Article(id=1210516743903121823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652198400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-11, revisedDate=1654012800000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282059, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282059, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2960, endPage=2971, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516744305775015, articleId=1210516743903121823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress and medicinal chemistry strategies of URAT1 inhibitors, columnId=1210516743097815441, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅰ: New Targets, New Strategies for Drug Discovery and Advances in Antiviral Drug Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The urate transporter 1 (URAT1) which controls urate reabsorption is a membrane transporter in the apical membrane of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. It was found that about 90% of patients suffer from hyperuricemia due to insufficient uric acid excretion. Therefore, the development of URAT1 inhibitors that can reduce the level of serum uric acid in vivo by enhancing renal urate excretion has been a hot spot in seeking anti-gout drugs in recent years. In this article, the representative URAT1 inhibitors with uric acid-lowering or anti-gout effects are reviewed, and related medicinal chemical strategies are analyzed, hoping to provide valuable insights into the discovery of new URAT1 inhibitors.

, correspAuthors=Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-yu SHI, Tong ZHAO, Jian ZHANG, Rui-peng LIANG, Zhi-jiao ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516747677995559, articleId=1210516743903121823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=URAT1抑制剂研究进展及药物化学策略, columnId=1210516743232033171, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尿酸转运蛋白1 (URAT1) 是一种位于人肾近曲小管上皮细胞顶膜的阴离子膜转运蛋白, 控制尿液中尿酸盐的重吸收。临床发现约90%的痛风及高尿酸血症患者表现出明显的尿酸排泄不足。因此, 开发能够通过增强肾脏尿酸盐排泄来降低体内血尿酸水平的URAT1抑制剂是抗痛风药物近年的研发热点。本文综述了具有降尿酸或抗痛风药理作用的URAT1抑制剂及其药物化学策略, 以期为新型抗痛风及高尿酸血症药物的研发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘新泳, 展鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘新泳, Tel: 86-531-88380270, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+9DWxq41HC/trCBjY5yWVw==, magXml=EPvET4LKLgaWAq4gxUUTwQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=thIJp8zNlJ6GkNZjP27/PA==, pdfFileSize=4786710, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wFS2KAFNpjMuKnsFFDCK2g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jK1D7abtZe2+HKro/QFJLA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=史晓雨, 赵彤, 章健, 梁瑞鹏, 张志姣, 刘新泳, 展鹏)}, authors=[Author(id=1210516748147757636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516748252615243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748147757636, language=EN, stringName=Xiao-yu SHI, firstName=Xiao-yu, middleName=null, lastName=SHI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516748386832980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748147757636, language=CN, stringName=史晓雨, firstName=晓雨, middleName=null, lastName=史, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516748479107680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516748592353898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748479107680, language=EN, stringName=Tong ZHAO, firstName=Tong, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516748709794418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748479107680, language=CN, stringName=赵彤, firstName=彤, middleName=null, lastName=赵, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516748810457724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516749955502728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748810457724, language=EN, stringName=Jian ZHANG, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516750056166035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516748810457724, language=CN, stringName=章健, firstName=健, middleName=null, lastName=章, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516750181995164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516750353961643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750181995164, language=EN, stringName=Rui-peng LIANG, firstName=Rui-peng, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516750475596472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750181995164, language=CN, stringName=梁瑞鹏, firstName=瑞鹏, middleName=null, lastName=梁, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516750630785733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516750748226253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750630785733, language=EN, stringName=Zhi-jiao ZHANG, firstName=Zhi-jiao, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516750861472474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750630785733, language=CN, stringName=张志姣, firstName=志姣, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516750970524399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xinyongl@sdu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516751087964926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750970524399, language=EN, stringName=Xin-yong LIU, firstName=Xin-yong, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516751217988363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516750970524399, language=CN, stringName=刘新泳, firstName=新泳, middleName=null, lastName=刘, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])]), Author(id=1210516751348011798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhanpeng1982@sdu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516751473840933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516751348011798, language=EN, stringName=Peng ZHAN, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210516751599670067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, authorId=1210516751348011798, language=CN, stringName=展鹏, firstName=鹏, middleName=null, lastName=展, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1210516751771636550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=uric acid), Keyword(id=1210516751872299858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hyperuricemia), Keyword(id=1210516751993934697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=gout), Keyword(id=1210516752098792310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=lesinurad), Keyword(id=1210516752216232836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=URAT1 inhibitor), Keyword(id=1210516752333673363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=尿酸), Keyword(id=1210516752455308189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=高尿酸血症), Keyword(id=1210516752656634805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=痛风), Keyword(id=1210516752732132286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=雷西纳德), Keyword(id=1210516752878932946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=URAT1抑制剂)], refs=[Reference(id=1210516756758663423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.033, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=125, issue=null, pageStart=679, pageEnd=687, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=Am J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008[J]. Am J Med, 2012, 125: 679-687., articleTitle=Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516756871909643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212288, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=77, issue=null, pageStart=1048, pageEnd=1052, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann Rheum Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dalbeth N, Phipps-Green A, Frampton C, et al. Relationship between serum urate concentration and clinically evident incident gout: an individual participant data analysis[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77: 1048-1052., articleTitle=Relationship between serum urate concentration and clinically evident incident gout: an individual participant data analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516756959990041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=6, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QKYX202211002.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J General Pract (中华全科医学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li ZJ. Diagnosis and treatment of gout and hyperuricemia[J]. Chin J General Pract (中华全科医学), 2020, 1: 5-6., articleTitle=Diagnosis and treatment of gout and hyperuricemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757048070437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J Endocrinol Metab (中华内分泌代谢杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Endocrinol Metab (中华内分泌代谢杂志), 2020, 36: 1-13., articleTitle=Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout in China (2019), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757144539434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1038/s41584-020-0441-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=380, pageEnd=390, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Rev Rheumatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2020, 16: 380-390., articleTitle=Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757249397041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1002/art.34488, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=2529, pageEnd=2536, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stamp LK, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, et al. Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64: 2529-2536., articleTitle=Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757337477433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1186/ar2978, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=R63, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Res Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, et al. The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the confirms trial[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2010, 12: R63., articleTitle=The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the confirms trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757459112257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.04.007, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=S2, pageEnd=S10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=Semin Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Keenan RT. The biology of urate[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020, 50: S2-S10., articleTitle=The biology of urate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757584941389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1172/JCI42344, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=120, issue=null, pageStart=1791, pageEnd=1799, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Invest, refType=null, unstructuredReference=So A, Thorens B. Uric acid transport and disease[J]. J Clin Invest, 2010, 120: 1791-1799., articleTitle=Uric acid transport and disease, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757744324954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1038/nature742, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=417, issue=null, pageStart=447, pageEnd=452, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels[J]. Nature, 2002, 417: 447-452., articleTitle=Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516757924680038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1080/17843286.1967.11716655, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1967, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=285, pageEnd=293, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Clin Belg, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sternon J, Kocheleff P, Couturier E, et al. Hypouricemizing effect of benzbromarone. Study of 24 cases (preliminary results)[J]. Acta Clin Belg, 1967, 22: 285-293., articleTitle=Hypouricemizing effect of benzbromarone. Study of 24 cases (preliminary results), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759128445291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(87)80039-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=332, pageEnd=335, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=J Hepatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Babany G, Larrey D, Pessayre D, et al. Chronic active hepatitis caused by benzarone[J]. J Hepatol, 1987, 5: 332-335., articleTitle=Chronic active hepatitis caused by benzarone, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759224914294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1002/hep.20634, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=41, issue=null, pageStart=925, pageEnd=935, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=Hepatology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kaufmann P, Török M, Hänni A, et al. Mechanisms of benzarone and benzbromarone induced hepatic toxicity[J]. Hepatology, 2005, 41: 925-935., articleTitle=Mechanisms of benzarone and benzbromarone induced hepatic toxicity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759367520637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=391, issue=null, pageStart=42, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=Toxicology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meyer JN, Leuthner TC, Luz AL. Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity[J]. Toxicology, 2017, 391: 42-53., articleTitle=Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759476572548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.009, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=152, issue=null, pageStart=216, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Free Radic Biol Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Roos NJ, Duthaler U, Bouitbir J, et al. The uricosuric benzbromarone disturbs the mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates the NRF2 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2020, 152: 216-226., articleTitle=The uricosuric benzbromarone disturbs the mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates the NRF2 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759573041549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00176, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=2017, pageEnd=2023, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Uda J, Kobashi S, Miyata S, et al. Discovery of dotinurad (FYU-981), a new phenol derivative with highly potent uric acid lowering activity[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2020, 11: 2017-2023., articleTitle=Discovery of dotinurad (FYU-981), a new phenol derivative with highly potent uric acid lowering activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759694676371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=1521, pageEnd=1531, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXXB201409006.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J, Liu H. Lead compound optimization strategy (1)——changing metabolic pathways and optimizing metabolism stability[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2013, 48: 1521-1531., articleTitle=Lead compound optimization strategy (1)——changing metabolic pathways and optimizing metabolism stability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759824699805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X, et al. A class of compounds used to treat or prevent hyperuricemia or gout: CN, 106432229 [P]. 2017-02-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516759975694763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X, et al. URAT1 inhibitor and use thereof: WO, 090921 [P]. 2018-05-24., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760084746674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou ZW, Liu B, Zhou CL, et al. Heterocyclic derivatives and use thereof: WO, 253659 [P]. 2020-12-24., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760223158717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pian DG, Wu JZ. Preparation method of heterocyclic derivatives, composition containing the compound and hydrate of the compound: CN, 114085235 [P]. 2022-02-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760307044802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=72, issue=null, pageStart=A704, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann Rheum Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ahn SO, Horiba N, Ohtomo S, et al. SAT0356 the therapeutic efficacy of the novel uricosuric agent UR-1102 for hyperuricemia and gout[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72: A704., articleTitle=SAT0356 the therapeutic efficacy of the novel uricosuric agent UR-1102 for hyperuricemia and gout, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760445456842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X. Compounds for the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia or gout: CN, 106065010 [P]. 2016-11-02., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760567091665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.023, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=3708, pageEnd=3711, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ohe T, Umezawa R, Kitagawara Y, et al. Synthesis of novel benzbromarone derivatives designed to avoid metabolic activation[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2018, 28: 3708-3711., articleTitle=Synthesis of novel benzbromarone derivatives designed to avoid metabolic activation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760646783444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=13, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TZYY202102008.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Tianjin Pharm (天津药学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Du YF. Research progress of deuterated drugs[J]. Tianjin Pharm (天津药学), 2020, 32: 13., articleTitle=Research progress of deuterated drugs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760713892313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan SQ, Ye LT, Robert A. Compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of symptoms associated with gout or hyperuricemia: CN, 113214198 [P]. 2021-08-06., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760827138527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1007/s40265-016-0550-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=76, issue=null, pageStart=509, pageEnd=516, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=Drugs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hoy SM. Lesinurad: first global approval[J]. Drugs, 2016, 76: 509-516., articleTitle=Lesinurad: first global approval, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516760948773348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1001/jama.2017.20189, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=319, issue=null, pageStart=188, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=JAMA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abramowicz M, Zuccotti G, Pflomm JM. Lesinurad/allopurinol (duzallo) for gout-associated hyperuricemia[J]. JAMA, 2018, 319: 188., articleTitle=Lesinurad/allopurinol (duzallo) for gout-associated hyperuricemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761074602480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1002/art.39840, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=69, issue=null, pageStart=203, pageEnd=212, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheumatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saag KG, Fitz-Patrick D, Kopicko J, et al. Lesinurad combined with allopurinol: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in gout subjects with inadequate response to standard of care allopurinol (a US-based study)[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2017, 69: 203-212., articleTitle=Lesinurad combined with allopurinol: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in gout subjects with inadequate response to standard of care allopurinol (a US-based study), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761192042994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00223, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=10829, pageEnd=10854, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao T, Meng Q, Sun Z, et al. Novel human urate transporter 1 inhibitors as hypouricemic drug candidates with favorable druggability[J]. J Med Chem, 2020, 63: 10829-10854., articleTitle=Novel human urate transporter 1 inhibitors as hypouricemic drug candidates with favorable druggability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761284317688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y, Wang WF, Hu ZK, et al. Benzimidazole derivatives, preparation method therefor, and applications thereof: WO, 107864 [P]. 2017-06-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761380786683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y, Wang QC, Hu ZK, et al. Indole or azaindole derivatives, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 107987006 [P]. 2018-05-04., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761498227203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu XY, Dong Y, Zhan P, et al. A thienopyrimidinone sulfonyl amide derivative and its preparation method and application: CN, 113336769 [P]. 2021-09-03., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761619862026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao GL, Liu YQ, Xie YF, et al. Carboxylic acid URAT1 inhibitor containing diarylmethane structure, preparation method and use thereof: WO, 173503 [P]. 2016-11-03., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761724719634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.3390/molecules23020252, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=23, issue=null, pageStart=252, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai W, Wu J, Liu W, et al. Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of diarylmethane backbone and discovery of a highly potent novel uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23: 252., articleTitle=Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of diarylmethane backbone and discovery of a highly potent novel uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761825382937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang JF, Zhang Y, Zhu WY, et al. Crystal form of urat1 inhibitor, and preparation method therefor: WO, 101058 [P]. 2019-05-31., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516761980572197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng WZ, Feng X, Huang ZP, et al. 2-[5-Bromo-4-(4-fluorocyclopropylnaphthalene-1-yl)-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-ylthio] acetic acid compound and its application: CN, 107176930 [P]. 2017-09-19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516762089624104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao GL, Tian H, Shang Q, et al. Triazole propionic acid URAT1 inhibitors, preparation methods and their applications in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout: CN, 105820130 [P]. 2016-08-03., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516762198676016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao GL, Cai WQ, Shang Q, et al. Tetrazole URAT1 inhibitors, preparation methods and their applications in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout: CN, 106032377 [P]. 2016-10-19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516762345476663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang MY. Halogenated triazole sulfonyl malonic acid compounds, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 104356078 [P]. 2015-02-18., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516763586990658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang MY. Halogenated triazole sulphonyl malonic acid compounds, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 104370843 [P]. 2015-02-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516763691848262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Feng WZ, Chen RM, Zheng YC, et al. Thioacetic acid compounds, compounds and their applications: CN, 108069940 [P]. 2018-05-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516763800900175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.2147/DDDT.S140658, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=2077, pageEnd=2086, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=Drug Des Devel Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen Z, Gillen M, Miner JN, et al. Pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult male subjects[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2017, 11: 2077-2086., articleTitle=Pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult male subjects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516763893174869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1093/rheumatology/key100, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=1602, pageEnd=1610, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=Rheumatology (Oxford), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shiramoto M, Liu S, Shen Z, et al. Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2018, 57: 1602-1610., articleTitle=Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764002226779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu ZS, Zhang N, Sun QR, et al. Condensed ring derivative, and preparation method, intermediate, pharmaceutical composition and use thereof: WO, 150255 [P]. 2016-09-29., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764090307170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Endo T, Kobayashi K, Tanaka H, et al. URAT1 inhibitor: WO, 108282 [P]. 2016-07-07., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764178387559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li TS, Liu QH, Zhou ZW, et al. Indolizine derivatives, composition and methods of use: WO, 114352 [P]. 2017-07-06., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764274856555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pang JX, Chen JJ, Tian YX, et al. A pyridine 3-amine derivative and its preparation and application: CN, 113979931 [P]. 2022-01-28., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764362936942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin H, Wu P, Yu ZJ, et al. A class of URAT1 inhibitors and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 114315705 [P]. 2022-04-12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764530709106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215870, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=79, issue=null, pageStart=127, pageEnd=128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann Rheum Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Wyatt D, Stazzone K, et al. OP0205 Phase I study of D-0120, a novel URAT1 inhibitor in clinical development for hyperuricemia and gout[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020, 79: 127-128., articleTitle=OP0205 Phase I study of D-0120, a novel URAT1 inhibitor in clinical development for hyperuricemia and gout, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764660732538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan L, Xu KX, Chen K, et al. Sulfonamide compounds for the treatment of gout or hyperuricemia and their preparation methods: CN, 108863919 [P]. 2018-11-23., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764757201532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan L, Du W, Li XH, et al. Quinoline compounds, preparation method thereof, and use thereof as urate transporter inhibitor drug: WO, 097182 [P]. 2017-06-15., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764857864834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan L, Du W, Xu KX, et al. Heterocyclic compounds and their preparation methods: CN, 108659000 [P]. 2018-10-16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516764929168008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang HH, Li G, Meng BX, et al. Quinolinamides and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 111943957 [P]. 2020-11-17., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765000471180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1002/art.39684, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=68, issue=null, pageStart=2027, pageEnd=2034, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheumatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Poiley J, Steinberg AS, Choi YJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of arhalofenate for reducing flare in patients with gout[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2016, 68: 2027-2034., articleTitle=A randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of arhalofenate for reducing flare in patients with gout, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765130494611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Q, Huang ZH, Liu JR, et al. Prevention or treatment of uric acid or gout disease: WO, 119570 [P]. 2016-08-04., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765218574997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang YF, Zheng GJ, Liu LF, et al. Pharmaceutical applications of a 2-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonamide derivative: CN, 109251184 [P]. 2019-01-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765336015516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao W, Zhang H, Liu WJ, et al. Application of a compound in preparation of drugs for gout: CN, 109432079 [P]. 2021-06-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765436678819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=e8689, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=EMBO Mol Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Y, Jiang H, Chen Y, et al. Tranilast directly targets NLRP3 to treat inflammasome‐driven diseases[J]. EMBO Mol Med, 2018, 10: e8689., articleTitle=Tranilast directly targets NLRP3 to treat inflammasome‐driven diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765520564905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1002/prp2.291, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=e00291, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=Pharmacol Res Perspect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mandal AK, Mercado A, Foster A, et al. Uricosuric targets of tranilast[J]. Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2017, 5: e00291., articleTitle=Uricosuric targets of tranilast, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765650588335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao ZY, Ye F, Wang YC, et al. A benzoic acid derivative and its preparation and drug use: CN, 113402414 [P]. 2021-09-17., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765738668723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang SJ, Gao J, Meng WY, et al. A compound with inhibitory activity of organic anion transporter 1 and its preparation method and application: CN, 113004187 [P]. 2021-06-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765868692148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang SJ, Gao J, Meng WY, et al. An indole derivative and its preparation method and application: CN, 113004188 [P]. 2021-06-22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765973549755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang JF, Zhang Y, Zhu WY, et al. Uricosuric agent, synthetic method therefor, and pharmaceutical application thereof: WO, 083182 [P]. 2021-05-06., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766078407358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=53, issue=null, pageStart=2012, pageEnd=2025, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXB202201020.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou JT, Jiang XY, Feng F, et al. Multi-target drug design strategy and its research progress[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2018, 53: 2012-2025., articleTitle=Multi-target drug design strategy and its research progress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766174876356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Piwinski JJ, Buckle RN, Larivée A, et al. Compounds and their use for reducing uric acid levels: US, 0197393 [P]. 2020-06-25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766262956742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J, Zhou HY, Zhu XY, et al. Preparation and application of oxygen substituted phenylimidazole XOR/URAT1 dual inhibitors: CN, 110204494 [P]. 2019-09-06., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766363620042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J, Zhu XY, Yang C, et al. N-Substituted benzothiazolinone XOR/URAT1 dual inhibitors and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 113087683 [P]. 2021-07-09., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766539780816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1007/s10067-016-3273-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=null, pageStart=2045, pageEnd=2051, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=Clin Rheumatol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dua P, Gurrell R, Kirby S, et al. Acute kidney injury observed during phase 1 clinical trials of a novel xanthine oxidase/URAT1 dual inhibitor PF-06743649[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2016, 35: 2045-2051., articleTitle=Acute kidney injury observed during phase 1 clinical trials of a novel xanthine oxidase/URAT1 dual inhibitor PF-06743649, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766619472597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204437, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=73, issue=null, pageStart=786, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann Rheum Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Warrell RP, Klukovits A, Barnes K, et al. SAT0539 novel bifunctional inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and URAT1 induce profound hypouricemia in human subjects[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2014, 73: 786., articleTitle=SAT0539 novel bifunctional inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and URAT1 induce profound hypouricemia in human subjects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766728524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=86, issue=null, pageStart=88, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomed Pharmacother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu Q, Zhou M, Zhu H, et al. (E)-2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone oxime is a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of hyperuricemia through its dual inhibitory effects on XOD and URAT1[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 86: 88-94., articleTitle=(E)-2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone oxime is a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of hyperuricemia through its dual inhibitory effects on XOD and URAT1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766816604896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.apsb.2017.05.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=306, pageEnd=315, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qin Z, Wang S, Lin Y, et al. Antihyperuricemic effect of mangiferin aglycon derivative J99745 by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and urate transporter 1 expression in mice[J]. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2018, 8: 306-315., articleTitle=Antihyperuricemic effect of mangiferin aglycon derivative J99745 by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and urate transporter 1 expression in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766925656803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.022, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=25, issue=null, pageStart=166, pageEnd=174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ao GZ, Zhou MZ, Li YY, et al. Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents[J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2017, 25: 166-174., articleTitle=Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768137810665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=null, pageStart=2014, pageEnd=2018, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGZY202117020.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao F, Hu YG, Wu SN, et al. Protective effect of astragalus saponin extracts on kidneys of diabetic rats[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2015, 40: 2014-2018., articleTitle=Protective effect of astragalus saponin extracts on kidneys of diabetic rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768238473966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=20, issue=null, pageStart=97, pageEnd=100, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXSB201902002.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J Integr Tradit West Nephrol (中国中西医结合肾病杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding R, Hong Q, Geng XD, et al. Mechanism of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae in the treatment of hyperuricemia mouse model[J]. Chin J Integr Tradit West Nephrol (中国中西医结合肾病杂志), 2019, 20: 97-100., articleTitle=Mechanism of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae in the treatment of hyperuricemia mouse model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768326554351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=38, issue=null, pageStart=1449, pageEnd=1454, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZCYA201607003.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=75, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin Tradit Pat Med (中成药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng JX, Xu BB, Wang J, et al. Hypouricemic effects of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantaginis Semen on mice with acute hyperuricemia and their possible mechanisms[J]. Chin Tradit Pat Med (中成药), 2016, 38: 1449-1454., articleTitle=Hypouricemic effects of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantaginis Semen on mice with acute hyperuricemia and their possible mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768452383476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=null, pageStart=859, pageEnd=867, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRCW202204016.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Prod Res Dev (天然产物研究与开发), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang BL, Luo L, Ge ZK, et al. Action mechanism of Lysimachiae Herba in the treatment of gout based on network pharmacology and molecular docking[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev (天然产物研究与开发), 2021, 33: 859-867., articleTitle=Action mechanism of Lysimachiae Herba in the treatment of gout based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768527880949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[78], rfOrder=77, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong GY, Wei RR, Su RN, et al. A highland nettle extract against hyperuricemia, preparation method and its application: CN, 109700837 [P]. 2019-05-03., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768636932856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[79], rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yong TQ, Xie YZ, Jiao CW, et al. Preparation method of Agrocybe chaxingu extract and its application in preparation of uric acid-lowering drugs: CN, 108403729 [P]. 2018-08-17., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768783733501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=43, pageEnd=51, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZSFX202218005.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bai L, Liu GY, Zhang XP, et al. Protective effects of total flavonoids of peony flower on uric acid and kidney in rats with hyperuricemia[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), 2022, 28: 43-51., articleTitle=Protective effects of total flavonoids of peony flower on uric acid and kidney in rats with hyperuricemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516768913756929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, doi=10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105444, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=117, issue=null, pageStart=105444, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen X, Zhao Z, Luo J, et al. Novel natural scaffold as hURAT1 inhibitor identified by 3D-shape-based, docking-based virtual screening approach and biological evaluation[J]. Bioorg Chem, 2021, 117: 105444., articleTitle=Novel natural scaffold as hURAT1 inhibitor identified by 3D-shape-based, docking-based virtual screening approach and biological evaluation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516756653805809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, awardId=2019JZZY021011, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021011), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516748051288634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748059677243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516748068065852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, companyId=1210516748051288634, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516753080259567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dB4uI8v8SZEx38+zB+3w/A==, figureFileBig=wFS2KAFNpjMuKnsFFDCK2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516753168339962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Approved xanthine oxidase (XO) and urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors , figureFileSmall=dB4uI8v8SZEx38+zB+3w/A==, figureFileBig=wFS2KAFNpjMuKnsFFDCK2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516754565042196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fPlctQOQX5FKcXpBJxH1dA==, figureFileBig=ijl4KMbn46w0Vz74ftXevw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516754707648550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Proximal tubular uric acid transporter , figureFileSmall=fPlctQOQX5FKcXpBJxH1dA==, figureFileBig=ijl4KMbn46w0Vz74ftXevw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516754804117550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9MVK//QejwCs1ZSmpnsokQ==, figureFileBig=wkW98WD8W5iqkmODUo90Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516754950918205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Structures of benzbromarone and its derivatives , figureFileSmall=9MVK//QejwCs1ZSmpnsokQ==, figureFileBig=wkW98WD8W5iqkmODUo90Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755122884690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zCmaLF/mUUtuHdK1+DgTNQ==, figureFileBig=KO3N5wayzeoAYaBM4kNm6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755240325215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Structures of lesinurad and its derivatives , figureFileSmall=zCmaLF/mUUtuHdK1+DgTNQ==, figureFileBig=KO3N5wayzeoAYaBM4kNm6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755345182828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tiT9Du5J9OWrIcQDJKmjBw==, figureFileBig=W9PmdQQSo56n32EASuFpcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755429068923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Structures of derivatives of lesinurad , figureFileSmall=tiT9Du5J9OWrIcQDJKmjBw==, figureFileBig=W9PmdQQSo56n32EASuFpcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755533926537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=G54aSe/EvHgf8ntCxJNJpg==, figureFileBig=a9yTQ5wgwD7N1WGL/ogmPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755668144276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Structures of RDEA-3170 and its derivatives , figureFileSmall=G54aSe/EvHgf8ntCxJNJpg==, figureFileBig=a9yTQ5wgwD7N1WGL/ogmPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755886248098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MFhKHf4IG5rW4NnnHEPaQw==, figureFileBig=Ag0kRXaFG2d/78zMKMb0iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756028854452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Structures of SHR4640 and its derivatives , figureFileSmall=MFhKHf4IG5rW4NnnHEPaQw==, figureFileBig=Ag0kRXaFG2d/78zMKMb0iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756146294977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FjD/Ecpyz051Reb8tjjGLQ==, figureFileBig=xFoehsUrw7g7o6mMKDPlRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756343427277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Other URAT1 inhibitors , figureFileSmall=FjD/Ecpyz051Reb8tjjGLQ==, figureFileBig=xFoehsUrw7g7o6mMKDPlRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756431507675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n5BJBl0prOhoKCfaLzR8Dw==, figureFileBig=qTdNguic8YPYQOsbbQWB2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516756536365285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743903121823, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Structures of XO and URAT1 dual inhibitors , figureFileSmall=n5BJBl0prOhoKCfaLzR8Dw==, figureFileBig=qTdNguic8YPYQOsbbQWB2Q==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
URAT1抑制剂研究进展及药物化学策略
收藏切换
PDF下载
史晓雨 , 赵彤 , 章健 , 梁瑞鹏 , 张志姣 , 刘新泳 * , 展鹏 *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022,57(10): 2960-2971
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022, 57(10): 2960-2971
URAT1抑制剂研究进展及药物化学策略
全屏
史晓雨, 赵彤, 章健, 梁瑞鹏, 张志姣, 刘新泳* , 展鹏*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, Tel: 86-531-88380270, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
Research progress and medicinal chemistry strategies of URAT1 inhibitors
Xiao-yu SHI, Tong ZHAO, Jian ZHANG, Rui-peng LIANG, Zhi-jiao ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU* , Peng ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • Key laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573
文章导航
收藏切换

尿酸转运蛋白1 (URAT1) 是一种位于人肾近曲小管上皮细胞顶膜的阴离子膜转运蛋白, 控制尿液中尿酸盐的重吸收。临床发现约90%的痛风及高尿酸血症患者表现出明显的尿酸排泄不足。因此, 开发能够通过增强肾脏尿酸盐排泄来降低体内血尿酸水平的URAT1抑制剂是抗痛风药物近年的研发热点。本文综述了具有降尿酸或抗痛风药理作用的URAT1抑制剂及其药物化学策略, 以期为新型抗痛风及高尿酸血症药物的研发提供参考。

尿酸  /  高尿酸血症  /  痛风  /  雷西纳德  /  URAT1抑制剂

The urate transporter 1 (URAT1) which controls urate reabsorption is a membrane transporter in the apical membrane of human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. It was found that about 90% of patients suffer from hyperuricemia due to insufficient uric acid excretion. Therefore, the development of URAT1 inhibitors that can reduce the level of serum uric acid in vivo by enhancing renal urate excretion has been a hot spot in seeking anti-gout drugs in recent years. In this article, the representative URAT1 inhibitors with uric acid-lowering or anti-gout effects are reviewed, and related medicinal chemical strategies are analyzed, hoping to provide valuable insights into the discovery of new URAT1 inhibitors.

uric acid  /  hyperuricemia  /  gout  /  lesinurad  /  URAT1 inhibitor
史晓雨, 赵彤, 章健, 梁瑞鹏, 张志姣, 刘新泳, 展鹏. URAT1抑制剂研究进展及药物化学策略. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 2960 -2971 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573
Xiao-yu SHI, Tong ZHAO, Jian ZHANG, Rui-peng LIANG, Zhi-jiao ZHANG, Xin-yong LIU, Peng ZHAN. Research progress and medicinal chemistry strategies of URAT1 inhibitors[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 2960 -2971 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573
高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia, HUA) 是由体内嘌呤代谢紊乱即体内尿酸生成过多或(和) 尿酸排泄减少所致的一种代谢性疾病。HUA是痛风的生理病理基础, 持续性的尿酸水平过高会使单钠尿酸盐(monosodium urate, MSU) 晶体在体内关节或脏器处沉积, 从而激发机体的免疫系统, 进而诱发痛风[1]。痛风的特征主要表现为反复发作性关节部位红、肿、热、痛, 严重者会导致关节变形、致畸、肾结石等。此外, 多项研究证明, 高尿酸血症及痛风还与心脑血管疾病、慢性肾脏疾病、高血压、糖尿病等疾病密切关联[2]。在过去的十多年中, 全球高尿酸血症和痛风的发病率显著增加, 给全球数以亿计的患者及家庭带来了巨大痛苦, 同时也为各国医疗系统带来了沉重负担。
目前, 急性期痛风的治疗目的是消除炎症和缓解疼痛, 常用的经典药物有秋水仙碱、非甾体抗炎药和糖皮质激素类抗炎药[3]。然而, 该类药物无法根治高尿酸血症和痛风。因此, 使用其他药物使患者的血清尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA) 水平降至并长期保持在360 µmol·L-1以下是高尿酸血症和痛风的关键治疗终点[4, 5]。按照作用机制可将降尿酸药物分为两大类: 一类是抑制尿酸生成的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂(xanthine oxidase inhibitors, XOIs), 如别嘌呤醇(allopurinol, 1) 和非布索坦(febuxostat, 2) 等[6, 7]。该类药物在治疗高尿酸血症和痛风方面具有良好药效, 但其严重的不良反应不容忽视, 如过敏反应、腹泻和嗜睡等; 另一类是促尿酸排泄的尿酸转运蛋白1 (urate transporter 1, URAT1) 抑制剂, 目前已有5种上市药物, 即丙磺舒(probenecid, 3)、苯磺唑酮(sulfinpyrazone, 4)、苯溴马隆(benzbromarone, 5)、雷西纳德(lesinurad, 6) 和多丁纳德(dotinurad, 7) (图 1)。然而, 已上市的URAT1抑制剂仍产生了严重的肝肾损害等不良反应, 从而严重限制了此类药物的临床应用。因此, 开发高效、低毒的抗痛风新药仍然是迫切的临床需求。近年来, URAT1抑制剂的研究取得了系列进展, 本文综述了具有降尿酸或抗痛风药理作用的URAT1抑制剂及其药物化学修饰策略, 以期为设计新型高效低毒的URAT1抑制剂提供参考。
在人体正常生理条件下(pH = 7.4), 尿酸以阴离子形式存在, 无法自行透膜[8]。因此, 尿酸在肾脏中的重吸收和再分泌主要通过两类不同的尿酸转运蛋白协调完成(图 2)。一类为尿酸重吸收蛋白, 包括URAT1、葡萄糖转运体9 (glucose transporter 9, GLUT9)、有机阴离子转运蛋白4 (organ anion transporter 4, OAT4) 和有机阴离子转运蛋白10 (organ anion transporter 10, OAT10); 另一类为尿酸分泌蛋白, 包括有机阴离子转运蛋白1 (organ anion transporter 1, OAT1)、有机阴离子转运蛋白2 (organ anion transporter 2, OAT2)、有机阴离子转运蛋白3 (organ anion transporter 3, OAT3)、多药耐药蛋白4 (multidrug resistance protein 4, MRP4)、磷酸盐转运蛋白1 (sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 1, NPT1)、磷酸盐转运蛋白4 (sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 4, NPT4)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G2 (ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2, ABCG2) 和尿酸盐转运体(urate transporter, URAT) 等, 它们协同维持着人体血尿酸水平[9]
2002年, Enomoto等[10]首次在人肾近曲小管上皮细胞顶膜上发现URAT1, 它是由SLC22A12基因编码的具有12个跨膜结构域的有机阴离子膜转运蛋白。与其他转运蛋白相比, URAT1对尿酸盐的亲和力和转运效率更高, URAT1成为近年来抗痛风药物的重要靶点。但URAT1的晶体结构尚未得到解析, 这给基于靶标的URAT1抑制剂的设计带来了挑战。因此, 骨架跃迁、电子等排等基于配体结构的药物设计策略成为目前开发新型URAT1抑制剂的重要手段。
按照结构类型, 近年来被报道的高活性URAT1抑制剂主要分为苯溴马隆衍生物、雷西纳德衍生物及其他类。此外, XO和URAT1双靶点抑制剂逐渐受到研究者的关注, 成为新兴的抗痛风药物研究方向。各类抑制剂分述如下。
苯溴马隆于1971年成功上市, 是第一个用于治疗痛风和高尿酸血症的降尿酸药物, 主要通过对URAT1和GLUT9的双重抑制减少尿酸盐的重吸收从而达到促进尿酸排泄的目的[11]。苯溴马隆具有显著的临床治疗效果, 但因其暴发性肝炎等严重不良反应[12], 未被美国FDA批准上市, 且于2003年逐渐从欧洲退市。通过对该药物作用机制和毒性机制的进一步研究, 目前许多专家认为其肝毒性机制主要与苯溴马隆及其经CYP2C9代谢的中间代谢产物能明显抑制线粒体功能有关[13-15]。为降低其毒性, 许多科研人员对苯溴马隆的结构通过基团替换和骨架跃迁等策略进行优化, 已经陆续发现多个新颖、低毒的URAT1抑制剂。其中最成功的例子是2020年1月23日在日本上市的多丁纳德[16]
苯溴马隆为二芳基酮类化合物, 具有强效抑制URAT1的作用(IC50 = 0.22~0.29 µmol·L-1)。苯溴马隆的结构中含有一个苯并呋喃环(A区域) 和一个苯环(B区域), 且药效团A、B两区域由羰基相连(图 3)。
骨架跃迁是通过改变分子骨架中杂原子的位置和数量、骨架环系的大小和数目等, 以改善生物活性和药代动力学性质的一种有效策略[17]。具体到药效团A区域, 有研究者通过骨架跃迁策略将苯溴马隆结构中的苯并呋喃环替换为吡啶并咪唑环。例如, 2017年, Shi等[18]开发了化合物89, 其在0.5 µmol·L-1浓度下对HEK293转染细胞株中URAT1转运尿酸的抑制率分别为71.68%和71.10% (苯溴马隆抑制率为55.57%)。此外, 有研究者也将苯并呋喃环替换为咪唑并噻唑环、吡唑并吗啉环、吡啶并吗啉环等。例如, 2018年, Shi等[19]开发了一系列含稠杂环结构的化合物, 其中具有咪唑并噻唑环的化合物10在0.5 µmol·L-1浓度下对HEK293转染细胞株中hURAT1的抑制活性(抑制率为55.23%) 与苯溴马隆(抑制率为54.77%) 相当。2020年, Zhou等[20]开发了一系列高效、低毒的URAT1抑制剂, 其中吡唑并吗啉环化合物11能有效抑制HEK293转染细胞株中URAT1介导的尿酸转运(IC50 < 0.03 µmol·L-1), 同时抑制CYP2C9的活性较弱(IC50 > 50 µmol·L-1)。Pian等[21, 22]研发了化合物12 (UR-1102, PhaseⅡ), 其对URAT1的亲和力(Ki值) 比其他转运蛋白强100多倍, 表明该化合物对URAT1具有很高的选择性, 此外, 在猴子体内实验中, 将30 mg·kg-1的次高剂量化合物12与100 mg·kg-1的苯溴马隆进行比较, 化合物12的降尿酸效果(血浆尿酸浓度: 1.8 mg·dL-1) 显著优于苯溴马隆(血浆尿酸浓度: 2.7 mg·dL-1)。
生物电子等排是指将药物结构中某些重要的官能团用性质相似的其他基团替换, 以达到提高先导化合物的活性、改善药代动力学和降低毒性和不良反应目的的一种有效策略[17]。具体到药效团B区域, 通常, 苯环的对位被羟基取代且羟基邻位的溴原子通过生物电子等排策略替换为氯原子、碘原子、氰基、三氟甲基等。例如, 2016年, Shi等[23]发现的化合物13~15, 其在0.5 µmol·L-1浓度下对HEK293转染细胞中URAT1的抑制率(13~15分别为74.56%、62.20%和62.07%) 优于苯溴马隆(抑制率为55.70%), 且化合物15对正常肝细胞L-02和WRL-68的毒性(IC50值为153.20 µmol·L-1和145.82 µmol·L-1) 低于苯溴马隆(IC50为70.95 µmol·L-1和56.03 µmol·L-1)。2018年, Ohe等[24]对羟基和溴的取代位置及取代方式进行探讨, 共发现了6个化合物(16~21), 该类化合物活性虽不及苯溴马隆, 但其对肝细胞的毒性有所下降。2020年, Uda等[16]在发现多丁纳德的过程中也将溴原子等排为氯原子, 其体外实验中对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.037 µmol·L-1) 和URAT1选择性均优于苯溴马隆(IC50 = 0.19 µmol·L-1)。
药物氘代是一种常用的改变药物分子吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程的方法, 通常具有改善药物药代动力学、减少毒副产物及增加活性代谢物、抑制手性药物异构体之间的转换、抑制药物间的相互作用的优势[25]。2021年, Yan等[26]发明了一种苯溴马隆的4, 5, 6, 7-四氘代类似物, 代表性化合物22抑制URAT1的活性(IC50 = 0.067 µmol·L-1) 优于苯溴马隆(IC50 = 0.196 µmol·L-1), 且稳定性显著提高, 对CYP2C9的抑制显著减弱且未形成毒性中间产物, 有望避免苯溴马隆的肝毒副作用。
总体而言, 该类URAT1抑制剂均保留了二芳基酮类结构, A区域一般为五元并六元或者六元并六元的稠杂环结构, 后续可使用骨架跃迁策略探索更多新的优势骨架。同时该类抑制剂B区域均保留了苯酚结构, 这与URAT1为阴离子转运体有关, 所以在URAT1抑制剂中保证一个阴离子位点是至关重要的。此外, 在保留苯酚结构的基础上, 可以通过生物电子等排策略对B区域卤素取代基进行替换以期发现新型高效、低毒的URAT1抑制剂。
2015年12月, 美国FDA批准的第一个URAT1抑制剂雷西纳德上市[27], 但由于活性较低和安全性较差等问题, 美国FDA仅批准了雷西纳德与XOI的联合用药。不久后, 美国FDA又批准上市了雷西纳德和别嘌呤醇的复方制剂—Duzallo[28]。遗憾的是, 由于其强烈的肾毒性, 许多患者在用药后发生急性肾功能衰竭。因此, 在2017年雷西纳德被美国FDA黑框警告, 目前已逐渐在欧美国家撤市[29]。但其结构优化仍是发现新型抗痛风药物的热点领域。
根据雷西纳德的药效团特征, 其结构可分为3个区域: 溴代三唑环(A区域) 主要用作支架, 使分子以适当的几何形状与靶标结合; 此外, 含有π体系及疏水特征环丙基萘(B区域) 及含羧基的巯基侧链(C区域) 均是关键药效基团[30]。目前, 通过对雷西纳德结构优化, 已发现多个高效、低毒的候选药物。如化合物RDEA-3170和SHR4640已进入III期临床阶段。
研究者通过骨架跃迁策略, 将三氮唑环(A区域)“跃迁”为苯并咪唑环、吲哚环、氮杂吲哚环、噻吩并嘧啶酮环、咪唑并吡啶环等新颖环系, 例如, 2017年, Yang等[31]开发了苯并咪唑类化合物, 代表化合物23~25对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 1~15 µmol·L-1) 优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 30~100 µmol·L-1)。2018年, Yang等[32]发现了氮杂吲哚类化合物, 代表化合物26 (IC50 = 0.1~2 µmol·L-1) 和27 (IC50 = 2~10 µmol·L-1) 对URAT1的抑制活性优于雷西纳德(IC50 > 10 µmol·L-1), 且2627在大鼠连续给药7天后, 血尿酸浓度显著降低, 尿尿酸浓度显著增加。2021年, Liu等[33]发现噻吩并嘧啶酮类化合物的体内降尿酸活性优于雷西纳德, 代表化合物28在细胞体外实验中对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 3.27 µmol·L-1) 和动物体内实验中的血尿酸下降率(90.2%) 均明显优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 15.34 µmol·L-1, 血尿酸下降率为31.4%)。Zhao等[30]发现了一系列咪唑并吡啶环化合物, 代表化合物29 (IC50 = 1.57 µmol·L-1, 血尿酸下降率92.89%) 和化合物30 (IC50 = 6.14 µmol·L-1, 血尿酸下降率89.62%) 抑制URAT1水平和降低尿酸水平均优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 13.21 µmol·L-1, 血尿酸下降率27.06%)。
环丙基萘环(B区域) 中的环丙基往往被替换为氰基、卤素或低级烷烃。2017年, Yang等[31]发现了一系列含有氰基苯结构的化合物, 其中化合物31 (IC50 = 1~15 µmol·L-1) 抑制URAT1水平显著优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 30~100 µmol·L-1)。2016年, Zhao等[34]为增加分子的柔性在三氮唑和萘环间引入甲基, 发现了一系列高效URAT1抑制剂(IC50普遍小于1 µmol·L-1), 其中化合物32对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.081 µmol·L-1) 明显优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 7.18 µmol·L-1)。2018年, Cai等[35]通过分子杂合策略获得化合物33, 其对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.035 µmol·L-1) 是雷西纳德(IC50 = 7.18 µmol·L-1) 的200多倍。2019年, Wang等[36]通过萘环区域的骨架跃迁得到4, 5, 6, 7-四氢-2-苯并噻吩环化合物34, 其对URAT1的抑制作用(IC50 = 0.034 µmol·L-1) 约为雷西纳德(IC50 = 6.01 µmol·L-1) 的170倍, 且口服吸收生物利用度也有所提高。2017年, Feng等[37]将B区域环丙基上引入不同的取代基并对其光学异构体进行手性拆分, 发现当引入F原子时, 化合物35对URAT1抑制活性(IC50 = 2.70 µmol·L-1) 优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 6.87 µmol·L-1), 且在小鼠毒性实验中未见不良反应。
研究者通过生物电子等排将雷西纳德的羧酸基团(C区域) 替换为四氮唑、亚磺酰丙二酸、磺酰丙二酸和酰基磺酰胺等结构。例如, 2016年, Zhao等[38]发现了一系列含三氮唑正丙酸结构的高效URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物3637在细胞活性实验中对URAT1的抑制率(均为91%) 明显高于雷西纳德(抑制率70%), 说明雷西纳德侧链中的硫原子并不是活性必需。同年, Zhao等[39]又发现了一系列含四氮唑结构的URAT1抑制剂, 该系列化合物(代表化合物3839) 对URAT1的抑制率(约为70%) 普遍高于雷西纳德(59%)。2015年, Zhang[40, 41]发现了亚磺酰丙二酸和磺酰丙二酸类化合物, 其中化合物40~43对URAT1抑制活性(IC50 = 0.017~0.021 µmol·L-1) 与雷西纳德(IC50 = 0.022 µmol·L-1) 相当。2020年, Zhao等[30]发现了一系列含酰基磺酰胺结构的URAT1抑制剂, 其中化合物44对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 4.17 µmol·L-1) 和小鼠体内降尿酸水平(下降率为98.92%) 显著优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 13.21 µmol·L-1, 下降率为40.07%) (图 4)。
2018年, Feng等[42]发现了一系列硫代乙酸化合物。在该系列化合物中, 雷西纳德中的溴代三氮唑通过骨架跃迁被替换为其他氮杂环(粉红色), 萘环被替换为吲哚环(蓝色)。该专利中还探讨了B区域和C区域处于邻位、间位、对位时的构效关系(代表化合物45~49, 图 5)。在稳定转染hURAT1的MDCK细胞中发现该系列有多个IC50小于1 µmol·L-1的化合物(雷西纳德: IC50 = 1~30 µmol·L-1), 且小鼠毒性实验中未观察到不良反应。
将雷西纳德的溴代三氮唑环部分(A区域) 替换为吡啶环, 得到了高选择性的URAT1抑制剂RDEA-3170 (50, IC50 = 0.025 µmol·L-1), 目前正处于临床Ⅲ期。临床数据显示其安全性和耐受性较好, 但仍具有一定肾毒性[43, 44]。目前, 基于RDEA-3170进行修饰已经发现了许多高效、低毒的URAT1抑制剂(图 6)。RDEA-3170中的核心骨架吡啶环(A区域) 可“扩环”为异喹啉环、苯并异噻唑环和萘环。例如, 2016年, Xu等[45]发现了含异喹啉结构的化合物51, 其抑制URAT1的活性(IC50 = 0.008 µmol·L-1) 显著优于RDEA-3170 (IC50 = 0.113 µmol·L-1)。2016年, Endo等[46]发明了一类具有苯并异噻唑结构或萘环结构的URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物为52~55 (IC50 = 0.021~0.026 µmol·L-1)。2017年, Li等[47]发明了一系列含桥头氮原子的稠环类URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物56 (IC50 = 0.026 µmol·L-1)、57 (IC50 = 0.029 µmol·L-1) 和58 (IC50 = 0.030 µmol·L-1) 表现出强效的URAT1抑制活性。2022年, Pang等[48]发明了一类吡啶3-胺衍生物, 并在萘环和吡啶环间引入了氨基作为连接基团, 代表化合物59在动物实验中的降尿酸效果与RDEA-3170效果相当(血尿酸浓度约为700 µmol·L-1, 模型组血尿酸约为850 µmol·L-1)。2022年, Jin等[49]将RDEA-3170的吡啶环和苯环之间引入炔基, 代表化合物60对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.001~0.2 µmol·L-1) 优于雷西纳德(IC50 > 1 µmol·L-1)。此外, 将RDEA-3170羧酸侧链(C区域) 进行延长并在侧链引入大位阻的环丙基, 得到临床Ⅱ期候选药物D-0120 (61), 其对URAT1的抑制活性是雷西纳德的150倍, 略高于RDEA-3170。同时, 健康志愿者对化合物61在2.5~20 mg·d-1的剂量水平下7天耐受良好, 表明该化合物具有良好的安全性[50]。2018年, Fan等[51]将RDEA-3170的巯乙酸侧链等排为磺酰胺, 发现了含噻吩磺酰胺取代基的化合物62 (IC50 = 0.18 µmol·L-1)。
喹啉类化合物SHR4640 (63) 是通过对雷西纳德结构优化而得到的强效URAT1抑制剂(IC50 = 0.034 µmol·L-1), 目前处于临床Ⅲ期阶段, 在临床试验中表现出显著的降尿酸作用和良好的安全性。对SHR4640进一步结构修饰中陆续发现了许多高效的URAT1抑制剂(图 7)。例如, 2017年, Fan等[52]发现了一类在喹啉环系含有取代苯环基团的高效URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物64~66的IC50均小于0.04 µmol·L-1 (SHR4640, IC50 = 0.138 µmol·L-1)。同时, 通过“环系剖开”策略, 将SHR4640的环丁烷改为开环烷基, 得到了代表化合物67 (IC50 = 0.071 µmol·L-1), 其活性优于SHR4640 (IC50 = 0.138 µmol·L-1)。2018年, 该团队又公布了一系列将喹啉环替换为其他杂环的化合物, 其中吡啶并吡咯环化合物68 (IC50 = 0.071 µmol·L-1) 和69 (IC50 = 0.081 µmol·L-1) 的URAT1抑制活性较好[53]。2020年, Huang等[54]通过对羧酸侧链进行电子等排得到了一系列喹啉甲酰胺类强效URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物70 (IC50 = 0.270 µmol·L-1) 的活性优于雷西纳德(IC50 = 3.53 µmol·L-1), 同时表现出低细胞毒性和心脏毒性。
根据以上活性化合物的结构可以看出, 芳香环或芳香杂环等刚性骨架是雷西纳德类衍生物所必需的, 如雷西纳德中的三氮唑、RDEA-3170中的吡啶环, SHR4640中的喹啉环等, 通过骨架跃迁及分子杂合等策略对该区域进行多样化的修饰, 可获得活性更优的URAT1抑制剂。此外, 与刚性骨架相连的芳环(萘环或苯环) 及阴离子基团(羧基、取代磺酰胺等) 也是URAT1抑制活性所必需。在生理pH值(7.4) 条件下, 雷西纳德、RDEA-3170、SHR4640等分子中的巯基乙酸侧链均可去质子化形成对应的阴离子, 同时阴离子附近存在位阻较大的取代基也有利于活性, 如RDEA-3170中的偕二甲基、SHR4640中的环丁基等, 这些药效团特征给该类化合物的结构优化提供了重要启发。
Arhalofenate (71) 是处于临床II期的候选药物, 具有降尿酸和抗炎双重功能, 不仅能抑制URAT1 (IC50 = 92 µmol·L-1), 还能调节过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ), 同时该药物具有良好的耐受性和安全性[55]
SAP-001 (Formula 1, 专利中并未指明其具体结构) 是由Zhang等[56]研发的一款URAT1抑制剂, 目前正在进行临床I期研究, 适应症为痛风和无症状高尿酸血症患者。
2019年, Wang等[57]发现了一系列2-三氟甲基苯磺酰胺类衍生物, 代表化合物72~74 (IC50 < 0.010 µmol·L-1) 对URAT1的抑制活性显著优于苯溴马隆(IC50 = 0.407 µmol·L-1)。
2021年, Xiao等[58]发现了从中药植物中提取的类黄酮成分—橙酮(化合物75), 其不仅具有降尿酸活性, 还能明显抑制尿酸钠诱导的人类肿瘤细胞的白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的分泌, 并减轻尿酸钠致大鼠踝关节肿胀程度、降低炎症反应和缓解关节疼痛。
Tranilast (76) 是一种直接靶向核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体驱动疾病的苯甲酸类化合物, 目前该化合物的单一疗法或与XOI联用疗法的II期临床试验正在进行, 用于治疗急性痛风的发作[59]。此外, 机制研究发现其对URAT1也有抑制活性[60]
2021年, Xiao等[61]发现了一类苯甲酸衍生物, 代表化合物77对URAT1的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.13 µmol·L-1) 明显优于苯溴马隆(IC50 = 0.52 µmol·L-1)。
2021年, Wang等[62, 63]发现了一系列吲哚类URAT1抑制剂, 化合物78对URAT1的抑制率(81.37%) 显著高于雷西纳德(47.00%)。值得注意的是, 当苯环替换为吡咯环时, 所得化合物79虽然对URAT1的抑制率(50.99%) 与雷西纳德(51.50%) 相当, 但对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制活性(IC50 = 2.67 µmol·L-1) 优于别嘌呤醇(IC50 = 9.17 µmol·L-1)。
2021年, Wang等[64]发现了一系列噻唑羧酸类URAT1抑制剂, 代表化合物80在稳定转染URAT1的HEK293细胞中表现出良好的URAT1抑制活性(IC50 = 0.05 µmol·L-1), 且在SD大鼠和食蟹猴体内实验中均表现出良好的药代性质(图 8)。
分析上述总结的其他类URAT1抑制剂的结构, 可以发现大多数化合物中具有刚性骨架, 如化合物76的苯环、化合物77的萘环及化合物72~7578~80的五元并六元稠杂环等。同时, 该类URAT1抑制剂多数具有一个阴离子基团, 如72~74的苯磺酰胺、75的羟基及76~80的羧酸基团等, 为新的结构优化提供了启发。
对于复杂病因的疾病, 单靶点药物常常难以干扰疾病完整的网络调控且产生的毒性较大。相比之下, 多靶点药物可以作用于与疾病密切相关的多个靶点, 通过协同作用使总效应大于单个效应的总和, 从而产生更好的疗效和更小的不良反应[65]。高尿酸血症及痛风本身就是一种由于体内尿酸产生过多或(和) 尿酸分泌减少出现的代谢性疾病, 因此可以采用“开源节流”的双靶点药物设计策略, 即同时抑制XO抑制尿酸的产生和抑制URAT1促进尿酸的排泄, 从而达到降低体内血尿酸的目的。一般来说, 当化合物对XO和URAT1两者的IC50均小于10 µmol·L-1时, 该化合物被认为是高效双功能化合物[66]
2020年, Piwinski等[66]开发了一系列高效双功能化合物, 代表化合物81~83对XO的抑制活性(81: IC50 = 0.21 µmol·L-1; 82: IC50 < 0.02 µmol·L-1; 83: IC50 < 0.02 µmol·L-1) 和URAT1的抑制活性(81: IC50 = 1.85 µmol·L-1; 82: IC50 = 2.43 µmol·L-1; 83: IC50 = 1.08 µmol·L-1) 与XOI别嘌呤醇(IC50 = 2.0~5.0 µmol·L-1) 和URAT1抑制剂雷西纳德(IC50 = 52.5 µmol·L-1) 相比均有较大提升。
2019年, Li等[67]发现了一系列氧取代苯基咪唑类XO和URAT1双重抑制剂, 代表化合物84对XO和URAT1的抑制活性(XO: IC50 = 0.510 µmol·L-1, URAT1: IC50 = 1.111 µmol·L-1) 略低于XOI非布索坦(IC50 = 0.007 µmol·L-1) 和URAT1抑制剂苯溴马隆(IC50 = 0.155 µmol·L-1), 但仍然保持双靶点的抑制作用。2021年, 该团队又公开了一系列氮取代苯并噻唑啉酮类XO和URAT1双重抑制剂, 相较于阳性药物非布索坦(XO: IC50 = 0.010 µmol·L-1) 和苯溴马隆(URAT1: IC50 = 24.89 µmol·L-1), 代表化合物8586对XO和URAT1都表现出良好的抑制作用(85, XO: IC50 = 0.012 µmol·L-1, URAT1: IC50 = 30.24 µmol·L-1; 86, XO: IC50 = 0.015 µmol·L-1, URAT1: IC50 = 27.59 µmol·L-1)[68]
目前, 进入临床阶段的XO和URAT1双重抑制剂有两个。一个是KUX-1151 (PF-06743649), 但因临床试验中两名受试者出现急性肾损伤, 该药物终止了进一步的开发[69]; 另一个是RLBN-1001, 该化合物于2014年在美国进入临床研究阶段, 但其临床试验至今无进展。此外, 该团队还开发了具有减少尿酸生成和促进尿酸排泄的双重作用机制的RLBN-2020系列和RLBN-3010系列化合物, 均处于临床前研究阶段[70]
此外, 目前也有很多文献报道了从中草药和天然产物中获取的双靶点抗痛风化合物(图 9), 如脱氧安息香素肟类似物(87)[71]、芒果苷苷元衍生物(88)[72]和姜黄素衍生物(89)[73]等。
随着人类生活质量和饮食习惯的改善, 世界范围内高尿酸血症和痛风呈现低龄化、发病率逐渐升高的趋势。因此, 开发高效、低毒的抗痛风新药是当下的迫切需求。URAT1现在是一个公认的降尿酸药物的重要靶点, 目前主要使用的促尿酸排泄药物有苯溴马隆和多丁纳德。此外, 许多候选药物正在进行URAT1抑制剂的临床评估。其中, RDEA-3170和SHR4640似乎最有前途, 此外, URC-102、D-0120-NA和SAP-001等十几个候选药物都处于临床早期试验阶段。
由于URAT1晶体结构尚未被解析, 基于靶标结构合理设计URAT1抑制剂仍存在较大挑战。因此本文综述了最新专利文献中公布的新型URAT1抑制剂的发现和开发现状, 阐述了基于配体结构的骨架跃迁、电子等排、分子杂合等经典药物设计策略在该领域的应用, 以期为设计新型高效低毒的URAT1抑制剂提供参考。
此外, 天然产物也是发现新结构骨架的URAT1抑制剂的重要源泉, 除了文中提到的类黄酮、姜黄素衍生物和芒果苷元衍生物等结构, 其他具有抗炎镇痛和降血尿酸的作用的多种中草药也被大量报道[74-80], 如土茯苓、黄芪车前子、萆薢、金钱草、牡丹花、茶树菇、高原荨麻等, 值得进一步研究。
通常, 单靶点药物具有难以干扰疾病完整的网络调控且产生的毒性较大等问题。具体到URAT1, 强效抑制该蛋白使得尿液中尿酸浓度大幅增加, 往往会引发肾结石。相比之下, 多靶点调节可以产生协同作用, 使总效应大于单个效应的总和, 从而产生更好的疗效和更低的不良反应。因此采用“开源节流”的双靶点药物设计策略, 发现同时抑制XO和URAT1的双靶点药物可能是今后降尿酸药物研发的重要方向。
目前, 计算机辅助药物设计已渗透到新药研发的各个环节, 尽管URAT1结构生物学研究滞后, 目前已有文献[81]通过AlphaFold 2.1对URAT1进行同源性建模的报道。相信分子生物学、X射线晶体学、冷冻电镜、计算机科学及人工智能等技术的快速发展, 将大大助力新型URAT1抑制剂的发现与优化。
作者贡献: 史晓雨是文章框架的构思者并负责内容的撰写和文献整理; 刘新泳和展鹏指导论文写作; 赵彤、章健、梁瑞鹏和张志姣对论文进行了检查和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021011)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008[J]. Am J Med, 2012, 125: 679-687.
[2]
Dalbeth N, Phipps-Green A, Frampton C, et al. Relationship between serum urate concentration and clinically evident incident gout: an individual participant data analysis[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2018, 77: 1048-1052.
[3]
Li ZJ. Diagnosis and treatment of gout and hyperuricemia[J]. Chin J General Pract (中华全科医学), 2020, 1: 5-6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QKYX202211002.htm
[4]
Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout in China (2019)[J]. Chin J Endocrinol Metab (中华内分泌代谢杂志), 2020, 36: 1-13.
[5]
Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors[J]. Nat Rev Rheumatol, 2020, 16: 380-390.
[6]
Stamp LK, Taylor WJ, Jones PB, et al. Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64: 2529-2536.
[7]
Becker MA, Schumacher HR, Espinoza LR, et al. The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the confirms trial[J]. Arthritis Res Ther, 2010, 12: R63.
[8]
Keenan RT. The biology of urate[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020, 50: S2-S10.
[9]
So A, Thorens B. Uric acid transport and disease[J]. J Clin Invest, 2010, 120: 1791-1799.
[10]
Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels[J]. Nature, 2002, 417: 447-452.
[11]
Sternon J, Kocheleff P, Couturier E, et al. Hypouricemizing effect of benzbromarone. Study of 24 cases (preliminary results)[J]. Acta Clin Belg, 1967, 22: 285-293.
[12]
Babany G, Larrey D, Pessayre D, et al. Chronic active hepatitis caused by benzarone[J]. J Hepatol, 1987, 5: 332-335.
[13]
Kaufmann P, Török M, Hänni A, et al. Mechanisms of benzarone and benzbromarone induced hepatic toxicity[J]. Hepatology, 2005, 41: 925-935.
[14]
Meyer JN, Leuthner TC, Luz AL. Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity[J]. Toxicology, 2017, 391: 42-53.
[15]
Roos NJ, Duthaler U, Bouitbir J, et al. The uricosuric benzbromarone disturbs the mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates the NRF2 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2020, 152: 216-226.
[16]
Uda J, Kobashi S, Miyata S, et al. Discovery of dotinurad (FYU-981), a new phenol derivative with highly potent uric acid lowering activity[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2020, 11: 2017-2023.
[17]
Wang J, Liu H. Lead compound optimization strategy (1)——changing metabolic pathways and optimizing metabolism stability[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2013, 48: 1521-1531. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXXB201409006.htm
[18]
Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X, et al. A class of compounds used to treat or prevent hyperuricemia or gout: CN, 106432229 [P]. 2017-02-22.
[19]
Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X, et al. URAT1 inhibitor and use thereof: WO, 090921 [P]. 2018-05-24.
[20]
Zhou ZW, Liu B, Zhou CL, et al. Heterocyclic derivatives and use thereof: WO, 253659 [P]. 2020-12-24.
[21]
Pian DG, Wu JZ. Preparation method of heterocyclic derivatives, composition containing the compound and hydrate of the compound: CN, 114085235 [P]. 2022-02-25.
[22]
Ahn SO, Horiba N, Ohtomo S, et al. SAT0356 the therapeutic efficacy of the novel uricosuric agent UR-1102 for hyperuricemia and gout[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72: A704.
[23]
Shi DF, Fu CJ, Cheng X. Compounds for the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia or gout: CN, 106065010 [P]. 2016-11-02.
[24]
Ohe T, Umezawa R, Kitagawara Y, et al. Synthesis of novel benzbromarone derivatives designed to avoid metabolic activation[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2018, 28: 3708-3711.
[25]
Wang X, Du YF. Research progress of deuterated drugs[J]. Tianjin Pharm (天津药学), 2020, 32: 13. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TZYY202102008.htm
[26]
Yan SQ, Ye LT, Robert A. Compounds, compositions and methods for the treatment or prevention of symptoms associated with gout or hyperuricemia: CN, 113214198 [P]. 2021-08-06.
[27]
Hoy SM. Lesinurad: first global approval[J]. Drugs, 2016, 76: 509-516.
[28]
Abramowicz M, Zuccotti G, Pflomm JM. Lesinurad/allopurinol (duzallo) for gout-associated hyperuricemia[J]. JAMA, 2018, 319: 188.
[29]
Saag KG, Fitz-Patrick D, Kopicko J, et al. Lesinurad combined with allopurinol: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in gout subjects with inadequate response to standard of care allopurinol (a US-based study)[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2017, 69: 203-212.
[30]
Zhao T, Meng Q, Sun Z, et al. Novel human urate transporter 1 inhibitors as hypouricemic drug candidates with favorable druggability[J]. J Med Chem, 2020, 63: 10829-10854.
[31]
Yang Y, Wang WF, Hu ZK, et al. Benzimidazole derivatives, preparation method therefor, and applications thereof: WO, 107864 [P]. 2017-06-29.
[32]
Yang Y, Wang QC, Hu ZK, et al. Indole or azaindole derivatives, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 107987006 [P]. 2018-05-04.
[33]
Liu XY, Dong Y, Zhan P, et al. A thienopyrimidinone sulfonyl amide derivative and its preparation method and application: CN, 113336769 [P]. 2021-09-03.
[34]
Zhao GL, Liu YQ, Xie YF, et al. Carboxylic acid URAT1 inhibitor containing diarylmethane structure, preparation method and use thereof: WO, 173503 [P]. 2016-11-03.
[35]
Cai W, Wu J, Liu W, et al. Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of diarylmethane backbone and discovery of a highly potent novel uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23: 252.
[36]
Wang JF, Zhang Y, Zhu WY, et al. Crystal form of urat1 inhibitor, and preparation method therefor: WO, 101058 [P]. 2019-05-31.
[37]
Feng WZ, Feng X, Huang ZP, et al. 2-[5-Bromo-4-(4-fluorocyclopropylnaphthalene-1-yl)-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-ylthio] acetic acid compound and its application: CN, 107176930 [P]. 2017-09-19.
[38]
Zhao GL, Tian H, Shang Q, et al. Triazole propionic acid URAT1 inhibitors, preparation methods and their applications in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout: CN, 105820130 [P]. 2016-08-03.
[39]
Zhao GL, Cai WQ, Shang Q, et al. Tetrazole URAT1 inhibitors, preparation methods and their applications in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout: CN, 106032377 [P]. 2016-10-19.
[40]
Zhang MY. Halogenated triazole sulfonyl malonic acid compounds, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 104356078 [P]. 2015-02-18.
[41]
Zhang MY. Halogenated triazole sulphonyl malonic acid compounds, their preparation methods and applications: CN, 104370843 [P]. 2015-02-25.
[42]
Feng WZ, Chen RM, Zheng YC, et al. Thioacetic acid compounds, compounds and their applications: CN, 108069940 [P]. 2018-05-25.
[43]
Shen Z, Gillen M, Miner JN, et al. Pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of verinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult male subjects[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2017, 11: 2077-2086.
[44]
Shiramoto M, Liu S, Shen Z, et al. Verinurad combined with febuxostat in Japanese adults with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a phase 2a, open-label study[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2018, 57: 1602-1610.
[45]
Xu ZS, Zhang N, Sun QR, et al. Condensed ring derivative, and preparation method, intermediate, pharmaceutical composition and use thereof: WO, 150255 [P]. 2016-09-29.
[46]
Endo T, Kobayashi K, Tanaka H, et al. URAT1 inhibitor: WO, 108282 [P]. 2016-07-07.
[47]
Li TS, Liu QH, Zhou ZW, et al. Indolizine derivatives, composition and methods of use: WO, 114352 [P]. 2017-07-06.
[48]
Pang JX, Chen JJ, Tian YX, et al. A pyridine 3-amine derivative and its preparation and application: CN, 113979931 [P]. 2022-01-28.
[49]
Jin H, Wu P, Yu ZJ, et al. A class of URAT1 inhibitors and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 114315705 [P]. 2022-04-12.
[50]
Zhang L, Wyatt D, Stazzone K, et al. OP0205 Phase I study of D-0120, a novel URAT1 inhibitor in clinical development for hyperuricemia and gout[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2020, 79: 127-128.
[51]
Fan L, Xu KX, Chen K, et al. Sulfonamide compounds for the treatment of gout or hyperuricemia and their preparation methods: CN, 108863919 [P]. 2018-11-23.
[52]
Fan L, Du W, Li XH, et al. Quinoline compounds, preparation method thereof, and use thereof as urate transporter inhibitor drug: WO, 097182 [P]. 2017-06-15.
[53]
Fan L, Du W, Xu KX, et al. Heterocyclic compounds and their preparation methods: CN, 108659000 [P]. 2018-10-16.
[54]
Huang HH, Li G, Meng BX, et al. Quinolinamides and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 111943957 [P]. 2020-11-17.
[55]
Poiley J, Steinberg AS, Choi YJ, et al. A randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of arhalofenate for reducing flare in patients with gout[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2016, 68: 2027-2034.
[56]
Zhang Q, Huang ZH, Liu JR, et al. Prevention or treatment of uric acid or gout disease: WO, 119570 [P]. 2016-08-04.
[57]
Wang YF, Zheng GJ, Liu LF, et al. Pharmaceutical applications of a 2-trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonamide derivative: CN, 109251184 [P]. 2019-01-22.
[58]
Xiao W, Zhang H, Liu WJ, et al. Application of a compound in preparation of drugs for gout: CN, 109432079 [P]. 2021-06-22.
[59]
Huang Y, Jiang H, Chen Y, et al. Tranilast directly targets NLRP3 to treat inflammasome‐driven diseases[J]. EMBO Mol Med, 2018, 10: e8689.
[60]
Mandal AK, Mercado A, Foster A, et al. Uricosuric targets of tranilast[J]. Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2017, 5: e00291.
[61]
Xiao ZY, Ye F, Wang YC, et al. A benzoic acid derivative and its preparation and drug use: CN, 113402414 [P]. 2021-09-17.
[62]
Wang SJ, Gao J, Meng WY, et al. A compound with inhibitory activity of organic anion transporter 1 and its preparation method and application: CN, 113004187 [P]. 2021-06-22.
[63]
Wang SJ, Gao J, Meng WY, et al. An indole derivative and its preparation method and application: CN, 113004188 [P]. 2021-06-22.
[64]
Wang JF, Zhang Y, Zhu WY, et al. Uricosuric agent, synthetic method therefor, and pharmaceutical application thereof: WO, 083182 [P]. 2021-05-06.
[65]
Zhou JT, Jiang XY, Feng F, et al. Multi-target drug design strategy and its research progress[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2018, 53: 2012-2025. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXB202201020.htm
[66]
Piwinski JJ, Buckle RN, Larivée A, et al. Compounds and their use for reducing uric acid levels: US, 0197393 [P]. 2020-06-25.
[67]
Li J, Zhou HY, Zhu XY, et al. Preparation and application of oxygen substituted phenylimidazole XOR/URAT1 dual inhibitors: CN, 110204494 [P]. 2019-09-06.
[68]
Li J, Zhu XY, Yang C, et al. N-Substituted benzothiazolinone XOR/URAT1 dual inhibitors and their preparation methods and applications: CN, 113087683 [P]. 2021-07-09.
[69]
Dua P, Gurrell R, Kirby S, et al. Acute kidney injury observed during phase 1 clinical trials of a novel xanthine oxidase/URAT1 dual inhibitor PF-06743649[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2016, 35: 2045-2051.
[70]
Warrell RP, Klukovits A, Barnes K, et al. SAT0539 novel bifunctional inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and URAT1 induce profound hypouricemia in human subjects[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2014, 73: 786.
[71]
Hu Q, Zhou M, Zhu H, et al. (E)-2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone oxime is a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of hyperuricemia through its dual inhibitory effects on XOD and URAT1[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2017, 86: 88-94.
[72]
Qin Z, Wang S, Lin Y, et al. Antihyperuricemic effect of mangiferin aglycon derivative J99745 by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and urate transporter 1 expression in mice[J]. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2018, 8: 306-315.
[73]
Ao GZ, Zhou MZ, Li YY, et al. Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents[J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2017, 25: 166-174.
[74]
Xiao F, Hu YG, Wu SN, et al. Protective effect of astragalus saponin extracts on kidneys of diabetic rats[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2015, 40: 2014-2018. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGZY202117020.htm
[75]
Ding R, Hong Q, Geng XD, et al. Mechanism of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae in the treatment of hyperuricemia mouse model[J]. Chin J Integr Tradit West Nephrol (中国中西医结合肾病杂志), 2019, 20: 97-100. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXSB201902002.htm
[76]
Zeng JX, Xu BB, Wang J, et al. Hypouricemic effects of acteoside and isoacteoside from Plantaginis Semen on mice with acute hyperuricemia and their possible mechanisms[J]. Chin Tradit Pat Med (中成药), 2016, 38: 1449-1454. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZCYA201607003.htm
[77]
Wang BL, Luo L, Ge ZK, et al. Action mechanism of Lysimachiae Herba in the treatment of gout based on network pharmacology and molecular docking[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev (天然产物研究与开发), 2021, 33: 859-867. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRCW202204016.htm
[78]
Zhong GY, Wei RR, Su RN, et al. A highland nettle extract against hyperuricemia, preparation method and its application: CN, 109700837 [P]. 2019-05-03.
[79]
Yong TQ, Xie YZ, Jiao CW, et al. Preparation method of Agrocybe chaxingu extract and its application in preparation of uric acid-lowering drugs: CN, 108403729 [P]. 2018-08-17.
[80]
Bai L, Liu GY, Zhang XP, et al. Protective effects of total flavonoids of peony flower on uric acid and kidney in rats with hyperuricemia[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), 2022, 28: 43-51. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZSFX202218005.htm
[81]
Chen X, Zhao Z, Luo J, et al. Novel natural scaffold as hURAT1 inhibitor identified by 3D-shape-based, docking-based virtual screening approach and biological evaluation[J]. Bioorg Chem, 2021, 117: 105444.
2022年第57卷第10期
PDF下载
228
94
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573
  • 接收时间:2022-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-11
  • 修回日期:2022-06-01
基金
山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY021011)
作者信息
    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

通讯作者:

*刘新泳, Tel: 86-531-88380270, E-mail: ;
展鹏, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0573
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏