Article(id=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656518400000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-30, revisedDate=1672848000000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943085, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943085, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=919, endPage=927, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624470622634851, articleId=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Effects of propofol on glutamatergic neuronal activity in paraventricular thalamus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
This study explored the effects of propofol on the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Acute brain slices containing the PVT were obtained from 8 weeks old C57BL/6J mice. The electrophysiological characteristics of PVT neurons were recorded in current-clamp mode, then single-cell sequencing was used to identify neuronal types. The firing frequencies before, during, and after propofol or intralipid application were recorded as FB, FD and FW; and the membrane potentials were recorded as MPB and MPD. Picrotoxin (PTX) was used to block inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors during the application of propofol at 10 μmol·L-1. Then, GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) were recorded, and the effects of 10 μmol·L-1 propofol were investigated. The animal experiments were approved by the Medical Animal Administrative Committee of Shanghai Medical College Fudan University. The results showed that there were no significant differences in FB, FD and FW during intralipid and 2 μmol·L-1 propofol application. With propofol at 5, 10 and 20 μmol·L-1, FD decreased significantly when compared with FB, and FW increased significantly as compared with FD (P < 0.01). The inhibition degree of the three concentration groups was significantly different (P < 0.01). In addition, with propofol at 20 μmol·L-1, MPD hyperpolarized significantly (P < 0.01). In the presence of PTX, 10 μmol·L-1 propofol could not suppress the firing frequency of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Propofol at 10 μmol·L-1 prolonged the decay time of sIPSCs (P < 0.01) and mIPSCs (P < 0.05), and increased the amplitude (P < 0.01) of mIPSCs of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Together, these results indicate that propofol can inhibit the activity of PVT glutamatergic neurons in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner, and the effect is likely to be mediated by postsynaptic GABAA receptors.
, correspAuthors=Yong-quan CHEN, Lu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-long WANG, Qiong YI, Wei XU, E WANG, Zhi-li HUANG, Yong-quan CHEN, Lu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624474598834257, articleId=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
本研究利用全细胞膜片钳技术探索丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus, PVT) 谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响及作用机制。在8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠急性脑片上, 用单细胞逆转录PCR技术鉴定PVT神经元类型。记录丙泊酚给药前、后和洗脱后PVT神经元的放电频率(firing frequencies before, during, and after, FB, FD and FW) 及给药前、后的膜电位(membrane potential before and during, MPB and MPD)。探索木防己苦毒素(picrotoxin, PTX) 阻断γ-氨基丁酸A型(gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, GABAA) 受体后对丙泊酚作用的影响, 以及丙泊酚对PVT神经元上自发和微小抑制性突触后电流(spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs and mIPSCs) 的影响。动物实验已获得复旦大学上海医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准。结果显示, 在脂肪乳组和2 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FB、FD、FW之间无统计学差异。在5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FD与FB相比显著下降(P < 0.01), FW与FD相比显著升高(P < 0.01), 且这3个浓度组之间的抑制程度有显著差异(P < 0.01)。MPD与MPB相比仅在20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组有显著下降(P < 0.01)。加入PTX后10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不能抑制放电频率。10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚使sIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.01), 且使mIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.05), 幅度升高(P < 0.01)。以上结果表明, 丙泊酚呈浓度依赖和可逆性地抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性, 这种作用可能主要由突触后GABAA受体介导。
, correspAuthors=陈永权, 王露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Ivu/6apXQbela32VWg9xIw==, magXml=DanYo4kAfQdP+O0xg6xclw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lAfJx61uCdNqDr1FhdS86Q==, pdfFileSize=3025689, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jzCH+hlNMgf0A8yRgm6yZA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fCSxcDZ7eSkoFfkLqqHIzQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=
, authorsList=王玉龙, 易琼, 徐薇, 王锷, 黄志力, 陈永权, 王露)}, authors=[Author(id=1198702037476143934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198702037706830673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, authorId=1198702037476143934, language=EN, stringName=Yu-long WANG, firstName=Yu-long, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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114: 491-498., articleTitle=Propofol modulates phasic and tonic GABAergic currents in spinal ventral horn interneurones, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702046078661199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=31970924, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(31970924), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702046233850458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=KJ2020A0605, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽高校自然科学基金重点项目(KJ2020A0605), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702046405816937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=2021jc2-7, language=CN, fundingSource=芜湖市应用基础及创新环境研究项目(2021jc2-7), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702037060907796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037077685014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037060907796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037086073623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037060907796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.皖南医学院弋矶山医院, 安徽 芜湖 241000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702037228679975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037232874280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037228679975, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037241262889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037228679975, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中南大学湘雅医院, 湖南 长沙 410008)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702037350314803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037367092020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037350314803, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037375480630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037350314803, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.复旦大学基础医学院, 医学神经生物学国家重点实验室, 脑科学前沿研究中心, 上海 200032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702043763405177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ntEXktbWJujqZ2uFZz1ltQ==, figureFileBig=ezRi4sQPjUX2P3pdQDwLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702043926983051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Location and morphology of paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons. A, B: Position of the PVT in coronal (A) and sagittal (B) sections of mouse brain stereotactic map. The red area represents the PVT; 3V represents the third ventricular; C: Differential interference contrast (DIC) image of a representative location of the PVT in a brain slice. The area within the rectangular box enclosed by the red dotted line represents the PVT; D: DIC image of a typical PVT neuron with a visible patch pipette. The red dotted lines show the pipette (left red arrow), and the blue circle shows the clamped PVT neuron (right red arrow) , figureFileSmall=ntEXktbWJujqZ2uFZz1ltQ==, figureFileBig=ezRi4sQPjUX2P3pdQDwLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044107338142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2zCTsB7JnGSYqEtqNm5oww==, figureFileBig=PuFuEBOCg/iwycu8PdmA0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044308664751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Prop inhibited the firing rates of glutamatergic neurons in the PVT. A: Representative voltage responses (black lines) to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current injections (grey lines) of a PVT neuron. The blue arrow indicates the low threshold spike (LTS) after a hyperpolarization step; B: Representative single-cell RT-PCR results confirming vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) phenotype of the PVT neuron; C: Sample traces of PVT neuronal firing properties recorded before, during, and after bath application of intralipid or Prop at 2, 5, 10, and 20 μmol·L-1; D: Firing rates of PVT neurons before (Base), during (Intralipid or Prop) and after (Wash) bath application of intralipid (n = 13) or Prop at 2 μmol·L-1 (n = 13), 5 μmol·L-1 (n = 11), 10 μmol·L-1 (n = 13), and 20 μmol·L-1 (n = 10). $ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s, paired t test or Wilcoxon test. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs Base; △△P < 0.01, △△△P < 0.001 vs Prop; E: Inhibition degree of the firing rate of PVT neurons after bath application of Prop. $ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s. **P < 0.01 assessed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test; F: Membrane potential (MP) of PVT neurons before (Base) and during bath application of Prop. $ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s, unpaired t test. ***P < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=2zCTsB7JnGSYqEtqNm5oww==, figureFileBig=PuFuEBOCg/iwycu8PdmA0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044434493886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BeAvPXmjxNG8hGar7n93pQ==, figureFileBig=qvHMTYdp859jh3WVKk9fZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044572905933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
PTX blocked the inhibitory effect of 10 μmol·L-1 Prop on PVT neurons. A: Time course of the firing rate of a PVT neuron during the application of 100 μmol·L-1 PTX and 10 μmol·L-1 Prop. Representative traces show the spontaneous firing of the PVT neuron at baseline (a, Base), in the presence of PTX (b, PTX), in the presence of PTX and Prop (c, PTX+Prop), and during washout (d, PTX+Wash); B, C: Prop at 10 μmol·L-1 had no effect on the firing rate (B) and MP (C) in the presence of 100 μmol·L-1 PTX. n = 8, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Base (paired t test). ns: Not significant, comparison among PTX, PTX+Prop, and PTX+Wash, assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post hoc test , figureFileSmall=BeAvPXmjxNG8hGar7n93pQ==, figureFileBig=qvHMTYdp859jh3WVKk9fZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044744872415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Dmqsw40v/ITTODiykkapqw==, figureFileBig=I3bS7sPpZfNqRKsNipg6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044895867377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effects of 10 μmol·L-1 Prop on the amplitude, frequency and decay time of sIPSCs. A: Representative postsynaptic currents recorded in a PVT neuron (left), sIPSCs were recorded in the presence of NBQX and D-AP5 (middle), and sIPSCs were completely blocked by PTX (right); B: Representative sIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey lines) and during (black lines) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L-1; C: Averaged sIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey) and during (black) Prop application (100 traces averaged); D-F: Prop at 10 μmol·L-1 deceased the frequency (E), and prolonged the decay time (F), but not changed the amplitude (D) of sIPSCs recorded in PVT neurons. n = 12, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Base (paired t test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). NBQX: 6-Nitro-7-ulphamoylbenzo(f)-quinoxaline-2, 3-dione; D-AP5: D(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid , figureFileSmall=Dmqsw40v/ITTODiykkapqw==, figureFileBig=I3bS7sPpZfNqRKsNipg6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045063639550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BPvVqEvAXNYjFP2U9MW9Ew==, figureFileBig=V7jLPCKZyam+m7qgsPbRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045197857289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Effects of 10 μmol·L-1 Prop on the amplitude, frequency and decay time of mIPSCs. A: Representative mIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey line) and during (black line) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L-1; B: Averaged (top) and normalized (bottom) mIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey) and during (black) Prop application (100 traces averaged); C-E: Prop at 10 μmol·L-1 increased the amplitude (C), deceased the frequency (D), and prolonged the decay time (E) of mIPSCs recorded in PVT neurons. n = 10, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (paired t test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test) , figureFileSmall=BPvVqEvAXNYjFP2U9MW9Ew==, figureFileBig=V7jLPCKZyam+m7qgsPbRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045323686420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mAgyvqk2lAwqNhmv78RsXA==, figureFileBig=xJFQkE+xvSKxHwYSWs7yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045474681374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Effects of 10 μmol·L-1 Prop on tonic inhibitory currents. A, B: Representative tonic inhibitory currents induced by 100 μmol·L-1 GABA recorded in a PVT neuron before (A) and during (B) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L-1; C: The amplitude of tonic inhibitory currents recorded in PVT neurons. n = 5, x ± s. GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid , figureFileSmall=mAgyvqk2lAwqNhmv78RsXA==, figureFileBig=xJFQkE+xvSKxHwYSWs7yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045642453543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Group | Figure 2D | | Figure 3 | | Figure 4 | | Figure 5 |
| Intralipid (n = 13) | 2 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) | 5 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 11) | 10 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) | 20 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 10) | PTX+Prop (n = 8) | sIPSCs (n = 12) | mIPSCs (n = 10) |
| Cm/pF | 51.8 ± 15.1 | 52.5 ± 12.9 | 53.1 ± 14.9 | 51.8 ± 18.9 | 52.1 ± 18.9 | | 50.8 ± 12.2 | | 51.8 ± 13.4 | | 51.4 ± 14.1 |
| Rm/MΩ | 557 ± 396 | 545 ± 222 | 660 ± 279 | 585 ± 316 | 489 ± 170 | 603 ± 281 | 515 ± 184 | 495 ± 218 |
| Ra/MΩ | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 17.2 ± 2.3 | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 2.8 | 17.5 ± 1.9 | 16.4 ± 3.0 | 16.5 ± 2.5 | 17.4 ± 2.2 |
| Cl/pA | -9.2 ± 3.7 | -9.8 ± 4.6 | -9.2 ± 4.0 | -9.4 ± 3.2 | -10.0 ± 3.4 | -10.6 ± 4.2 | -10.4 ± 3.4 | -11.2 ± 2.8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198702045785059889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
The passive parameters of patch-clamp recorded PVT neurons. $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. Prop: Propofol; PTX: Picrotoxin; sIPSC: Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current; mIPSC: Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; Ra: Access resistance; Cl: Leakage current; Cm: Membrane capacitance; Rm: Membrane resistance
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Group | Figure 2D | | Figure 3 | | Figure 4 | | Figure 5 |
| Intralipid (n = 13) | 2 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) | 5 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 11) | 10 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) | 20 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 10) | PTX+Prop (n = 8) | sIPSCs (n = 12) | mIPSCs (n = 10) |
| Cm/pF | 51.8 ± 15.1 | 52.5 ± 12.9 | 53.1 ± 14.9 | 51.8 ± 18.9 | 52.1 ± 18.9 | | 50.8 ± 12.2 | | 51.8 ± 13.4 | | 51.4 ± 14.1 |
| Rm/MΩ | 557 ± 396 | 545 ± 222 | 660 ± 279 | 585 ± 316 | 489 ± 170 | 603 ± 281 | 515 ± 184 | 495 ± 218 |
| Ra/MΩ | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 17.2 ± 2.3 | 17.6 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 2.8 | 17.5 ± 1.9 | 16.4 ± 3.0 | 16.5 ± 2.5 | 17.4 ± 2.2 |
| Cl/pA | -9.2 ± 3.7 | -9.8 ± 4.6 | -9.2 ± 4.0 | -9.4 ± 3.2 | -10.0 ± 3.4 | -10.6 ± 4.2 | -10.4 ± 3.4 | -11.2 ± 2.8 |
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