Article(id=1198624306268827663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0705, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654617600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-08, revisedDate=1660924800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703903977, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703903977, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703903977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703903977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=360, endPage=370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624306969276466, articleId=1198624306268827663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=In vitro inhibition of carnosic acid against influenza A virus infections, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carnosic acid (CA) is the main phenolic diterpenoid active ingredient in plants such as rosemary and sage, and has antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and so on, however, its antiviral activity against influenza virus infections was not reported. In this study, antiviral activities against influenza A virus infections of three main bioactive ingredients from rosemary, including rosmarinic acid, CA and ursolic acid, were evaluated using virus titer titration assay, and CA showed remarkable inhibition on influenza H5N1 replication in A549 cells. The antiviral activity of CA was further confirmed and its mechanism of action was investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of CA against influenza H5N1 in A549 cells and MDCK cells were 4.30 and 3.64 μmol·L-1, respectively. Meanwhile, CA also showed inhibition on influenza virus 2009panH1N1 (EC50: 10.1 μmol·L-1) and H3N2 (EC50: 12.8 μmol·L-1) replications in A549 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that antiviral activity of CA is related to its induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in A549 cells and suppression on production of reactive oxygen in H5N1-infected cells.

, correspAuthors=Jian-xin CHEN, Li WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai-ying PENG, Ze-xin LIU, Xia YANG, Dian QIU, Wei-xin JIA, Wen-bao QI, Jian-xin CHEN, Li WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624309867540688, articleId=1198624306268827663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=鼠尾草酸对甲型流感病毒的体外抑制作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid, CA) 是迷迭香与鼠尾草等植物中主要的酚二萜类活性成分, 具有抗氧化、抗炎等作用, 但目前未见CA抗流感病毒的相关报道。本研究通过病毒滴度测定方法评价了迷迭香中主要活性成分迷迭香酸、CA和熊果酸的抗流感病毒活性, 发现CA在A549细胞中显著抑制流感病毒H5N1增殖, 进一步通过间接免疫荧光、Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR等方法对CA的体外抗流感病毒作用进行了系统评价并初步探讨其作用机制。结果表明, CA在A549和MDCK细胞中可显著抑制流感病毒H5N1复制, 半数有效浓度(EC50) 分别为4.30和3.64 μmol·L-1。同时, CA也抑制流感病毒2009panH1N1 (EC50: 10.1 μmol·L-1) 和H3N2 (EC50: 12.8 μmol·L-1) 在A549细胞中的复制。机制研究发现, CA对H5N1复制的抑制作用与其诱导A549细胞血红素加氧酶-1 (HO-1) 的表达并减少H5N1感染细胞中活性氧的水平有关。

, correspAuthors=陈建新, 武力, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈建新, Tel: 86-20-85280665, E-mail: ;
武力, Tel: 86-20-85284886, E-mail:
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Exp Ther Med, 2019, 18: 3707-3714., articleTitle=Carnosic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702070158164763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, awardId=31572565, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(31572565), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702070300771112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, awardId=2019B1515210007, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2019B1515210007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702059299110921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702059303305226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, companyId=1198702059299110921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702059315888140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, companyId=1198702059299110921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华南农业大学兽医学院, 广东 广州 510642)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702066072912395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T3aCtpHyzu6uWXQgekjpMQ==, figureFileBig=PdYNJS6polSAkRQsiwzmdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702066270044704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= CA inhibits H5N1 infection in A549 cell cultures. A549 cells infected with H5N1 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CA or oseltamivir (OST) for 48 h. A: The chemical structures of CA, RA and UA; B: The expression level of H5N1 NP protein was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Scale bar: 250 μm; C: Relative expression level of H5N1 NP protein; D: The expression level of <i>NP</i> mRNA were detected using qRT-PCR. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. DAPI: 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole , figureFileSmall=T3aCtpHyzu6uWXQgekjpMQ==, figureFileBig=PdYNJS6polSAkRQsiwzmdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702066408456750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UHy7PQ4/QjQjMHp3WAm7WA==, figureFileBig=5u1SZ4qJYduzcMhxIWCOFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702066546868800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= CA exhibits sustaining antiviral effect against H5N1 infection in A549 cell cultures. A-C: A549 cells were infected with H5N1 and treated with CA for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively; virus titer (A), expression levels of viral <i>NP</i> mRNA (B) and NP protein (C) were determined by the end point dilution assay, qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively; D: Western blot bands were quantified by Image J and data were normalized by setting the control (the expression of NP protein at 24 h of H5N1 group) as 1. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. TCID<sub>50</sub>: 50% Tissue culture infective dose , figureFileSmall=UHy7PQ4/QjQjMHp3WAm7WA==, figureFileBig=5u1SZ4qJYduzcMhxIWCOFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702066790138448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LLvhTj17v63W7X5sMTWzfQ==, figureFileBig=5AWu/qXUUpKIMURWertP8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702067964543586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Inhibitory activity of CA against the replications of three different IAV strains in A549 cells. A549 cells were infected with H5N1 (A), 2009panH1N1 (B) or H3N2 (C), and treated with CA for 24 h, the inhibitory effect of CA against IAV replication was determined by the end point dilution assay and fitting curves were drawn based on the results by GraphPad Prism8.0, respectively. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=LLvhTj17v63W7X5sMTWzfQ==, figureFileBig=5AWu/qXUUpKIMURWertP8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068081984109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XuNm4efq5LlYi+tl4ix3Cg==, figureFileBig=ZIlJl/VEBQhVw51jWHv8gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068274922107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= CA exhibits inhibition on H5N1 replication in the post-treatment mode. A: A549 cells were treated with indicated compounds for 2 h prior to virus infection (pre-treatment), or for 1 h during viral infection (co-treatment), or for 24 h after 1 h virus infection and removal (post-treatment); B-D: At 24 hours post infection (hpi), the cells were subjected to viral NP protein analysis using IFA (B, C) and supernatants were collected for the determination of virus titer using the end point dilution assay (D). Scale bar: 250 μm. Results shown in C are normalized NP levels based on the fluorescence optical densities of the images from three independent experiments (B). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. ns: No statistical significance , figureFileSmall=XuNm4efq5LlYi+tl4ix3Cg==, figureFileBig=ZIlJl/VEBQhVw51jWHv8gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068396556935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OvZleEgEV+O8cgtvgorXJA==, figureFileBig=VHHUjizV8e7WZsQqgrpuAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068539163283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= CA inhibits H5N1 replication in A549 cells partly by enhancing cellular HO-1 expression. A, B: A549 cells without H5N1 infection were treated with the indicated concentrations of CA (A) or hemin (B) for 24 h, and the protein expression of cellular HO-1 was assessed by Western blot; C, D: A549 cells infected with H5N1 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CA or 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> hemin for 24 h. The protein expressions of cellular HO-1 and viral NP were assessed by Western blot (C). The relative expressions of cellular <i>HO-1</i> mRNA and viral <i>NP</i> mRNA were assessed by qRT-PCR (D). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=OvZleEgEV+O8cgtvgorXJA==, figureFileBig=VHHUjizV8e7WZsQqgrpuAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068732101284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Gnkh/yty3GzytNuiSha5+w==, figureFileBig=OoDGepu14QgRs6TV2WvaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702068874707630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= CA suppresses oxidative stress induced by H5N1 infection and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in A549 cells. A549 cells infected with H5N1 were treated with the indicated concentrations of CA for 24 h. As a positive control, A549 cells were stimulated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (200 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) at 37 ℃ for 24 h. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, reflected by the ratio of positive cells stained with dichlorofluorescein (DCF), was determined using IFA. Scale bar: 125 μm , figureFileSmall=Gnkh/yty3GzytNuiSha5+w==, figureFileBig=OoDGepu14QgRs6TV2WvaqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702069080228545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rMwHsVhAl/Cv1oDP1Iq8ow==, figureFileBig=al0D1fjN8Ycx35BlAeTaeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702069256389324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= CA attenuates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-<i>κ</i>B) activation and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in H5N1-infected A549 cells. A549 cells infected with H5N1 was treated with the indicated concentrations of CA for 24 h. A: The protein expression of NF-<i>κ</i>B p65, p-p65 and GAPDH in A549 cells was assessed by Western blot; B: The p65 nuclear translocation was detected by confocal microscopy. The white arrows represent p65 nuclear translocation. Scale bar: 25 μm; C: The content of tumor necrosis factor <i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>) was analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , figureFileSmall=rMwHsVhAl/Cv1oDP1Iq8ow==, figureFileBig=al0D1fjN8Ycx35BlAeTaeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702069382218453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence
IAV (H5N1)-NP F: 5'-ACCAGAAGATKTGTCMTTCCAGGG-3'
R: 5'-TACTCCTCCGCATTGTCTCCGAAG-3'
HO-1 F: 5'-AAGACTGCGTTCCTGCTCAAC-3'
R: 5'-AAAGCCCTACAGCAACTGTCG-3'
GAPDH F: 5'-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3'
R: 5'-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1198702069549990627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). IAV: Influenza virus A; NP: Nucleoprotein; F: Forward; R: Reverse; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence
IAV (H5N1)-NP F: 5'-ACCAGAAGATKTGTCMTTCCAGGG-3'
R: 5'-TACTCCTCCGCATTGTCTCCGAAG-3'
HO-1 F: 5'-AAGACTGCGTTCCTGCTCAAC-3'
R: 5'-AAAGCCCTACAGCAACTGTCG-3'
GAPDH F: 5'-GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC-3'
R: 5'-TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1198702069747122929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Compound A/Duck/Guangdong/99(H5N1)
CC50/μmol·L-1 EC50/μmol·L-1 SI
A549 CA 37.89 4.30 8.8
RA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
UA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
MDCK CA 35.69 3.64 9.8
RA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
UA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
), ArticleFig(id=1198702069906506489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624306268827663, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Antiviral effects of carnosic acid (CA) against H5N1 infection in A549 and MDCK cells. "-": Not detected; CC50: 50% Cytotoxic concentration; EC50: 50% Effective concentration; SI: Selective index; RA: Rosmarinic acid; UA: Ursolic acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Compound A/Duck/Guangdong/99(H5N1)
CC50/μmol·L-1 EC50/μmol·L-1 SI
A549 CA 37.89 4.30 8.8
RA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
UA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
MDCK CA 35.69 3.64 9.8
RA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
UA > 100.0 > 100.0 -
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鼠尾草酸对甲型流感病毒的体外抑制作用研究
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彭海英 , 刘泽鑫 , 杨霞 , 邱电 , 贾伟新 , 亓文宝 , 陈建新 * , 武力 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(2): 360-370
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(2): 360-370
鼠尾草酸对甲型流感病毒的体外抑制作用研究
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彭海英, 刘泽鑫, 杨霞, 邱电, 贾伟新, 亓文宝, 陈建新* , 武力*
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学兽医学院, 广东 广州 510642

通讯作者:

*陈建新, Tel: 86-20-85280665, E-mail: ;
武力, Tel: 86-20-85284886, E-mail:
In vitro inhibition of carnosic acid against influenza A virus infections
Hai-ying PENG, Ze-xin LIU, Xia YANG, Dian QIU, Wei-xin JIA, Wen-bao QI, Jian-xin CHEN* , Li WU*
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0705
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鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid, CA) 是迷迭香与鼠尾草等植物中主要的酚二萜类活性成分, 具有抗氧化、抗炎等作用, 但目前未见CA抗流感病毒的相关报道。本研究通过病毒滴度测定方法评价了迷迭香中主要活性成分迷迭香酸、CA和熊果酸的抗流感病毒活性, 发现CA在A549细胞中显著抑制流感病毒H5N1增殖, 进一步通过间接免疫荧光、Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR等方法对CA的体外抗流感病毒作用进行了系统评价并初步探讨其作用机制。结果表明, CA在A549和MDCK细胞中可显著抑制流感病毒H5N1复制, 半数有效浓度(EC50) 分别为4.30和3.64 μmol·L-1。同时, CA也抑制流感病毒2009panH1N1 (EC50: 10.1 μmol·L-1) 和H3N2 (EC50: 12.8 μmol·L-1) 在A549细胞中的复制。机制研究发现, CA对H5N1复制的抑制作用与其诱导A549细胞血红素加氧酶-1 (HO-1) 的表达并减少H5N1感染细胞中活性氧的水平有关。

鼠尾草酸  /  流感病毒  /  抗病毒活性  /  血红素加氧酶-1信号通路  /  活性氧

Carnosic acid (CA) is the main phenolic diterpenoid active ingredient in plants such as rosemary and sage, and has antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and so on, however, its antiviral activity against influenza virus infections was not reported. In this study, antiviral activities against influenza A virus infections of three main bioactive ingredients from rosemary, including rosmarinic acid, CA and ursolic acid, were evaluated using virus titer titration assay, and CA showed remarkable inhibition on influenza H5N1 replication in A549 cells. The antiviral activity of CA was further confirmed and its mechanism of action was investigated using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of CA against influenza H5N1 in A549 cells and MDCK cells were 4.30 and 3.64 μmol·L-1, respectively. Meanwhile, CA also showed inhibition on influenza virus 2009panH1N1 (EC50: 10.1 μmol·L-1) and H3N2 (EC50: 12.8 μmol·L-1) replications in A549 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that antiviral activity of CA is related to its induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in A549 cells and suppression on production of reactive oxygen in H5N1-infected cells.

carnosic acid  /  influenza virus  /  antiviral activity  /  heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway  /  reactive oxygen species
彭海英, 刘泽鑫, 杨霞, 邱电, 贾伟新, 亓文宝, 陈建新, 武力. 鼠尾草酸对甲型流感病毒的体外抑制作用研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 360 -370 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0705
Hai-ying PENG, Ze-xin LIU, Xia YANG, Dian QIU, Wei-xin JIA, Wen-bao QI, Jian-xin CHEN, Li WU. In vitro inhibition of carnosic acid against influenza A virus infections[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 360 -370 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0705
流感是由流感病毒(influenza virus) 感染引起的传染性疾病, 具有发烧、喉咙痛、流鼻涕等临床症状, 严重者可能继发细菌感染及导致肺炎, 全球每年因感染流感而致死的病例高达25~50万[1]。流感病毒是单股负链RNA囊膜病毒, 根据病毒核蛋白的不同分为甲、乙、丙、丁4型。甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV) 可根据病毒糖蛋白血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA) 和神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA) 抗原性不同分为多种不同亚型, 现有18种HA和11种NA亚型[2]。流感可在不同物种间传播, 宿主广泛, 禽类及哺乳动物均可被感染[3]。能使禽类宿主感染的流感病毒被称为禽流感病毒, 禽流感病毒一般情况下只感染禽类, 当禽流感病毒发生突变获得人际间传播能力时, 可能会导致人类感染引发大流行[4]。高致病性禽流感病毒也可能直接传染给人类导致重症肺炎甚至死亡。2003~2017年, 高致病性H5N1病毒致东南亚国家860余人感染, 死亡率高达60%[5]; 2013~2018年, 我国华东地区高致病性H7N9禽流感病毒致1 569人感染, 死亡率达39%[6]。因此, 流感病毒(特别是高致病性流感病毒) 是威胁人类健康的重要病原。
接种疫苗是预防流感感染的主要措施。但流感病毒抗原漂移可能减弱疫苗的有效性, 而病毒的跨种传播及新毒株的流行可能导致疫苗完全无效[7]。药物是防治流感的第二道防线。目前, 美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug administration, FDA) 批准用于临床治疗流感的药物主要包括M2离子通道抑制剂(金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺)、NA抑制剂(扎那米韦、奥司他韦和帕拉米韦) 及近年来日本开发的流感病毒聚合酶抑制剂法匹拉韦和Cap依赖型核酸内切酶抑制剂巴沙洛韦[8-10]。然而药物的长期使用易造成流感流行株耐药, 20世纪60年代上市的金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺已致流感病毒全面耐药, 世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 已不推荐这两种药物作为季节性流感病毒治疗药物[11]; 近年来, 有关奥司他韦耐药的报道也日益增多[12]。研发新型抗流感病毒药物, 特别是具有新作用机制的抑制剂的开发是国际抗病毒药物研究的热点。
中药和天然植物在中国、日本和东南亚国家被广泛用于流感等病毒感染性疾病的治疗。研究表明[13, 14], 中药及天然植物中的多酚、黄酮、生物碱、萜类和皂苷等活性成分可直接抑制病毒或通过调节宿主免疫反应间接抑制病毒感染, 从而发挥抗感染作用。中药及天然产物中的抗流感活性成分不仅是获得抗流感病毒新药的重要途径, 而且对阐明中药抗流感的药效物质基础具有重要价值。迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) 是一种常见香料植物, 原产于欧洲及非洲北部, 目前全球多个国家都有引种, 作为著名香料植物广泛用于调味食品、饮料及化妆品中。研究表明[15], 迷迭香及其提取物具有治疗或预防支气管哮喘、痉挛性疾病、消化性溃疡等功效。迷迭香提取物的主要活性成分包括鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid, CA)、迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid, RA) 和熊果酸(ursolic acid, UA) 等化合物。CA属于酚二萜化合物, 具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、神经保护和抑制肥胖等药理活性[16], 但CA对流感病毒的抑制作用未见报道。本研究报道了CA的抗流感病毒作用, 并初步探讨了其作用机制。
细胞与病毒  人肺癌上皮细胞(A549) 和马-达二氏犬肾细胞(MDCK) 购自中国科学院上海生命科学院细胞库; 流感病毒A/Guangzhou/03/2009 (2009panH1N1) 和A/Guangdong/Dongguan/1100/2006 (H3N2) 由广州医科大学呼吸疾病国家重点实验室杨子峰教授惠赠。上述病毒经本实验室无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF) 鸡胚传代扩增, 于-80 ℃保存。A/Duck/Guangdong/99 (H5N1) 亚型流感病毒由华南农业大学兽医生物技术中心分离鉴定并保存。本实验涉及到有关H5N1禽流感病毒相关的实验均在华南农业大学兽医学院生物安全三级(BSL-3) 实验室开展。
试剂与耗材  迷迭香提取物CA、UA、RA (湖南先伟实业有限公司提供, 纯度均大于97.0%); 阳性对照药磷酸奥司他韦胶囊(oseltamivir, OST, 东阳光长江药业); 氯化血红素(hemin)、血红素加氧酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 诱导剂(美国MedChemExpress公司); DMEM细胞培养基和0.25% EDTA-胰蛋白酶(美国Gibco公司); 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, 以色列Biological Industries公司); 噻唑蓝(MTT, 美国Sigma公司); 鼠源抗IAV-NP (nucleoprotein) 单克隆抗体(北京义翘神州公司); 兔源抗NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) p65和NF-κB p (phosphorylated)-p65抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司); GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 抗体(美国Abcam公司); 荧光二抗anti-rabbit lgG H & L (AlexaFluor®488)、活性氧探针(DCFH-DA)、α-tubulin抗体(上海碧云天生物科技有限公司); 总RNA抽提试剂盒(上海飞捷公司); cDNA第一链合成试剂盒和SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR Mix (北京康润公司); 人肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) 酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒(四正柏生物公司); 共聚焦玻璃培养皿(安徽Biosharp公司)。
仪器  生物安全柜(西班牙Telstar公司); 二氧化碳细胞培养箱(美国Scilogex公司); 倒置显微镜、荧光倒置显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜(德国Leica公司); 凝胶成像仪(北京科创锐新公司); LightCycler 96实时荧光定量PCR仪(上海Roche公司); 全波长酶标检测仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。
细胞毒性测定方法  待96孔板中的细胞贴壁生长至单层约90%时, 弃上清磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS), 洗净各孔, 加入用DMEM稀释的待测化合物, 设置空白对照组, 每组6个重复孔。于细胞培养箱中分别孵育24、48或72 h。弃各孔液体, PBS洗2次, 加入0.5 mg·mL-1的MTT溶液, 37 ℃恒温培养箱中避光孵育4 h。加入二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 振荡10 min。用酶标检测仪测量样品在570 nm处的吸光度(A) 值, 按公式(1) 计算细胞相对活力[17], 采用GraphPad Prism8.0计算得到各待测化合物对细胞的半数毒性浓度(50% cytotoxic concentration, CC50)。
$ \mathrm{细}\mathrm{胞}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{力}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)\mathrm{ }=\mathrm{ }100\mathrm{ }\times \frac{\mathrm{药}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{组}A\mathrm{值}}{\mathrm{空}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{组}A\mathrm{值}} $
间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)  待96孔板中的细胞贴壁生长至单层约90%时弃上清, PBS洗1次, 加入100倍半数组织培养感染剂量(50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID50) 的流感病毒液, 细胞培养箱中孵育1 h, 设置空白对照组。弃掉液体, PBS洗2次, 加入稀释至待测浓度的化合物, 设置病毒对照组和阳性药物对照组, 继续于培养箱培养24或48 h。终止培养, 按照文献[2]中的方法进行间接免疫荧光实验。用Image J软件计算各孔荧光密度, 按公式(2) 计算各药物组细胞中病毒NP蛋白的相对表达量, 病毒组NP蛋白相对表达量设为100%。
$ \mathrm{病}\mathrm{毒}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{表}\mathrm{达}\mathrm{量}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\mathrm{ }100\mathrm{ }\times\frac{\mathrm{药}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{绿}\mathrm{色}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{值}}{\mathrm{病}\mathrm{毒}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{绿}\mathrm{色}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{值}}\times \frac{\mathrm{病}\mathrm{毒}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{蓝}\mathrm{色}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{值}}{\mathrm{药}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{组}\mathrm{蓝}\mathrm{色}\mathrm{荧}\mathrm{光}\mathrm{值}} $
终点稀释法测病毒滴度  细胞样品按“间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)”项的方法制样并反复冻融3次, 收集各孔溶液, 参考终点稀释法[18]操作, 记录细胞病变效应(CPE) 情况, 评价标准参照Zheng等[19]报道的方法, 用Reed-Muench法计算出各组样品的TCID50值, 采用GraphPad Prism8.0绘制拟合曲线并计算化合物半数有效浓度(EC50) 值, 计算选择指数(selective index, SI = CC50/EC50)。
实时荧光定量PCR检测(qRT-PCR)  细胞样品按“间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)”项方法制样并反复冻融3次, 按照总RNA抽提试剂盒说明书提取总RNA, 用cDNA第一链合成试剂盒和SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR Mix进行荧光定量PCR检测, 用2-ΔΔCt法进行分析计算。qRT-PCR引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成(表 1)。
蛋白免疫印迹分析(Western blot)  细胞样品按照“间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)”中的方法用6孔板制样, 后续实验参照Yan等[2]报道的方法操作。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平检测  用DMEM基础培养液将流感病毒H5N1稀释至100 TCID50, 加入到铺满A549细胞的24孔板中, 每孔加入500 μL, 1 h后, 用PBS洗2次, 换入含所需浓度的CA培养液, 设置病毒对照组; 用含200 μmol·L-1 H2O2的培养液将CA稀释成所需浓度, 加入到铺满A549细胞的24孔板中, 设置H2O2阳性对照组和空白对照组, 24 h后终止培养后, DCFH-DA探针孵育30 min后PBS洗3次, 于倒置荧光显微镜(激发波长488 nm、发射波长525 nm) 观察并拍摄。
NF-κB (p65) 核易位检测实验  用DMEM基础培养液将流感病毒H5N1稀释至100 TCID50, 加到接种A549细胞(1×105个) 的共聚焦玻璃培养皿中, 每皿1 mL, 设置空白对照组, 于37 ℃细胞培养箱中孵育1 h, 用PBS洗2次, 换入含10 μmol·L-1的CA培养液, 设置病毒对照组, 细胞培养箱中培养24 h, 终止培养, 固定细胞, 按Su等[20]报道的方法处理样品, 加入NF-κB p65一抗, 于4 ℃孵育过夜, PBS洗2次后, 加入荧光二抗, 避光孵育1 h, DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) 细胞核染色5 min后, 在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察A549细胞中p65的核易位。
ELISA检测TNF-α水平  用DMEM基础培养液将流感病毒H5N1稀释至100 TCID50, 加入到铺满A549细胞的12孔板中, 每孔加入1 mL, 1 h后, 用PBS洗2次, 换入含所需浓度的CA培养液, 设置病毒阳性对照组和空白对照组, 24 h后, 弃去上清液, 用PBS洗2次, 加入500 μL PBS, 将细胞板反复冻融3次, 取出细胞裂解液, 1 000 ×g离心10 min, 收取上清液, 按照TNF-α ELISA试剂盒说明书测定各孔TNF-α浓度。
统计学分析  所有实验均重复3次, 数据表示为平均值±标准差($\bar{x}$ ± s), 利用双尾t检验法对数据进行差异显著性分析, 用GraphPad Prism8.0软件绘图。P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
本研究首先采用MTT法测定了迷迭香酸中3种主要有效成分CA、RA和UA对A549和MDCK细胞的毒性。处理细胞48 h后, CA、RA和UA对A549细胞的CC50值分别为37.89、 > 100.0及 > 100.0 μmol·L-1; 对MDCK细胞的CC50值分别为35.69、 > 100.0及 > 100.0 μmol·L-1 (表 2)。在无毒剂量下通过终点稀释法测定病毒滴度, 评价CA、RA和UA (化学式见图 1A) 在A549细胞中对流感病毒H5N1的抑制作用(表 2)。A549细胞中CA在5~20 μmol·L-1显著抑制H5N1增殖, 且具有剂量依赖关系, CA处理显著降低H5N1子代病毒滴度(EC50: 4.30 μmol·L-1), 与病毒组相比, 20 μmol·L-1 CA作用48 h使子代病毒产量减少了97.7%; 而RA和UA对H5N1的复制没有明显抑制作用, EC50 > 100 μmol·L-1。在MDCK细胞中, CA对H5N1的增殖也具有抑制作用, EC50为3.64 μmol·L-1, 而RA和UA同样没有H5N1增殖抑制作用, EC50 > 100 μmol·L-1
进一步采用IFA分析病毒蛋白NP表达和qRT-PCR分析病毒NP mRNA水平, 评估CA处理感染细胞48 h后对H5N1增殖的抑制作用。结果显示, H5N1感染后, 病毒在细胞中进行了病毒NP蛋白的转录和表达, CA处理显著抑制了病毒复制, 呈良好的剂量依赖关系; 20 μmol·L-1 CA使病毒NP蛋白的表达减少了95%, 而阳性药OST使病毒NP蛋白的表达减少了81.9% (图 1B~D)。
为考察CA对流感病毒的增殖是否具有持续的抑制作用, 用终点稀释法、qRT-PCR和Western blot方法检测了CA分别干预感染H5N1的A549细胞24、48和72 h后的病毒滴度、NP mRNA的相对表达水平和NP蛋白的表达情况。如图 2所示, H5N1感染A549细胞后, 其病毒滴度、NP mRNA和NP蛋白表达水平在24~72 h内持续增加, 而20 μmol·L-1 CA在3个时间点均显著降低子代病毒滴度、病毒NP mRNA和NP蛋白水平, 其抑制效果与阳性药OST (20 μmol·L-1) 相当。综上, CA在H5N1感染的72 h内能持续抑制病毒的增殖。
为了确认CA是否对不同亚型流感病毒具有广谱抑制作用, 本研究考察了CA在A549细胞中对另两种不同亚型流感病毒2009panH1N1和H3N2增殖的抑制作用。结果显示(图 3), CA对2009panH1N1和H3N2流感病毒也有不同程度的抑制作用, 能减少2009panH1N1 (EC50: 10.1 μmol·L-1) 和H3N2 (EC50: 12.8 μmol·L-1) 的复制, 表明CA对3种亚型流感病毒均有抑制作用, 通过EC50值比较可知, CA对H5N1亚型的抑制作用较强, 对2009panH1N1的抑制作用次之, 对H3N2亚型的抑制作用较弱。阳性药OST (20 μmol·L-1) 对3种亚型流感病毒的抑制率均达到90%。综上, CA具有广谱抗甲型流感病毒活性。
为了确定CA在流感病毒感染过程中哪个阶段发挥抑制作用, 本研究设置了3种作用模式(图 4A), 包括预防作用(pre-treatment)、共同作用(co-treatment) 和感染后给药(post-treatment) 模式, 在感染后24 h测定病毒NP蛋白的表达和病毒滴度。结果显示(图 4B~D), 20 μmol·L-1 CA预处理A549细胞2 h不会降低子代病毒的滴度和病毒NP蛋白的表达, 提示CA处理不影响A549细胞对H5N1的敏感性; 共同作用模式下, 与病毒组相比, CA处理对H5N1的增殖没有显著影响, 提示CA对H5N1病毒粒子没有直接抑制作用, 也不影响病毒对细胞的吸附过程; H5N1感染A549细胞后再用20 μmol·L-1 CA处理细胞, 结果子代病毒滴度相比病毒组减少了1.63 log, 病毒NP蛋白的表达减少了93%, 表明CA在病毒进入细胞后的阶段抑制病毒的增殖。
HO-1是一种可诱导血红素降解为胆绿素、一氧化碳和亚铁离子的限速酶, 是一种典型的应激反应蛋白[21], 其可降低细胞内过度的氧化应激, 在炎症消退中起重要调控作用, 已有研究证明HO-1信号通路的激活具有显著的抗病毒作用[22, 23]。Hemin是一种含铁的卟啉化合物, 是血红素加氧酶HO-1诱导剂。为了探究CA是否通过激活A549细胞的HO-1通路而起到抗病毒效果, 用不同浓度的CA和hemin处理细胞24 h, 用Western blot检测细胞HO-1蛋白表达水平, 结果如图 5AB所示, CA和hemin都能以剂量依赖关系提高A549细胞的HO-1蛋白的表达量, 表明二者均能激活A549细胞中的HO-1信号通路。接下来, 检测了不同浓度CA和40 μmol·L-1 hemin处理对感染H5N1病毒A549细胞HO-1和流感病毒NP的表达量和mRNA水平的影响。如图 5CD所示, CA能提高感染H5N病毒A549细胞中HO-1蛋白表达量和mRNA水平, 并抑制流感病毒NP蛋白表达和mRNA水平, 呈良好的量效关系; 40 μmol·L-1 hemin对H5N1病毒A549细胞中HO-1蛋白表达量和mRNA水平的提高能力优于20 μmol·L-1的CA, 但其对病毒NP蛋白和mRNA的表达的抑制却弱于后者。这些结果表明, CA可能一部分通过激活A549细胞的HO-1通路抑制流感病毒在细胞中的增殖, 同时还存在其他的抗病毒机制。
ROS指机体内由氧组成、含氧且性质活泼的物质的总称。Wang等[24]报道流感病毒感染能引起细胞内ROS产量增加, 从而加重机体病理损伤。为了进一步探究CA是否能减缓流感病毒感染诱导的氧化应激, 检测了细胞内ROS的水平。结果如图 6所示, 图中绿色荧光代表被ROS氧化生成的二氯荧光素(DCF), 其荧光强度代表ROS水平, 流感病毒H5N1感染和H2O2刺激A549细胞都能使ROS水平上升, 而CA处理能有效降低A549细胞内的ROS水平。需指出的是, CA也可能通过抑制H5N1的复制从而减少了病毒感染诱导的ROS的生成。
多项研究表明, 流感病毒复制诱导炎症通路NF-κB的激活, 促进炎症因子的表达, 高致病性流感病毒感染可诱导炎症因子风暴而导致机体严重的免疫炎症病理损伤[25]。Ruan等[26]发现CA能明显改善大鼠类风湿关节炎症状, 其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路和炎症反应相关。为了探究CA是否影响流感病毒感染诱导的NF-κB激活, 通过Western blot和免疫荧光-激光共聚焦方法检测CA是否影响磷酸化p65 (p-p65) 蛋白的表达和入核过程。结果如图 7AB所示, H5N1的感染激活NF-κB信号通路, p-p65的表达增加; CA处理减少H5N1诱导的p-p65表达量升高, 并呈良好的剂量依赖关系, 并且10 μmol·L-1 CA处理抑制p-p65的入核。这些结果表明, CA可能抑制了H5N1感染诱导的NF-κB通路的活化。NF-κB通路的活化导致TNF-α等促炎细胞因子表达的增加, 为了探讨CA是否能影响H5N1感染诱导的炎症因子的表达, 采用ELISA方法检测CA处理后感染细胞TNF-α表达水平。结果如图 7C所示, H5N1感染导致A549细胞中TNF-α表达升高, 而CA处理能显著降低H5N1感染诱导的TNF-α的过表达, 并呈良好的量效关系。值得指出的是, CA也可能通过抑制H5N1的复制从而减少了病毒感染诱导的NF-κB通路的活化及炎症因子TNF-α的生成。
人类对流感病毒的认识已有上百年历史, 但流感对人类和动物健康仍然危害巨大。现有的流感疫苗保护作用有限, 抗流感病毒药物种类数量少, 且其临床药效受耐药性的影响[27], 因此亟需开发新型抗流感病毒感染药物。本研究首次揭示了CA在体外对流感病毒复制具有显著抑制作用, 其有效浓度远低于其细胞毒性浓度, 其对H5N1的抑制活性与阳性药OST相当。此外, CA对2009panH1N1和H3N2两种目前人际间传播的流感病毒亚型也具有显著抑制作用。药物对病毒的作用机制研究发现, CA的抗病毒活性可能与其促进细胞抗炎蛋白HO-1的表达及抑制H5N1感染诱导的氧化应激和炎症反应密切相关。
高致病性流感病毒诱导的过度免疫反应又称为“细胞因子风暴”, 是导致高致病性流感患者肺损伤和死亡的主要原因[28]。M2离子抑制剂、NA抑制剂等抗流感药物均不能有效阻止过度免疫反应导致的肺损伤[29]。开发靶向宿主过度免疫反应和控制由流感感染诱导的氧化应激和炎症反应的药物非常重要。HO-1是重要的抗炎和抗氧化酶, 可催化血红素代谢为一氧化碳(CO)、亚铁离子和胆绿素。CO和胆绿素也具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒和抗凋亡作用[30]。已有研究报道[31, 32], HO-1的上调抑制多种不同种类病毒的感染, 包括人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、肠道病毒、埃博拉病毒(EBOV) 和IAV。Espinoza等[33]报道, HO-1诱导剂CoPP通过在体外增强A549细胞中干扰素(IFN) 的表达, 抑制了呼吸道合胞病毒的复制。穿心莲内酯通过上调Huh-7细胞中HO-1依赖性的IFN表达表现抗丙型肝炎病毒活性[34]; HO-1与干扰素调节因子3 (IRF3) 的相互作用是诱导IFN-β应对Sendai病毒感染所必需的, 提示HO-1在先天性抗病毒免疫反应中也起重要作用[35]。为了定殖宿主细胞及增殖, IAV进化出多种机制来逃避或抑制宿主先天免疫应答。如IAV NS1蛋白是病毒的非结构蛋白, 可抑制干扰素刺激基因(ISG) 及IFN-α/β的产生, 逃避宿主的抗病毒反应。因此, 在IAV感染过程中, 通过小分子化合物保护及诱导宿主的先天性抗病毒免疫反应是抑制病毒复制的重要途径。研究发现[36], 一枝蒿黄酮类化合物YZH-106通过激活HO-1的表达进而激活Ⅰ型IFN反应抑制IAV复制。本研究发现CA可显著上调A549细胞中HO-1的表达, 同时CA处理显著抑制流感病毒的复制, 而HO-1诱导剂hemin也导致病毒增殖下降, 这些结果表明CA对流感病毒的抑制作用与其激活HO-1的活性有关, 但详细机制有待进一步研究。值得指出的是, 虽然40 μmol·L-1 hemin提高细胞HO-1蛋白表达量与20 μmol·L-1 CA相当, 但前者对病毒的抑制作用明显弱于后者, 提示CA除通过提高HO-1表达外, 同时还通过其他途径抑制流感病毒复制。
流感病毒入侵宿主细胞后, 会产生介导组织损伤、炎症反应和细胞凋亡的氧化应激。ROS在细胞正常代谢下稳定产生, 一旦ROS积累超过机体对氧化物的清除, 氧化系统和抗氧化系统间的平衡将被打破, 导致中性粒细胞炎症浸润加重, 蛋白酶分泌增加, 氧化中间体积累, 最终引起组织损伤、炎症反应和细胞凋亡[37]。氧化应激是流感病毒, 特别是高致病性H5N1感染致病的重要因素[38]。氧化还原环境的失衡是流感病毒感染致组织损伤的基础, 可增加宿主上皮细胞对流感病毒的易感性, 并促进细胞间的病毒传播[39]。Xia等[40]研究发现CA可有效清除ROS, 保护破骨细胞免受p38通路介导的炎症侵袭。CA还可保护正常小鼠肝细胞免受H2O2通过sirtuin 1信号介导诱导的细胞毒害作用[41]。本研究证实流感病毒H5N1感染确实诱导A549细胞产生ROS, 而CA处理显著降低了H5N1感染细胞中的ROS。本研究结果与Xiang等[42]研究报道的CA可通过上调RAW264.7巨噬细胞中HO-1的表达来保护ROS/RNS诱导的蛋白损伤的结果一致。Ki等[43]研究报道, 过量ROS产生还可激活NF-κB通路。正常生理状态下, NF-κB通路在细胞质中处于静息状态, 与抑制蛋白IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) 结合成三聚体复合物。当受到病毒感染等促炎刺激时, IκB激酶能使IκB蛋白磷酸化, IκB随即从p50/p65/IκB异源三聚体中解离出来随后降解, NF-κB p65被磷酸化为NF-κB p-p65, 迅速从细胞质进入细胞核内(核易位), 与核内DNA上的特异序列相结合, 从而诱导产生大量的细胞因子[44], 包括IFN、TNF、白细胞介素(IL) 和趋化因子等, 而ROS作为炎症介质可促进这些细胞因子的表达。Li等[45]研究发现CA可通过抑制NF-κB的激活对脂多糖诱导小鼠的急性肺损伤起到保护作用。在本研究中, H5N1感染A549细胞后, 经典的促炎细胞因子TNF-α水平显著升高, 而CA能显著降低TNF-α的过度表达。CA可能通过上调HO-1的表达发挥抗氧化(抑制ROS生成) 及抗炎(抑制NF-κB通路活化) 活性, 但不排除CA通过抑制流感病毒的增殖进而减少病毒感染诱导的ROS的生成及NF-κB通路的活化, 其详细机制有待深入研究。
本研究表明, CA对流感病毒复制具有显著的体外抑制作用, 其抗病毒机制与其促进HO-1表达有关。鉴于CA来源丰富, 成本低廉, 安全性好, 可望成为具有开发前景的抗流感病毒感染先导化合物。后续重要的工作是评价CA对感染流感病毒小鼠的保护作用。
作者贡献: 彭海英负责药效学实验、初步作用机制研究实验和文章初稿撰写; 刘泽鑫负责部分作用机制研究实验; 杨霞和邱电负责实验数据分析; 贾伟新和亓文宝负责提供部分实验条件; 陈建新和武力负责论文的修改和审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31572565)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2019B1515210007)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0705
  • 接收时间:2022-06-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-08
  • 修回日期:2022-08-20
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(31572565)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2019B1515210007)
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    华南农业大学兽医学院, 广东 广州 510642

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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