Article(id=1198622903450305395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0667, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653926400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-31, revisedDate=1656259200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703569518, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703569518, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703569518, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703569518, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=118, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622903890707351, articleId=1198622903450305395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in applications of molecular dynamics simulation techniques to the research of self-assembled nano-drug delivery systems, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Molecular dynamics simulation technology relies on Newtonian mechanics to simulate the motion of molecular system of the real system by computer simulation. It has been used in the research of self-assembly processes illustration and macroscopic performance prediction of self-assembly nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) in recent years, which contributes to the facilitation and accurate design of preparations. In this review, the definitions, catalogues, and the modules of molecular dynamics simulation techniques are introduced, and the current status of their applications are summarized in the acquisition and analysis of microscale information, such as particle size, morphology, the formation of microdomains, and molecule distribution of the self-assembly NDDS and the prediction of their macroscale performances, including stability, drug loading capacity, drug release kinetics and transmembrane properties. Moreover, the existing applications of the molecular dynamic simulation technology in the formulation prediction of self-assembled NDDS were also summarized. It is expected that the new strategies will promote the prediction of NDDS formulation and lay a theoretical foundation for an appropriate approach in NDDS studies and a reference for the wider application of molecular dynamics simulation technology in pharmaceutics.

, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-feng ZHU, Zhi-wei ZHOU, Wen-liang KUANG, Quan DING, Ji-wen ZHANG, Wen-ting WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ji-wen ZHANG, Wen-ting WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622906872856644, articleId=1198622903450305395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=分子动力学模拟技术在自组装纳米递药系统研究中的应用进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

分子动力学模拟技术是一种依靠牛顿力学模拟分子体系的运动来研究现实系统的计算机模拟方法, 近年来逐渐被用于自组装纳米递药系统的自组装过程揭示及宏观性能预测, 有助于高效率、精准化设计制剂。本综述从分子动力学模拟技术的定义、类型及操作流程出发, 总结了其在自组装纳米递药体系研究中的应用, 包括自组装过程微观信息(尺寸形貌、微区组成、分子分布) 的获取与分析、宏观性能(稳定性、载药能力、释药性及跨膜性能) 的预测, 并对其在递药系统处方预测中的应用进行了归纳, 同时展望了未来实现制剂处方预测的策略, 旨在为制剂研究人员选择适宜的路径研究纳米体系提供理论依据, 为分子动力学模拟技术在制剂领域更广阔的应用提供参考。

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*张继稳, Tel: 18930445030, E-mail: ;
吴文婷, Tel: 15870028768, E-mail:
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A: The time trajectory of molecular self-aggregation behavior of the mixed micellar system. Adapted with permission from Ref. 21. Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society; B: Microdomains within the aggregates through profile analysis. Adapted with permission from Ref. 21. Copyright © 2020, American Chemical Society; C: Distribution of drug molecules within the mixed micellar system composed of Pluronic F127 and Solutol HS15. DTX: Docetaxel. Adapted with permission from Ref. 22. 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Physical model Time scale/s Spatial scale/m Applicable research object
Quantum mechanical model 10-15 10-10 Atoms, molecules
All-atom model 10-9 10-9 Molecular system
Coarse-grained model 10-7 10-8 Dispersed system
Dissipative particle model 10-5 10-7 Nanometer system
), ArticleFig(id=1198702080195129561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903450305395, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The corresponding time scale, space scale and applicable research objects of different physical models

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Physical model Time scale/s Spatial scale/m Applicable research object
Quantum mechanical model 10-15 10-10 Atoms, molecules
All-atom model 10-9 10-9 Molecular system
Coarse-grained model 10-7 10-8 Dispersed system
Dissipative particle model 10-5 10-7 Nanometer system
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Characterization technique The provided information
Steady-state fluorescence measurement Hydrophobic microdomain formation
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Particle size
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) Hydrophobic interaction
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Morphology
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) Microstructure
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) Compatibility between drug molecules and carrier material molecules; verification of the drug loading
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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General characterization techniques for self-assembled NDDS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characterization technique The provided information
Steady-state fluorescence measurement Hydrophobic microdomain formation
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Particle size
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) Hydrophobic interaction
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Morphology
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) Microstructure
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) Compatibility between drug molecules and carrier material molecules; verification of the drug loading
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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分子动力学模拟技术在自组装纳米递药系统研究中的应用进展
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朱卫丰 1 , 周志炜 1 , 况文亮 1 , 丁权 1 , 张继稳 1, 2, * , 吴文婷 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(1): 118-126
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (1) : 118 -126
分子动力学模拟技术在自组装纳米递药系统研究中的应用进展
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朱卫丰1, 周志炜1, 况文亮1, 丁权1, 张继稳1, 2, * , 吴文婷1, *
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
*张继稳, Tel: 18930445030, E-mail: ;
吴文婷, Tel: 15870028768, E-mail:
Advances in applications of molecular dynamics simulation techniques to the research of self-assembled nano-drug delivery systems
Wei-feng ZHU1, Zhi-wei ZHOU1, Wen-liang KUANG1, Quan DING1, Ji-wen ZHANG1, 2, * , Wen-ting WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0667
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分子动力学模拟技术是一种依靠牛顿力学模拟分子体系的运动来研究现实系统的计算机模拟方法, 近年来逐渐被用于自组装纳米递药系统的自组装过程揭示及宏观性能预测, 有助于高效率、精准化设计制剂。本综述从分子动力学模拟技术的定义、类型及操作流程出发, 总结了其在自组装纳米递药体系研究中的应用, 包括自组装过程微观信息(尺寸形貌、微区组成、分子分布) 的获取与分析、宏观性能(稳定性、载药能力、释药性及跨膜性能) 的预测, 并对其在递药系统处方预测中的应用进行了归纳, 同时展望了未来实现制剂处方预测的策略, 旨在为制剂研究人员选择适宜的路径研究纳米体系提供理论依据, 为分子动力学模拟技术在制剂领域更广阔的应用提供参考。

自组装纳米递药系统  /  分子动力学模拟  /  微观信息  /  性能预测  /  处方预测

Molecular dynamics simulation technology relies on Newtonian mechanics to simulate the motion of molecular system of the real system by computer simulation. It has been used in the research of self-assembly processes illustration and macroscopic performance prediction of self-assembly nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) in recent years, which contributes to the facilitation and accurate design of preparations. In this review, the definitions, catalogues, and the modules of molecular dynamics simulation techniques are introduced, and the current status of their applications are summarized in the acquisition and analysis of microscale information, such as particle size, morphology, the formation of microdomains, and molecule distribution of the self-assembly NDDS and the prediction of their macroscale performances, including stability, drug loading capacity, drug release kinetics and transmembrane properties. Moreover, the existing applications of the molecular dynamic simulation technology in the formulation prediction of self-assembled NDDS were also summarized. It is expected that the new strategies will promote the prediction of NDDS formulation and lay a theoretical foundation for an appropriate approach in NDDS studies and a reference for the wider application of molecular dynamics simulation technology in pharmaceutics.

self-assembled nano-drug delivery system  /  molecular dynamics simulation  /  microscopic information  /  performance prediction  /  formulation prediction
朱卫丰, 周志炜, 况文亮, 丁权, 张继稳, 吴文婷. 分子动力学模拟技术在自组装纳米递药系统研究中的应用进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 118 -126 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0667
Wei-feng ZHU, Zhi-wei ZHOU, Wen-liang KUANG, Quan DING, Ji-wen ZHANG, Wen-ting WU. Advances in applications of molecular dynamics simulation techniques to the research of self-assembled nano-drug delivery systems[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 118 -126 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0667
在创新药研发过程中, 近90%的候选药物分子存在水溶性低和生物利用度低的问题[1]。纳米递药系统(nano-drug delivery systems, NDDS) 可实现药物的增溶及缓控释, 改善药物的药动学和药效学性质, 得到广泛研究和应用[2, 3], 包括微乳、纳米粒、囊泡、脂质体、聚合物胶束、传递体等[4], 多为自组装形成的系统。尽管NDDS有诸多优势, 其在创新药物开发上仍存在一定的局限性, 完全基于实验的NDDS处方工艺开发, 原料药消耗大, 开发时效有待提高; 另外, 每个NDDS粒子是载体材料分子组装而成的聚集体, 形成的空间尺度小, 形成的时间尺度为纳秒级, 从分子层面研究该类系统的形成机制富有挑战。
分子动力学(molecular dynamics, MD) 模拟技术是一种研究分子体系的重要方法, 应用于化学化工、生物医药、材料科学与工程等学科领域[5, 6]。随着计算机算力的指数级增长及新算法的开发, MD模拟技术成为药学工作者研究自组装NDDS的新手段, 可实现NDDS自组装过程的可视化、数据化, 为NDDS在载药、转运方面的递药性能研究提供了技术支持。具体而言, MD模拟技术可直观地呈现NDDS聚集体的微观形成过程, 揭示纳米粒形成的分子机制; 可视化呈现聚集体的形貌及其内部空间的分子分布, 并对聚集过程及聚集体进行相关参数分析, 获得回转半径、能量分布图等, 以反映聚集体稳定性; 预测NDDS的载药性能, 如载药稳定性、体外释放情况等; 还可通过模拟聚集体与细胞膜的相互作用等, 分析NDDS粒子的转运性能。此外, MD模拟技术还可结合机器学习等人工智能技术, 实现NDDS的处方预测, 为自组装NDDS的研究范式转变提供新的可能。
本综述首先对MD模拟技术的定义及操作流程进行了概述, 系统总结了MD模拟技术在自组装NDDS研究中的应用, 归纳了MD模拟技术与机器学习相结合在NDDS处方及工艺预测方面的研究。在此基础上, 就综合应用数据集、学习算法和模拟技术搭建针对候选药物理化性质的NDDS类型、处方及工艺的预测平台进行了初步的展望。
MD模拟技术是以单分子或多分子体系等现实系统为研究对象的一种计算机模拟方法, 基于描述分子体系相互作用的势函数等分子力场, 构建分子的物理模型, 搭建模拟体系, 求解模拟体系的运动方程, 研究现实系统的结构与性质。其计算的空间尺度可达到10-10 m, 时间尺度可达到10-15 s, 对分子行为进行可视化, 研究分子间的相互作用, 搭起宏观与微观之间的桥梁。
MD模拟技术研究现实系统的首要步骤是, 基于不同分子力场构建现实系统的物理模型(表 1), 包括量子力学模型(quantum mechanical model, QM)、全原子模型(all-atom model, AA)、粗粒化模型(coarse-grained molecular model, CG)、耗散粒子模型(dissipative particle, DP) 等, 这些模型的精细度和自由度依次降低, 计算量也相应减少, 在算力不变的前提下, 可模拟的时间尺度随之增大。通常, 构建物理模型首先要明确现实系统的空间尺度, 包括原子尺度、分子尺度、介观尺度; 其次是确定现实体系发生物理化学变化的时间尺度。为了能高效、准确地模拟现实系统, 并尽可能地延长模拟时间尺度, 研究人员会根据研究目的与现实系统的特点, 针对性地构建物理模型(表 1)。以自组装NDDS系统为例, 其自组装过程是以静电相互作用、范德华力、氢键和疏水作用等非共价相互作用为主要驱动力[7], 先明确其空间尺度为介观, 故通常构建粗粒化模型或耗散粒子模型, 既可为研究人员提供足够数据, 又能充分提高计算效率。
MD模拟的第二步是模拟体系的构建、运行及数据分析, 需借助模拟软件, 如GROMACS[8]、AMBER[9]、NAMD[10]和CHARMM[11]等。以自组装NDDS为例, 模拟的操作步骤可分为5步: ①模拟体系的构建及优化。根据预设的制剂处方组成, 分别建立处方中各个材料分子的物理模型, 并以全原子模型为参考模型, 通过缩小构建的模型与全原子模型之间回转半径的差距, 优化模拟体系与现实系统之间的差距; ②模拟体系的运行。将各分子的模型按现实处方比例放入模拟盒子, 同时设置模拟盒子的环境参数, 如压力、温度、剪切力、溶剂分子数等, 开始运行模拟体系; ③运行时间轨迹跟踪。记录模拟体系的每一帧运行状态, 并进行颜色渲染, 将每一种材料分子进行颜色区分, 实现运行轨迹的可视化; ④模拟参数的计算与分析。计算运行过程的能量变化, 即自聚集过程的能量变化, 计算每一个时间点对应的模拟聚集体的回转半径、溶剂可及面积等; ⑤反馈与优化。根据参数, 反馈调节模拟体系的处方组成, 并进入下一轮模拟。而上述的一轮模拟流程可类比于一轮NDDS的现实开发过程, 对应如下5步: ① NDDS处方拟定。针对药物的理化性质, 结合文献, 选定NDDS类型, 如胶束、脂质体等, 拟定处方; ② NDDS的制备。根据NDDS对应的制备方法, 设置实际环境条件; ③ NDDS的递药性能表征, 包括载药性能如包封率、载药量、粒径、形貌及体外释放等, 转运性能如肠道或透皮吸收的效果等, 以及其他特殊性能如靶向性等; ④性能影响因素分析。建立处方与性能之间的内在关联; ⑤反馈调控NDDS系统的处方设计。
在NDDS的设计开发上, 模拟与实验异曲同工, 各环节上也可等价对应(图 1), 而其最大区别在于, 一轮模拟运行过程仅是一次计算机的计算过程, 而一次处方实验优化过程却是复杂、耗时、耗材的过程。MD模拟技术为筛选出适合特定药物的NDDS、缩短制剂研发周期, 提供一条快速、高效的新路径。
NDDS的自组装是在溶液环境中经分子自组装或自聚集而成, 空间和时间尺度均非常小。尽管实验手段对NDDS的粒径、形貌、疏水作用、微区结构、药物包载等能进行单独地表征[12-18] (表 2), 但对于实现这些性质的全面揭示还存在差距。而MD模拟技术通过构建与现实系统相一致的模拟体系, 可精确还原现实系统的自组装过程, 实现全过程的可视化及量化。目前MD技术在自组装NDDS的应用包括微观信息的获取、微观结构影响因素研究、宏观性能预测等。其中, 微观信息的获取主要指自组装过程的可视化跟踪, 如NDDS粒径与形貌的实时变化、疏水微区形成、内部分子分布等; 微观信息的影响因素包括处方、工艺和外界条件等; 宏观性能的预测包括NDDS的稳定性、载药能力、释药性能及跨膜行为等(图 2)。
自组装NDDS的宏观性质取决于其微观形成过程, 明晰NDDS的微观信息, 对阐明制剂内部的物质分布和物质转移的机制, 为优化制剂处方工艺和指导新剂型设计具有重要的意义[19]。MD模拟技术应用于NDDS的微观信息获取, 主要是指对其自组装过程的可视化研究, 并实现自组装过程的量化。通过分子动力学可视化软件(VMD)[20]处理, 直观呈现模拟体系的运行过程, 即分子的自聚集行为轨迹(trajectory), 并以动画形式展示, 实现可持续监测模拟体系内聚集体的尺寸、形貌的实时变化[21] (图 3A), 监测由Pluronic F127与Solutol HS15自组装形成混合胶束的时间轨迹; 还通过图层剥离, 如隐去外层分子、保留内层分子、获取混合胶束模拟体系聚集体的内部微区组成情况[21] (图 3B), 观察到该混合胶束是由F127分子亲水链包裹在外, 中间为F127疏水链形成弱疏水区, 内层则为HS15分子疏水链形成的强疏水区; 再者, 通过对模拟体系内各类分子进行编组染色, 分析分子空间分布, 以便了解药物分子在NDDS中的分布情况[22] (图 3C), 将药物分子渲染为不同于载体分子的颜色, 如多西紫杉醇分子渲染为深蓝色, 以便观察药物分子在胶束中的分布。
通过MD技术, 获取模拟体系的微观信息, 有助于探索影响现实系统宏观性质的因素。有研究者采用MD模拟技术对影响NDDS聚集体尺寸的因素进行探讨, 发现材料分子浓度、材料分子种类、材料配比等均会影响尺寸及形貌。在Pluronic F127/Solutol HS15自组装聚合物混合胶束体系研究中, 发现高比例F127形成的胶束比高比例HS15体系能更快地达到稳定尺寸, 代表着更快形成胶束聚集体[21]。另有模拟研究发现NDDS的粒子形貌不仅受到材料分子的结构[23, 24]、浓度[25-27]、载体材料配比[28]等处方因素的影响, 同时环境温度[29]、酸碱度[30]、添加剂[31, 32]、剪切力[33]等制备因素也会引起粒子的形貌变化[34]。如研究发现十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB) 和阴离子辛基硫酸钠(SOS) 形成的胶束形态取决于材料分子的数量及分子间的比例, 高SOS含量体系聚集过程中的形态转变为球-盘-棒, 而高CTAB含量体系则会经历棒-球的形态转变[35]。另有研究考察了磷脂的自组装行为, 发现随着温度的升高, 磷脂反胶束会从球形不可逆地转为椭球形[36]
对自组装NDDS的稳定性、载药能力、药物释放、跨膜转运等性能的评价, 更具实用价值。通过对模拟体系进行热力学、动力学等参数进行分析, MD模拟技术可实现对现实系统的宏观性能预测。
稳定性是评价NDDS的重要指标之一, 不仅影响制剂成型, 且直接关系着药物的疗效与安全性。NDDS稳定性变化常表现为放置一段时间后, 出现药物析出、絮凝等现象。实验室中常规评价系统稳定性的指标有粒径及其分布、zeta电位等, 但深入到分子层面, 影响体系稳定性的主要因素是分子间的相互作用[37], 包括药物分子与载体材料分子间, 以及载体材料分子之间形成的各种弱相互作用力如氢键、范德华力、静电力等作用力[38]。通常认为, 分子间相互作用力较强, 聚集体的分子堆砌紧实, 其稳定性较高; 分子间相互作用力较弱, 聚集体的分子堆砌松散, 其稳定性则较低。
近年出现了较多MD模拟技术研究材料分子之间、药物分子与聚集体之间的结合模式的报道。一般是通过模拟体系的轨迹数据, 分析体系内密度(density)、回转半径(radius of gyration, Rg)、溶剂可及表面积(solvent-accessible surface area, SASA)、径向分布函数(radial distribution function, RDF)、均方根偏差(root mean square displacement, RMSD), 以评价分子间相互作用的种类和强度等多方面参数, 判断体系中聚集体的稳定性。如采用CGMD技术对Pluronic F127/Solutol HS15混合胶束的稳定性进行了研究, 发现Rg、SASA越小的体系稳定性越高, 且得到了实验室数据的验证; 通过计算模拟体系聚集过程中的能量分布(energy landscape) 以预测现实体系的稳定性[22]。通常认为聚集过程维持在低能状态的占比越大, 体系越稳定, 反之, 则越不稳定。另外, MD模拟技术还可通过其他角度预测NDDS的稳定性, 如通过计算任意时间点的生物碱-环糊精包合物模拟体系与参考构象之间的偏差, 即RMSD, 预测现实包合物的稳定性[39]。通过计算整个模拟时段内环糊精包合物模拟体系的势能波动, 来评估现实体系的稳定性, 为了确保预测的准确度, 还监测了聚集时间轨迹下回转半径等参数的变化[40]
实验室研究中, 通常采用高效液相色谱(HPLC) 等方法考察自组装NDDS的包封率、载药量等, 用以评价体系的载药能力。而MD模拟技术则利用可视化图形功能, 观察药物分子在聚集体中的分布情况, 从而判断NDDS对于药物的包载是否成功; 还可通过计算分析药物在聚集体中的扩散系数, 或计算药物分子与聚集体的聚集程度[41]等对模拟体系的载药能力进行研究, 实现对现实系统载药能力的预测。如通过计算药物包载过程中聚集体吸收药物分子的数量, 在体系稳定时, 96%的药物分子被聚集体所吸收[42]。而由Pluronic L64/布洛芬组成的体系的包封率约为80%, 结果与实验数据一致[43]
体外药物释放性能的考察是指在模拟体内消化道和血液等条件下(如温度、介质的pH值、搅拌速率等), 对制剂中药物的释放速率及累计释放量进行测定。MD模拟技术也可模拟在一定条件下的药物释放过程, 通过建模、设置环境参数等, 模拟在不同环境下药物的释放, 并获取过程中的数据, 分析药物的释放机制[44-46]。另外, 通过观察药物在聚集体中的分布情况, 对药物释放的快慢、药物共载时的药物释放先后, 做出初步判断[22], 再通过计算材料分子和药物分子之间的亲和力, 精确预判药物的释放速率。一般来说, 若从分布位置来判断, 越靠近聚集体外壳的药物分子越快释放, 越靠近核心的药物分子则释放越慢; 从结合强度来分析, 若药物分子与聚集体之间的相互作用较强, 则药物释放更缓慢, 反之, 则释放更迅速[47]
MD模拟技术在小分子药物[48]和多肽等大分子药物[49]的跨膜研究方面早有应用。由于跨膜性能是决定NDDS能否提高药物生物利用度、能否靶向病变部位的关键因素之一, 近年来MD模拟技术在NDDS跨膜研究中的应用也在逐年增加。影响NDDS跨膜性能的因素很多, 如尺寸、形状、机械属性等都会对粒子与膜之间相互作用有不同程度的影响。如通过构建CG模型, 研究了不同尺寸(1~5 nm)、不同表面电荷的金纳米粒(AuNPs) 通过模拟皮肤脂膜的渗透性, 结果表明中性2 nm AuNPs的渗透率最大, 3 nm阳离子AuNPs的渗透率最小, 且结果与实验结果相一致[50]。通过构建CG模型, 研究了NDDS尺寸大小对其穿透脂质双层膜的影响, 结果表明, 粒子越小, 穿透时间越短[51]。通过构建DP模型, 研究了纳米粒的形状差异、粒子的初始朝向对纳米粒子跨膜性能的影响, 证实了粒子的接触面积及其在接触点的局部曲率会影响粒子的跨膜过程[52]。从不同机械属性着手, 模拟粒子的软硬程度对粒子跨膜过程的影响, 发现硬颗粒在膜吸附过程中更易跨膜, 而软颗粒则会在被包裹之前变形[53]。同时, MD模拟技术在其他类型的纳米载体如囊泡、碳纳米管等[54, 55]的跨膜研究中也发挥着重要作用。
随着机器学习等智能算法的推广, 已有报道将MD模拟技术与机器学习结合用于制剂处方的预测, 主要是通过收集目标制剂的大量文献数据, 并采用机器学习, 对数据进行分析处理, 建立“输入药物-输出处方”的机制; 同时, 辅以实验方法及MD模拟技术来论证处方。如结合机器学习、中心复合设计(central composite design, CCD)、分子模拟及实验方法等对自乳化递药系统进行了处方预测[56], 先采集了4 495套自乳化递药系统处方数据, 采用机器学习预测拟三元相图, 用CCD法确定最佳处方, 并用MD模拟技术模拟了自乳化递药系统中分子间的相互作用, 验证了预测的准确性达到了89.5%。在药物/环糊精包合体系的研究方面, 利用机器学习, 建立高精度预测模型, 结合MD模拟技术获取体系结构、动力学和能量信息, 实现对处方的解释和预测[57]。相关研究表明, 以MD模拟技术和实验方法作为强有力的双手, 以机器学习等人工智能算法作为智慧大脑的制剂处方预测手段正在兴起(图 4)。
NDDS在改善难溶性药物的药代动力学、药效学性质方面具有独特优势, 通过模拟技术, 可实现处方、工艺的预测与最优化, 节约研发成本。但脱离数据集及智能算法的支持, 也难以实现处方预测。应用MD技术可先进行大量处方的模拟, 以收集数据, 即通过MD模拟技术对不同疏水性药物在不同材料浓度、种类、配比、环境下制备NDDS的场景进行模拟, 收集不同药物、不同处方下的微观信息并预测宏观性能, 建立药物疏水性、处方组成与模拟体系微观结构、宏观性能之间的关联; 分析目标分子的疏水性, 预测NDDS的处方材料及配比。该策略仅适合具体的载体材料与剂型的情况(图 5)。
而要适合在所有场景下的NDDS处方及工艺预测, 则不仅需要有数据集的支持, 还要做到对数据的清洗、数据特征的抽提, 并有合适的算法来构建预测模型等(图 6)。该处方预测思路可以简化为“数据收集-数据学习-处方预测-处方验证”策略, 即: 先收集大量载药NDDS研究数据, 构建数据集, 并对数据进行清洗, 去除问题数据; 接着, 对数据进行特征抽提, 构建药物的结构、理化性质与各种载体材料、工艺之间的关联, 并构建预测模型, 实现针对候选药物的剂型类型、处方及工艺的预测。为了验证预测结果, 还可采用MD模拟技术对预测的结果进行模拟并预测宏观性能, 也可结合实验手段, 对最佳工艺进行验证, 以现实系统的稳定性、载药能力、释放效果及其他关键质量指标为考察因素, 确定工艺的可行性。因此, 在大量数据集及新的智能算法的基础上, 制剂处方的预测是未来的发展趋势, 也势必会给制剂领域的发展带来新的动力。
作者贡献: 朱卫丰负责文章设计及论文修改; 周志炜完成相关文献资料的收集、分析及论文初稿撰写; 丁权、况文亮参与文献资料的收集; 吴文婷、张继稳是项目负责人, 提供文章撰写思路, 指导论文写作与修改。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。
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  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1702904)
  • 江西省自然科学基金青年项目(20212BAB216013)
  • 江西省双千计划2020创新领军人才短期项目(jxsq2019102077)
  • 江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ211232)
  • 江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队项目(CTXD22006)
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0667
  • 接收时间:2022-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-31
  • 修回日期:2022-06-27
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1702904)
江西省自然科学基金青年项目(20212BAB216013)
江西省双千计划2020创新领军人才短期项目(jxsq2019102077)
江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目(GJJ211232)
江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队项目(CTXD22006)
作者信息
    1.江西中医药大学, 江西 南昌 330004
    2.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203

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吴文婷, Tel: 15870028768, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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