调节黏膜免疫反应的化合物减少, 或是致病菌群产生的肠毒素等增加, 如丁酸、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 等[13-18]。这些改变往往会引发肠屏障破坏, 出现肠道细菌移位(bacterial translocation, BT) 现象等。
BT是指在疾病状态下, 肠道屏障功能异常, 有活性的肠道菌群或菌群代谢产物通过肠道黏膜到达肠系膜淋巴结和肠腔外其他部位器官[19], 多数研究发现肠黏膜屏障受损将会导致BT现象。机体在应激状态下, 黏膜会有缺血现象, 黏膜上皮细胞代谢紊乱, 肠道通透性明显增加。BT现象的发生使得免疫细胞激活, 释放大量炎症因子, 加重了炎症反应, 是引发抑郁症等疾病状态的诱因之一。
丁酸是肠道菌群的代谢产物之一, 作为结肠细胞的主要能量底物刺激结肠中钠和水的吸收, 并维持肠道屏障功能[13]。有研究表明, 在抑郁症患者和抑郁模型小鼠的粪便中的丁酸含量都呈现降低趋势[14, 15]。革兰阴性菌细胞壁的组成成分LPS可激活Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptors, TLR-4), 随后可激活核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 蛋白而引发机体的免疫应答。有研究表明抑郁症患者血浆中可以检测到肠道菌群存在, 外周血单个核细胞中TLR4的RNA和蛋白、NF-κB的RNA表达均显著升高, 成为了抑郁症患者肠道菌群移位的进一步证据[16, 17]。CUMS模型大鼠的结肠组织也表现出上皮组织结构破坏、杯状细胞减少、肠腺减少或消失, 固有层黏膜呈现炎性细胞浸润现象, 且结肠紧密连接蛋白表达减少, 如上皮紧密连接跨膜蛋白claudin和带状闭合蛋白-1 (zona occluden 1, ZO-1)[18]
综上, 当肠道菌群结构改变, 即破坏了共生菌群与致病菌群之间的平衡, 肠道屏障结构遭到破环, 导致一些致病菌群或其有害代谢物能够促进宿主的炎症反应, 通过迷走神经或循环系统进入中枢神经系统, 引发炎症和神经细胞损伤, 最终影响抑郁症的发生和发展。
肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分, 不仅可以帮助宿主消化膳食纤维并转化为宿主能吸收的物质, 还是肠道的生物屏障, 部分菌群可通过刺激肠道中的免疫细胞群来增强宿主的免疫系统[20]。同时, 肠道菌群产生的相关代谢物对宿主健康的影响也是目前科学研究中的关注焦点。健康GF小鼠在接受抑郁症患者的肠道菌群移植后表现出色氨酸代谢途径异常, 而色氨酸的代谢受MGB轴的调节, 部分色氨酸经肠道菌群产生副产物, 如犬尿氨酸、喹啉酸或5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 等可传递到大脑区域影响宿主抑郁样行为的发生和发展[21]。有研究表明C57BL/6小鼠在接受连续7周的慢性应激后, 表现出肠道菌群结构和代谢特征发生改变, 其中乳酸杆菌明显减少。补充乳酸杆菌后, 可通过菌群产生的活性氧抑制小鼠的犬尿氨酸水平, 从而改善抑郁样行为[22]
肠道菌群结构的改变往往会伴随着菌群种类、丰度的变化, 其中致病菌群增多导致对宿主有害的代谢产物产生增加。当肠道屏障遭到破坏, 炎症反应加重时, 部分有害代谢物还会随着血液循环进入中枢系统, 使得神经元受损, 加速抑郁症的发生[23]。以上研究也提示可以针对调节肠道菌群进行抗抑郁治疗, 这也为研究抑郁症与肠道菌群的相关性, 以及中药治疗抑郁症的研究提供了新思路。
中药因其物质基础丰富, 能够在进入体内后调节肠道菌群的稳态, 不仅单纯调节菌群的结构, 还可维持菌群的基本功能, 减轻因菌群移位或有害代谢物分泌引起的宿主疾病状态。目前, 对于中药抗抑郁作用的初步研究主要为中药调节肠道菌群结构的作用, 即寻找中药与被调节肠道菌群的相关性。更深入的研究主要为寻找通过干预菌群后可影响哪些小分子对疾病的发生和发展进行研究, 即需要中药通过肠道菌群发挥抗抑郁作用的分子机制。中药与肠道菌群之间作用复杂, 因此将针对调节肠道菌群的抗抑郁症中药进行总结。
对于中药通过肠道菌群发挥抗抑郁作用的初步研究主要集中在给予不同的中药后观察肠道微生物群的改变情况, 即观察物种多样性的改变, 以及在不同分类水平上物种组成差异情况。
茯苓微粉可通过改善CUMS引发的抑郁大鼠肠道菌群结构失调, 进而改善其抑郁样行为[24]。北柴胡则能够显著影响慢性社交挫败应激(chronic social defeat stress depression, CSDS) 小鼠肠道菌群门水平与属水平变化, 增加多样性, 对肠道菌群影响显著, 同时能够改善其抑郁样行为[25]。给予CUMS抑郁模型大鼠加味温胆汤可使得其肠道中有益菌丰度增加、有害菌丰度减少, 从而发挥抗抑郁作用[26]。在一临床研究中发现, 抑郁症患者在服用疏脑解郁汤后, 患者粪便中肠道菌群的多样性及其在各分类学水平的丰度发生变化, 有效改善卒中后抑郁患者的中医临床症状[27]。在另一临床研究中发现, 通过灌肠柴胡疏肝散治疗抑郁症时, 其效果优于口服, 原因之一可能是药物在肠道直接调节肠道菌群, 而肠道菌群平衡有益于宿主的身心健康, 可减轻抑郁的临床症状[28]。具体调节的菌群及内容见表 1[24-28]
以上研究仅从中药调节抑郁模型动物或患者肠道菌群的物种组成结构、多样性和不同分类水平上的差异物种相对丰度的角度进行, 只能说明肠道菌群与抑郁症疾病表型间的关联及中药对应的调节作用。即中药可以使抑郁模型动物或患者的菌群丰富度和多样性增加, 调节其菌群结构。但可从表 1中发现在门水平上, 拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门为中药主要调节的物种, 这也是由于这两个菌门占据了80%~90%的肠道菌门, 但其调节的趋势仍不尽相同。同时在纲水平、属水平上, 不同中药调节的菌群也不同。这提示, 寻找抑郁症特征菌群仍具有挑战, 在关注中药调节肠道菌群结构和组成的同时, 也应该关注这些菌群具有的生物学功能。
肠道菌群结构和细胞因子水平的改变都与抑郁样行为密切相关, 而机体细胞因子的水平在一定程度上受到肠道菌群的调节[16]。因此, 同时研究中药对肠道菌群与宿主炎症相关因子的作用也是常见的研究思路。
研究发现, 开心散的抗抑郁机制可能是上调革兰阳性菌及有益菌乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌相对丰度, 下调有害菌粪球菌属和革兰阴性菌相对丰度, 以减少CUMS引起的小鼠肠道中的LPS、白介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)[29]。小补心汤总黄酮则可使得CUMS模型大鼠肠道中厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的相对丰度比值减小, 即有益菌数量增加, 致病菌数量减少; 还可使得海马及结肠中离子钙结合衔接分子1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, Iba-1)、TLR-4、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平显著降低, IL-10水平显著升高, 即减轻肠道菌群与机体免疫细胞相互作用引起的肠-脑轴相关免疫炎症反应有关[30]。远志提取物可以调节CUMS大鼠厚壁菌门和放线菌门相对丰度明显升高, 拟杆菌门和变形杆菌门相对丰度显著降低。属水平上, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupEubacterium_c-oprostanoligenes_group相对丰度明显升高, 拟杆菌属、颤杆菌属和肠单胞球菌属相对丰度显著降低。此外, 还能够通过改善十二指肠和结肠上皮损伤, 恢复肠屏障功能, 降低IL-6和LPS水平, 从而发挥抗抑郁作用[31]
以上研究均表明, 中药可以通过增加厚壁菌门中有益菌且减少拟杆菌门中有害菌的水平, 调节肠道菌群结构恢复正常。同时, 减少由于肠道菌群紊乱导致宿主炎症反应的产生, 减少促炎因子水平, 增加抗炎因子水平, 使得宿主肠道稳态恢复。
粪菌移植是将粪便中微生物群从供体转移至受体, 以确定相关的疾病或健康表型是否会随微生物群进行转移[32], 即将健康状态下的菌群转移至患病受体用于治疗, 或将疾病状态下的菌群转移至健康受体使之表现为疾病状态。
甘麦大枣汤可以改善CUMS小鼠抑郁样行为, 对小鼠肠道菌群拟杆菌门的相对丰度有提高趋势, 同时可显著降低厚壁菌门的相对丰度。当小鼠经抗生素清除肠道菌群并接受CUMS造模后, 被给予甘麦大枣汤治疗小鼠的新鲜粪便悬液, 发现可显著提高其脑内5-HT的水平, 这也就提示通过重塑CUMS小鼠肠道菌群, 可调控中枢神经单胺类递质水平, 发挥抗抑郁作用[33]。刘姝含[34]采用粪菌移植技术将重度抑郁患者粪菌移植至无菌大鼠, 受体大鼠行为学出现抑郁倾向, 5-HT、多巴胺(dopamine, DA)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine, NE) 含量下降。经醒脾解郁方干预后, 不仅可以改善大鼠抑郁样行为, 还可以回调神经递质指标。
以上研究表明, 接受抑郁症患者或动物的特征菌群后, 受体动物表现出相应的抑郁样行为, 而肠道菌群的结构经中药矫正纠偏后, 能够影响宿主的健康情况, 改善其抑郁样状态。但是中药调节肠道菌群结构发生改变后会影响哪些小分子物质, 以及这些小分子物质如何影响宿主健康的机制还有待研究。
肠道菌群在肠道中进行着复杂的代谢活动, 而这些代谢物往往能够影响宿主中枢神经系统。这些代谢物包括短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFAs)、胆酸类、色氨酸相关代谢物(吲哚类、5-HT等)、精氨酸代谢物(多胺类) 等, 可作为化学信使在肠道或重新吸收入血后发挥相应的生物学效应, 调节微生物和宿主之间的相互作用, 维持人类健康或促进疾病的发生发展[35-38]
管花肉苁蓉提取物可改善CUMS大鼠呈现紊乱状态的拟杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、ParabacteroidesButyri-cimonas、异常球菌属、魏斯氏菌属、明串珠菌属、短状杆菌属的相对丰度, 重塑肠道菌群结构, 并恢复CUMS大鼠粪便中乙酸和己酸含量。同时, 还可改善脑内单胺类神经递质、脑内神经营养因子、结肠5-HT表达, 进而影响“肠-脑轴”发挥其抗抑郁作用[39]
柴胡疏肝散可对慢性应激导致的肠道菌群异常现象具有部分调控作用, 部分通过调控肠道菌群, 从而改变粪便中肠道菌群相关的代谢产物而发挥抗抑郁作用, 如烟酸、次黄嘌呤、5-甲氧基色氨酸、尿胆素、脱氧胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸、胆酸、猪胆酸[40]
逍遥散化裁所得的中药新药柴归颗粒可显著改善CUMS大鼠空肠中门水平和属水平菌群的相对丰度, 调节精氨酸代谢途径中多胺类物质的水平继而发挥抗抑郁作用, 如胍丁胺、腐胺、亚精胺和精胺[41]。这些代谢物也被证明在抑郁症疾病中有很重要的作用[42-45]
此外, 逍遥散可以使慢性束缚应激(CRS) 合并大肠癌裸鼠的肠道菌群代谢产物LysoPE (15∶0/0∶0)、PE (16∶0/0∶0) 和oleamide含量均显著增加, 从而达到改善CRS裸鼠抑郁状态并抑制CRS大肠癌皮下移植瘤生长[46]。其中oleamide被证明在急性慢性应激抑郁模型中均有良好的抗抑郁活性[47]
栀子豉汤可增加CUMS大鼠盲肠内容物中丁酸的产生和抗炎细菌, 减少炎症和色氨酸代谢细菌。逆转肠道、血液和大脑中脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)、TNF-α、促炎细胞因子和神经递质的改变。利用外源性补充丁酸盐实验验证, 发现丁酸盐对CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为及上述指标均有显著改善作用。丁酸盐可调节海马、回肠和血浆中神经递质和氨基酸的水平, 可回调下丘脑回肠和血清中炎症因子和BDNF。实验证明了栀子豉汤通过调节肠道微生物群促进丁酸盐的产生而表现出抗抑郁作用, 丁酸盐通过肠-脑轴进一步调节抗炎、神经递质、内分泌和BDNF[48]
以上研究表明, 在研究中药调节肠道菌群及其相关代谢物发挥抗抑郁作用机制中, 大多数仍停留在中药对于肠道菌群结构和相关代谢物相对含量的层面, 对中药-菌群-代谢物之间抗抑郁作用的具体机制并进行验证的完整研究仍较少。对于肠道微生物代谢物如何影响宿主健康的更精细和精确的机制研究仍具有一定的挑战和前景。
综上所述, 浅尝辄止是目前多数研究的共同特点, 研究者对中药调节肠道菌群发挥抗抑郁作用的认识仍处于最基本的水平, 对影响菌群代谢物的研究正在逐步深入, 并且初步揭示一些潜在抗抑郁作用机制。然而, 对于这些潜在的机制进行进一步的验证也具有一定的挑战, 目前的研究策略仍是以粪菌移植、外源性补充相关代谢物以及给予相关代谢通路的激动剂或抑制剂进行研究。这些机制的深入研究对于开发新的治疗方案非常有帮助。
肠道菌群是近年来科学研究的热点, 也正在成为抑郁症防治的重要靶点。到目前为止, 在临床或动物实验水平, 无论是中药单体、单味药或是药对及复方, 大多数研究都是表明中药可以扶植有益菌生长并减少致病菌的数量, 调节肠道菌群的结构恢复至健康状态。然而, 已知的与抑郁行为有密切联系的特定肠道菌群有各自的生物学功能, 其代谢物与神经系统之间也存在一定的相关性, 但这些相关性在目前的研究中并不能直接证明其与抑郁症之间的因果关系。当前对中药调节肠道菌群发挥抗抑郁作用的示意图如图 1所示。
关于肠道菌群代谢产物的研究热点尤其是集中在短链脂肪酸, 其分泌的乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐等对治疗精神类疾病具有显著的效果[49-51]。宿主通过特定途径靶向选择菌群, 其代谢对宿主的生理功能和稳态平衡至关重要。在肠道菌群的干预治疗中, 菌群代谢功能可能成为统一的筛选靶目标。基于基因组学, 其数据只能明确一种菌群代谢, 如果想要深入了解宿主和菌群之间的关系, 需要联合转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学的相关信息。另一个关注点是氨基酸代谢, 研究中已发现肠道微生物在色氨酸代谢中发挥重要的作用, 可以影响神经性疾病, MGB信号系统的多组学机制对人类的健康、压力和发育具有调节作用, 一旦信号中断, 将导致各种精神类疾病的发生, 尽管中枢神经系统使用了超过30种神经递质, 但这些化学物质如何局部作用于肠道或如何影响中枢神经系统的细节等都需要研究者去发现。此外, 还有研究显示, 改变肠道菌群能够影响大脑中微核糖核酸的水平, 后者会影响中枢神经及与抑郁症发病相关的脑区, 保持肠道菌群结构和功能的正常, 对调节大脑中微核糖核酸水平具有重要作用[52]。如果在研究过程中可以明确是由哪些微生物直接或间接地向大脑传递信号, 这将会成为治疗精神类疾病的重大突破。
然而, 中药与肠道菌群之间抗抑郁的关系不仅仅有中药对于肠道菌群的影响, 还有肠道菌群对中药成分代谢和促进吸收的作用。如中药有效成分经肠道菌群转化代谢得以高效利用, 芍药苷可明显改善CUMS大鼠的抑郁样行为, 并且可在粪肠球菌、金葡菌和短双歧杆菌的作用下被代谢为苯甲酸穿过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统发挥抗抑郁作用[53]。探究中药与肠道菌之间的相互作用对于研究抑郁症的发病机制和抗抑郁新药研发有深远意义, 需要研究者进行大量的研究以探寻其中的奥秘。
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  • 山西省基础研究计划项目(202103021224026)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844
  • 接收时间:2022-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-08
  • 修回日期:2022-09-13
基金
山西省基础研究计划项目(202103021224026)
作者信息
    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7018379, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0844
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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