Article(id=1198624400661643662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0596, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652630400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-16, revisedDate=1659283200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703926482, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703926482, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703926482, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703926482, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=483, endPage=493, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624400946856338, articleId=1198624400661643662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of intelligent reversible drug delivery system, columnId=1198683323515105920, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research on Precise Treatment of Diseases Based on Smart Drug Delivery Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the research on cancer theranostics, most environment-sensitive drug delivery systems can only achieve unidirectional and irreversible responsive changes under pathological conditions, thereby improving the targeting effect and drug release performance of the delivery system. However, such irreversible changes pose potential safety hazards when the dynamically distributed delivery system returns to the blood circulation or transports to the normal physiological environment. Intelligent reversible drug delivery systems can respond to normal physiological and pathological microenvironments to achieve bidirectional and reversible structural changes. This feature will help to precisely control the drug release of the delivery system, prolong the blood circulation time, improve the targeting efficiency, and avoid the potential safety hazards of the irreversible drug delivery system. In this review, we describe the research progress of intelligent reversible drug delivery system from two main aspects: controlled drug release and prolonged blood circulation time/enhanced cellular internalization of drug.

, correspAuthors=Jia ZHANG, Bai XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-xin CONG, Xiao-dan SONG, Ya-nan SUN, Chao-xing HE, Shao-kun YANG, De-ying CAO, Jing BAI, Jia ZHANG, Bai XIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624407393501853, articleId=1198624400661643662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展, columnId=1198624399348822061, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在癌症诊疗相关研究中, 大部分环境敏感型药物递送系统在病理条件下仅能实现单向、不可逆的响应性改变, 可在一定程度上提高递送系统的靶向效果和释药性能。但是, 当动态分布的递送系统回流到血液循环或转运至正常生理环境时, 这种不可逆的变化会带来潜在的安全隐患。智能可逆药物递送系统则可以响应正常生理和病理微环境, 实现结构上的双向、可逆改变。这一特征将有助于精准控制递送系统的药物释放、延长血液循环时间, 进而提高靶向效率, 避免不可逆药物递送系统的安全隐患。本综述从控制药物释放和延长血液循环时间、增强细胞内化两个主要方面, 对智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展进行分述。

, correspAuthors=张佳, 向柏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张佳,Tel: 86-311-85281667, E-mail: ;
向柏,Tel: 86-311-86265591, E-mail:
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Nat Biomed Eng, 2020, 4: 499-506., articleTitle=Glucose-responsive insulin patch for the regulation of blood glucose in mice and minipigs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702068123927153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, doi=10.1186/s12951-021-00928-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=191, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=J Nanobiotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao X, Shi A, Ma Q, et al. Nanoparticles prepared from pterostilbene reduce blood glucose and improve diabetes complications[J]. 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Nano Lett, 2019, 19: 7965-7976., articleTitle=Proline isomerization-regulated tumor microenvironment-adaptable self-assembly of peptides for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702053620023818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, awardId=81973251, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973251), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702053754241557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, awardId=20211108, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省2021年度医学科学研究课题(20211108), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702045470491477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702045495657303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, companyId=1198702045470491477, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702045512434521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, companyId=1198702045470491477, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河北医科大学药学院, 河北 石家庄 050017)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702045650846566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702045667623784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, companyId=1198702045650846566, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702045873144708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, companyId=1198702045822813051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.石家庄市第四医院, 河北 石家庄 050035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702052261069200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Reversible nanocarrier Ref.
Volume change Nanoparticles; vesicles; micelles [11-16]
Assembly and disassembly Micelles; Ft; self-assembled nanoparticles [17-19]
Phase change Hydrogels [20-22]
Construction of release channel MNs; bionic artificial nanochannel [23, 24]
Conformational change Liposome [25, 26]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702052445618584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reversible transformable carriers. MNs: Microneedles; Ft: Ferritin; NIR: Near infrared light; UV: Ultraviolet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Reversible nanocarrier Ref.
Volume change Nanoparticles; vesicles; micelles [11-16]
Assembly and disassembly Micelles; Ft; self-assembled nanoparticles [17-19]
Phase change Hydrogels [20-22]
Construction of release channel MNs; bionic artificial nanochannel [23, 24]
Conformational change Liposome [25, 26]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702052605002149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Reversible surface modification group Ref.
Conformational changes of biomolecules DNA; peptides; thymine [32-38]
Photoisomerization of small molecules Azo; SP; DNQ
[39-41]
Phase transformation P (EO-co-LLA); PNIPAM; LB [42-44]
Electrostatic interactions Chitosan; P[5]A [45-47]
Hydrolysis of borate ester bond Boric acid ester bond [48-50]
Change of solubility or density Polymer (PLH; PTA) [51, 52]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702052772774328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Carriers modified with surface reversible groups. Azo: Azobenzene; α-CD: α-Cyclodextrin; SP: Spiropyran; DNQ: 2-Diazo-1, 2-naphthoquinones; P (EO-co-LLA): Poly [(ethyleneglycol)-co-(L-lactide)]; PNIPAM: Poly (n-isopropylacrylamide); LB: Lipidbilayer; P[5]A: Pillar[5]arene; PLH: Polyhistidine; PTA: Polytannic acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Reversible surface modification group Ref.
Conformational changes of biomolecules DNA; peptides; thymine [32-38]
Photoisomerization of small molecules Azo; SP; DNQ
[39-41]
Phase transformation P (EO-co-LLA); PNIPAM; LB [42-44]
Electrostatic interactions Chitosan; P[5]A [45-47]
Hydrolysis of borate ester bond Boric acid ester bond [48-50]
Change of solubility or density Polymer (PLH; PTA) [51, 52]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702052978295241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Ligand Ref.
Stretch-shrinkage of polymers Biotin; GA [57, 58]
Formation and dissociation of borate PBA and GAL; DNPs and PBA-Pt [59, 60]
Assembly and disassembly of nanoparticles GA; PEG [61, 62]
Proton/deprotonation of polymer RGD [63]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702053137678814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ligands shielding/de-shielding on nanocarrier surface. GA: Glycyrrhetinic acid; RGD: Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; PBA: Phenylboronic acid; GAL: Galactose; DNPs: Dextran-coated BLZ-945 nanoparticles; PEG: Polyethylene glycol

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Ligand Ref.
Stretch-shrinkage of polymers Biotin; GA [57, 58]
Formation and dissociation of borate PBA and GAL; DNPs and PBA-Pt [59, 60]
Assembly and disassembly of nanoparticles GA; PEG [61, 62]
Proton/deprotonation of polymer RGD [63]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702053284479464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Surface property of carrier Ref.
Morphological transformation Different forms of hydrophilic-hydrophobic regions [64, 65]
Charge conversion Reversible charge [66, 67]
Cell interaction Different from the affinity of protein and phospholipid [68, 69]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702053410308597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400661643662, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes in the properties of nanocarrier surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reversible mechanism Surface property of carrier Ref.
Morphological transformation Different forms of hydrophilic-hydrophobic regions [64, 65]
Charge conversion Reversible charge [66, 67]
Cell interaction Different from the affinity of protein and phospholipid [68, 69]
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智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展
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丛可心 1 , 宋小丹 1 , 孙亚楠 1 , 何朝星 1 , 杨少坤 1 , 曹德英 1 , 白靖 2 , 张佳 3, * , 向柏 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023,58(3): 483-493
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023, 58(3): 483-493
智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展
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丛可心1, 宋小丹1, 孙亚楠1, 何朝星1, 杨少坤1, 曹德英1, 白靖2, 张佳3, * , 向柏1, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北医科大学药学院, 河北 石家庄 050017
  • 2.河北医科大学第四医院, 河北 石家庄 050011
  • 3.石家庄市第四医院, 河北 石家庄 050035

通讯作者:

*张佳,Tel: 86-311-85281667, E-mail: ;
向柏,Tel: 86-311-86265591, E-mail:
Research progress of intelligent reversible drug delivery system
Ke-xin CONG1, Xiao-dan SONG1, Ya-nan SUN1, Chao-xing HE1, Shao-kun YANG1, De-ying CAO1, Jing BAI2, Jia ZHANG3, * , Bai XIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
  • 2. The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
  • 3. The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0596
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在癌症诊疗相关研究中, 大部分环境敏感型药物递送系统在病理条件下仅能实现单向、不可逆的响应性改变, 可在一定程度上提高递送系统的靶向效果和释药性能。但是, 当动态分布的递送系统回流到血液循环或转运至正常生理环境时, 这种不可逆的变化会带来潜在的安全隐患。智能可逆药物递送系统则可以响应正常生理和病理微环境, 实现结构上的双向、可逆改变。这一特征将有助于精准控制递送系统的药物释放、延长血液循环时间, 进而提高靶向效率, 避免不可逆药物递送系统的安全隐患。本综述从控制药物释放和延长血液循环时间、增强细胞内化两个主要方面, 对智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展进行分述。

肿瘤诊疗  /  可逆  /  药物递送系统  /  纳米载体  /  控制释放

In the research on cancer theranostics, most environment-sensitive drug delivery systems can only achieve unidirectional and irreversible responsive changes under pathological conditions, thereby improving the targeting effect and drug release performance of the delivery system. However, such irreversible changes pose potential safety hazards when the dynamically distributed delivery system returns to the blood circulation or transports to the normal physiological environment. Intelligent reversible drug delivery systems can respond to normal physiological and pathological microenvironments to achieve bidirectional and reversible structural changes. This feature will help to precisely control the drug release of the delivery system, prolong the blood circulation time, improve the targeting efficiency, and avoid the potential safety hazards of the irreversible drug delivery system. In this review, we describe the research progress of intelligent reversible drug delivery system from two main aspects: controlled drug release and prolonged blood circulation time/enhanced cellular internalization of drug.

cancer theranostics  /  reversible  /  drug delivery system  /  nanocarrier  /  controlled release
丛可心, 宋小丹, 孙亚楠, 何朝星, 杨少坤, 曹德英, 白靖, 张佳, 向柏. 智能可逆药物递送系统的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 483 -493 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0596
Ke-xin CONG, Xiao-dan SONG, Ya-nan SUN, Chao-xing HE, Shao-kun YANG, De-ying CAO, Jing BAI, Jia ZHANG, Bai XIANG. Research progress of intelligent reversible drug delivery system[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 483 -493 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0596
近年来, 药物递送系统相关研究发展迅猛, 各类药物递送系统显示出了不同的优异特性, 如具有较高药物负载能力、刺激响应释放性及分布选择性, 其中基于刺激响应特性开发出的门控型药物递送系统, 避免了循环过程中的药物泄露且同时实现靶部位的响应性释药[1]。然而大部分递送系统在控制药物释放或肿瘤细胞靶向方面不具备可逆特性。难于控制的药物释放过程和相对较低的载体靶向效率显著增大了疾病干预的安全隐患。相比之下, 结合可逆机制的智能药物递送系统则为这一问题的有效解决提供了潜在的有力工具[2, 3]
智能可逆药物递送系统可在时间、空间上控制药物释放, 或通过可逆暴露配体、改变表面特性增加靶向效率[4], 相比非可逆药物递送系统更加智能化, 具有治疗过程可控、靶向效率提高、不良反应降低等优点[5]。药物递送系统自进入体内至靶部位可简单概括为以下过程: 血液循环、肿瘤聚集、细胞内化和细胞内药物释放[6]。在控制药物释放方面, 可通过构建可逆载体或在载体表面修饰可逆基团实现药物可逆释放[7, 8]。在延长血液循环和增强细胞内化方面, 可通过载体表面配体的屏蔽/去屏蔽化或可逆改变载体表面特性实现[9]。载体表面暴露的靶向配体使纳米粒易被免疫系统识别和清除, 可逆屏蔽策略解决了此问题, 可实现多次屏蔽和去屏蔽循环, 以确保最佳血液循环和肿瘤内化[10]。本文就以上两方面应用, 以载体的构建机制分类进行综述。
可逆转变型载体由于体内生理条件或外部刺激的改变显示出可逆特性, 机制包括体积改变、组装和解组装、相变、构建可逆通道及构象改变, 以实现可逆释放药物(表 1[11-26])。相比其他可逆转变型载体, 该类载体最大特点是载体制备工艺较为容易, 释药方式更为新颖。
尺寸较小的纳米载体具有更强的渗透性和滞留效应, 因而经病理性血管系统易于发生渗漏, 并较多积聚在肿瘤组织中。研究者在开发此类载体时, 在多种内外刺激条件下(如光、温度、pH等) 均进行了尝试。经刺激得到的较大体积载体通过膨胀或融合方式释放药物, 载体在杀死癌细胞后, 可再次转变为较小体积载体并转移至邻近癌细胞, 实现单次给药却达到重复给药的效果。其中, 囊泡融合-裂变的释药机制提供了一种新视角。
使用光作为远程刺激手段, 诱导纳米粒体积的可逆变化是一种尤为重要的癌症治疗手段。Tong等[11]报道了一种包含螺吡喃的单分散纳米粒。在紫外光(ultraviolet, UV) 刺激下, 载体经历可逆的光异构化和脂质聚乙二醇化实现纳米粒从150到40 nm的可逆体积变化, 最终使得单次给药实现重复给药的效果。Na等[12]合成了一种在活性氧存在时具有优异性能的自组装球形二茂铁纳米粒(ferrocene nanoparticles, FNPs), 其直径从270到180 nm可调, 可作为药物载体有效治疗活性氧相关的肿瘤及炎性疾病。除单纯释药载体体积改变, 囊泡的融合和裂变也是一种体积改变方式。Li等[13]报道了一种人工超分子囊泡, 在氧化时融合在一起形成大尺寸囊泡, 经历还原反应裂变返回小尺寸囊泡, 是将siRNA递送到癌细胞的富有前景的纳米载体。
聚合物有机纳米粒可在pH或温度改变时表现出可逆膨胀-收缩现象。Ju等[14]开发了一种pH响应型可逆膨胀-收缩纳米凝胶, 能在pH 7.4时收缩, 在pH 5.6时膨胀并迅速释放药物, 收缩性纳米凝胶可进一步渗透到肿瘤组织中心的细胞中。基于苯硼酸(phenylboronic acid, PBA) 和二醇之间的可逆共价相互作用, Liu等[15]报道了一种温度和pH响应型含聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺) [poly (n-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM] 聚合物。该聚合物表现出与温度和pH相关的膨胀-收缩变化, 其在体外包载喜树碱后, 实现了对HeLa细胞的高效杀伤。
聚合物胶束可因温度不同发生膨胀-收缩现象, Zhang等[16]将葡聚糖磁性层状双羟基氟尿嘧啶(DMF) 磁性粒子组装到两亲性聚合物胶束中, 制备磁性热敏氟尿嘧啶给药系统。当温度高于其低临界溶液温度(lower critical solution temperature, LCST) 时, 亲水性壳变得疏水并收缩, 触发药物从胶束核心释放。当温度低于LCST时, 存在可逆现象。该系统可作为肿瘤磁热靶向化疗的药物递送系统。
pH敏感聚合物组装和解组装体系在药物递送领域具有重要地位[27, 28], 在此基础上的可逆型药物递送系统展现出更大的应用潜力, 此释药体系具有高度的生物稳定性, 在癌症诊疗领域取得了显著进展[29]。铁蛋白(ferritin, Ft) 本身具有pH响应性, 因其具有组装-解组装可逆转变特性及高度的生物相容性而成为优良的药物传递系统[30]。Zheng等[17]提出了一种基于Ft的pH诱导可逆组装系统, 以控制白藜芦醇的包载和释放。Ft的pH敏感性使其在酸性条件下变性为空心多孔纳米球, 在中性条件下复性为密封空心纳米球。药物在中性和碱性环境(pH > 7.4) 中稳定, 而仅在酸性环境(pH < 7.4) 中释放, 增强了肿瘤靶向化疗效果。
苯硼酸与邻二醇物质可在不同pH条件下可逆组装与解组装。Jia等[18]构建了基于苯基硼酸改性的低聚亚乙基亚胺(OEI600-PBA) 和疏水性富含1, 3-二醇的超支化聚甘油(HBPO) 的自组装纳米载体。通过调整物料比, 阳离子OEI600-PBA聚集在由HBPO聚集体组成的疏水核周围, 形成核-电晕纳米组装体, 用于联合递送基因及药物。实验表明, 在酸性溶酶体中聚集体发生可逆解离, 可促进DNA和姜黄素释放。
可逆组装-解组装的氧化还原响应型嵌段共聚胶束具有良好的生物相容性、生物降解性、低毒和高选择靶向性, 是一种非常有前途的药物递送系统。Lu等[19]合成了一种氧化还原响应型二茂铁(ferrocene, FC) 接枝超分子嵌段共聚物, 该共聚物自组装成球形纳米胶束。存在氧化剂FeCl3或还原剂抗坏血酸时, 其表现出可逆的自组装或解体。实验表明, 载体在氧化环境和低pH条件下释放更多的多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX)。
远程近红外光(near infrared light, NIR) 刺激产生光热效应可诱导凝胶发生相变, 进而促进药物的释放。有研究[20, 21]构建了一种可注射的超分子水凝胶和热敏性网络水凝胶, 在NIR照射下表现出凝胶向溶胶的可逆转变, 这种转变实现了药物的可逆控制释放。此外, Shen等[22]以可注射温敏性聚合物-铂(IV) 共轭水凝胶为载体, 建立了顺铂与甲氧苄啶共给药系统。载体将2个mPEG-PLGA共聚物共价连接到Pt (IV) 前药上, 合成了热敏性Bi (mPEG-PLGA)-Pt (IV) (PTGel) 偶联物, 其浓缩水溶液在受热时可发生可逆的溶胶-凝胶转变。
微针(microneedles, MNs) 是一种介于皮下注射和透皮贴剂之间的新型给药制剂, 其通过微创方式有效治疗浅表肿瘤。MNs以微创方式刺穿角质层并产生数百个可逆的微通道而显著提高药物的渗透率[31]。有研究[23]报道了一种微针技术来介导透皮递送包封顺铂的脂质纳米粒(LCC-NPs)。该纳米粒具pH响应性, 顺铂包封其中后制成可溶性MNs。植入皮肤后, 纳米粒可通过MNs产生在肿瘤部位的可逆通道到达肿瘤细胞, 从而显著提高细胞毒性、促进细胞凋亡。
用于分子和离子传输的仿生人工纳米通道有广泛应用。受谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 通过氧化还原调节跨膜转运的启发, Guan等[24]设计并制造了一种巯基乙胺柱[5]芳烃(mercapto-ethylamine pillar[5]arene, MEP5) 功能化和氧化还原调节的纳米通道, 用于GSH的识别和转运。存在H2O2时, MEP5纳米通道上组装的GSH易氧化为谷胱甘肽二硫化物(glutathione disulfide, GSSG)。GSSG可从MEP5的空腔中释放出来, 最终降低了活性GSH的运输(“关闭状态”)。还原剂二硫苏糖醇可将GSSG还原为GSH来恢复GSH通过MEP5纳米通道的传输行为(“开启状态”)。这为体外氧化还原控制的药物释放提供了潜在应用。
光热诱导脂质体构象改变可用于协同治疗癌症。Jiang等[25]开发了包载光热诱导剂吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG) 和DOX的脂质体(lip-cRGDfk/ICG/Dox)。在808 nm NIR照射下, ICG进行光热转换诱导脂质体发生构象改变, 可逆地控制DOX的释放。此外, 阳离子两亲性化合物4-丁基偶氮苯-4-己基氧基-三甲基-氨三氟乙酸(4-butyl azobenzene-4-hexyloxy-trimethyl-aminotrifluoroacetic acid, BHA) 具有与磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC) 相似的结构, 易插入脂质体的双层中。BHA中的偶氮苯(azobenzene, Azo) 部分可在紫外光和可见光照射下呈现出反式向顺式的可逆转变。Liu等[26]将BHA、PC和姜黄素自组装成脂质体。实验表明, BHA在脂质体双层中的异构化可作为控制药物释放的开关。
本类载体利用表面修饰的基团获得可逆特性, 这些可逆基团起到门控的作用。在内外环境因素刺激下, 载体表面修饰的可逆基团经过构象改变、光异构化、相变、静电相互作用、硼酸酯键水解及溶解度或密度改变等控制可逆基团的“开启”和“关闭”, 进而控制载体中药物的可逆释放(表 2[32-52])。尽管其结构及制备工艺相对复杂, 但这类“载体-可逆基团”系统中可包含许多生物相容性良好的材料, 如多肽, 其具有易合成、易代谢、免疫原性低及不良反应少等优点, 值得被广泛关注。
利用生物分子的特殊结构构建可逆型药物递送系统, 将是未来研究的重点方向。Yang等[32]报道了一种以DNA为门控基团的纳米载体, 用于治疗多药耐药肿瘤细胞。DNA在NIR刺激下发生可逆解螺旋变化可逆诱导DOX的释放。此外, Yuan等[33, 34]将含Azo的DNA双链和pH敏感DNA分子分别固定在MSN的孔口处, 利用光诱导互补DNA的去杂化/杂化或pH 5.0到7.2的交替改变触发碱基对结构解离, 从而可逆控制药物释放。
还有学者利用多肽作为门控基团, 在MSN上进行药物释放行为研究。Murai等[35, 36]分别设计了一种新型的纳米载体系统。利用不同pH导致多肽结构由β-折叠态到随机卷曲态转变, 或利用GSH的刺激, 多肽进行环状构象向线状构象的可逆转换, 二者均实现可逆释放药物, 并增强肿瘤细胞的胞内摄取、提高治疗效果。Li等[37]设计了一种由Ag2S量子点和MSN共同组成的NIR响应型纳米载体, 将一种结构可受Ag2S量子点热效应可逆转变的多肽共价接枝到载药MSN的外表面。通过打开或关闭激光, 控制多肽进行可逆结构改变, 精确控制了药物释放剂量。
胸腺嘧啶单体和胸腺嘧啶二聚体之间具有可逆光转化性质。He等[38]设计并合成了一种基于可循环二聚化-裂解的胸腺嘧啶修饰的MSN。用365 nm波长的紫外光照射该系统, 孔口可形成胸腺嘧啶二聚体, 导致孔道堵塞, 抑制染料分子Ru (bipy)32+的释放。在240 nm波长照射下, 二聚体裂解, Ru (bipy)32+得以释放。该实验表明, 光响应性负载和释放药物过程具有良好的可逆性。
外源性光(如NIR、UV等) 刺激响应的药物递送系统能在最佳空间和时间可逆控制药物释放。Azo是一种光转化小分子, 可作为α-环糊精(α-cyclodextrin, α-CD) 的一种常用的客体分子。在光照下, Azo的顺反异构体能可逆的相互转换[8]。Tarn等[39]设计并组装了基于Azo和α-CD的为门控基团的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒(mesoporous silica nanoparticle, MSN)。Azo处于反式时, CD与Azo部分紧密结合能阻止药物释放。在紫外光照射下会导致反式Azo异构化为顺式形式, CD平移而释放药物。载体在修饰链的末端增加空间位阻大的轮烷, 实现CD在“杆”上滑动而不脱落, 达到可逆控制药物释放的目的。由于需确保CD与Azo的距离足够合适, 因此载体设计过程相对复杂。
除Azo外, 亚硝基螺吡喃(spiropyran, SP) 在紫外光的照射下也可发生异构化[53], Zhang等[40]利用此原理, 用硝基SP对MSN进行功能化修饰, 载体包封罗丹明并由硝基SP作为门控基团包封在载体内部。紫外光与可见光照射控制质子化的硫氰酸状态硝基SP向中性硝基SP状态的转换, 实现罗丹明的可逆“开-关”释放。虽然该研究显示出一定的潜力, 但在细胞内借助SP异构化来控制药物可逆释放仍充满挑战。
2-重氮-1, 2-萘醌(2-diazo-1, 2-naphthoquinones, DNQ) 在NIR的照射下可发生疏水-亲水结构转换。Han等[41]制备了一种基于介孔二氧化硅(mSiO2) 涂层的上转换纳米粒。加入β-CD堵塞表面修饰客体分子DNQ以作为门控基团。在有无NIR照射下, 疏水性DNQ与亲水性3-吲哚羧酸可逆转换, 利用DNQ与β-CD亲和与排斥作用, 最终实现载体中DOX的可逆释放。
温度敏感聚合物如聚[(乙二醇)-co-(L-丙交酯)] [P (EO-co-LLA)]、聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM) 等随温度升高到LCST以上时, 可从溶胶转变为凝胶状态, 由此可用来构建可逆型药物递送系统。Guo等[42]构建了以磁性Fe3O4纳米粒为核心和mSiO2为壳组成的纳米载体。热敏性聚合物P (EO-co-LLA) 包覆于载体外部作为门控基团。温度由低向高转换实现了孔隙的可逆堵塞和开启, 从而控制DOX的释放。Chen等[43]将悬挂式PNIPAM作为门控基团接枝于纳米管上。PNIPAM水凝胶在低于LCST时, 具有亲水性, 呈膨胀状态; 高于LCST时, 经历可逆相变, 发生由线圈到球状转变, 纳米管中的DOX得以释放。
脂质双分子层(lipid bilayer, LB) 在NIR照射下具有可逆相变的性质。当温度超过其相变温度(Tm) 时, 膜流动性增加而无法封堵孔道, 进而控制药物释放。An等[44]报道了一种由金纳米粒(Au-NPs) 为核心和mSiO2为壳的负载DOX的纳米粒。载体表面修饰含叶酸(folic acid, FA) 的热敏脂质双层(FA-LB) 作为门控基团。实验表明, 在808 nm NIR光的4次照射后DOX累积释放量显著增加, 达到71.98% ± 2.52%。
基于静电相互作用机制的药物递送系统有利于载体内药物在运输和释放过程中不会发生化学反应[54]。Nie等[45, 46]构建了壳聚糖门控的磁铁矿与碳双壳碳基纳米载体。载体在NIR或磁场作用下, 改变碳壳表面官能团之间及壳聚糖分子与介孔碳层间的静电作用的大小, 实现可逆开启和关闭药物释放。此外, Santos等[47]制备了一种基于水溶性阳离子柱[5]芳烃(pillar[5]arene, P[5]A) 为门控基团的纳米载体(MCM-41-COO-DOX-P[5]A)。实验表明, P[5]A可通过与MCM-41表面的羧酸盐的静电相互作用进行门控, 且该载体可通过静电作用开启和关闭, 可进入人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞核内并释放DOX, 从而产生显著的细胞毒性作用。
硼酸酯键在酸性条件下具有可逆水解性, 可轻松地将葡萄糖涂覆在纳米有机金属框架(nanoscale metal organic frameworks, NMOF) 上[55]。Salinas等[48]设计了一种基于4-巯基苯硼酸(ZnS@B) 的硫化锌纳米晶体为门控基团的MSN。ZnS@B主要由可逆的pH敏感硼酸酯键组成。通过调节pH由7.4到3.0的变化, 硼酸酯键发生可逆水解, 药物释放孔道由堵塞向开放转换, 实现了DOX的可逆释放。Zhao等[49]制备了一种基于嵌段共聚物和硝基苯基硼酸为壳的交联胶束(CNPBA-Dex-b-PLA), 在中性条件下, CNPBA-Dex-b-PLA形成壳交联胶束以实现DOX负载; 而在酸性条件下, 硼酸酯水解且胶束解交联以释放负载的DOX。这为构建高效的肿瘤药物传递系统提供了潜力。Tseng等[50]将多元醇糖衍生物配体接枝到MSN表面, 并由硼酸功能化Au-NPs充当门控基团。在酸性条件或顺式二醇存在下, 硼酸酯可水解, 进而Au-NPs解离, 药物得以释放, 而一旦载体离开肿瘤细胞或组织后, 药物会停止释放。
利用聚合物溶解度或密度的可逆改变性质可控制药物释放。Mu等[51]利用聚组氨酸(polyhistidine, PLH) 在不同pH值下可以可逆质子或去质子化, 导致PLH溶解度发生变化, 由此建立了可逆的门控开关, 实现了抗癌药物索拉菲尼的可逆释放。Chen等[52]将聚单宁酸(polytannic acid, PTA) 包覆于MSN上作为门控基团, 并引入交联剂四亚乙基五胺(tetraethylenepentamine, TEPA)。TEPA在酸性环境中易质子化, 导致PTA层的亲水性增加, 进而PTA溶胀而疏松, 大量小分子药物渗漏, 但PTA通过与TEPA紧密连接而不脱落。重新进入中性或碱性条件后, TEPA中氨基的去质子化使PTA层再次致密, 防止残留药物渗漏, 由此赋予载体可逆的pH响应控释特性。
用于延长血液循环时间及增强细胞内化的可逆载体分为两类。第一类是将靶向配体修饰在载体表面, 通过配体的可逆特性实现载体表面可逆屏蔽或去屏蔽化[56], 机制包括聚合物拉伸-收缩、硼酸盐的形成与解离、纳米粒子组装和解组装以及聚合物质子和去质子化(表 3[57-63])。这类载体利用配体获得可逆特性, 与表面修饰可逆基团的载体类似, 但两者不同的是, 这些配体可与肿瘤组织中各类细胞上的受体结合, 具有高度靶向性。第二类是利用载体表面性质设计可逆递送系统(表 4[64-69]), 可在很大程度上避免被免疫系统清除, 增加癌细胞的摄取。
这两类载体由于其可逆特性, 经血液循环后即使未进入肿瘤组织, 仍可再次回到血液中, 并在下一次到达肿瘤组织时利用可逆特性发挥作用, 最终达到减少药物损失、提高药物生物利用度的目的。
热敏聚合物的可逆拉伸-收缩变化可实现载体表面配体的屏蔽与暴露, 进而延长载药系统血液循环时间并增强细胞内化。Hu等[57]将生物素配体、顺铂链聚(丙烯酸)-Pt和屏蔽段热敏聚(n-异丙基丙烯酰胺-共丙烯酰胺) [P (NIPAAm-co-AAm)] 共修饰在Au-NPs表面。P (NIPAAm-co-AAm) 在血液循环(37 ℃) 和在NIR照射下分别处于拉伸和收缩状态, 因此屏蔽与暴露配体。与不可逆配体屏蔽系统相比, 该系统可有效延长血液循环(24 h, 1.6倍)、降低免疫系统清除率(降低28%)、增强肿瘤积累(提高37%), 并具有更强肿瘤抑制作用(提高11%)。
温度响应的滞后性限制了光响应于可逆系统的使用, 基于温度和pH双重响应的可逆系统具有潜在优势。Yang等[58]构建了一种pH依赖的热响应聚合物[poly (n-异丙基-丙烯酰胺-co-甲基丙烯酸-co-甲基丙烯酸乙酯, P (NIPAAm-co-MAA-co-EMA)], 其与甘草次酸(glycyrrhetinic acid, GA) 共接枝在Au-NPs上。实验表明, GA可由正常生理环境(pH 7.4, 37 ℃) 下的P (NIPAAm-co-MAA-co-EMA) 来屏蔽, 而在pH 6.5、40 ℃的肿瘤微环境中暴露, 此时细胞摄取与在pH 7.4、37 ℃下相比增加了2.3倍。
除单配体屏蔽策略外, Cao等[59]报道了一种苯基硼酸功能化的聚乙二醇-b-聚己内酯(PBA-PEG-PCL) 和半乳糖功能化的双嵌段聚合物(GAL-PEG-PCL) 混合形成双配体胶束(PBA/GAL)。PBA和GAL残基在pH 7.4时可形成硼酸盐复合物, 并相互屏蔽其靶向功能。在pH 6.8时, PBA与GAL的结合亲和力减弱, PBA更倾向于与肿瘤细胞表面的唾液酸残基结合, 未结合的GAL也可靶向唾液酸糖蛋白受体。实验表明, 该过程是可逆的。Sun等[60]构建了一个多功能可逆屏蔽纳米载体(Pt@DNPs), 其由两个组分组成: 葡聚糖修饰的BLZ-945载聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米粒(dextran-coated BLZ-945 nanoparticles, DNPs) 和苯基硼酸PBA修饰的超小铂纳米粒(PBA-Pt)。PBA-Pt通过DNPs中的硼酸酯键与右旋糖酐的邻位二醇结构共轭。在肿瘤微环境中, PBA和葡聚糖之间的结合亲和力变弱, 从而PBA-Pt从载体中释放而暴露DNPs, DNPs可靶向肿瘤相关吞噬细胞。而PBA-Pt则渗透到肿瘤组织的更深区域并通过PBA片段的唾液酸残基靶向肿瘤细胞。这种双配体相互屏蔽策略为可逆性肿瘤靶向提供了一个新的视角。
纳米粒的可逆自组装/解组装可实现配体的可逆屏蔽/暴露。Tian等[61]报道了一种以GA为配体的Au-NPs。Au-NPs响应pH可逆自组装和解组装时具有高灵敏度。GA可在正常组织(pH 7.4) 屏蔽于Au-NPs中, 而在肿瘤细胞外(pH 6.8), Au-NPs解组装时暴露。这为可逆性靶向肿瘤提供了一种新策略。Ma等[62]将靶向配体修饰的聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG, 配体)、二丁胺和吡咯烷胺引入Au-NPs表面。配体可埋藏在组装体内部, 并在解组装时暴露。通过Au-NPs可逆组装(pH ≥ 7.2) 和解组装(pH ≤ 6.8), 实现对靶向配体的可逆屏蔽, 这在治疗过程中提供了延长血液循环的可能性。
利用弱电解质基团的可逆质子化可以可逆改变与细胞的亲和力, 这对于选择性地将载体输送到肿瘤细胞是至关重要的。Cheng等[63]设计了一种基于聚(b-氨基酯)-1-(3-氨基丙基) 咪唑[poly (b-amino ester)-1-(3-amino-propyl)imidazole, PAE] 的可逆配体屏蔽系统用于递送DOX。在pH 7.4时, PAE在疏水状态下被去质子化, 并与PAE链末端缀合的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸配体(arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, RGD) 在PEG的覆盖下被屏蔽。鉴于PAE在pH 7.4和6.5之间的可逆相变, 屏蔽和去屏蔽过程是可逆的。此外, 与靶向配体暴露系统相比, 纳米载体的血液循环半衰期延长了66%, 肿瘤积累增加了23%。由于高度可逆的屏蔽效应, 该系统可用作通用载体, 以实现更有效的药物输送。
载体材料表面具有细微疏水/亲水区域的不同形态可增强其对蛋白质吸附的抵抗力, 从而赋予纳米粒更长的循环时间。Cheng等[64]基于聚(β-氨基酯) (PBAE) 的快速可逆质子化/去质子化, 设计了一种混合壳胶束(MSM)。生理pH 7.4下, 疏水的PAE塌陷在芯部形成疏水结构域, 有利于延长MSM的循环时间; 在肿瘤pH 6.5条件下, PAE质子化, MSM表面带正电促进细胞摄取, 增加了肿瘤组织的主动靶向性。Yu等[65]报告了一种能进行由光照射或磁场触发的形态转换的超分子纳米纤维。该纤维将靶向肽包被的磁性纳米粒与含有β-环糊精的多糖结合在一个复合物中。纳米纤维不仅表现出取决于可逆的光触发组装和解离, 而且在相当弱的磁场中可发生定向聚集。实验表明, 纳米纤维在体内和体外均能显著抑制癌细胞的侵袭和转移。
纳米粒的表面电荷对其体外和体内递送过程产生很大影响。表面带正电荷的纳米粒比带负电荷的细胞膜具有更高的亲和力, 有利于细胞内化[6]。带负电荷的纳米粒表现出优异的血液相容性和延长的血液循环, 以减少网状内皮系统的清除[70]。因此, 设计一种pH依赖性电荷转换药物输送系统, 在中性条件下保持负电荷, 在肿瘤细胞外环境中呈正电是增强肿瘤细胞内化的一种有意义的方法[71]。Lv等[66]制备了一种肿瘤酸性环境激活的电荷转换多离子复合物纳米粒体系, 纳米粒在正常生理pH值下能保持负电荷, 在肿瘤细胞外环境下表面电荷反转为正电荷。Lim等[67]制备了一种聚乙二醇聚乳酸聚电解质[PEG-PLL(-g-Ce6, DMA)-PLA] 纳米粒。该纳米粒的可逆表面电荷允许纳米粒逃离免疫系统, 并富集在肿瘤组织上, 其作为光动力治疗的纳米载体具有相当大的潜力。
设计载体表面几乎无蛋白质调节作用, 而与红细胞的细胞磷脂适当结合的纳米载体, 既有利于增强血液循环时间, 又可促进载体通过胞吞作用向肿瘤外渗和穿透。Chen等[68]构建了含7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱聚合物链与聚(N-氧化物-N, N-二乙氨基) 甲基丙烯酸2-(N-氧化物-N, N-二乙氨基) 乙酯的药物偶联胶束(OPDEA-PSN38)。OPDEA-PSN38几乎无蛋白相互作用, N-氧化物部分与磷脂酰胆碱(PC) 和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE) 的亲水性头部相互作用, 可逆地与细胞膜结合, 达到延长血液循环时间的目的。此外, Wang等[69]设计了长链胺/端羧基聚乙二醇修饰的Au-NPs载体(GNS-N/C4)。随着pH值的变化, GNS-N/C4对细胞亲和力和治疗功效是可逆的。在体内与对pH值不敏感的GNS相比, GNS-N/C4在肿瘤中的积累更高, 光热治疗效果更好。
智能可逆药物递送系统在载体本身、载体表面修饰基团、表面配体屏蔽修饰、表面特性改变等方面进行设计, 以实现延长血液循环时间、增强细胞内化及循环控制药物释放。学者们致力于将纳米载体与体内生理条件和外部刺激紧密结合, 取得了一系列满足治疗需要并减轻患者连续给药痛苦的新型可逆递送系统。其在临床应用方面也具有极佳的应用前景, 智能可逆药物递送系统在临床应用方面涉及癌症、疫苗、炎症、糖尿病等多个领域, 在糖尿病领域, 可通过构建可逆响应体内血糖水平变化的微针或建立葡萄糖敏感、自我调节的释药载体, 以达到体内长循环和可逆释放药物的目的[72, 73]。可逆机制除应用于载体系统外, 还应用于纳米药物的设计, 如构建形态由顺式超螺旋棒状结构向反式球型结构可逆转换的短肽分子, 以促进药物在肿瘤部位的蓄积[74]
但是, 大部分实验成果局限在动物实验, 而且载体的制备工艺复杂性、可逆材料的难以获得性及对人体影响的不确定性成为了这一领域的新挑战。智能可逆药物递送系统向临床转化的过程中面临诸多困难, 解决方案应注意以下几方面: 选用具有高生物相容性、安全性的载体材料, 简化工艺制备过程并实现规模化放大, 基于更加符合人体疾病发生发展规律的病理模型开展评价研究等。相信未来将有更多的可逆治疗手段应用于疾病, 克服目前的劣势与挑战, 实现临床转化。
作者贡献: 丛可心和张佳负责文献检索、论文撰写及修改; 向柏负责论文选题、写作指导; 宋小丹和孙亚楠负责论文校对; 何朝星和杨少坤负责论文的结构调整和优化; 曹德英和白靖负责论文的专业性和规范性审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973251)
  • 河北省2021年度医学科学研究课题(20211108)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0596
  • 接收时间:2022-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-16
  • 修回日期:2022-08-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973251)
河北省2021年度医学科学研究课题(20211108)
作者信息
    1.河北医科大学药学院, 河北 石家庄 050017
    2.河北医科大学第四医院, 河北 石家庄 050011
    3.石家庄市第四医院, 河北 石家庄 050035

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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