Article(id=1210516750152626653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0729, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655308800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-16, revisedDate=1661184000000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539283550, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539283550, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539283550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539283550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3057, endPage=3066, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516750647554569, articleId=1210516750152626653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the anti-dementia effect of Dipsaci Radix and its active compounds, columnId=1210516747279536651, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebrovascular Related Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dementia is a series of diseases with severe cognitive decline caused by brain diseases, that closely related to kidney deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia caused by cerebral stroke, vascular dementia (VAD) and so on. Dipsaci Radix is the dried root of Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry and its curative effects mainly focus on nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, as well as dredging blood vessels. The main chemical components of Dipsaci Radix are triterpenoid saponins and iridoid glycosides. In recent years, studies have found that Dipsaci Radix and its active compounds could ameliorate dementia symptoms via multiple targets and molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of Dipsaci Radix in dementia prevention, which will provide reference for further exploration of its mechanism and application in the prevention and treatment of dementia.

, correspAuthors=Zi-ying WANG, Gang CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-shuai CUI, yan LIU, Zi-ying WANG, Gang CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516752849564337, articleId=1210516750152626653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=续断及其有效成分的抗痴呆作用及研究进展, columnId=1210516747543777820, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

痴呆是由脑部疾病引起的严重认知功能障碍的一系列疾病, 中医认为与肾的亏虚密切相关, 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)、脑卒中(cerebral stroke) 引起的痴呆及血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VAD) 等是最常见的痴呆类型。续断(Dipsaci Radix) 是川续断科植物川续断(Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry) 的干燥根, 具有补肝肾、强筋骨、通血脉的功效。续断包含三萜皂苷类、环烯醚萜苷类等主要化学成分, 近年来研究发现续断及其有效成分具有改善痴呆的作用, 其多靶点的分子机制值得深入研究。本综述将通过总结分析近年来续断改善痴呆的研究报道, 为进一步挖掘其在痴呆防治上的机制及应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王子颖, 陈刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王子颖, E-mail: ;
陈刚, E-mail:
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2.地方病与少数民族疾病教育部重点实验室 (贵州医科大学), 贵州 贵阳 550004, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516753176720076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750152626653, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516753193497296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750152626653, companyId=1210516753176720076, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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续断及其有效成分的抗痴呆作用及研究进展
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崔金帅 1 , 刘妍 1 , 王子颖 1, * , 陈刚 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022,57(10): 3057-3066
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022, 57(10): 3057-3066
续断及其有效成分的抗痴呆作用及研究进展
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崔金帅1, 刘妍1, 王子颖1, * , 陈刚1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.暨南大学中医学院, 脑病个性化防治跨学科研究所, 广东 广州 510632
  • 2.地方病与少数民族疾病教育部重点实验室 (贵州医科大学), 贵州 贵阳 550004

通讯作者:

*王子颖, E-mail: ;
陈刚, E-mail:
Research progress on the anti-dementia effect of Dipsaci Radix and its active compounds
Jin-shuai CUI1, yan LIU1, Zi-ying WANG1, * , Gang CHENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Interdisciplinary Institute of Individualized Prevention and Treatment of Encephalopathy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Endemic and Minority Diseases of Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0729
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痴呆是由脑部疾病引起的严重认知功能障碍的一系列疾病, 中医认为与肾的亏虚密切相关, 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)、脑卒中(cerebral stroke) 引起的痴呆及血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VAD) 等是最常见的痴呆类型。续断(Dipsaci Radix) 是川续断科植物川续断(Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry) 的干燥根, 具有补肝肾、强筋骨、通血脉的功效。续断包含三萜皂苷类、环烯醚萜苷类等主要化学成分, 近年来研究发现续断及其有效成分具有改善痴呆的作用, 其多靶点的分子机制值得深入研究。本综述将通过总结分析近年来续断改善痴呆的研究报道, 为进一步挖掘其在痴呆防治上的机制及应用提供参考。

续断  /  痴呆  /  阿尔茨海默病  /  脑卒中  /  血管性痴呆

Dementia is a series of diseases with severe cognitive decline caused by brain diseases, that closely related to kidney deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia caused by cerebral stroke, vascular dementia (VAD) and so on. Dipsaci Radix is the dried root of Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry and its curative effects mainly focus on nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, as well as dredging blood vessels. The main chemical components of Dipsaci Radix are triterpenoid saponins and iridoid glycosides. In recent years, studies have found that Dipsaci Radix and its active compounds could ameliorate dementia symptoms via multiple targets and molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress of Dipsaci Radix in dementia prevention, which will provide reference for further exploration of its mechanism and application in the prevention and treatment of dementia.

Dipsaci Radix  /  dementia  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  cerebral stroke  /  vascular dementia
崔金帅, 刘妍, 王子颖, 陈刚. 续断及其有效成分的抗痴呆作用及研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3057 -3066 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0729
Jin-shuai CUI, yan LIU, Zi-ying WANG, Gang CHENG. Research progress on the anti-dementia effect of Dipsaci Radix and its active compounds[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3057 -3066 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0729
痴呆(dementia) 是一种隐匿起病、慢性进展的中枢神经系统退行性病变, 主要临床特征为进行性认知功能障碍和行为异常。在世界范围内, 痴呆患病人数呈逐年上升趋势。在中国, 目前约有1 000万痴呆患者, 预计到2050年, 我国患者将超过4 000万[1]。中国面临的问题和挑战主要是人口结构老龄化的加剧及缺乏有效的预防和治疗方法。国际上关于痴呆的药物研究均未取得令人满意的治疗效果。中医药在防治痴呆方面具有潜在的优势, 其中, 中药续断(Dipsaci Radix) 在痴呆及神经退行性疾病的防治上的应用价值受到一定的关注。
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)、脑卒中(cerebral stroke) 引起的痴呆及血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VAD) 等是最常见的痴呆类型, 其他还包括代谢障碍性痴呆、路易体痴呆、额颞叶痴呆、帕金森病痴呆等[2] (图 1)。
中医认为, 痴呆是由七情内伤、久病年老等病因, 导致髓减脑消, 神机失用, 以呆傻愚笨为主要临床表现的一种神志疾病。痴呆病因以内因为主, 多由气血不足, 肾精亏虚, 痰瘀阻痹, 渐使脑髓空虚, 脑髓失养。病机为髓减脑消, 神机失用。其病位在脑, 与心肝脾肾功能失调密切相关。痴呆证候上一般虚实夹杂, 本虚标实。治疗原则虚则补之, 肾与髓密切相关, 故补肾益精填髓是治疗痴呆的关键; 同时也要注意痰瘀阻滞脑络, 实则泻之, 开窍醒神通络, 标本兼治[3]
续断(川续断) 首载于《神农本草经》, 为上品药, 是川续断科植物川续断(Dipsacus asper Wall. ex Henry) 的干燥根, 具有补肝肾、强筋骨、续折伤、止崩漏、安胎等功效[4]。《神农本草经》云: “主伤寒, 补不足, 金疮, 痈疡, 折跌, 续筋骨, 妇人乳难, 久服益气力”[5]。续断在临床上多用于肝肾不足所致的腰膝酸软等病症, 亦用于风湿痹痛及跌打损伤等病症。根据中医脏腑理论, 五脏中, 肾为肝之母, 肝肾同源, 肝肾之间相互滋养, 精血互生。而补肾益精, 填髓充脑是中医治疗痴呆, 特别是老年痴呆症的重要治则治法。研究表明, 续断及其各种有效成分确实都显示出在其痴呆疾病方面具有一定改善作用[6]。本文将重点阐述续断对于AD、脑卒中引起的痴呆及VAD上的研究进展。
AD属中医学“痴呆”范畴。最早可追溯到《灵枢·天年》: “六十岁, 心气始衰, 苦忧悲, 血气懈惰, 故好卧。……八十岁, 肺气衰, 魄离, 故言善误”[7]。其病因病机和治法治则与中医“呆病”治疗大法相同。本病是一种全身性疾病, 基本病机是髓海不足, 神机失用。由精气血不足, 髓海失充, 脑失所养, 或气火痰瘀诸邪内阻, 上扰清窍所致。其病因与肾亏、气滞、痰阻、血瘀等密切相关。治疗方法以补肾填精益髓、豁痰通窍活血为主。
西医学又将AD称为“老年痴呆”, 是一种隐匿性的进行性发展的, 以认知功能障碍和记忆损害为特征的中枢神经系统疾病[8]。现代医学认为, AD主要的发病原因与机制尚不明确, 目前有较多研究表明其发病机制主要与老年斑、神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)、神经元丢失、氧化应激、免疫炎症、线粒体功能障碍、细胞凋亡等密切相关[9, 10]。患者脑皮层含有大量的老年斑及NFTs, 临床上多表现为记忆力减退、语言障碍、情绪及行为失控等。目前对AD的发病机制存在多种假说, 如β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β, Aβ)、Tau蛋白磷酸化、胆碱能、神经炎症、突触可塑性、氧化应激等[11]
中医学上称脑卒中为中风, 是以突然昏仆、半身不遂、肢体麻木、舌蹇不语、口舌歪斜、偏身麻木等为主要表现的脑部疾病。中风有外风和内风之分[12]。《医学衷中参西录·治内外中风方》: “内中风之证, 曾见于《内经》。而《内经》初不名为内中风, 亦不名为脑充血, 而实名之为煎厥、大厥、薄厥。……盖肝为将军之官, 不治则易怒, 因怒生热, 煎耗肝血, 遂致肝中所寄之相火, 掀然暴发, 挟气血而上冲脑部, 以致昏厥”[13]。本文主要论述内风。内风属内伤病证, 与西医学的中风(即脑卒中引起的痴呆) 类似。多因气血逆乱、脑脉痹阻或血溢于脑所致。主要是由于正气虚弱, 肝风内动, 造成心、肝、脾、肾脏腑阴阳失调, 或有饮食、情志、劳倦内伤诱因, 致气血运行受阻, 肌肤筋脉失于濡养, 或阴亏于下, 肝阳暴涨, 阳化风动, 血随气逆, 上冲于脑, 蒙蔽清窍, 或导致脑脉痹阻, 血溢脑脉之外致卒然昏仆、半身不遂诸症而发病[14]。《普济本事方》第一章中风肝胆筋骨诸风的续断汤, 是以续断为君药治疗中风疾病[15]
西医学的脑卒中又称“中风” “脑血管意外” (cerebralvascular accident, CVA)。与中医学病名虽同为“中风”, 但二者所属体系有别。现代医学认为, 脑卒中是一种急性脑血管疾病, 是由于脑部血管突然破裂或因血管阻塞导致血液不能流入大脑而引起脑组织损伤的一组疾病, 包括缺血性卒中和出血性卒中。根据《卒中后认知障碍管理专家共识2021》, 脑卒中引起的认知功能障碍又分为“卒中后认知障碍”和“卒中后痴呆”, 多是发生于脑卒中、脑血管病后3~6个月出现认知功能下降或伴有痴呆的症状[16]。本文将主要阐述脑卒中引起的痴呆, 即“卒中后痴呆”。目前关于脑卒中引起痴呆的机制研究主要集中在血脑屏障改变、神经胶质细胞损伤、线粒体功能障碍、内质网应激、溶酶体损伤等方面[17]
VAD与中医痴呆中的“痴呆症”同属“呆病”、“善忘”的范畴。中医治疗VAD主要从活血化瘀、通络涤痰、益气养血、滋补肝肾等方面着手。邓振明等[18]曾提出“中风痴呆病”的病名以对应西医学的“血管性痴呆”。血管性痴呆病位主要在心、脑, 与痴呆病病因相通。有医家认为络脉受损致[19]、玄府致病[20]及三焦气化失司理论[21]也是VAD发病的原因。在调理本虚标实的基础上, 疏通气血通道, 可有效地改善VAD的临床症状[22]
西医学上, VAD是指由缺血性卒中、出血性卒中等各种脑血管因素异常致脑部缺血、缺氧、灌注不足, 最终导致认知功能障碍的一种脑血管疾病, 属于非变性病痴呆。VAD甚至比AD更为常见[23]。目前关于VAD的研究认为, 异常的神经炎症、自噬和凋亡使内皮细胞和神经元细胞损伤, 从而导致脑血管疾病和认知功能障碍的发生和进展[24]
中医古籍中关于续断(川续断) 的记载繁多。《本草备要》[25]: “补肝肾, 理筋骨。苦温补肾, 辛温补肝。能宣通血脉而理筋骨。主伤中, 补不足。”《神农本草经读》[25]: “参此以形为治, 续断有肉有筋, 如人筋在肉中之象, 而色带紫带黑, 为肝肾之象; 气味苦温, 为少阳、阳明火土之气化。故伤于经络, 而能散之。”从中医古籍中可以看出, 续断临床上多用于治疗骨伤科疾病, 并多从肝肾入手。中医上讲, 肝藏血, 肾藏精, 精血互生, 乙癸同源。而肾主骨生髓, 这与中医治疗痴呆的思路不谋而合。
中医临床用药中, 常用的续断制品包括生续断、盐续断和酒续断。其中盐续断和酒续断尤为常用。且不同的炮制方法亦有不同的临床效果。盐续断引药下行, 重在下焦(下焦释义: 《中医基础理论》: “关于上、中、下三焦的部位划分, ……脐以下至二阴为下焦, 包括肝、肾、大肠、小肠、膀胱和女子胞等。”《温病条辨》: “中焦不治则传下焦, 肝与肾也。”), 具有提高人体免疫力、滋补肝肾的作用, 多用于腰膝酸软, 重在补肾; 酒续断热以制寒, 协同增效, 多用于风湿痹痛, 跌扑损伤。汪建平等[26]通过研究发现, 炮制后的续断水分减少, 溶出率增加; 在对生续断、盐续断、酒续断中的微量元素的测定中发现, 盐续断、酒续断中锌(zinc, Zn)、锰(manganese, Mn)、硒(selenium, Se) 的含量均有所上升。陈旭等[27]采用小鼠耳肿实验进行抗炎研究, 发现给予生续断、盐续断、酒续断(各20 g·kg-1, 共7天) 后, 对肿胀度的抑制率分别为生续断25.85%、盐续断16.94%、酒续断29.97%, 结果显示三者均可起到抗炎作用, 其中酒续断抗炎效果最好。金叶等[28]分别通过生续断、盐续断、酒续断和不同制法的牛膝配伍, 发现续断散可改善神经细胞-大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞诱导的AD模型的受损细胞, 且含有盐续断配伍给药组效果最佳。
现代研究发现, 续断的化学成分主要包括三萜皂苷类、环烯醚萜类、生物碱类和其他成分等, 且三萜皂苷类和环烯醚萜类在续断中的含量最为丰富[29]
高秀芝等[30-32]研究并总结出川续断中有20种三萜皂苷类, 包括川续断总皂苷、川续断皂苷A (dipsacus saponin A)、川续断皂苷B (dipsacus saponin B)、川续断皂苷C (dipsacus saponin C)、川续断皂苷D (asperosaponin D, ASD)、川续断皂苷X (dipsacus saponin X)、威岩仙皂苷A (cauloside A)、川续断皂苷Ⅴ、川续断皂苷Ⅵ (asperosaponin Ⅵ)、川续断皂苷Ⅶ等。其中川续断总皂苷、川续断皂苷B、ASD、川续断皂苷Ⅵ被证实为续断抗痴呆中起主要作用的成分。三萜皂苷类在痴呆, 尤其是AD的治疗方面具有重要作用。Gong等[33]研究发现, ASD具有较强的抗炎作用。此外, 续断中三萜皂苷类化合物里含有的齐墩果酸、熊果酸(ursolic acid, UA) 被证实对于神经系统疾病具有一定的改善作用[34]。Wang等[26]研究发现经过炮制后的续断(盐续断、酒续断) 较生续断的UA含量高。
研究发现, 川续断中含有19种环烯醚萜类化合物, 包括獐牙菜苷(swertiamarin)、马钱子苷(loganin)、吴茱萸苷(cantleyoside)、川续断苷A (dipsanoside A)、川续断苷B (dipsanoside B)、川续断苷C、川续断苷D、川续断苷E、川续断苷F、川续断苷G等[35, 36]。张进强等[37]通过马钱子苷中、高浓度的细胞培养实验, 发现其对神经干细胞的有丝分裂、神经再生和少突胶质细胞再生方面有促进作用。Ji等[38]发现环烯醚萜苷中的化合物对PC12细胞中淀粉样蛋白Aβ25-35 (amyloid β25-35) 诱导的细胞死亡具有神经保护作用。
续断还含有其他化学成分如酚醛类、生物碱和挥发油类, 在抗痴呆、脑保护、镇静、抗惊厥、保护心脑血管等方面具有良好活性。川续断中含有15种酚醛酸类化合物、3种生物碱[龙胆碱(gentianine)、喜树碱、坎特莱因碱]、6种木质素、30种挥发油、维生素E、蔗糖和其他化合物等[39, 40]。续断中部分化合物结构式如图 2所示。
随着对AD研究的深入, 研究发现, Aβ是淀粉样斑块的主要组成成分, 也是导致AD的致病性多肽[41]。神经炎性斑块是AD的关键标志物之一, 由Aβ组成, 会引起神经炎症、神经元丢失、突触信号传导异常、线粒体功能障碍等, 最终导致痴呆[42]。俞维英等[43]在造模后第2天开始, 通过低剂量(180 mg·kg-1)、中剂量(540 mg·kg-1)、高剂量(1 620 mg·kg-1) 的川续断总皂苷30天连续灌胃给药发现, 在水迷宫测试中, 与模型组相比, 川续断总皂苷给药组潜伏期, 游泳路程明显缩短, 穿越平台次数明显增加, 表明川续断总皂苷可改善大鼠的空间记忆学习能力, 且高剂量组(1 620 mg·kg-1) 效果最优。免疫印迹实验结果显示, 给予川续断总皂苷后, 各剂量组大鼠脑组织低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1) 蛋白表达显著升高, 表明川续断总皂苷可改善Aβ诱导的大鼠学习记忆损伤。Aβ在脑内过量沉积可导致NFTs, 引起AD[44, 45]。Zhou等[46]采用Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤评估其细胞保护作用, 当ASD为100 mg·mL-1时, 细胞存活率增加约1/3, 从而防止细胞活力丧失和细胞凋亡。Ji等[47]研究显示, ASD对PC12细胞中Aβ25-35诱导的细胞毒性具有保护作用。其他研究表明[48], ASD通过下调大鼠内皮素转换酶2 (endothelin-converting enzyme 2, ECE2) 基因和α2-巨球蛋白(α2-macroglobulin, A2M) 基因的相对表达量来改善Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞损伤。有研究证实, 续断总皂苷可显著提高斑马鱼的认知能力和学习能力, 中和Aβ神经毒性, 增加神经元存活率, 减少Aβ沉积引起的细胞凋亡, 改善AD患者的症状。
Zhang等[49]研究发现, 灌胃给药续断提取物5个月, 可改善铝暴露模型大鼠的认知功能障碍, 阻止铝的神经毒性, 同时续断提取物可改善铝诱导的认知和神经退行性变化与其引起的氧化性脑损伤, 防止海马Aβ免疫反应性过表达。Xing等[50]研究表明, 通过对模型鼠水迷宫、Y迷宫测试, ASD逆转了水迷宫和Y迷宫任务中由Aβ1-42引起的记忆障碍, 可抑制Aβ1-42损伤后大脑中小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活, 并可抑制Aβ1-42诱导的炎性细胞因子的产生, Aβ1-42通过增加凋亡降低神经元细胞活力, 给予ASD之后, 可降低磷酸化蛋白激酶(phosphorylated protein kinase B, p-Akt) 蛋白表达, 逆转Aβ1-42诱导的细胞凋亡。
NFTs的发生也是AD的主要病因之一。其中Tau蛋白是NFTs的重要组成部分, 也是AD等一系列神经退行性疾病的标记物[51]。正常情况下, Tau对神经元的生长和发育起重要作用, 可促进微管组装, 维持微管稳定性。病理状态下, Tau蛋白过度或异常磷酸化, 造成其对微管的亲和力降低, 使微管解聚、轴突运转出现障碍, 导致微管的不稳定和塌陷, 进而引发AD[52, 53]。Tau蛋白会引起神经元过度活跃, 进而可能增加Aβ的产生。郭晓燕中药复方-好忘方(HWF) 中以续断作为君药配伍, 来改善AD模型小鼠认知功能障碍[54]。该研究采用东莨菪碱造模, 并分别给予HWF 7天和14天给药, 结果显示HWF给药组明显降低了磷酸化Tau的蛋白表达量, 表明HWF可有效改善AD模型小鼠认知障碍。
胆碱能假说认为AD的产生是由于AD患者脑内的神经递质存在缺陷, 导致胆碱能神经元受到损伤[55]。该假说认为乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine, ACh) 浓度下降、胆碱能活性下降的主要原因是乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetyl cholinesterase, AChE) 和乙酰胆碱转移酶(choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) 的活性下降[56]。临床抗AD药物中, 包括他克林、多奈哌齐、加兰他敏和卡巴拉汀等都与该假说密切相关[57]。Xing等[58]发现ASD对兴奋性神经毒素石蜡酸注射引起的学习和记忆障碍具有保护作用。该研究通过ASD (90 mg·kg-1) 灌胃27天, 观察大鼠在Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫中的行为表现, 并通过化学方法检测胆碱能功能。水迷宫结果显示, 给药后, 模型大鼠的潜伏期和游泳距离明显减少, 穿越平台次数明显增加。Y迷宫结果显示, 给予ASD的大鼠完整进臂次数高于模型组, 且有显著差异。在对神经元的观察中发现, 模型组因石蜡酸造模损伤, 海马CA1区神经元密度明显降低, 给予ASD后能逆转此损害, 提示ASD能明显抑制细胞凋亡。在胆碱能测定中, ASD可显著提高ACh水平和ChAT活性, 显著降低AChE活性, 表明ASD可显著改善因基底前脑(基底巨细胞核, nucleus basalis magnocellularis, NBM) 损伤而受损的学习和记忆能力, 保护神经元并提高胆碱能酶活性。此研究也发现, ASD可能具有抗细胞凋亡作用。另外, 糖皮质激素与AD发病机制存在一定关联性。Wang等[59]研究发现, ASD可能是通过其对糖皮质激素水平的调节产生抗AD作用。该课题组通过侧脑室注射Aβ25-35建立了AD大鼠模型, 并进行了水迷宫测试和十字迷宫测试。水迷宫测试显示, ASD给药组较模型组潜伏期明显缩短, 穿越平台次数和目标象限停留时间明显增加, 表明ASD可改善AD大鼠的认知功能障碍。测试结束后又对大鼠血浆中的皮质酮和促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) 浓度进行测定, 发现ASD能显著改善AD模型大鼠的记忆障碍和焦虑症状, 显著降低肾上腺内脏系数, 显著降低皮质酮和ACTH浓度, 表明ASD具有神经保护作用。
神经炎症是诱发AD的重要原因之一。该假说认为, AD患者大脑中的淀粉样斑块与多种炎症相关蛋白和活化的小胶质细胞簇相互作用, 引发了脑内的神经炎症, 导致脑组织周围促炎因子的过度表达, 进而损害神经元并使大脑功能受损[60]。易赛妮等[61]通过对原代小胶质细胞进行观察, 发现马钱子苷可对小胶质细胞的活化具有明显抑制作用, 对炎症因子具有调控作用, 在一定条件下, 可减少炎症因子的释放。这提示马钱子苷对于神经炎症疾病具有潜在的治疗作用。
氧化应激被认为是AD发生、发展的新病因[62, 63]。该学说认为衰老过程中机体抗氧化成分的减少导致清除自由基的能力减弱, 进而导致大分子结构损伤的持续性累积[64]。自由基随着人年龄增加不断累积, 机体平衡被打破, 进而导致了疾病与衰老。氧化应激由活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和活性氮自由基(reactive nitrogen species, RNS) 的产生和清除障碍引起[65]。AD脑组织的抗氧化功能较弱, 且年龄因素又削弱了生理性抗氧化剂、抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶等的功能, 使ROS的产生显著增加, 加重氧化应激[66]。万秋英等[67]发现川续断总皂苷对小鼠衰老模型皮肤有明显的抗衰老作用, 其作用机制与氧化损伤密切相关。该研究还发现, 给予川续断总皂苷后, 在水迷宫测试中, 续断组游泳潜伏期明显缩短, 且错误次数显著降低。同时, 与模型组相比, AChE活性明显降低, ChAT活性明显增强, 表明川续断总皂苷可通过调节海马区的乙酰胆碱来改善AD大鼠的记忆能力。
此外, Liang等[68]发现UA能提高Aβ诱导的AD小鼠模型认知功能评分, 治疗机制与其抗氧化与抗炎特性紧密相关。研究表明[69], UA具有神经保护作用。通过对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞进行实验发现, UA能抑制PC12细胞人核因子κB抑制蛋白α (human nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor protein alpha, IkB-α) 磷酸化、核转录因子kappa B (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) p65核转位和细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2 (extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2, ERK1/2)、p38和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) 磷酸化, 降低下游诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 和环氧化酶2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) 水平, 同时降低半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白-3 (caspase-3) 表达和氧化应激水平。
研究表明, 续断及其有效成分对缺血性脑卒中大鼠具有脑保护作用。陈爽等[70]研究发现, 在缺血性卒中大鼠模型中, PC12细胞发生坏死性凋亡, 同时伴随E3泛素连接酶(E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mul1, MUL1) 和动力蛋白相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1) 上调, 线粒体融合蛋白(mitofusin2, Mfn2) 和线粒体功能下调。给予川续断皂苷B后, 这些现象得到改善, 表明川续断皂苷B能通过线粒体功能, 抑制MUL1, 对脑缺血损伤大鼠起到保护作用。任凯迪等[71]研究发现川续断皂苷B能通过抑制MUL1改善线粒体功能, 减轻缺血性中风大鼠脑损伤。龙胆碱是续断生物碱中的一种, Wang等[72]研究发现龙胆碱可修复缺血性脑卒中损伤, 能显著降低Toll样受体4重组蛋白(recombinant Toll like receptor 4, TLR4) 和小胶质细胞的标记物离子钙接头蛋白1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, Iba-1) 的表达, 在小鼠小胶质细胞(BV2 mouse microglia, BV-2) 中也观察到与之相同的结果, 给予龙胆碱后, 能显著降低血清炎性细胞因子的释放。
研究表明, 续断提取物对VAD的认知功能具有一定的改善作用。未小明等[73]发现, 在水迷宫训练中, 续断水煎剂低剂量组(2 g·kg-1)、高剂量组(8 g·kg-1) 比模型组的逃避潜伏期明显降低, 空间测试中穿越次数明显增加。在NO含量和NOS (nitric oxide synthase) 活性测定中, 两组续断给药组比模型组明显降低。在ChAT和AChE活性测定中, 两组续断给药组较模型组有明显增强, 表明续断可改善海马胆碱能系统活性, 从而改善VAD大鼠学习记忆能力。研究还发现[74], 续断提取物可降低VAD大鼠的血脂水平、纠正脂类代谢紊乱和降低血液黏度, 改善大鼠学习记忆能力, 从而达到预防和治疗VAD的作用。
洪汝等[75]通过对VAD大鼠模型给予低(1.5 g·L-1)、中(4.5 g·L-1)、高(13.5 g·L-1) 不同剂量的续断提取物28天灌胃治疗, 并对血清中SOD活性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA) 及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) 含量进行测定。结果显示, 在Morris水迷宫测试中, 与模型组相比, 续断提取物中、高剂量组潜伏期明显减少, 穿越平台次数明显增多。续断提取物中、高剂量组血清中SOD活性及GSH-Px含量明显高于模型对照组, MDA含量明显低于模型。该研究表明续断提取物具有清除氧自由基的作用, 可提高机体抗氧化活性, 改善学习记忆能力。此外, 洪汝等[76]研究发现续断提取物能改善VAD大鼠的记忆障碍, 对海马神经元具有一定的保护作用。对模型鼠进行28天的续断提取物的治疗后, 进行了水迷宫测试, 观察了大鼠海马CA1区神经元, 并测定了海马组织中Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2)、Bax (Bcl2-associated X) 的蛋白表达。结果显示, 与模型组比较, 给予续断提取物中、高剂量的大鼠海马CA1区的神经元细胞形态排列较为整齐, 结构相对正常, 细胞核与细胞质的界限较为清晰, 海马内Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平明显高于模型组。给予续断提取物对VAD大鼠治疗后能抑制海马神经元细胞凋亡, 进一步说明续断提取物是通过上调Bcl-2蛋白、下调Bax蛋白来保护海马神经元细胞, 进而改善了VAD大鼠的学习记忆能力。
郑建君等[77]发现, 在水迷宫测试中, 川续断总皂苷给药组能明显减少VAD大鼠的逃避潜伏期, 增加穿越平台次数; 在海马组织CA1区中, MDA、聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP)、Bax、caspase-3水平显著降低, 谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、SOD、Bcl-2水平显著升高。结果表明, 川续断总皂苷可能通过调控海马CA1来改善VAD大鼠的学习记忆能力。
章小松[78]研究发现续断提取物毒性极低且对VAD模型大鼠的记忆功能有改善作用。在急性毒性实验中, 给予模型大鼠续断提取物连续7天最大灌药量(36 g·kg-1), 大鼠体重正常增长, 进食、摄水、排便、毛发、口鼻分泌物等状态均良好, 无明显异常表现, 解剖亦未见脏器异常。在水迷宫测试中, 给药组逃避潜伏期明显缩短, 穿越平台次数增多。通过酶联免疫法测定大鼠血清中SOD、MDA、GSH含量, 给药组大鼠血清中SOD、GSH含量明显增多, MDA含量明显降低, 表明续断提取物可能通过提高机体抗氧化能力、减少机体内过氧化反应、提高血红蛋白的携氧能力从而改善微循环, 使得大鼠学习记忆功能得到提高。
章小松[78]通过对续断提取物的急性毒性和最大耐受量进行测定, 表明续断提取物毒性非常低, 可作为一种安全、无毒的药物制剂。然而, 临床用药记载, 续断长时间、过量服用会导致皮肤过敏, 出现红色斑疹、头晕、恶心呕吐等症状。陈开宗[79]开具含有续断的中药处方, 患者双手手背出现红色斑块, 有灼热感, 奇痒难忍, 去掉续断后患者未再出现上述症状。薛秀清等[80]在临床治疗中, 给予患者南蛇藤、续断煎剂(10天, 每天3次, 每次20 mL), 3名患者分别出现不同程度反应。患者1: 白细胞及血小板减少、恶心、纳差; 患者2: 双眼灼痛, 流泪, 恶心呕吐, 纳差, 口角溃疡; 患者3: 神疲乏力, 咳嗽咳痰, 鼻塞, 白细胞数降低。停药后, 分别给予3名患者相关对症治疗, 情况好转。
本文主要梳理了AD、卒中后痴呆、VAD这3种痴呆疾病的中西医研究现状, 并总结阐述了续断及其有效成分具有改善Aβ沉积, 提高ACh活性, 抗氧化, 保护神经元, 抑制炎症反应, 减少细胞凋亡, 改善线粒体功能等作用, 说明续断及其有效成分能改善3种痴呆模型鼠的认知功能障碍(图 3)。
目前市面上批准的抗痴呆药物对痴呆有一定的缓解, 但起效慢、毒副作用大、花费昂贵。因此寻找新的、有效的治疗药物十分重要。近年来, 中药以其多靶点、起效快、毒副作用小、价格亲民等优势成为广大学者关注的焦点。中药续断最早出自《神农本草经》, 为上品药, 主要功效为补肝肾、强筋骨、通血脉等。以往基于续断的研究更多的是关注骨系疾病治疗, 如腰肌劳损、骨折等。而在痴呆方面, 尤其是关于AD的治疗上还未有系统的阐述。续断补肝肾, 重在治疗骨病。根据中医脏腑互通的关系, 肾主骨生髓, 而脑为髓海。从这一思路着手, 通过整理文献发现, 续断及其有效成分在抗痴呆方面具有显著效果。本课题组在前期研究中发现[56], 好忘方(续断、肉苁蓉、菖蒲、远志、茯苓) 可提高AD模型小鼠的学习能力, 改善其认知障碍, 后续实验发现续断是起主要作用的中药之一。下一步, 本课题组还将对续断及其有效成分改善认知障碍的作用机制进行研究。
目前关于续断抗痴呆的研究大多还仅停留在动物模型表型方面, 对其具体机制及分子通路的研究尚不明确, 仍需进一步深入挖掘其有效成分抗痴呆的作用机制。临床用药方面, 关于续断治疗痴呆的记载更多的是续断作为君药, 与其他中药进行配伍组方, 其在方中是否起到关键作用还有待探索。此外, 关于续断的毒副作用, 尚未有系统研究, 其毒副作用的发病情况较少, 不具有普遍性共识, 其毒理相关机制还有待进一步研究。综上, 通过对文献的整理发现, 续断及其有效成分在治疗痴呆方面的效果是值得肯定的, 尤其是在AD治疗方面。本综述希望总结续断及其有效成分对防治痴呆的作用, 挖掘其内在潜力, 也希望通过研究的不断深入和完善, 为痴呆的防治带来新的思路和突破。
作者贡献: 崔金帅负责文章撰写、文献整理及修订论文; 王子颖负责修订论文; 王子颖、刘妍负责设计论文框架; 陈刚负责指导性工作支持及终审论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104416)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(21621005)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021A1515110571)
  • (贵州医科大学) 地方病与少数民族疾病教育部重点实验室开放基金资助项目(FZSW-2021-001)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0729
  • 接收时间:2022-06-16
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-16
  • 修回日期:2022-08-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104416)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(21621005)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021A1515110571)
(贵州医科大学) 地方病与少数民族疾病教育部重点实验室开放基金资助项目(FZSW-2021-001)
作者信息
    1.暨南大学中医学院, 脑病个性化防治跨学科研究所, 广东 广州 510632
    2.地方病与少数民族疾病教育部重点实验室 (贵州医科大学), 贵州 贵阳 550004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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