Article(id=1210516746780414435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0624, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653062400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-21, revisedDate=1659110400000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282745, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282745, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3203, endPage=3213, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516747225010695, articleId=1210516746780414435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Regulation of obeticholic acid on serum lipids and bile acids and gut microbiota of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mice induced by methionine and choline deficiency diet, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The enteric-hepatic axis plays an important role in the occurrence, progression and regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a farnesoid X receptor agonist. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed with methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks with OCA (6.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) administration by gavage at the same time. The effects of OCA on serum lipid and bile acid metabolomics and ileal gut microbiota (GM) of MCD mice were studied by UPLC-MS and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results were as follows: (1) OCA decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and the contents of triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde in liver, alleviated the accumulation of liver fat and inflammation of MCD mice. OCA down-regulated the contents of 2 eicosanoids (12, 13-EPOME, 9, 10-EPOME) and 4 free fatty acids (FFA16∶1, FFA18∶1, FFA16∶2, FFA18∶3) and TG (16∶1_16∶1_18∶2) in serum, and up-regulated the content of 1 eicosanoid thromboxanes B3. KEGG differential metabolite pathway analysis showed that fatty acid biosynthesis might be the main way that OCA ameliorated lipid metabolism disorder of MCD mice. OCA reduced the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 in the GM of MCD mice; OCA decreased the serum levels of 23-deoxycholic acid, porcine deoxycholic acid, 3-deoxycholic acid, glycine deoxycholic acid, glycine cholic acid, taurine deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid and taurine. These results suggest that the alleviating effect of OCA on NAFLD of MCD mice may be related to its above-mentioned regulation of the metabolism of the free fatty acids, oxidized lipids, 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and the abundance of GM. The animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Hubei University (No. 20220036).

, correspAuthors=Jun-jun WANG, Yong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei WANG, Ping LUO, Xiao-lei MIAO, Bei ZENG, Jun-jun WANG, Yong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516750479790777, articleId=1210516746780414435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=奥贝胆酸对MCD饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸以及肠道菌群的调节作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肠-肝轴在非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发生、发展与消退中具有重要调控作用, 奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA) 是法尼酯X受体激动剂。本文用蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏(methionine and choline deficient, MCD) 饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠8周, 同时灌胃OCA (6.5 mg·kg-1·d-1), 应用UPLC-MS技术及16S rDNA测序技术研究了OCA对MCD小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸代谢组学, 以及小鼠回肠菌群组成的影响。结果表明: OCA降低了MCD小鼠血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 活性和肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 含量, 缓解了肝脂堆积与炎症; OCA下调了血清中2个类花生酸(12, 13-EpOME、9, 10-EpOME)、4个游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA) (FFA16∶1、FFA18∶1、FFA16∶2、FFA18∶3) 和TG(16∶1_16∶1_18∶2) 含量, 上调了1个类花生酸(血栓素B3) 含量; KEGG差异代谢产物通路分析显示脂肪酸合成可能是OCA改善MCD小鼠脂质代谢紊乱的主要途径; OCA降低了小鼠肠道克里斯滕森菌科及毛螺菌属_UCG-006的相对丰度; OCA降低了血清23-脱甲脱氧胆酸、猪脱氧胆酸、3β-脱氧胆酸、甘氨脱氧胆酸、甘氨胆酸、牛磺脱氧胆酸、牛磺石胆酸、牛磺胆酸的水平。上述研究表明OCA对MCD小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的缓解作用可能与其调节上述游离脂肪酸、氧化脂质、12α-羟基化胆汁酸代谢及肠道克里斯滕森菌科和毛螺菌属丰度有关。动物实验经湖北大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No. 20220036)。

, correspAuthors=王俊俊, 陈勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王俊俊, E-mail: ;
陈勇,
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#共同第一作者.

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Hepatology, 2018, 67: 662-675., articleTitle=A large-scale, multicenter serum metabolite biomarker identification study for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516750781780691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516750794363604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, companyId=1210516750781780691, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516750806946518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, companyId=1210516750781780691, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 生物催化与酶工程国家重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430062)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210516750907609828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516750920192742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, companyId=1210516750907609828, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516750924387048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, companyId=1210516750907609828, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖北科技学院医学部药学院, 湖北 咸宁 437100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516755701698712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=i+yIz/DjXTlSrU/CU5CHiQ==, figureFileBig=+6xGXjwpRx/G76vNu6vgWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755907219623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effects of obeticholic acid (OCA) on body weight, liver index and liver function related indexes of the tested mice. A: Body weight; B: Liver index; C: Serum ALT activity; D: Serum AST activity; E: Liver TG level; F: Liver MDA level. <i>n</i> = 7 (MCS and MCD groups) or 6 (OCA group), <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MCS group. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> MCD group. MCS: Methionine and choline supplemented; MCD: Methionine and choline deficient; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TG: Triglyceride; MDA: Malondialdehyde , figureFileSmall=i+yIz/DjXTlSrU/CU5CHiQ==, figureFileBig=+6xGXjwpRx/G76vNu6vgWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756167266500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5+5Gu9Zzy2/3XylxYg+BfQ==, figureFileBig=6i2UyJWoOoZNPFRIxWdCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756351815887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of OCA on liver histopathology of the tested mice. A: H & E staining. Black arrows indicate bigger cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammation and hepatocellular ballooning respectively; B: Red Oil O staining. Black arrows indicate bigger red lipid droplets; C: Masson staining. Black arrows indicate hepatic fibrosis , figureFileSmall=5+5Gu9Zzy2/3XylxYg+BfQ==, figureFileBig=6i2UyJWoOoZNPFRIxWdCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756460867807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FbuicDIMTS4EGeC5EFZAVw==, figureFileBig=FKuaepZe6UX9ftRaaXtTXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756574114024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Analysis of serum lipid metabolic profile of the tested mice. A: PCA score plot; B: OPLS-DA score plot between MCS and MCD groups; C: OPLS-DA score plot between MCD and OCA groups; D: Volcano plot of lipid metabolites between MCS and MCD groups; E: Volcano plot of lipid metabolites between MCD and OCA groups; F, G: Intensities of representative differential lipid species. <i>n</i> = 7 (MCS and MCD groups) or 6 (OCA group), <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MCS group. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MCD group. PCA: Principal component analysis; OPLS-DA: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis , figureFileSmall=FbuicDIMTS4EGeC5EFZAVw==, figureFileBig=FKuaepZe6UX9ftRaaXtTXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756662194419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6gLbYWDEhZgXsP9eVZHEYw==, figureFileBig=j6qsYPvuLVnKWJqLsqvscg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756767052032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly altered lipids between OCA group and MCD group , figureFileSmall=6gLbYWDEhZgXsP9eVZHEYw==, figureFileBig=j6qsYPvuLVnKWJqLsqvscg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756876103948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hTqidO8skWe92a6leaIuTg==, figureFileBig=j1WcJ53t8y2etuRfZsVSYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756959990038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of OCA on the composition of gut microbiota (GM) of the tested mice. A: The species accumulation boxplot; B: Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) on the OTU level; C: Microbiota composition at phylum level; D: Microbiota composition at family level; E: Microbiota composition at genus level. F: GM changes at phylum level; G: GM changes at family level; H: GM changes at genus level. <i>n</i> = 7 (MCS and MCD groups) or 6 (OCA group), <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> MCS group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> MCD group. OTU: Operational taxonomic units , figureFileSmall=hTqidO8skWe92a6leaIuTg==, figureFileBig=j1WcJ53t8y2etuRfZsVSYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516757048070434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=33EHDFknu7r0zMThJ1al0g==, figureFileBig=wp9r3SwF/Rb9er6RB0j0mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516757144539435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Spearman correlation analysis of abnormal changes in serum lipids and bile acids (BAs), and GM of the tested mice. A: The correlation of GM and lipids at phylum level; B: The correlation of GM and lipids at family level; C: The correlation of GM and BAs at phylum level; D: The correlation of GM and BAs at family level , figureFileSmall=33EHDFknu7r0zMThJ1al0g==, figureFileBig=wp9r3SwF/Rb9er6RB0j0mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516757249397043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupChao1ACEShannonSimpson
MCS208.18 ± 11.27213.82 ± 11.782.77 ± 0.210.7 ± 0.04
MCD169.72 ± 8.84*174.59 ± 8.73*2.63 ± 0.130.73 ± 0.03
OCA200.18 ± 43.34209.53 ± 42.382.49 ± 0.250.66 ± 0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757337477435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of OCA on alpha diversity of gut microbiota of the tested mice. n = 7 (MCS and MCD groups) or 6 (OCA group), $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05 vs MCS group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupChao1ACEShannonSimpson
MCS208.18 ± 11.27213.82 ± 11.782.77 ± 0.210.7 ± 0.04
MCD169.72 ± 8.84*174.59 ± 8.73*2.63 ± 0.130.73 ± 0.03
OCA200.18 ± 43.34209.53 ± 42.382.49 ± 0.250.66 ± 0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757467500866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassMCS/ng·mL-1MCD/ng·mL-1OCA/ng·mL-1
Nor-deoxycholic acid17.05 ± 5.01313.05 ± 44.91**16.45 ± 5.37##
β-Muricholic acid373.67 ± 201.681 146.65 ± 338.29*1 259.91 ± 533.57
Hyocholic acid9.03 ± 2.5425.20 ± 7.70*47.73 ± 19.38
Norcholic acid3.83 ± 2.3825.50 ± 4.40**20.62 ± 5.43
α-Muricholic acid49.01 ± 28.58142.18 ± 60.43*150.81 ± 70.67
7-Ketodeoxycholic acid593.09 ± 265.731 622.77 ± 460.00*1 613.28 ± 614.61
Ursocholic acid14.12 ± 5.9452.52 ± 16.41*48.16 ± 11.26
Glycodeoxycholic acid0.04 ± 0.040.27 ±0.11*/#
Glycocholic acid3.09 ± 2.598.93 ± 1.51*3.28 ± 1.10#
6, 7-Diketolithocholic acid//1.37 ± 0.77#
Hyodeoxycholic acid51.94 ± 30.1934.32 ± 4.7915.00 ± 4.03#
3β-Deoxycholic acid5.61 ± 1.476.50 ± 1.713.00 ± 0.86#
Taurodeoxycholic acid242.53 ± 187.29215.74 ± 44.3745.45 ± 13.32#
Taurolithocholic acid22.92 ± 17.0013.10 ± 2.455.62 ± 0.94#
Taurocholic acid4 657.33 ± 4 138.894 169.52 ± 641.631 749.23 ± 274.06#
Total bile acid12 850.46 ± 9 186.0818 047.52 ± 2 311.95*14 826.30 ± 4 052.64
Primary bile acid1 407.14 ± 747.722 934.81 ± 836.802 941.80 ± 1 136.52
Secondary bile acid11 443.31 ± 8 444.6715 112.71 ± 1 689.75*11 884.49 ± 2 970.99
Primary/secondary bile acid5.31 ± 0.966.27 ± 4.03*3.17 ± 0.36#
Conjugated bile acid9 001.42 ± 7 822.3710 078.57 ± 1 494.236 962.86 ± 1 207.94
Unconjugated bile acid3 849.03 ± 1 485.187 968.96 ± 2 148.21*7 863.44 ± 3 097.80
Conjugated/unconjugated bile acid0.44 ± 0.201.08 ± 0.670.59 ± 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757589135692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746780414435, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of OCA on serum bile acids of the tested mice. n = 7 (MCS and MCD groups) or 6 (OCA group), $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs MCS group. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs MCD group. /: Undetected

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassMCS/ng·mL-1MCD/ng·mL-1OCA/ng·mL-1
Nor-deoxycholic acid17.05 ± 5.01313.05 ± 44.91**16.45 ± 5.37##
β-Muricholic acid373.67 ± 201.681 146.65 ± 338.29*1 259.91 ± 533.57
Hyocholic acid9.03 ± 2.5425.20 ± 7.70*47.73 ± 19.38
Norcholic acid3.83 ± 2.3825.50 ± 4.40**20.62 ± 5.43
α-Muricholic acid49.01 ± 28.58142.18 ± 60.43*150.81 ± 70.67
7-Ketodeoxycholic acid593.09 ± 265.731 622.77 ± 460.00*1 613.28 ± 614.61
Ursocholic acid14.12 ± 5.9452.52 ± 16.41*48.16 ± 11.26
Glycodeoxycholic acid0.04 ± 0.040.27 ±0.11*/#
Glycocholic acid3.09 ± 2.598.93 ± 1.51*3.28 ± 1.10#
6, 7-Diketolithocholic acid//1.37 ± 0.77#
Hyodeoxycholic acid51.94 ± 30.1934.32 ± 4.7915.00 ± 4.03#
3β-Deoxycholic acid5.61 ± 1.476.50 ± 1.713.00 ± 0.86#
Taurodeoxycholic acid242.53 ± 187.29215.74 ± 44.3745.45 ± 13.32#
Taurolithocholic acid22.92 ± 17.0013.10 ± 2.455.62 ± 0.94#
Taurocholic acid4 657.33 ± 4 138.894 169.52 ± 641.631 749.23 ± 274.06#
Total bile acid12 850.46 ± 9 186.0818 047.52 ± 2 311.95*14 826.30 ± 4 052.64
Primary bile acid1 407.14 ± 747.722 934.81 ± 836.802 941.80 ± 1 136.52
Secondary bile acid11 443.31 ± 8 444.6715 112.71 ± 1 689.75*11 884.49 ± 2 970.99
Primary/secondary bile acid5.31 ± 0.966.27 ± 4.03*3.17 ± 0.36#
Conjugated bile acid9 001.42 ± 7 822.3710 078.57 ± 1 494.236 962.86 ± 1 207.94
Unconjugated bile acid3 849.03 ± 1 485.187 968.96 ± 2 148.21*7 863.44 ± 3 097.80
Conjugated/unconjugated bile acid0.44 ± 0.201.08 ± 0.670.59 ± 0.05
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奥贝胆酸对MCD饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸以及肠道菌群的调节作用
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王威 1, # , 罗萍 2, # , 苗潇磊 2 , 曾贝 1 , 王俊俊 1, * , 陈勇 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(10): 3203-3213
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(10): 3203-3213
奥贝胆酸对MCD饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸以及肠道菌群的调节作用
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王威1, #, 罗萍2, #, 苗潇磊2, 曾贝1, 王俊俊1, * , 陈勇1, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 生物催化与酶工程国家重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430062
  • 2.湖北科技学院医学部药学院, 湖北 咸宁 437100

通讯作者:

*王俊俊, E-mail: ;
Regulation of obeticholic acid on serum lipids and bile acids and gut microbiota of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mice induced by methionine and choline deficiency diet
Wei WANG1, Ping LUO2, Xiao-lei MIAO2, Bei ZENG1, Jun-jun WANG1, * , Yong CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0624
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肠-肝轴在非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发生、发展与消退中具有重要调控作用, 奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA) 是法尼酯X受体激动剂。本文用蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏(methionine and choline deficient, MCD) 饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠8周, 同时灌胃OCA (6.5 mg·kg-1·d-1), 应用UPLC-MS技术及16S rDNA测序技术研究了OCA对MCD小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸代谢组学, 以及小鼠回肠菌群组成的影响。结果表明: OCA降低了MCD小鼠血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 活性和肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 含量, 缓解了肝脂堆积与炎症; OCA下调了血清中2个类花生酸(12, 13-EpOME、9, 10-EpOME)、4个游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA) (FFA16∶1、FFA18∶1、FFA16∶2、FFA18∶3) 和TG(16∶1_16∶1_18∶2) 含量, 上调了1个类花生酸(血栓素B3) 含量; KEGG差异代谢产物通路分析显示脂肪酸合成可能是OCA改善MCD小鼠脂质代谢紊乱的主要途径; OCA降低了小鼠肠道克里斯滕森菌科及毛螺菌属_UCG-006的相对丰度; OCA降低了血清23-脱甲脱氧胆酸、猪脱氧胆酸、3β-脱氧胆酸、甘氨脱氧胆酸、甘氨胆酸、牛磺脱氧胆酸、牛磺石胆酸、牛磺胆酸的水平。上述研究表明OCA对MCD小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的缓解作用可能与其调节上述游离脂肪酸、氧化脂质、12α-羟基化胆汁酸代谢及肠道克里斯滕森菌科和毛螺菌属丰度有关。动物实验经湖北大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No. 20220036)。

奥贝胆酸  /  非酒精性脂肪性肝炎  /  脂质组学  /  肠道菌群  /  胆汁酸

The enteric-hepatic axis plays an important role in the occurrence, progression and regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a farnesoid X receptor agonist. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed with methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks with OCA (6.5 mg·kg-1·d-1) administration by gavage at the same time. The effects of OCA on serum lipid and bile acid metabolomics and ileal gut microbiota (GM) of MCD mice were studied by UPLC-MS and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results were as follows: (1) OCA decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and the contents of triglyceride (TG) and malondialdehyde in liver, alleviated the accumulation of liver fat and inflammation of MCD mice. OCA down-regulated the contents of 2 eicosanoids (12, 13-EPOME, 9, 10-EPOME) and 4 free fatty acids (FFA16∶1, FFA18∶1, FFA16∶2, FFA18∶3) and TG (16∶1_16∶1_18∶2) in serum, and up-regulated the content of 1 eicosanoid thromboxanes B3. KEGG differential metabolite pathway analysis showed that fatty acid biosynthesis might be the main way that OCA ameliorated lipid metabolism disorder of MCD mice. OCA reduced the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 in the GM of MCD mice; OCA decreased the serum levels of 23-deoxycholic acid, porcine deoxycholic acid, 3-deoxycholic acid, glycine deoxycholic acid, glycine cholic acid, taurine deoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid and taurine. These results suggest that the alleviating effect of OCA on NAFLD of MCD mice may be related to its above-mentioned regulation of the metabolism of the free fatty acids, oxidized lipids, 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and the abundance of GM. The animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Hubei University (No. 20220036).

obeticholic acid  /  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  /  lipidomics  /  gut microbiota  /  bile acid
王威, 罗萍, 苗潇磊, 曾贝, 王俊俊, 陈勇. 奥贝胆酸对MCD饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎小鼠血清脂质与胆汁酸以及肠道菌群的调节作用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3203 -3213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0624
Wei WANG, Ping LUO, Xiao-lei MIAO, Bei ZENG, Jun-jun WANG, Yong CHEN. Regulation of obeticholic acid on serum lipids and bile acids and gut microbiota of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mice induced by methionine and choline deficiency diet[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3203 -3213 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0624
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是一种代谢综合征, 包括单纯性脂肪肝以及由其演变的非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 和肝硬化, 其发病率在全球范围内呈快速上升态势, 已成为肝移植的主要病症[1]。NASH的发病机制复杂, 胰岛素抵抗引起的肝脂质积累[2]、胆汁酸-肠道微生物轴[3]在其发生发展中起着关键作用。
奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid, OCA) 是一种鹅去氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA) 的半合成衍生物, 已证明是法尼酯X受体(famesoid X receptor, FXR) 激动剂, 通过活化FXR, 间接抑制胆酸生物合成的限速酶-胆固醇7α羟化酶CYP7A1的表达, 进而抑制胆酸合成, 用于治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化和非酒精性脂肪性肝病[4]。实验研究[5]表明, OCA可抑制肝脏脂质生成及糖异生相关基因的表达, 降低肌肉游离脂肪酸的合成, 改善肥胖大鼠的胰岛素抵抗, 且抑制脂质生成与其下调固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c、脂肪酸合成酶及上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α的表达有关; OCA可下调NF-κB依赖的诱导型一氧化氮合酶和环氧合酶-2的表达, 抑制血管平滑肌细胞的炎症反应[6]; 还可抑制大鼠肝星状细胞的活化进而缓解肝纤维化[7]。此外, OCA能明显提高高脂饲料-CCl4诱导的NASH小鼠肝脏中多种磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC), 如PC aa C36∶6、PC ae C38∶0和PC ae C38∶0水平, 降低多种氨基酸, 如酪氨酸、腐胺、脯氨酸、色氨酸、精氨酸、丁肉碱及多种鞘磷脂(sphingomyelin, SM), 如SM C16∶0、SM C16∶1、SM C18∶0、SM C18∶1、SM (OH) C14∶1和SM (OH) C16∶1的水平[8]。临床研究[9-12]亦表明, OCA能在一定程度上改善NASH及2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗, 降低肝纤维化风险。
以往认为胆汁酸(bile acids, BAs) 的功能主要限于刺激肝脏胆汁流动和胆汁排泄, 以及帮助消化和吸收肠道内的脂肪。近年来的研究[13]表明, BAs可作为信号分子作用于肝脏和肝外组织, 调节脂质和碳水化合物代谢及能量稳态。胆汁酸受体(如FXR和G蛋白偶联受体5) 和转运体如回肠顶端的Na+依赖性胆汁酸转运体的激活可以在多个水平上影响胰岛素敏感性和NAFLD/NASH进展[14-17]。此外, 肠道菌群(gut microbiota, GM) 是BA池大小和组成的关键调节器, 能显著改变BAs的化学和信号转导特性[16, 18], 进而干预肥胖及NASH等代谢综合征[18]
鉴于GM-BA轴在NAFLD/NASH发生与消退中的重要调控作用, 本文研究了OCA对蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏(methionine and choline deficient, MCD) 饮食诱导的NASH小鼠血清脂质组学、胆汁酸组学, 以及回肠肠道菌群的影响。
实验动物  雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠(19~23 g) 21只, 购于湖北省疾病预防控制中心, 许可证号SCXK (鄂) 2017-0012, 分笼饲养于湖北大学SPF级动物房, 每笼5只, 自由饮水和进食。环境温度22~26 ℃, 相对湿度55%~65%, 光照与黑暗各12 h, 交替循环。所有动物实验方案及操作均获得了湖北大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No. 20220036)。
试药及仪器  OCA (纯度≥ 98%) 购自上海源叶生物技术有限公司。蛋氨酸和胆碱充足(methionine and choline supplemented, MCS)、MCD饲料购于江苏南通特洛菲饲料科技有限公司。谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所。脂质标准品12∶0 Lyso PC、Cer (d18∶1/4∶0)、PC (13∶0/13∶0)、DG (12∶0/12∶0)、TG (17∶0/17∶0/17∶0) 购于上海甄准生物科技有限公司。胆汁酸标准品购于德国CNW科技公司。缓冲液Phusion® High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with GC Buffer购自美国New England Biolabs公司; 核糖核酸酶购于美国Promega公司。BIO-RAD iMARKTM酶标仪(BIO-RAD公司, 美国), ExionLC AD UPLC-QTRAP液质联用仪(SCIEX公司, 美国), Illumina Miseq高通量测序仪(Illumina公司, 美国)。
实验方法和样品采集  21只小鼠适应性喂养一周后随机分为3组: 正常组(MCS组, n = 7)、模型组(MCD组, n = 7)、OCA给药组(OCA组, n = 7)。正常组喂食MCS饲料, 模型组和OCA组均喂食MCD饲料, OCA组每天定时灌胃OCA 6.5 mg·kg-1一次, 正常组、模型组给予相同体积的0.5% CMC-Na溶液, 连续给药8周。实验期间每天监测小鼠健康状况, 每周测量体重一次。末次给药后, 禁食12 h、不禁水, 称量体重。眼眶静脉丛取血制备血清(4 ℃、3 500 r·min-1离心15 min) 后颈椎脱臼处死, 快速切取肝组织计算肝指数, 收集回肠内容物, 于-80 ℃保存备用。
生化指标检测  按照相应试剂盒测定方法检测血清中ALT和AST活性。将冻存的肝脏剪一小块与生理盐水按1∶9制成10%的肝脏匀浆, 4 ℃、3 500 r·min-1离心10 min取上清, 按照试剂盒方法测定肝脏TG和MDA含量。
肝组织病理学检测  从各组小鼠肝脏的肝右叶外缘切取一小块肝组织, 4%多聚甲醛固定48~72 h。将固定的肝组织脱水、石蜡包埋后, 切成4 μm薄片分别进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin eosin, HE)、Masson三色和油红O染色, 显微镜下拍照观察肝组织病理学改变情况。
血清脂质组学分析  从-80 ℃冰箱中取出血清样本放在冰上解冻后, 涡旋10 s混匀, 移取50 μL至离心管中, 加入1 mL含内标脂质提取液(甲基叔丁基醚-甲醇, 3∶1), 涡旋15 min, 加入水200 μL, 涡旋1 min, 4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 移取上清液200 μL至离心管中, 真空浓缩挥干, 加入流动相200 μL复溶, 涡旋3 min, 12 000 r·min-1离心3 min, 取上清液用于LC-MS分析。质控样本(quality control, QC) 由等量各样本提取物混合制备而成。在仪器分析过程中, 每检测10个样本插入一个QC样本, 以监测分析过程的重复性。
采用Thermo AccucoreTM C30 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) 色谱柱, 流动相A、B分别为乙腈-水(60∶40) 和乙腈-异丙醇(10∶90, 含0.1%甲酸和10 mmol·L-1甲酸铵)。梯度洗脱程序为: 0 min, 20% B; 0~2 min, 30% B; 2~4 min, 60% B; 4~9 min, 85% B; 9~14 min, 90% B; 14~15.5 min, 95% B; 15.5~17.5 min, 20% B; 17.5~20 min, 20% B。流速0.35 mL·min-1, 柱温45 ℃, 进样量2 μL。QTRAP 6500+型高分辨质谱检测采用电喷雾电离源(ESI), 在正、负离子模式下扫描检测, 离子源温度500 ℃, 正离子模式下质谱电压5 500 V, 负离子模式下质谱电压-4 500 V, 离子源gas 1为45 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa), gas 2为55 psi, 气帘气为35 psi, 碰撞诱导电离(collision-activated dissociation, CAD) 参数设置为Medium。
采用Analyst 1.6.3软件处理质谱数据, 基于靶向标品数据库MWDB (metware database), 根据检测物质的保留时间、子离子和母离子对信息及二级图谱数据进行定性分析。代谢物定量是通过三重四级杆筛选出每个物质的特征离子, 在检测器中获得特征离子的信号强度, 用MultiaQuant软件打开样本下机质谱文件, 对所有物质质谱峰进行峰面积积分, 并对其中同一代谢物在不同样本中的质谱出峰进行积分校正, 每个色谱峰的峰面积代表对应物质的相对含量。处理后的数据用R软件(www.r-project.org/) 进行多元统计分析, 包括无监督主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 和有监督正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA) 等。根据变量重要性投影(variable importance in projection, VIP) 值和差异倍数值(fold change, FC) 筛选出差异脂质, 并将组间差异脂质成分导入KEGG数据库进行代谢通路富集分析。
血清胆汁酸组学分析  每只小鼠取血清50 μL, 加入10 μL浓度为1 mmol·mL-1的内标混合工作液和200 μL甲醇匀浆, 2 500 r·min-1振荡10 min, 放入-20 ℃冰箱放置10 min, 然后取出样本4 ℃ (12 000 r·min-1) 离心10 min, 取上清液浓缩挥干。50%甲醇水100 μL复溶, UPLC-QTRAP 6500+液质联用仪检测。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm), 流动相A相为超纯水(含0.01%乙酸和5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵), B相为乙腈(含0.01%乙酸)。梯度洗脱程序如下: 0 min, 5% B; 0~0.5 min, 40% B; 0.5~4.5 min, 50% B; 4.5~7.5 min, 75% B; 7.5~10 min, 95% B; 10~12 min, 5% B。流速0.35 mL·min-1; 柱温40 ℃; 进样量3 μL。在电喷雾正离子或负离子模式下以多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM) 方式检测。
采用Analyst 1.6.3软件处理质谱数据, 基于靶向标品数据库MWDB (metware database), 根据检测物质的保留时间、子离子和母离子对信息及二级图谱数据进行定性分析。代谢物定量是通过三重四级杆筛选出每个物质的特征离子, 在检测器中获得特征离子的信号强度, 用MultiaQuant软件打开样本下机质谱文件, 对所有目标物的色谱峰进行积分, 通过标准曲线进行定量分析, 数据分析方法同血清脂质组学分析项下。
肠道微生物16S靶向测序  使用无菌离心管收集各组小鼠回肠内容物, 采用CTAB法提取样品基因组DNA, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度和浓度后, 用无菌水稀释至1 ng·μL-1作为模板, 根据测序区域的选择, 使用带Barcode的特异引物和核糖核酸酶A进行PCR扩增。16S rDNA V3-V4区PCR引物序列为341F: CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG, 805R: GGACTACNNGGG TATCTAATPCR。将PCR产物等浓度混匀后用2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 纯化产物并回收目标条带。使用TruSeq® DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit进行文库构建, 构建好的文库经过Qubit定量和文库检测合格后使用NovaSeq6000平台进行测序, 并通过QIIME软件包进行序列分析。
数据分析  实验结果以平均值±标准差(means ± SD) 表示。采用SPSS 25.0软件, 两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验或非参数检验(MannWhitney U test)。采用Spearman相关分析评估肠道微生物群与血清脂质和胆汁酸之间的相关性。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
造模2~8周模型组和OCA组小鼠平均体重持续下降, 且第3~8周模型组和OCA组小鼠平均体重均显著低于正常组, 但模型组和OCA组小鼠平均体重无显著差异(图 1A)。OCA干预8周后, 三组小鼠肝指数差异无统计学意义(图 1B)。
图 1C~F可以看出, 造模8周后, 模型组小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性和肝脏TG、MDA含量显著升高, 与空白组相比有显著差异(P < 0.01), 表明MCD饮食造成了小鼠的肝损伤和肝脂堆积; OCA给药后, 血清ALT、AST活性和肝脏TG、MDA含量显著下降(P < 0.05)。以上结果说明, OCA能够减轻MCD饮食引起的氧化应激和肝损伤, 并降低肝脏脂质水平。
图 2所示, 正常组小鼠肝组织形态结构正常, 无脂肪变性, 无炎症细胞浸润, 无气球样变和纤维化。与正常组相比, 模型组小鼠肝脏切片显示出明显的病理改变, 肝组织可见红色脂滴(图 2B), 肝细胞肿胀, 发生气球样变, 胞质内可见脂肪空泡, 并伴有炎症细胞浸润(图 2A) 和纤维化(图 2C)。而OCA组肝脏切片显示出明显的降脂作用, 与模型组相比, 脂肪变性和炎症明显减轻, 脂滴数量明显减少。以上结果显示OCA具有降低肝脂质堆积和缓解肝脂肪变性的能力。
利用UPLC-MS/MS对血清中的脂质代谢物进行定性和定量检测, 通过对不同QC样本质谱检测分析的总离子流图进行重叠展示分析, 可以判断代谢物提取和检测的重复性, 结果显示正、负离子模式下QC样本总离子流色谱图, QC曲线重叠性高, 表明检测系统稳定性良好。
本文选取了20个样本, 共检测到804个脂质代谢物。对小鼠血清样本进行PCA分析, 从图 3A可以看出, 正常组和模型组明显分离, 表明MCD饮食引起了显著的脂质代谢物变化; OCA组和模型组有部分重叠, 但更接近于MCS组, 表明OCA矫正了模型组部分异常代谢脂质。通过OPLS-DA分析对MCS组、MCD组和OCA组血清脂质代谢物信息进行分类处理(代表判别分类质量好坏的主要参数为分类解释率R2Y及分类预测率Q2), MCS组和MCD组分类参数R2Y为0.993, Q2为0.949 (图 3B), OCA组和MCD组分类参数R2Y为0.874, Q2为0.506 (图 3C), R2YQ2都大于0.4, 说明上述3组血清脂质谱能被OPLS-DA明显区分, 可用于后续组间差异成分的寻找与分析。
结合OPLS-DA的变量重要性投影(VIP ≥ 1) 和单变量分析的差异倍数(FC ≥ 2或≤ 0.5) 进一步筛选差异脂质代谢物。火山图显示了各组血清脂质代谢物的水平差异(绿点代表下调脂质, 红点代表上调脂质)。与MCS组相比, MCD组共显示出398个差异脂质代谢物, 其中376个下调、22个上调, 包括脂肪酰类(fatty acyls, FA) 30个、甘油磷脂类(glycerophospholipids, GP) 273个、鞘脂类(sphingolipids, SP) 43个、甾醇脂类(sterol lipid, ST) 15个, 甘油脂类(glycerides, GL) 37个(图 3D); 与MCD组相比, OCA组共有13个差异脂质代谢物, 其中12个下调、1个上调(图 3E), 尤其是OCA下调了12, 13-EpOME、9, 10-EpOME、FFA (16∶1)、FFA (18∶1)、FFA (16∶2)、FFA (18∶3)、TG (16∶1_16∶1_18∶2) 含量, 上调了TxB3含量(图 3FG)。
将OCA与模型组之间的13种差异脂质进行KEGG通路富集分析, 探索OCA对NASH的保护作用的相关代谢通路。结果表明, 差异脂质涉及16条代谢通路, 包括α-亚麻酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢、自噬、不饱和脂肪的生物合成、脂肪酸生物合成等(图 4)。其中, 脂肪酸生物合成通路与OCA对NASH的脂质代谢紊乱的调节作用最相关。
对三组小鼠回肠微生物进行了16S rDNA测序分析。从物种累积箱型图(图 5A) 可以看出, 随着样本量的增大, 前期箱形图位置表现为急剧上升, 随着样本量继续增加, 曲线趋于平坦, 说明此次测序样本量充足, 抽样充分, 可以进行下一步数据分析。在97%一致性阈值下, 对各组样品Alpha多样性指数的统计分析结果表明, 模型组的Chao1、ACE指数显著低于正常组, 表明MCD饮食导致小鼠肠道菌群的丰富度下降; OCA组和MCD组小鼠肠道微生物群的Chao1、ACE、Simpson及Shannon指数无显著差异, 表明OCA对肠道微生物的多样性没有明显影响(表 1)。进一步采用Beta多样性分析对比研究各组小鼠回肠微生物群落的构成, 基于无度量多维标定法(non-metric multi-dimensional scaling, NMDS) 分析的结果显示三组小鼠的肠道微生物群有明显区别(图 5B)。
对三组小鼠肠道菌群组成的门、科、属水平分析表明, 最大丰度排名前十的肠道菌群物种见图 5C~E。MCD饮食显著影响了小鼠肠道菌群的结构, 与MCS组相比, MCD组小鼠肠道的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 丰度显著升高, 放线菌门(Actinobacteria) 丰度显著降低(图 5F); 双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)、伊格尔兹氏菌科(Eggerthellaceae)、脱疏弧菌科(Desulfovibrionaceae)、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae) 的丰度亦显著降低(图 5G); 与MCD组相比, OCA组小鼠肠道的克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae) 丰度显著降低(图 5G), Christensenella属、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006属的丰度亦显著降低(图 5H)。
三组中含量有显著差异的血清胆汁酸见表 2。与MCS组相比, MCD组血清23-脱甲脱氧胆酸(nor-deoxycholic acid, 23-DCA)、α-鼠胆酸(α-muricholic acid, α-MCA)、β-鼠胆酸(β-muricholic acid, β-MCA)、猪胆酸(hyocholic acid, HCA)、去甲胆酸(norcholic acid, NCA)、熊胆酸(ursocholic acid, UCA)、7-酮基脱氧胆酸(7-ketodeoxycholic acid, 7-KDCA)、甘氨脱氧胆酸(glycodeoxycholic acid, GDCA)、甘氨胆酸(glycocholic acid, GCA) 含量显著升高; 与MCD组相比, OCA组血清23-DCA、猪脱氧胆酸(hyodeoxycholic acid, HDCA)、3β-脱氧胆酸(3β-deoxycholic acid, 3β-DCA)、GDCA、GCA、牛磺脱氧胆酸(taurodeoxycholic acid, TDCA)、牛磺石胆酸(taurolithocholic acid, TLCA) 和牛磺胆酸(taurocholic acid, TCA) 含量显著下降, 6, 7-二酮石胆酸(6, 7-diketolithocholic acid, 6, 7-DKLCA) 含量升高。结果表明MCD诱导了BAs在小鼠血清中的积累, 而OCA能够减少血清中BAs的积累。6, 7-DKLCA只在OCA组中检测到, 说明OCA诱导了该BA的生成。
采用了Spearman相关性分析探讨了异常变化脂质、胆汁酸及肠道微生物的相关性。在肠道菌群相对丰度与血清脂质水平之间, Firmicutes与FFA (18∶3)、DG (16∶1_20∶4) 呈正相关, Actinobacteria与FFA (18∶3)、PC (20∶4_22∶6) 负相关, Christensenellaceae与PC (20∶4_22∶6) 正相关(图 6AB)。在肠道菌群相对丰度与血清胆汁酸水平之间, Actinobacteria与6, 7-DKLCA正相关, 与GDCA、TLCA、GCA、TDCA负相关; Bifidobacteriaceae与TLCA负相关, 与6, 7-DKLCA正相关(图 6CD)。
饮食中蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏会损害肝脏极低密度脂蛋白分泌, 并导致肝脂肪变性、氧化应激、肝细胞凋亡以及细胞因子和脂肪细胞因子的改变, 是研究与NASH相关的炎症、氧化应激、线粒体损伤、肝纤维化等的常见建模方法[19]。MCD小鼠血清棕榈酰-、硬脂酰-和油酰溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量显著下降, 牛磺酸-β-muricholate、牛磺酸胆酸和12-羟基二十碳四烯酸(12 hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, 12-HETE) 水平显著升高[20]。与这些代谢物的变化一致, 肝脏中参与溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatidyl choline, LPC) 降解、基底外侧胆汁酸外排、12-HETE合成的有关酶和蛋白的表达显著上调。相反, 负责将胆汁酸运输入肝细胞的溶质载体家族10成员1 (Slc10a1) 和溶质载体有机阴离子转运家族成员Slco1a1和1b2的表达明显受到抑制。上述血清代谢物和相关基因表达的变化源于脂肪性肝炎, 而不是膳食胆碱缺乏或脂肪变性。此外, D-半乳糖胺诱导的ob/ob小鼠血清代谢物及相关基因表达也发生了类似的变化, 提示血清LPC和胆汁酸的变化与促炎细胞因子有关。
TG堆积造成的肝脂肪变性是NASH的组织病理学特征之一[21]。血清FFAs是NAFLD的危险因子与脂毒性脂质之一[22], 当肝脏对血液中FFAs的摄取率大于线粒体脂肪酸氧化速率或TG输出的速率时, 就会导致肝脏脂肪的堆积, 引起肝细胞凋亡、炎症和氧化应激[23, 24]。类二十烷酸是由二十碳多不饱和脂肪酸氧化产生[25], 作为炎症介质促进NASH、肥胖、糖尿病等的代谢功能障碍[25-27]。9, 10-DiHOME是由亚油酸经CYP450酶代谢转化生成[28], 体外可促进血管内皮细胞的氧化应激和炎症。据报道, 9, 10-DiHOME在体外模型中可诱导氧化应激和炎症[29, 30]。本研究发现MCD饮食诱导了小鼠血清12, 13-EpOME、9, 10-EpOME、FFA (16∶1)、FFA (18∶1)、FFA (16∶2)、FFA (18∶3) 的上调, OCA干预显著阻止了以上脂质的上调, 表明OCA能够调节NASH小鼠的脂质代谢异常。
近年来, 肠道微生物及其代谢物(短链脂肪酸、胆碱、胆汁酸等) 被证明参与了NASH[3]。肠道菌群失调会导致脂多糖增加, 引起内毒素血症, 而肝脏从门静脉获得70%的血液, 因此可以促进有害物质通过门静脉循环流入肝脏, 加速NASH的发展[31]。肠道菌群对碳水化合物的代谢是向宿主提供营养和能量的关键过程。在厚壁菌门中, 克里斯滕森菌科、毛螺菌科、乳杆菌科和瘤胃球菌科均参与水解肠道中的淀粉和其他糖以产生丁酸盐和其他短链脂肪酸[32]。糖尿病大鼠可产生短链脂肪酸的细菌(如毛螺菌属、考拉杆菌属及拟杆菌属) 丰度明显较低[33]。此外, 克里斯滕森菌科与炎症, 尤其是不同大小的极低密度脂蛋白、小的高密度脂蛋白和TG水平呈负相关[34], 身形苗条者肠道内的这种细菌丰度较高[35]。本研究发现MCD组和OCA组小鼠肠道的克里斯滕森菌科和毛螺菌科_UCG-006属的丰度显著低于MCS组小鼠, 表明它们水解肠道中的淀粉和其他糖的能力降低, 提供给机体的营养与能力减少, 这可能与MCD饮食诱导的NASH小鼠体重降低有一定关系。虽然毛螺菌科能促进短链脂肪酸的产生, 但其与疾病的关系仍有争议。也有文献[36]表明毛螺菌科能干扰糖代谢, 促进炎症和1型糖尿病的发生, 且其丰度与糖脂代谢紊乱程度正相关[37], 非酒精性脂肪肝变性疾病中毛螺菌属的丰度相对较高。因此, 肠道克里斯滕森菌科、毛螺菌科、乳杆菌科和瘤胃球菌科丰度与饮食蛋氨酸与胆碱缺乏或NASH的关系值得进一步研究。
胆汁酸是胆汁的主要成分, 由肝脏中的胆固醇合成[15], 是连接肠道和肝脏的重要信号分子, 对肝脏脂质和葡萄糖代谢, 以及肠道菌群组成与代谢活动有重要调节作用[38, 39]。NAFLD/NASH患者的血清总胆汁酸水平、初级胆汁酸及次级胆汁酸水平均明显升高, 主要为游离型初级胆汁酸(胆酸) 及游离型次级胆汁酸(脱氧胆酸)[40, 41], 且病情严重程度与胆汁酸合成及血清胆汁酸水平呈正相关, 关键胆汁酸的增加(如TCA、GCA等) 与脂肪变性、小叶和门静脉炎症以及肝细胞气球样变高度相关[42]。此外, 次级胆汁酸与初级胆汁酸的比例越高、结合胆汁酸浓度越高, NAFLD进展为纤维化风险越高[43]。动物实验研究[44]发现, NAFLD大鼠肝组织中的TCA含量增加, 牛磺猪去氧胆酸和熊去氧胆酸含量降低; 肠道中胆酸增多, HDCA和ω-鼠李酸减少; 血清中TCA含量增加, HDCA和牛磺猪去氧胆酸降低。NASH小鼠肝纤维化程度与血清总胆汁酸浓度升高有关, 主要机制可能涉及胆汁酸代谢酶和转运蛋白表达的改变[45]。此外, 糖尿病患者血浆中12α-羟基化胆汁酸(TCA、TDCA) 的水平增加, 并与胰岛素抵抗相关[46]。病理浓度的TCA、T-βMCA和β-MCA会诱导小鼠促炎因子的表达, 促进肝脏炎症反应[47]。HCC患者血浆中多种胆汁酸(如GCA、TCA、TDCA等) 水平异常升高, 且GCA水平可能是HCC早期诊断及病程进展预测的有效标志物[48]。本研究发现OCA处理显著降低了血清GCA、TCA、TDCA水平, 表明OCA能通过降低血清胆汁酸和12α-羟基化胆汁酸水平来发挥抗NASH作用。
作者贡献: 王俊俊设计实验方案, 王威、罗萍、苗潇磊、曾贝完成实验, 王威和罗萍分析实验数据, 王威和罗萍撰写论文, 陈勇和王俊俊检查并修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者和贡献者声明本研究内容没有任何利益冲突。
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0624
  • 接收时间:2022-05-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-21
  • 修回日期:2022-07-30
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    1.湖北大学, 中药生物技术湖北省重点实验室, 药物高通量筛选技术国家地方联合工程研究中心, 生物催化与酶工程国家重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430062
    2.湖北科技学院医学部药学院, 湖北 咸宁 437100

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*王俊俊, E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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