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Compd.XR1R2SGLT2 IC50/nmol·L-1SGLT1 IC50/nmol·L-1
8OCH3OCH36.61 540
9OCH3C2H53.41 500
10SO2CH3C2H514> 10 000
11NHCH3C2H55 100> 10 000
12OClOCH323> 9 600
13OClOC2H5325 600
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Functional IC50 of C5-spirocyclic compounds against SGLT2 and SGLT1

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Compd.XR1R2SGLT2 IC50/nmol·L-1SGLT1 IC50/nmol·L-1
8OCH3OCH36.61 540
9OCH3C2H53.41 500
10SO2CH3C2H514> 10 000
11NHCH3C2H55 100> 10 000
12OClOCH323> 9 600
13OClOC2H5325 600
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Compd.R1R2C-2ElogDfnplasmaIC50/nmol·L-1CLapp
HumanRatSGLT2SGLT1HLM/mL·min-1·mg-1Rat/mL·min-1·kg-1
14CH3OCH3R2.60.2060.1861.07506< 8.0< 2.1
15CH3OC2H5R3.0--1.119588.0< 2.0
16ClOCH3R3.2--0.8825469.2< 2.0
17ClOCH3S3.9--43.1> 10 000152.3
18ClOC2H5R3.60.0640.0400.9272 050124.5
19ClOC2H5S3.8--89.9> 10 000--
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Structures and activities of representative compounds with C1-O-C5 linkage

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Compd.R1R2C-2ElogDfnplasmaIC50/nmol·L-1CLapp
HumanRatSGLT2SGLT1HLM/mL·min-1·mg-1Rat/mL·min-1·kg-1
14CH3OCH3R2.60.2060.1861.07506< 8.0< 2.1
15CH3OC2H5R3.0--1.119588.0< 2.0
16ClOCH3R3.2--0.8825469.2< 2.0
17ClOCH3S3.9--43.1> 10 000152.3
18ClOC2H5R3.60.0640.0400.9272 050124.5
19ClOC2H5S3.8--89.9> 10 000--
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Compd.CLplasma/mL·min-1·kg-1Vss/L·kg-1t1/2/h
1437.11.710.96
1527.71.030.94
1623.81.821.6
184.041.134.1
822.32.271.9
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Comparison of in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of typical compounds in rats (doses of 2 mg·kg-1, iv)

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Compd.CLplasma/mL·min-1·kg-1Vss/L·kg-1t1/2/h
1437.11.710.96
1527.71.030.94
1623.81.821.6
184.041.134.1
822.32.271.9
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降血糖药SGLT2抑制剂埃格列净的研制
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2025,60(6): 1962-1964
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药学学报 |新药发现与研究实例简析 2025 , 60 (6) : 1962 -1964
降血糖药SGLT2抑制剂埃格列净的研制
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0842
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郭宗儒. 降血糖药SGLT2抑制剂埃格列净的研制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1962 -1964 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0842
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1962 -1964 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0842
100多年前, 人们发现蔷薇科植物果皮中含有次级代谢产物根皮苷(1, phlorizin), 是以二氢查尔酮为苷元的葡萄糖苷, 具有抑制钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2 (sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2, SGLT2) 和SGLT1的双重活性(Chassis H, Jolliffe N, Smith H. The action of phlorizin on the excretion of glucose, xylose, sucrose, creatinine, and urea by man. J Clin Invest, 1933, 12: 1083-1089), 因选择性不高和在肠道迅速被糖苷酶水解成根皮素(phloretin) 和葡萄糖而失效, 不能直接药用, 只用作药理工具药, 不过根皮苷可作为先导化合物, 只是近10多年来的事了。SGLT2蛋白主要表达于肾近端小管, 负责将前尿液中的90%葡萄糖重吸收到血液中, 具有高容量低亲和特征; SGLT1表达于肠、肾(重吸收10%葡萄糖) 和其他组织, 主要负责从膳食中摄取葡萄糖, 特征是低亲和高容量。选择性地抑制SGLT2是与胰岛素系统完全不同的降糖减肥靶标。
在研制本品的过程中, 相继上市了多个针对SGLT2靶标的药物, 有BMS和阿斯利康共同研制的达格列净(2, dapagliflozin, 2012) (Meng W, Ellsworth BA, Nirschl AA, et al. Discovery of dapagliflozin: a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem, 2008, 51: 1145-1149); 强生公司的坎格列净(3, canagliflozin, 2013) (Nomura S, Sakamaki S, Hongu M, et al. Discovery of canagliflozin, a novel C-glucoside thiophene ring, as sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter diabetes mellitus. J Med Chem, 2010, 53: 6355-6360); 2014年有4款上市, 即勃林格与礼来公司共研制的恩格列净(4, empagliflozin) (Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, et al. Empagliflozin, a novel selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterisation and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2012, 14: 83-90)、日本安斯泰来与寿技公司研制的伊格列净(5, ipragliflozin)、诺华与日本大正研制的鲁格列净(6, luseogliflozin) 和日本中外制药的托格列净(7, tofogliflozin)。
这些上市药物都是将天然物1的O-糖苷变换为C-糖苷, 而且都将糖的连接位置由邻位迁移到间位, 提高了化学和代谢稳定性; 同时也都消除了酚羟基, 以减少药物的Ⅱ相代谢失活。多数抑制剂只限于优化苷元部分, 6变换葡萄糖为硫代糖, 7为螺环糖。本品则是有桥头的双环糖。
用中国仓鼠卵巢细胞模型, 评价化合物抑制SGLT2/1转运α-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷(AMG) 半数有效浓度IC50, 越小越好。
在血浆中化合物浓度为1 000 ng·mL-1下未发生结合的游离化合物的分值fnplasma, 作为稳定性的一种量度, 分值越小在血浆中存留时间越长。
化合物与肝微粒体和肝细胞温孵, 测定用半衰期定标的表观内在清除率。清除率越低预示用药剂量和频度越小。
这个模型整合了动物的药代、药效数据, 转化为预测健康人体的药代、药效行为。根据化合物与人和大鼠血浆蛋白结合的差异经归一化处理后, 测定大鼠药代数据经异速标定(allometric scaling) 预测化合物在人体的药代数据。人体的药效强度是用大鼠的数据经微分方程模型作预测, 即求解SGLT2诱导的尿路排泄葡萄糖(UGE) 是抑制剂浓度、抑制剂强度、血浆中葡萄糖浓度、肾小球滤过率和葡萄糖重吸收量的函数, 求解微分方程(Hosea NA, Collard WT, Cole S, et al. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics from preclinical information: comparative accuracy of quantitative prediction approaches. J Clin Pharmacol, 2009, 49: 513-533)。
为了赋予化合物的结构新颖性, 修饰糖片段5位引入螺环, 而保持2, 3, 4位的羟基构型不变。合成的化合物列于表1。表中化合物除氮杂螺环含有NH可作为氢键供体, 其余四元螺环都没有氢键供体, 但抑制SGLT2活性仍很强, 尤其是化合物8和9, 提示5-位的羟基对活性影响不大, 可以修饰为无羟基的分子。反之, 氮杂环丁烷化合物11的活性却很低, 推测其碱性被质子化, 正电荷不利于同蛋白结合(Mascitti V, Robinson RP, Preville C, et al. Syntheses of C-5-spirocyclic C-glycoside SGLT2 inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett, 2010, 51: 1880-1883)。
然而化合物8或9的药代动力学性质不理想, 根据8的大鼠药代数据按照前述的异速标定模型换算成人的血浆清除率为4.6 mL·min-1·kg-1, 预测人体稳态下的分布容积VSS为1.9 L·kg-1, 换算成在人体内的半衰期t1/2 < 5.0 h, 这就需要每日的有效剂量大于100 mg才能接近尿排葡萄糖量的最大值(60 g/24 h) (Robinson RP, Mascitti V, Boustany-Kari CM. et al. C-Aryl glycoside inhibitors of SGLT2: exploration of sugar modifications including C-5 spirocyclization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2010, 20: 1569-1572)。所以, 5位氧杂环丁烷难以作为深入研究的方向。
修饰糖的另一个考虑是将C5和C1经氧桥连成五元杂环, 此时C1提高了氧化态, 成为环状缩酮碳, 双环的存在增加了分子构象的稳固性, 可能有利于提高活性和选择性。此外C5还可以存在羟亚甲基, 提供与蛋白结合的几率。为此合成并评价表2的代表性化合物。构效关系可概括如下: ① C2的构型很重要。R构型的活性显著强于S构型, 例如化合物16强于17、18强于19。②化合物14、15、16和18的实测分布系数(ElogD) 都很接近, 需提及的是糖片段的差向异构显示ElogD有差异, 17的亲脂性强于16和18。体外活性和清除率都很相近, 18对SGLT2的选择性较高, 与人或大鼠血浆结合率低于14。
然而大鼠体内药代动力学表明化合物18的清除率显著低于14~16, 因而血浆消除半衰期延长了2~4倍。如表3所示。
化合物18体外抑制SGLT2活性与14~17都较高, 但静脉注射大鼠显示体内有显著低清除率和较长半衰期, 遂将18制成L-焦谷氨酸盐(20) 以便口服用药。图1是20的X-射线单晶图。
下面是确定20为候选物的重要药理学依据。首先是动物体内药效动力学评价。化合物20灌胃大鼠5.0 mg·kg-1, 体内最大暴露量是1.94 μg·mL-1, 达峰时间是1.0 h, 口服生物利用度(F) 为69%。继之测定大鼠体内UGE, 显示是剂量依赖性排出, 一次给药在24 h内最大UGE为2 554 mg/200 g体重。一次灌胃30 mg·kg-1血浆中未与蛋白结合的18浓度为408 nmol·L-1, 18 AUC0-24 = 4 280 ng·h·mL-1, 体内抑制SGLT2活性IC50 = 1.8 nmol·L-1, 这与大鼠体外SGLT2的IC50 = 1.15 nmol·L-1基本一致。
之后是体内药效/药动学评价。用公司的SGLT2 PK/PD软件模型预测健康人体的UGE, 根据大鼠的药代数据的异速标定, 预测人体清除率CLplasma为1.7 mL·min-1·kg-1, 分布容积Vss = 1.8 L·kg-1, 由清除率和分布容积计算出18在人体内半衰期t1/2 = 12 h。基于稳态下预测18的剂量与UGE效应曲线与半衰期t1/2 = 12 h换算出每日给药ED50 = 4 mg, 稳态下健康人的葡萄糖排出量为32.5 g UGE/24 h, 最大效应Emax = 65 g UGE/日, 相当于体内IC50 = 1.4 nmol·L-1。与表2测定的数据IC50 = 0.927 nmol·L-1基本一致。同时还预测了18的L-焦谷氨酸盐的口服生物利用度F = 65%。
确定了20为候选化合物定名为埃格列净L-焦谷氨酸盐(ertugliflozin L-pyroglutamic acid)。健康人Ⅰ期临床表明与上述模型预测的数据基本一致, 后经Ⅲ期临床研究证明每日口服5 mg可有效控制血糖, 于2017年经FDA批准在美国上市, 同时也批准了二甲双胍/埃格列净及西格列汀/埃格列净等复方制剂治疗2型糖尿病。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0842
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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