Article(id=1210516751486415426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0701, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654444800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-06, revisedDate=1655827200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539283867, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539283867, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539283867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539283867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2995, endPage=3001, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516751998120557, articleId=1210516751486415426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening and activity analysis of ZIKV RdRp inhibitors, columnId=1210516743097815441, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅰ: New Targets, New Strategies for Drug Discovery and Advances in Antiviral Drug Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) raises critical public health and safety problems. However, there are currently no vaccines or drugs that are clinically approved for ZIKV infections. Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays an important role in replication and transcription of ZIKV and is absent in human beings, it is a potential drug screening target of anti-ZIKV agents. According to the fluorescence-based alkaline phosphatase-coupled polymerase assay method, we established the NS5 RdRp inhibitor screening model. Through screening from an anti-infection compound library, we found a compound octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) that could inhibit ZIKV RdRp activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.43 μmol·L-1. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay showed that OCT could bind to ZIKV RdRp and had a strong affinity. Moreover, OCT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ZIKV replication with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 29.94 μmol·L-1. All these results indicated that OCT had the anti-ZIKV activity by targeting ZIKV RdRp, and it is likely to be a promising lead compound against ZIKV.

, correspAuthors=Yuan LIN, Jian-dong JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-juan ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Yan-xing HAN, Yuan LIN, Jian-dong JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516755701691236, articleId=1210516751486415426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=寨卡病毒RdRp抑制剂的筛选及活性研究, columnId=1210516743232033171, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

寨卡病毒(Zika virus, ZIKV) 的流行会引起严重的公共卫生安全问题, 而目前暂没有针对ZIKV的疫苗或药物上市。在ZIKV的复制和转录过程中, RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp) 发挥了重要作用, 而人体内不含有RdRp, 因此RdRp是一个具有潜力的抗ZIKV药物筛选靶标。本研究基于碱性磷酸酶偶联聚合酶荧光检测法建立了ZIKV RdRp抑制剂筛选模型, 对已上市抗感染化合物库进行筛选, 发现化合物奥替尼啶双盐酸盐(octenidine dihydrochloride, OCT) 对ZIKV RdRp具有较好的抑制活性, 其半数抑制浓度(a half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 为5.43 μmol·L-1。利用生物膜层干涉技术研究, 结果显示OCT能够与ZIKV RdRp发生特异性结合, 并具有较强的亲和力。在抗ZIKV实验中发现, OCT对ZIKV的复制具有一定的抑制作用, 其半数有效浓度(a half maximal effective concentration, EC50) 为29.94 μmol·L-1。以上结果表明, 化合物OCT能够通过抑制RdRp活性发挥其抗ZIKV活性, 是一个具有开发潜力的抗ZIKV先导化合物。

, correspAuthors=林媛, 蒋建东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林媛, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail: ;
蒋建东, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BYnVpXUh6ecVL43axHH7ow==, magXml=bVEP5zbezLGlZZnpwYlVZg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hB5OJMTMD1s/ysbLEqkHdQ==, pdfFileSize=1481909, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0PuSzZPNycC794eGR5wo1Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ZhNAAztXCDpqqJ56g9cVDQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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寨卡病毒RdRp抑制剂的筛选及活性研究
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张红娟 # , 陈萤 # , 韩燕星 , 林媛 * , 蒋建东 *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022,57(10): 2995-3001
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022, 57(10): 2995-3001
寨卡病毒RdRp抑制剂的筛选及活性研究
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张红娟#, 陈萤#, 韩燕星, 林媛* , 蒋建东*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*林媛, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail: ;
蒋建东, E-mail:
Screening and activity analysis of ZIKV RdRp inhibitors
Hong-juan ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Yan-xing HAN, Yuan LIN* , Jian-dong JIANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0701
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寨卡病毒(Zika virus, ZIKV) 的流行会引起严重的公共卫生安全问题, 而目前暂没有针对ZIKV的疫苗或药物上市。在ZIKV的复制和转录过程中, RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp) 发挥了重要作用, 而人体内不含有RdRp, 因此RdRp是一个具有潜力的抗ZIKV药物筛选靶标。本研究基于碱性磷酸酶偶联聚合酶荧光检测法建立了ZIKV RdRp抑制剂筛选模型, 对已上市抗感染化合物库进行筛选, 发现化合物奥替尼啶双盐酸盐(octenidine dihydrochloride, OCT) 对ZIKV RdRp具有较好的抑制活性, 其半数抑制浓度(a half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50) 为5.43 μmol·L-1。利用生物膜层干涉技术研究, 结果显示OCT能够与ZIKV RdRp发生特异性结合, 并具有较强的亲和力。在抗ZIKV实验中发现, OCT对ZIKV的复制具有一定的抑制作用, 其半数有效浓度(a half maximal effective concentration, EC50) 为29.94 μmol·L-1。以上结果表明, 化合物OCT能够通过抑制RdRp活性发挥其抗ZIKV活性, 是一个具有开发潜力的抗ZIKV先导化合物。

寨卡病毒  /  RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶  /  筛选模型  /  抑制剂  /  奥替尼啶双盐酸盐

The epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) raises critical public health and safety problems. However, there are currently no vaccines or drugs that are clinically approved for ZIKV infections. Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays an important role in replication and transcription of ZIKV and is absent in human beings, it is a potential drug screening target of anti-ZIKV agents. According to the fluorescence-based alkaline phosphatase-coupled polymerase assay method, we established the NS5 RdRp inhibitor screening model. Through screening from an anti-infection compound library, we found a compound octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) that could inhibit ZIKV RdRp activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.43 μmol·L-1. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay showed that OCT could bind to ZIKV RdRp and had a strong affinity. Moreover, OCT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ZIKV replication with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 29.94 μmol·L-1. All these results indicated that OCT had the anti-ZIKV activity by targeting ZIKV RdRp, and it is likely to be a promising lead compound against ZIKV.

Zika virus  /  RNA-dependent RNA polymerase  /  screening model  /  inhibitor  /  octenidine dihydrochloride
张红娟, 陈萤, 韩燕星, 林媛, 蒋建东. 寨卡病毒RdRp抑制剂的筛选及活性研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 2995 -3001 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0701
Hong-juan ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Yan-xing HAN, Yuan LIN, Jian-dong JIANG. Screening and activity analysis of ZIKV RdRp inhibitors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 2995 -3001 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0701
寨卡病毒(Zika virus, ZIKV) 属于黄病毒家族, 其传播方式主要包括蚊虫传播、性传播和母婴传播[1]。1947年, ZIKV首次在非洲乌干达恒河猴体内发现, 2007年在西太平洋密克罗尼亚群岛首次暴发, 患者出现了以皮疹、发热、关节炎、关节痛和结膜炎为主的临床症状[2]。2015~2016年间, 在美洲暴发了大规模寨卡疫情, 48个国家和地区先后约70万人感染, 造成了大量孕妇感染导致的胎儿小头畸形和神经系统并发症[3]。鉴于此次疫情的严重性, 2016年2月, 世界卫生组织宣布将其列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”[4]
近年来, 科学家们针对抗ZIKV的疫苗或者药物展开了大量研究, 目前尚无有效的疫苗或药物上市, 多数集中在临床研究阶段, 以疫苗为主。而处于临床研究阶段的药物仅有2种, 分别为Tyzivumab和ZIKV-IG, 均为抗体药物[5]。Tyzivumab是首个进入临床试验阶段的抗体药物, 通过阻碍病毒与宿主细胞的融合, 抑制ZIKV感染[6]。ZIKV-IG中含有的多克隆抗体能够针对不同抗原表位发挥作用, 从而抑制ZIKV感染[7]。目前暂无抗ZIKV的靶向性小分子药物处于临床研究阶段。
ZIKV的遗传物质为单股正链RNA, 基因全长10.8 kb[8]。ZIKV以RNA为模板进行转录、翻译得到多聚蛋白, 经过宿主和病毒蛋白酶切割为3个结构蛋白(E、C和pr M) 和7个非结构蛋白(NS1、NS2A、NS2B、NS3、NS4A、NS4B和NS5) (图 1A)[9]。其中, NS5是分子质量最大的蛋白, 主要含有N端的甲基转移酶(MTase) 和C端的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp)。RdRp参与ZIKV RNA的复制与转录过程, 而人体中不含有RdRp或类似结构, 故RdRp是一个具有前景的抗ZIKV药物研究靶标[10, 11]。由于RdRp在RNA病毒中普遍存在, 其被广泛应用于抗病毒药物筛选靶标。以RdRp为靶标的抗病毒药物研发取得了较大的成功, 包括抗丙肝病毒的索非布韦(sofosbuvir)、抗新冠病毒的瑞德西韦(remdesivir)、莫奈拉韦(molnupiravir) 和阿兹夫定(azvudine) 等[12-15]
本文以ZIKV RdRp为靶标, 构建ZIKV RdRp抑制剂的高通量筛选模型, 对已上市抗感染化合物库进行筛选, 得到化合物奥替尼啶双盐酸盐(octenidine dihydrochloride, OCT)。OCT对RdRp的活性具有较好的抑制作用, 同时也有一定的抗ZIKV活性, 为抗ZIKV药物研发提供一定参考。
仪器    PCR仪购自Applied Biosystem公司; DNA电泳仪购自北京市六一仪器厂; 高压灭菌锅购自重庆雅马拓科技有限公司; 恒温摇床购自Eppendorf公司; 低温高速离心机购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; ÄKTA蛋白纯化仪购自GE Healthcare公司; 生物膜干涉仪购自Pall公司。
菌株与病毒株   大肠杆菌E.coli DH5αE.coli Transetta (DE3) 购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司; ZIKV (SMGC-1) 毒株来源于中国科学院微生物研究所。
试剂   限制性内切酶Kpn I、Hind III购自宝日医生物技术(北京) 有限公司; T4 DNA连接酶购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司; pET30a载体购自Novagen公司; DNA提取试剂盒Qiaprep Spin Miniprep Kit、RNA提取试剂盒RNeasy Mini Kit购自QIAGEN; RNA 3′-UTR-A30由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司合成; γ-(BBT)-ATP购自Jena Bioscience公司; alkaline phosphatase、calf intestinal (CIAP) 购自Promega公司; Power SYBR Green RNA-to-CT 1-Step Kit试剂盒、生物素化标记试剂NHS-LC-LC-Biotin购自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; HisTrap FF crud预装柱购自GE Healthcare公司; 已上市抗感染化合物库购自MedChem Express。
质粒构建   ZIKV NS5 RdRp的基因编码序列(ZikaSPH2015; GenBank accession number KU321639.1) 由Invitrogen公司合成, 构建蛋白表达质粒pET30a-RdRp, 含有酶切位点Kpn I、Hind III。将质粒pET30a-RdRp转化到E.coli DH5α感受态细胞, 得到菌株pET30a-RdRp (DH5α)。
ZIKV RdRp蛋白表达与纯化   将质粒pET30a-RdRp转化到E. coli Transetta (DE3) 感受态细胞中用于蛋白表达。将pET30a-RdRp (Transetta) 4 mL转接至200 mL ZYM-5052自诱导培养基(ZY: 1%胰蛋白胨, 0.5%酵母提取物; 5052: 0.5%甘油, 0.05%葡萄糖, 0.2% α-乳糖; M: 25 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4, 25 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4, 50 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl, 5 mmol·L-1 Na2SO4, pH 6.7; 2 mmol·L-1 MgSO4) 中, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1条件下扩增3 h后, 20 ℃、130 r·min-1继续培养18~20 h进行自诱导蛋白表达。收集菌体进行破碎、离心、过滤, 取上清利用ÄKTA进行蛋白纯化, 上样缓冲液为25 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 30 mmol·L-1 imidazole, pH 7.8; 洗脱缓冲液为25 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, 500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 350 mmol·L-1 imidazole, pH 7.8。将纯化得到的样品进行SDS-PAGE凝胶检测(考马斯亮蓝染色)。
ZIKV RdRp蛋白活性测定及条件优化    蛋白活性测定主要采用碱性磷酸酶偶联聚合酶荧光检测法进行检测。RNA底物3′-UTR-A30 (5′-A30-AACAGGUUC UAGAACCUGUU-3′) 溶于缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 8和150 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶于0.1% DEPC水) 中至终浓度为200 μmol·L-1, 在55~60 ℃下孵育5 min, 放置室温冷却形成分子发夹。RdRp、RNA和γ-(BBT)-ATP在反应缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 7; 2 mmol·L-1 DTT; 10 mmol·L-1 KCl; 1 mmol·L-1 MnCl2) 中37 ℃孵育1 h, 然后加入终止缓冲液(200 mmol·L-1 NaCl; 25 mmol·L-1 MgCl2; 1.5 mol·L-1 DEA) 和CIAP, 在激发/发射430/560 nm下进行检测。利用控制变量法对反应条件进行优化, 分别设置不同浓度的RdRp蛋白(0~1.6 μmol·L-1)、γ-(BBT)-ATP (0~9.6 μmol·L-1) 及不同检测时间点(0~54 min) 进行检测。
ZIKV RdRp抑制剂筛选模型的建立与筛选    根据ZIKV RdRp蛋白测活方法建立ZIKV RdRp抑制剂高通量筛选模型。将待测化合物10 μmol·L-1与0.2 μmol·L-1 RdRp在室温孵育30 min后, 按照上述方法测定待测化合物对RdRp活性的抑制。3′-dATP作为阳性对照化合物, DMSO为空白对照, 评估高通量筛选模型的稳定性, 计算筛选模型的Z′因子。Z′ = 1 - 3(SP + SB)/|μPμB|, 其中SPSB分别代表阳性对照组和空白对照组信号标准偏差, μPμB分别代表阳性对照组和空白对照组信号的平均值。利用已经建立好的高通量筛选模型对已上市抗感染化合物库中约500个化合物进行筛选。抑制率的计算公式为[(ΔSN – ΔSS)/(ΔSN – ΔSB)] × 100, 其中ΔSN是指阴性对照DMSO孔信号值, ΔSS指样品孔信号值, ΔSB指不加酶的空白孔信号值。经过初筛和复筛得到对RdRp抑制较好的活性化合物, 同时检测不同浓度下的活性化合物对RdRp的抑制作用, 利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对化合物的抑制曲线进行拟合并计算半数抑制浓度(a half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)。
ZIKV RdRp与化合物的亲和力测定   利用生物膜层干涉技术(biolayer interferometry, BLI) 检测化合物与蛋白的相互作用。将RdRp蛋白进行生物素化处理, 并用PBST (含有0.02% Tween-20的PBS) 稀释至25 μg·mL-1。首先将SSA传感器浸入PBS缓冲液中预湿10 min。然后, 将SSA传感器浸入到稀释后的RdRp中10 min, 使RdRp结合到传感器上, 同时设置SSA传感器与PBS缓冲液结合组为空白对照。校准基线后与PBS稀释的不同浓度的OCT化合物(0~400 μmol·L-1) 结合60 s, 解离60 s。使用Forte Bio Data analysis 9.0软件对数据进行分析, 以稳态方式进行拟合, 得到结合解离平衡常数KD值, 若R2 ≥ 0.95, 则检测显示有效。
抗ZIKV活性测定   用培养基稀释后的ZIKV (SMGC-1) 毒株感染Huh 7细胞, 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养30 min。将不同浓度的化合物OCT加入感染后的细胞内, 同时设置sofosbuvir作为阳性对照药。置于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下静置培养36~48 h。根据RNA提取试剂盒说明, 提取细胞RNA, 利用实时荧光定量PCR检测ZIKV包膜蛋白保守区域基因表达量, 进而反映病毒复制情况(正向引物: 5′-TGCCCAACACAA GGTGAAGC-3′, 反向引物5′-CTCTGTCCACTAAYG TTCTTTTGC-3′)[16], GAPDH作为内参(正向引物: 5′-GGTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACG-3′, 反向引物: 5′-TGGGTGGAATCATATTGGAACA-3′)。RNA上样量为50 ng, 在48 ℃条件下逆转录30 min, 95 ℃预变性10 min, 之后95 ℃变性15 s、60 ℃退火/延伸1 min, 此过程进行40个循环, 最后4 ℃终止反应。根据ΔΔCT计算存活率, 利用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行曲线拟合半数有效浓度(a half maximal effective concentration, EC50)。同时, 利用CCK8法检测细胞活力。将Huh 7细胞以1×104个/孔接种于96孔板中, 在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养24 h后加入不同浓度的化合物OCT (0~50 μmol·L-1), 继续培养24 h后加入CCK8检测试剂, 用酶标仪在450 nm处测定其吸光度。
pET30a-RdRp (Transetta) 在ZYM-5052自诱导培养基中诱导表达, 利用SDS-PAGE凝胶进行分析, 经考马斯亮蓝染色后, 结果显示上清和沉淀中均有目的蛋白表达。取上清利用HisTrap层析柱进行分离纯化, 收集波峰处样品。SDS-PAGE凝胶分析结果显示, 纯化后的蛋白样品在分子质量约72 kDa位置具有单一条带且无明显杂质, 与带有His标签的ZIKV RdRp蛋白分子质量相符, 说明得到了目标蛋白RdRp, 且具有较高的纯度(图 2A)。
酶活测定主要采用碱性磷酸酶偶联聚合酶荧光检测方法(图 1B), 利用RdRp催化5′-单磷酸腺苷从γ-(BBT)-ATP上转移到RNA上, 使RNA链延长同时生成副产物BBTPPi。BBTPPi在碱性磷酸酶CIAP的作用下裂解生成BBT和两个磷酸基团。通过检测激发/发射(430/560 nm) 条件下的信号值来分析BBT的生成量, 从而反映RdRp蛋白的活性。为了进一步明确RdRp酶活测定体系的实验条件, 本研究分析了不同浓度RdRp (0~1.6 μmol·L-1)、不同浓度γ-(BBT)-ATP (0~9.6 μmol·L-1) 和不同检测时间(0~54 min) 对酶活测定的影响。结果显示, 随着RdRp浓度的增加, 荧光值逐渐增强(图 2B); γ-(BBT)-ATP呈现出与RdRp相当的浓度依赖性结果, 随着γ-(BBT)-ATP浓度的增加, 荧光值逐渐增强, 当γ-(BBT)-ATP浓度为2.4 μmol·L-1时, 反应逐渐趋于饱和(图 2C); 随着反应时间的延长, 反应进行得越充分, 当反应时间为30 min时, 反应趋于平衡(图 2D)。为了确保酶活测定过程中反应底物充足, 并具有高灵敏度, 因此确定反应体系中RdRp浓度为0.2 μmol·L-1, γ-(BBT)-ATP浓度为2 μmol·L-1, 检测时间为30 min。最终的酶活测定方法为: 在96孔黑色半孔板中加入30 μL反应缓冲液、0.2 μmol·L-1 RdRp蛋白、50 nmol·L-1 RNA和2 μmol·L-1 γ-(BBT)-ATP, 混合均匀, 37 ℃条件下孵育1 h。然后, 加入20 μL终止反应缓冲液和25 nmol·L-1 CIAP, 室温孵育30 min后, 在激发/发射(430/560 nm) 处通过检测BBT释放量来反映RdRp活性。
以ZIKV RdRp酶活测定方法为基础, 建立ZIKV RdRp抑制剂高通量筛选模型。选取3′-dATP作为阳性对照。首先测定筛选模型的Z′因子, 以3′-dATP、DMSO分别作为阳性对照和空白对照, 计算得到筛选模型Z′因子约为0.9, 表明了该模型具有较高的稳定性和可信度(图 3A)。同时设定不同浓度梯度的3′-dATP (0~4 μmol·L-1), 结果显示, 随着3′-dATP浓度增加, 对RdRp的抑制率逐渐增强, 其IC50为0.2 μmol·L-1 (图 3B)。对已上市抗感染化合物库约500个化合物进行筛选, 初筛选取抑制率大于50%的化合物, 阳性率为3%, 约15个化合物, 经过进一步复筛选取活性最好的化合物OCT (图 3C)。检测不同浓度梯度的OCT (0~80 μmol·L-1) 对RdRp活性的抑制作用, 结果显示, 随着化合物OCT浓度增加, 对RdRp的抑制作用逐渐增强, 测定其IC50为5.43 μmol·L-1 (图 3D)。
生物膜干涉仪主要利用生物膜层干涉技术, 实时监测分子间可逆的结合和解离造成干涉光谱图的位移变化[17]。当RdRp与传感器结合后, 依次与不同浓度的化合物OCT相互作用, 结果显示, 化合物OCT在0~400 μmol·L-1间与RdRp的结合呈现明显的浓度依赖性, 随着化合物浓度升高, 结合响应信号值逐渐增加(图 4), 说明了化合物OCT能够与RdRp蛋白特异性结合, 并具有较强的亲和力。KD值为2.5×10-4 mol·L-1, R2值为0.994 7。
利用ZIKV (SMGC-1) 毒株感染Huh7细胞, 检测不同浓度OCT (0~50 μmol·L-1) 与阳性对照sofosbuvir对ZIKV复制的影响。RT-PCR检测结果显示, 随着化合物OCT与sofosbuvir的浓度增加, 细胞中病毒RNA含量逐渐降低。化合物OCT与sofosbuvir的EC50分别为29.94和4.10 μmol·L-1, 说明化合物OCT具有一定的抗ZIKV活性(图 5A)。CCK8检测结果显示, 化合物OCT在相同浓度下, 几乎没有细胞毒性(图 5B)。
目前, 以ZIKV功能性蛋白为靶标, 寻找其特异性抑制剂是抗ZIKV药物研发的重要方法。RdRp、MTase、NS2B、NS3等蛋白是ZIKV中具有重要功能的蛋白, 以这些蛋白为靶点的研究, 取得了重要进展[1]。RdRp参与ZIKV RNA的复制和转录, 以此为靶点的药物包括索非布韦、加利司韦、利巴韦林、吐根碱等[18-21]。MTase参与病毒RNA的甲基化过程, 西奈芬净是一种S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM) 的类似物, 能够与MTase的底物SAM竞争性结合MTase, 从而抑制病毒的复制[22, 23]。NS2B-NS3蛋白复合物影响ZIKV多聚蛋白的切割, 以其为靶点的药物包括新生霉素、溴隐亭、替莫泊芬等[24-26]。NS3蛋白具有蛋白酶、解旋酶和磷酸酶活性, 苏拉明能够与NS3解旋酶相结合, 阻碍病毒复制[27]。除此之外, 氯喹通过升高内体pH, 阻碍病毒膜与内体膜的融合, 干扰病毒的内吞过程, 从而在早期抑制ZIKV感染[28]。虽然研究人员对抗ZIKV药物的研发不断深入, 但目前仍无针对ZIKV治疗的药物批准上市。
RdRp在RNA病毒的复制和转录过程中发挥着重要的功能, 靶向RdRp的抑制剂可以有效地阻止病毒的增殖, 而高效的RdRp测活方法对于发现其抑制剂具有重要的作用。Min等[29]将RdRp表达质粒与FLuc、NLuc表达质粒共转染细胞, RdRp参与NLuc报告基因的表达, 通过检测NLuc的表达测定RdRp活性, 同时FLuc的表达作为细胞活性指标, 此方法的优势在于检测RdRp活性的同时能够指示化合物对细胞的毒性作用, 但是瞬时转染过程影响因素多, 易造成转染效率不稳定, 进而导致样品间差异较大, 重复性较差。Bertolin等[30]开发了一种基于链置换技术的RdRp活性测定方法, 链置换主要是指在RdRp作用下, RNA链延伸, 下游的荧光淬灭基团被取代, 通过检测Cy3荧光基团的发光强弱反映RdRp活性, 此方法具有较高的灵敏度, 可在溶液中直接进行检测, 但荧光染料易发生聚集, 影响检测结果。Wang等[31]利用同位素标记技术, 标记RdRp反应底物[α-32P] UTP, 通过检测反应产物的放射性强度测定RdRp活性, 该方法灵敏度高、定位准确, 但是放射性同位素对人体具有一定的伤害。而本实验基于碱性磷酸酶偶联聚合酶荧光检测建立了RdRp活性测定方法, 该方法特异性强, 稳定易操作, 灵敏度高, 且无生物安全问题。由于在SARS-CoV-2的复制和转录过程中, RdRp同样发挥了重要作用[32], 因此, 本研究的RdRp活性测定方法不仅为抗ZIKV药物研究提供了技术支持, 同时也为抗SARS-CoV-2药物的发现与机制探索提供了一定的参考。
OCT是一种阳离子表面活性剂, 可用于皮肤黏膜和伤口的消毒与治疗[33]。由于OCT对病原体具有非特异性作用, 能够与细胞壁和细胞膜形成强烈的物理相互作用, 使细胞完整性被破坏, 因此具有广谱的抗菌作用, 包括抗革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌、衣原体、支原体和真菌[33, 34]。除此之外, OCT还能够通过影响HSP90抑制癌细胞的生长和繁殖[35]。在抗病毒作用方面, OCT与苯氧乙醇联用可以快速降低口腔内SARS-CoV-2的RNA水平[36]。然而, 目前还没有OCT抗ZIKV活性的报道。
综上所述, 本实验建立了ZIKV RdRp抑制剂的高通量筛选模型, 通过对已上市抗感染化合物库进行筛选, 得到化合物OCT。进一步研究发现, 化合物OCT与RdRp具有较好的亲和力, 并对ZIKV具有一定的抑制活性。在今后的研究中, 本课题组希望对OCT的作用机制进行进一步的深入研究, 同时, 通过化学修饰、结构改造等方法, 增强OCT的活性, 使其成为更有效的抗ZIKV先导化合物。此外, 本研究所建立的ZIKV RdRp抑制剂筛选方法, 也为抗SARS-CoV-2的药物研发提供了一定参考。
作者贡献: 张红娟和陈萤负责实验操作和数据整理; 林媛和陈萤负责论文的撰写; 林媛、蒋建东和韩燕星负责课题设计和论文修改工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0701
  • 接收时间:2022-06-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-06
  • 修回日期:2022-06-22
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*林媛, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail: ;
蒋建东, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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