Article(id=1210148019421450531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0568, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652198400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-11, revisedDate=1655654400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451371293, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451371293, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451371293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451371293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2388, endPage=2398, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148019903795514, articleId=1210148019421450531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Role of dexamethasone/captopril co-loaded immunoliposome-nanoparticle hybrids on the regulation of macrophage polarization in mice with glomerulonephritis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, dexamethasone (DXMS) and captopril (CAP) were co-loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with a surface coating of a phospholipid bilayer, and then the core-shell nanoparticles were modified with polyethylene glycol and integrin α8 antibody to obtain immunoliposome-nanoparticle hybrids (DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs). The role of nanoparticles on the renal targeting, anti-inflammatory effects, and macrophage differentiation were investigated. The results showed that the particle size of the nanoparticles was 115.9 ± 2.89 nm, and the core-shell structure could be observed under an electron microscope. The drug loading capacity of DXMS and CAP was 5.72% ± 0.37% and 7.51% ± 0.07%, respectively. The results of in vitro experiments showed that DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could reduce the secretion of specific cytokines and the mRNA expression of markers in M2-type macrophages, thus promoting the differentiation of M2-type macrophages in the direction of unpolarized macrophages. In vivo experiments in mice showed that DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs had a significant renal targeting effect, which could restore the renal index, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in mice. Moreover, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could reduce both the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the mRNA expression levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers in the kidney. All the animal experiments were in accordance with the regulations of Animal Ethics Committee of Sichuan Agricultural University. In conclusion, renal-targeting DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could effectively regulate the polarization of macrophages and had an "anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrosis" therapeutic effect, providing a new strategy and basis for the targeted therapy of glomerulonephritis.

, correspAuthors=Lu HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xian-zhe LI, Liu-ting ZHOU, Yue ZHAO, Tian-qing LIU, Hong-mei LIU, Li-li HE, Zhi-xiang YUAN, Lu HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148023154381272, articleId=1210148019421450531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=载地塞米松/卡托普利免疫纳米微粒调控肾小球肾炎小鼠中巨噬细胞极化的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在制备共载地塞米松(dexamethasone, DXMS) 和卡托普利(captopril, CAP) 的脂质体包被的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA] 纳米粒, 并在纳米粒表面修饰聚乙二醇和integrin α8抗体以得到载双药的核壳型免疫脂质体复合纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs), 然后研究该载药纳米粒的肾脏靶向性、抗炎效果及对巨噬细胞分化的影响。结果表明, 该纳米粒粒径为115.9 ± 2.89 nm, 粒径均一, 在电镜下能观察到壳核结构, DXMS载药量为5.72% ± 0.37%, CAP载药量为7.51% ± 0.07%。体外细胞实验结果表明, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs可降低M2型巨噬细胞特异性细胞因子的分泌和标志物的RNA表达水平, 并促使M2型巨噬细胞往未极化的巨噬细胞方向分化。体内实验表明, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs具有显著的肾靶向性, 可使系膜增生性肾小球肾炎小鼠的肾指数、血肌酐和尿素氮水平恢复正常, 减少肾脏中炎症细胞因子的分泌, 并降低肾脏中M1型和M2型巨噬细胞标志物的RNA表达量。动物福利及实验过程均遵循四川农业大学动物伦理委员会的规定。综上所述, 肾靶向性DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒可有效调控巨噬细胞的极化, 起到“抗炎/抗纤维化”的治疗效果, 为肾小球肾炎的靶向治疗提供新的策略和依据。

, correspAuthors=韩露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*韩露, Tel: 86-28-85658343, E-mail:
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DXMS: Dexamethasone; PLGA: Poly(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid); CAP: Captopril; LNHys: Liposome-nanoparticle hybrids; ILs: Immunoliposomes , figureFileSmall=HHkFRGMVRfYLJ7n8v7xtUQ==, figureFileBig=DMZwOMOnrajZU2kMOcDY2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148030565716971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WVbd3hjMhyYGy/yQKE8mgA==, figureFileBig=Upx3BuW4RbYi1nLOw524lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148030683157495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Transmission electron microscopic images of DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs. Scale bar: 200 nm , figureFileSmall=WVbd3hjMhyYGy/yQKE8mgA==, figureFileBig=Upx3BuW4RbYi1nLOw524lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148030783820800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DM5oPiJCV1LOMz6Gh/KSAQ==, figureFileBig=wVkQUl/IKR6u8ZzaVzbPcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148030922231815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= <i>In vitro</i> cumulative release of DXMS (A) and CAP (B), <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=DM5oPiJCV1LOMz6Gh/KSAQ==, figureFileBig=wVkQUl/IKR6u8ZzaVzbPcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031027089429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hP1V/2yjcTXad1N8mlA76A==, figureFileBig=jrXxH7umvzpfpAjN1HlFHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031282941979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. A: Cytotoxicity of PLGA-LNHys (PLGA: 1 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>), PLGA-ILs (PLGA: 1 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) and DXMS/CAP (DXMS: 40 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>, CAP: 80 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>); B: Cytotoxicity of DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs at different concentrations of DXMS (2.5 to 40 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=hP1V/2yjcTXad1N8mlA76A==, figureFileBig=jrXxH7umvzpfpAjN1HlFHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031391993889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=99etqhuA/E2MOmtvOk4wag==, figureFileBig=lqEMYCsmHx77+BwKdgMZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031513628715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of dual drug-loaded nanoparticles on the cytokine secretion by macrophages and on the mRNA expression of macrophages. A: Interleukin-6 (IL-6); B: Tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>); C: Interleukin-10 (IL-10); D: Transforming growth factor-<i>β</i> (TGF-<i>β</i>); E: CD86; F: iNOS; G: CD163; H: Arg-1. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=99etqhuA/E2MOmtvOk4wag==, figureFileBig=lqEMYCsmHx77+BwKdgMZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031656235062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0yPSluSNntSG1JTV7G1qFQ==, figureFileBig=NmR58KmmZOgpOu1sqxbHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031786258494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= <i>In vivo</i> distribution of nanoparticles. A: <i>In vivo</i> imaging of mice and <i>ex vivo</i> imaging of organs 24 h after administration; B: Mean fluorescence intensity of kidney in mice. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=0yPSluSNntSG1JTV7G1qFQ==, figureFileBig=NmR58KmmZOgpOu1sqxbHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031882727490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=STWP1ps8PWG2KL2BVMrU0w==, figureFileBig=MzKr1+5oyGRhYWhDBOUqeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031991779404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Therapeutic effects of dual drug-loaded nanoparticles on glomerulonephritis in mice. A: Kidney appearance; B: Renal index (kidney weight to body weight ratio); C: Serum blood uric nitrogen (BUN) concentration; D: Serum creatinine (Cre) concentration. E: Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained histology section of kidney. Scale bar: 10 μm, <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=STWP1ps8PWG2KL2BVMrU0w==, figureFileBig=MzKr1+5oyGRhYWhDBOUqeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032209883221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TaljEgXuUsYA0JnfFvWTVw==, figureFileBig=Ire6TlG2yVMVK/pfOzNXkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032306352218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Effects of dual drug-loaded nanoparticles on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and on the mRNA expression of macrophage markers in the kidney in mice. A: IL-6; B: TNF-<i>α</i>; C: IL-10; D: TGF-<i>β</i>; E: CD86; F: iNOS; G: CD163; H: Arg-1. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=TaljEgXuUsYA0JnfFvWTVw==, figureFileBig=Ire6TlG2yVMVK/pfOzNXkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032436375649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneDirectionPrimer sequence (5′-3′)
GAPDHForwardGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGAACG
ReverseCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTG
iNOSForwardACTGTGCCATCAGCAAGGTT
ReverseGCTCTTTGTCCATTGGGTTCTT
CD86ForwardTCAATGGGACTGCATATCTGCC
ReverseGCCAAAATACTACCAGCTCACT
Arg-1ForwardAGCTCTGGGAATCTGCATGG
ReverseATGTACACGATGTCTTTGGCAGATA
CD163ForwardGCTACATGGCGGTGGAGACAA
ReverseATGATGAGAGGCAGCAAGATGG
), ArticleFig(id=1210148032545427563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148019421450531, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for real-time polymerase chain reaction. GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; CD: Cluster of differentiation; Arg-1: Arginase-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneDirectionPrimer sequence (5′-3′)
GAPDHForwardGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGAACG
ReverseCTCGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTG
iNOSForwardACTGTGCCATCAGCAAGGTT
ReverseGCTCTTTGTCCATTGGGTTCTT
CD86ForwardTCAATGGGACTGCATATCTGCC
ReverseGCCAAAATACTACCAGCTCACT
Arg-1ForwardAGCTCTGGGAATCTGCATGG
ReverseATGTACACGATGTCTTTGGCAGATA
CD163ForwardGCTACATGGCGGTGGAGACAA
ReverseATGATGAGAGGCAGCAAGATGG
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载地塞米松/卡托普利免疫纳米微粒调控肾小球肾炎小鼠中巨噬细胞极化的研究
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李贤哲 1 , 周柳廷 2 , 赵越 3 , 刘天庆 4 , 刘红梅 1 , 何黎黎 1 , 袁志翔 1 , 韩露 1, 5, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(8): 2388-2398
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(8): 2388-2398
载地塞米松/卡托普利免疫纳米微粒调控肾小球肾炎小鼠中巨噬细胞极化的研究
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李贤哲1, 周柳廷2, 赵越3, 刘天庆4, 刘红梅1, 何黎黎1, 袁志翔1, 韩露1, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南民族大学药学院, 四川 成都 610225
  • 2.四川农业大学动物医学院, 四川 成都 611134
  • 3.四川天府新区人民医院药剂科, 四川 成都 610213
  • 4.澳大利亚昆士兰医学研究院, 昆士兰 赫斯顿 4006
  • 5.发育与妇儿疾病四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*韩露, Tel: 86-28-85658343, E-mail:
Role of dexamethasone/captopril co-loaded immunoliposome-nanoparticle hybrids on the regulation of macrophage polarization in mice with glomerulonephritis
Xian-zhe LI1, Liu-ting ZHOU2, Yue ZHAO3, Tian-qing LIU4, Hong-mei LIU1, Li-li HE1, Zhi-xiang YUAN1, Lu HAN1, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
  • 2. College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611134, China
  • 3. Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Tianfu New Area People's Hospital, Chengdu 610213, China
  • 4. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston 4006, Australia
  • 5. Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0568
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本研究旨在制备共载地塞米松(dexamethasone, DXMS) 和卡托普利(captopril, CAP) 的脂质体包被的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA] 纳米粒, 并在纳米粒表面修饰聚乙二醇和integrin α8抗体以得到载双药的核壳型免疫脂质体复合纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs), 然后研究该载药纳米粒的肾脏靶向性、抗炎效果及对巨噬细胞分化的影响。结果表明, 该纳米粒粒径为115.9 ± 2.89 nm, 粒径均一, 在电镜下能观察到壳核结构, DXMS载药量为5.72% ± 0.37%, CAP载药量为7.51% ± 0.07%。体外细胞实验结果表明, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs可降低M2型巨噬细胞特异性细胞因子的分泌和标志物的RNA表达水平, 并促使M2型巨噬细胞往未极化的巨噬细胞方向分化。体内实验表明, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs具有显著的肾靶向性, 可使系膜增生性肾小球肾炎小鼠的肾指数、血肌酐和尿素氮水平恢复正常, 减少肾脏中炎症细胞因子的分泌, 并降低肾脏中M1型和M2型巨噬细胞标志物的RNA表达量。动物福利及实验过程均遵循四川农业大学动物伦理委员会的规定。综上所述, 肾靶向性DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒可有效调控巨噬细胞的极化, 起到“抗炎/抗纤维化”的治疗效果, 为肾小球肾炎的靶向治疗提供新的策略和依据。

肾小球肾炎  /  巨噬细胞极化  /  肾脏靶向  /  地塞米松  /  卡托普利

In this study, dexamethasone (DXMS) and captopril (CAP) were co-loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with a surface coating of a phospholipid bilayer, and then the core-shell nanoparticles were modified with polyethylene glycol and integrin α8 antibody to obtain immunoliposome-nanoparticle hybrids (DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs). The role of nanoparticles on the renal targeting, anti-inflammatory effects, and macrophage differentiation were investigated. The results showed that the particle size of the nanoparticles was 115.9 ± 2.89 nm, and the core-shell structure could be observed under an electron microscope. The drug loading capacity of DXMS and CAP was 5.72% ± 0.37% and 7.51% ± 0.07%, respectively. The results of in vitro experiments showed that DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could reduce the secretion of specific cytokines and the mRNA expression of markers in M2-type macrophages, thus promoting the differentiation of M2-type macrophages in the direction of unpolarized macrophages. In vivo experiments in mice showed that DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs had a significant renal targeting effect, which could restore the renal index, serum creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in mice. Moreover, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could reduce both the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the mRNA expression levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers in the kidney. All the animal experiments were in accordance with the regulations of Animal Ethics Committee of Sichuan Agricultural University. In conclusion, renal-targeting DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs could effectively regulate the polarization of macrophages and had an "anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrosis" therapeutic effect, providing a new strategy and basis for the targeted therapy of glomerulonephritis.

glomerulonephritis  /  macrophage polarization  /  renal targeting  /  dexamethasone  /  captopril
李贤哲, 周柳廷, 赵越, 刘天庆, 刘红梅, 何黎黎, 袁志翔, 韩露. 载地塞米松/卡托普利免疫纳米微粒调控肾小球肾炎小鼠中巨噬细胞极化的研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2388 -2398 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0568
Xian-zhe LI, Liu-ting ZHOU, Yue ZHAO, Tian-qing LIU, Hong-mei LIU, Li-li HE, Zhi-xiang YUAN, Lu HAN. Role of dexamethasone/captopril co-loaded immunoliposome-nanoparticle hybrids on the regulation of macrophage polarization in mice with glomerulonephritis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2388 -2398 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0568
慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 是世界性的重大疾病之一, 其患病率逐年上升, 且死亡率居高不下[1]。慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis, CGN) 是CKD的主要疾病, 是我国和世界范围内终末期肾病的主要病因之一[2]。美国肾病协会的报道指出, CGN的基本病理过程包括肾小球系膜细胞(mesangial cells, MCs) 增生及成纤维化, 这是CGN进展到终末期肾病的基本步骤, 也是肾脏纤维化的早期病灶。同时, 本课题组前期的研究也提示针对MCs设计一种新型肾脏靶向递药系统对治疗CGN有很大的优势[3, 4]
CGN的早期阶段是由于炎症和免疫细胞的激活, 伴随疾病发展, 许多免疫复合物的持续刺激诱发慢性持续性的炎症, 这就引发了巨噬细胞的异常反应并造成其表型极化失衡, 从而病程发展由炎症转为肾纤维化, 并伴有细胞外基质过度沉积, 最终导致肾小球硬化[5]。研究表明[6], 在肾损伤初期, MCs会分泌多种细胞因子与炎症介质, 巨噬细胞会被招募到炎症部位并极化为M1型促炎性巨噬细胞, 诱导周围细胞凋亡, 还会通过诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 释放促炎物质如肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和大量一氧化氮, 从而引起局部组织损伤。当巨噬细胞吞噬了凋亡细胞及其他抗炎症信号时, 巨噬细胞可向抗发炎或促纤维化的M2型巨噬细胞极化, 并分泌白介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)、精氨酸酶-1 (arginase-1, Arg-1)、生长转化因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) 和血红素加氧酶-1等因子来控制炎症[7, 8]。然而M2型巨噬细胞是一把双刃剑, 抗炎表型对损伤组织的修复至关重要, 如果它持续存在于组织修复过程中, 则会导致肾纤维化的发展[9-11]。由此可见, 对CGN病理过程中巨噬细胞极化的调控可避免肾纤维化的产生。
地塞米松(dexamethasone, DXMS) 是目前临床常用于治疗肾脏疾病的一种长效糖皮质激素, 属于非特异性炎症介质拮抗剂, 具有强大的抗炎作用以改善CGN临床症状[12-14]。卡托普利(captopril, CAP) 作为一种人工合成的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂, 可有效抑制肾脏纤维化和瘢痕的形成[15]。血管紧张素Ⅱ是肾素-血管紧张素系统的主要血管活性物质, 可直接调控TGF-β1基因转录系统, 使TGF-β1表达增加而促进肾脏纤维化的进程, 而CAP作为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂, 既可减轻炎症反应, 也可直接有效抑制TGF-β1的产生, 达到一定的抗纤维化作用[16, 17]。因此, 将DXMS和CAP两种药物共同靶向递送至MCs部位有望针对CGN实现抗炎、抗纤维化的双重作用。
本课题组前期研究发现, 聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 和integrin α8抗体共修饰的功能化壳核结构纳米载体对小鼠MCs具有良好的靶向效果[18, 19]。本研究旨在制备载DXMS和CAP两种药物的壳核型免疫脂质体复合纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs), 考察其理化性质, 并探究纳米粒对巨噬细胞极化的影响及其体内抗炎抗纤维化的效果。
仪器    1260 Infinity Ⅱ高效液相色谱仪(安捷伦科技有限公司); Nano ZS ZEN3600型激光粒度及电位分析仪(长沙艾克赛普仪器设备有限公司); Varioskan Flash多功能荧光化学发光免疫仪(北京昊诺斯科技有限公司); PCR仪、Chem DocMP成像系统(伯乐生命医学产品有限公司)。
试剂    PLGA [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), 75∶25, Mr 4 000~15 000]、维生素E聚乙二醇琥珀酸酯(tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, TPGS)、2-亚氨基硫烷盐酸盐(2-iminothiolane hydroehloride, 2-IT)、胆固醇(Sigma-Aldrich公司); DXMS (纯度≥ 99%)、CAP (纯度 > 99%) (北京索莱宝科技有限公司); DSPE-PEG2000 (1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000])、DSPE-PEG2000-Mal (DSPE-PEG2000-maleimide) (Laysan Bio公司); integrin α8抗体(Santa Cruz公司); 竹叶青蛇毒素(habu snake venom, HSV, 和光纯药工业株式会社); Cy5.5荧光染料(AAT Bioquest公司); TNF-α、TGF-β、IL-6、IL-10 ELISA试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司); 荧光定量PCR试剂盒(Biosharp公司); 反转录试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术有限公司)。其余试剂均为分析纯。
动物和细胞    小鼠RAW264.7细胞于上海细胞库购买。细胞培养条件: 使用高糖型DMEM完全培养基(Gibco公司), 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。
SPF级昆明品系小鼠(雄性, 5周龄, 体重20 ± 2 g) 购买于成都达硕生物科技有限公司, 合格证号: No. 51203500016551, 许可证号: SYXK (川) 2014-187, 于四川农业大学动物医学院动物房饲养。按第八版《实验动物饲养管理和使用指南》 (上海科学技术出版社出版) 规定条款饲养及使用。动物福利及实验过程均遵循四川农业大学动物伦理委员会的规定。
DXMS@PLGA的制备    为实现良好的肾小球MCs靶向, 纳米粒的粒径需控制在70~130 nm[20, 21]。本研究选用纳米沉淀法制备载药纳米粒[22]。取3 mg DXMS、3 mg TPGS和10 mg PLGA溶于3 mL丙酮中混合后作为有机相溶液, 再将有机相缓慢滴加至15 mL 1%的泊洛沙姆188水相溶液中, 室温下涡旋搅拌15 min后, 于37 ℃旋转蒸发除去有机相。用针式过滤器去除较大纳米粒后将溶液于8 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液继续以12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 收集沉淀加入10 mL去离子水重悬, 即得DXMS@PLGA纳米粒。同法可制备得到不载DXMS的空白PLGA纳米粒。
DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys的制备    不含靶向抗体的载双药的脂质体复合纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys) 采用薄膜分散法、水浴脱膜法和挤出法制备[22-24]。首先精密称取2 mg DSPE-PEG2000、0.5 mg DSPE-PEG2000-Mal、16 mg大豆磷脂、4 mg胆固醇(摩尔比0.08∶0.02∶1∶1)、7.9 mg TPGS于250 mL圆底烧瓶中, 加入10 mL三氯甲烷溶解, 在50 ℃下旋蒸除去三氯甲烷, 形成均一薄膜。精密称取10 mg CAP加入10 mL DXMS@PLGA纳米粒胶体溶液中溶解后, 转入已形成薄膜的圆底烧瓶中, 水化脱膜后将该溶液探头超声处理(功率75%, 时间3 min, 超声10 s, 间隔10 s), 得到DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys。同时使用不载DXMS的空白PLGA纳米粒制备CAP@PLGA-LNHys纳米粒, 备用。
DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs的制备    精密称取一定量2-IT溶于10 mmol·L-1 HEPES缓冲液(除去氧气, pH 8.0) 中, 配制得到2-IT溶液(3.75 μg·mL-1)。再将integrin α8抗体(200 μg·mL-1) 与2-IT溶液按1∶100摩尔比孵育1 h, 以活化integrin α8抗体[25]。取活化后的抗体溶液于4 ℃透析4 h, 透析液为10 mmol·L-1 HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.4)。最终将2 mL DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys胶体溶液与纯化后的1 mL抗体溶液加入无菌离心管, 37 ℃避光孵育过夜, 即得DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒[26, 27], 备用。
纳米粒理化性质表征    将DXMS@PLGA、DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys和DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒使用激光粒度仪分别检测其粒径、电位及多分散系数(polydispersity index, PDI)。取适量样品滴至铜网上待其铺展后, 再滴加2%的磷钨酸对样品进行30 s染色, 待干燥后置于透射电镜下观察, 使用透射电子显微镜观察DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs的形态及大小。
载药量的测定    制备好的DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒以12 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 收集沉淀, 干燥称重后加入甲醇超声破乳使包载的药物完全释放。通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 分别测定样品中DXMS和CAP含量。DXMS色谱条件: 色谱柱为Agilent-C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), 检测波长240 nm, 柱温40 ℃, 流动相为乙腈∶水= 28∶72, 进样量10 μL, 流速1.0 mL·min-1。CAP色谱条件: 色谱柱为Agilent-C18 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), 检测波长215 nm, 柱温40 ℃, 流动相为甲醇∶乙腈∶磷酸二氢钠(0.01 mol·L-1, pH 3.0) = 25∶5∶70, 进样量10 µL; 流速1.0 mL·min-1。将计算出的DXMS和CAP含量分别记为W1、W2, 用于测定的DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒实际质量记为W。依照下述公式(1)、(2)计算DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs的载药量(drug loading, DL)。
$\mathrm{DL} \%(\mathrm{DXMS})=\frac{W 1}{W} \times 100 \%$
$ {\rm{DL}} \% {\rm{(CAP)}} = \frac{W2}{W} \times 100 \% $
体外药物释放    使用透析法对纳米粒的体外释放进行考察。以磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS, pH 7.4) 作为释放介质, 分别取2 mL制备好的纳米粒加入透析袋中, 再往各自的透析袋中加入3 mL PBS, 透析袋两头扎紧后置于95 mL PBS中, 温度为37 ℃, 分别于0、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24 h时取样1 mL, 同时补加新鲜介质, 用HPLC分别测定各个时间点游离的DXMS、游离的CAP、DXMS@PLGA、CAP@PLGA-LNHys及DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs中药物的释放量, 绘制释放曲线。
体外细胞毒性    采用细胞计数试剂盒-8 (cell counting kit-8, CCK-8) 法评价纳米粒毒性。将细胞悬液(每毫升1×106个) 用96孔板铺板培养4 h, 移除培养液, 分别加入90 μL浓度为1 mg·mL-1 (以PLGA浓度计) 的PLGA-LNHys或PLGA-ILs的培养液, DXMS和CAP的浓度分别为40、80 μg·mL-1。细胞培养24 h后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK-8储液并继续培养3 h后, 采用多功能荧光化学发光免疫仪在450 nm处测定吸光度(A) 值。
为进一步确定DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒的细胞毒性, 设置不同浓度梯度的纳米粒(DXMS质量浓度为2.5、5、10、20、40 μg·mL-1) 进行考察, 后续操作同上。对照孔: 仅含细胞、完全培养液和CCK-8。空白孔: 含完全培养液和CCK-8。细胞存活率按照公式(3) 计算:
$ \text { Cell viability/ } \%=\frac{A_{\text {sample }}-A_{\text {blank }}}{A_{\text {control }}-A_{\text {blank }}} \times 100 \% $
细胞因子测定    通过IL-10刺激RAW264.7细胞来建立体外M2型巨噬细胞极化模型[28, 29], 以M1型巨噬细胞特异性表达的TNF-α和M2型巨噬细胞特异性表达的TGF-β这两个指标来筛选IL-10的最佳造模浓度。通过ELISA试剂盒测定两种细胞因子的分泌量, 筛选得到100 ng·mL-1的IL-10刺激RAW264.7极化为M2型巨噬细胞的效果最佳, 选用该浓度作为后续实验体外细胞造模浓度。
RAW264.7细胞于12孔板中铺板培养4 h后, 除空白对照组外均加入终浓度为100 ng·mL-1的IL-10, 空白组加入相应体积的完全培养基, 培养24 h, 再分别向各组加入DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs和DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys, 使DXMS终浓度为0.1 μg·mL-1, CAP终浓度为0.2 μg·mL-1。培养24 h后收集细胞培养液上清, 利用ELISA试剂盒检测上清中TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β、IL-10细胞因子的表达。
巨噬细胞标记物的mRNA水平测定    按照“细胞因子测定”项的相同步骤对RAW264.7细胞进行造模和分组治疗后, 弃去孔板中的培养液, PBS洗涤, 向每孔中加入1 mL细胞裂解液, 反复吹打使其充分裂解, 直至细胞悬液澄清。于-20 ℃放置5 min使核酸和蛋白复合物分离, 再于4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 提取上清到无RNA酶的离心管中。使用RT-PCR仪对巨噬细胞M1的标志物iNOS、CD86和巨噬细胞M2的标志物Arg-1、CD163的mRNA表达水平进行测定。所用引物序列见表 1。RT-PCR反应结束后, 以3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 为内参基因, 以空白组为对照, 采用2-△△Ct法分析基因的相对表达测定iNOS、CD86、Arg-1和CD163 mRNA的相对表达量。
纳米粒肾脏靶向性的探究    取12只健康昆明小鼠, 对其左下腹部进行局部脱毛, 随机分为4组, 每组3只。其中两组分别尾静脉注射Cy5.5/DXMS/CAP@ PLGA-LNHys及Cy5.5/DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs, 剂量为0.2 mL/10 g (以Cy5.5浓度计); 一组小鼠注射等量生理盐水作为空白对照, 一组小鼠注射等量游离Cy5.5荧光染料作为阴性对照组。注射24 h后用IVIS®成像系统对小鼠进行活体成像, 成像记录后解剖分离小鼠脑、心、肝、脾、肺、肾, 再次成像记录, 并对荧光区域进行荧光半定量分析。
系膜增生性肾小球肾炎模型的建立    建立系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, MesPGN) 小鼠模型[30, 31]。具体方法如下: 取健康雄性昆明小鼠, 按0.5 mg·kg-1剂量尾静脉注射HSV, 3天后, 存活的小鼠按0.55 mg·kg-1剂量再次尾静脉注射HSV。本课题组前期研究中已验证了该方法的造模效果[19]
DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs对系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的治疗    将建立的MesPGN模型小鼠随机分7组(模型对照组、DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs治疗组、DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LHNy治疗组、游离DXMS/CAP混合组、DXMS组、CAP组、空白对照组), 每组5只, 通过尾静脉注射给药(DXMS给药剂量为1 mg·kg-1; CAP给药剂量为2 mg·kg-1), 每次给药间隔1天, 共给药3次, 正常组和模型对照组给予等体积生理盐水。给药后第7天, 采用眼球摘除法收集小鼠血液并分离血清, 将血清置于-80 ℃保存, 采用ELISA试剂盒对血清中肾脏损伤指标肌酐(creatinine, Cre) 和尿素氮(blood uric nitrogen, BUN) 进行测定。颈椎脱臼法处死各组小鼠后, 解剖收集小鼠肾脏, 洗净滤干后称重并记录数据, 计算其肾脏指数, 肾脏指数为肾脏重量占小鼠体重的百分比。取单侧肾脏用4%多聚甲醛固定并切片, 苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE) 染色, 光学显微镜下观察肾脏形态。取新鲜肾皮质, 将一部分样品制备成组织匀浆液, 于4 ℃、5 000 r·min-1离心5 min取上清, 用ELISA试剂盒检测组织匀浆中TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β、IL-10细胞因子的表达; 另一部分肾脏样品用液氮研磨成粉, 加入细胞裂解液后置于-80 ℃保存, 用RT-PCR方法检测肾脏中iNOS、CD86、Arg-1、CD163的表达。
统计学方法    采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。计量资料均采用均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 当P < 0.05时被认为具有统计学意义。
本研究成功制备了具有壳核结构的共载DXMS和CAP的免疫脂质体复合纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@ PLGA-ILs)。粒径分布如图 1所示, DXMS@PLGA纳米粒的粒径为94.28 ± 4.70 nm, PDI为0.148 ± 0.08, zeta电位为-23.9 ± 1.14 mV; DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys粒径为112.8 ± 1.12 nm, PDI为0.202 ± 0.004, zeta电位为-19.4 ± 0.96 mV, 纳米粒粒径的增加说明脂质膜材成功包覆在DXMS@PLGA纳米粒的表面。修饰上integrin α8抗体后, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs的粒径为115.9 ± 2.89 nm, PDI为0.178 ± 0.07, zeta电位为-12.3 ± 1.94 mV。透射电镜结果证实了制备的DXMS/CAP@ PLGA-ILs纳米粒呈圆球状核壳结构(图 2), 表明成功制备了脂质体包被的纳米粒。经测定, DXMS/CAP@ PLGA-ILs对DXMS和CAP的载药量分别为5.72% ± 0.37%和7.51% ± 0.07%。
图 3所示, 游离的DXMS在前4 h平均释放量可达到68.46%, 在24 h以内累计释放达到100%; 游离的CAP前4 h平均释放量可达到97.64%。而DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs中DXMS和CAP前4 h平均累计释放量分别为51.45%和51.06%, 24 h平均累计释放量分别为78.55%和82.44%。以上结果表明, 与游离的DXMS和CAP相比, 药物被包载到脂质体复合纳米粒中, 突释效应明显降低, 并呈现良好的缓释特征。此外, 由于DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs是脂质体包裹纳米粒形成的壳核结构, DXMS的释放需再穿过脂质体膜, 因此DXMS在DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs中的释放较DXMS@PLGA中稍慢(图 3A), 而CAP处于脂质体空囊中, 仅需穿过脂质体膜即可释放, 因此CAP在DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs中的释放与CAP@PLGA-LNHys中的释放一致(图 3B), 这也进一步验证了纳米粒壳核结构的完整性。
首先, 使用CCK-8法测定纳米载体及药物对巨噬细胞的毒性(图 4)。PLGA-LNHys载体组和PLGA-ILs载体组对细胞活力没有明显影响, DXMS/CAP组的细胞存活率在86.3%以上(图 4A), 可认为材料和游离药物对巨噬细胞基本无细胞毒性。双载药纳米粒(DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs) 中DXMS质量浓度在2.5~40 μg·mL-1对RAW264.7细胞无明显毒性(图 4B)。
接下来, 检测致炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β和IL-10的含量(图 5A~D)。与空白对照相比, 模型组中M1型巨噬细胞特异性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的表达降低, 而M2型巨噬细胞特异性TGF-β和IL-10的表达升高, 证明造模成功。相比于模型组, 经共给药治疗后, 细胞分泌的IL-6和TNF-α的含量显著升高, 而IL-10和TGF-β的含量显著降低(P < 0.001)。以上结果表明DXMS和CAP双药治疗可有效调控巨噬细胞的分化, 促使已分化的M2型巨噬细胞往未分化的普通巨噬细胞转移。此外, 药物包裹入纳米粒中与游离药物相比, 对巨噬细胞分化的影响没有明显的区别, 可能是由于肾靶向性纳米粒在体外细胞实验中难以体现出靶向性优势。
为进一步验证共载药纳米粒对巨噬细胞分化的影响, 采用RT-PCR法检测了巨噬细胞中M1型特异性标志物iNOS和CD86的相对表达量, 以及M2型特异性标志物Arg-1和CD163的相对表达量。结果如图 5E~H所示, 相比于空白组, 模型组细胞的iNOS和CD86的相对表达量均显著降低(P < 0.001), 而Arg-1和CD163的相对表达量均显著升高(P < 0.001), 表明造模成功。与图 5A~D呈现的结果趋势相同, 在给药处理后, 相比于模型组, 各给药治疗组都可显著提升iNOS和CD86的相对表达量, 同时显著降低Arg-1和CD163的表达量(P < 0.001)。另外, 双给药组比单药组对巨噬细胞分化的影响更为明显, 说明DXMS和CAP合用具有协同作用。以上结果表明, DXMS和CAP的联合治疗可使M2型巨噬细胞分化减少, 具有潜在的抗纤维化效果。
为考察纳米粒的体内肾靶向性, 采用活体成像仪对载荧光素的双载药纳米粒的体内分布进行分析。结果如图 6所示, 给药24 h时, 含有靶向抗体修饰的Cy5.5/DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs组在肾脏中的荧光强度显著高于Cy5.5/DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys组。活体成像结果与离体成像结果一致, 并与前期验证的纳米载体的体内分布结果趋势相同[18], 表明DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒具有良好的肾脏靶向性并可较长时间积蓄在肾脏中。
为考察DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒对小鼠肾小球肾炎的治疗作用, 建立了MesPGN小鼠模型, 测定了小鼠肾指数、血清生化指标及肾组织学形态。如图 7所示, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs可明显改善模型组小鼠肾脏因缺血呈现的砖黄色外观, 使肾脏恢复了一定的红润和光泽(图 7A), 并可显著降低小鼠肾脏指数(图 7B), 说明经治疗后肾脏的外观和大小恢复正常。相比于模型组, 经药物治疗后小鼠血清中Cre和BUN浓度显著降低, 且DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs组基本恢复到空白组浓度水平(图 7CD)。此外, 模型组小鼠肾脏切片可见肾小球内纤维素样坏死(图 7E), 肾小球系膜区域基质增加且系膜细胞明显增生, 而DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs组无明显的肾小球系膜增生和纤维素样坏死。由此可见, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs对MesPGN模型小鼠的肾脏功能具有很强的修复作用。
肾脏中炎症因子的分泌可用于判断CGN的严重程度, 因此对肾脏组织匀浆液中炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β和IL-10进行测定, 以进一步验证共递药免疫脂质体复合纳米粒对CGN的治疗效果。结果如图 8A~D所示, 模型对照组中各种细胞因子表达量都明显升高(P < 0.001), 表明造模成功。相比于模型组, 经CAP和/或DXMS治疗后4种炎症因子都显著降低, 其中DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒对IL-6和TGF-β的控制效果最好, 明显优于游离DXMS/CAP组和不含靶向抗体的DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys纳米粒组。以上结果表明, integrin α8抗体修饰的纳米粒能更高效地将药物递送至病灶, 发挥强烈的抗炎作用以有效控制CGN小鼠肾脏中的炎症因子水平。由于TGF-β1是肾纤维化的一种重要介质, 可诱导肾脏瘢痕形成[32, 33], 因此制备的肾靶向共递药纳米粒也具有潜在的抗纤维化作用。此外, 由于IL-6和TNF-α主要是M1型巨噬细胞分泌的细胞因子, 而IL-10和TGF-β主要是M2型巨噬细胞分泌的细胞因子, 此结果还间接表明DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒可调控肾脏中的巨噬细胞分化, 使分泌炎症因子的M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞的相对量都减少。
接下来通过RT-PCR实验研究肾脏中巨噬细胞标记物的mRNA相对表达量的变化, 从而进一步评估纳米粒对肾脏中巨噬细胞分化的影响。结果如图 8E~H所示, 与空白对照组相比, 模型组小鼠肾脏中M1型巨噬细胞标记物iNOS、CD86及M2型巨噬细胞标记物Arg-1、CD163的相对表达量都显著升高(P < 0.001), 说明模型小鼠肾脏中同时存在大量的M1型和M2型巨噬细胞, 结合图 8A~D中炎症细胞因子的分泌可看出模型小鼠肾炎严重且有极强的纤维化倾向。与模型组相比, 各给药治疗组iNOS、CD86、Arg-1和CD163的相对表达量均显著下降。与图 8A~D中炎症细胞因子分泌的趋势相同, 相比于游离DXMS/CAP组和不含靶向抗体的DXMS/CAP@PLGA-LNHys组, DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒依靠其优越的肾靶向能力及药物的强抗炎能力, 能将模型小鼠肾脏中的4种巨噬细胞标记物的mRNA水平降到最低(图 8E~H), 说明DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒可同时减少肾脏中M1型和M2型巨噬细胞的含量, 起到抗炎和抗纤维化的双重效果。
核壳型脂质体聚合纳米粒是由纳米粒内核和脂质体磷脂双分子层组成的, 因此该纳米粒具备了纳米粒和脂质体的双重优点, 具有多元化载药、结构稳定、粒径分布均匀等特点[34]。本研究所制备的PLGA纳米粒随着脂质体层的装配及抗体的修饰, 粒径从94 nm逐渐上升到116 nm, zeta电位的绝对值逐渐降低, 透射电镜图中呈现出明显的壳核结构, 且包裹脂质体的纳米粒对DXMS的体外释放具有更强的阻滞作用, 表明制备的脂质体复合纳米粒的结构符合预期。
有研究指出, 针对MCs的给药系统需具备大小合适的粒径, 粒径范围在70~130 nm的纳米粒能顺利透过肾小球内皮间隙(70~130 nm) 进入肾小球MCs区域, 而不能进一步穿过肾小球基底膜(10~70 nm), 从而被动靶向至MCs区域, 而大于130 nm的纳米粒会更多地积聚到肝脾中[20, 21, 26, 35]。前期研究发现, 空白纳米载体最初在肝脏大量分布, 随后逐渐蓄积于肾[18], 本研究中的共载药纳米粒也能在给药24 h富集于肾脏, 说明粒径适宜的共载药纳米粒具有良好的肾靶向性。此外, 本研究在共载药纳米粒表面进行PEG修饰和integrin α8抗体修饰, PEG修饰可使纳米粒在体内循环的时间延长[36, 37], 而integrin α8抗体能特异性靶向MCs细胞表面的特定抗原, 使纳米粒具有更强的肾靶向性和肾滞留能力[38]
在CGN病理过程中, 炎症反应与纤维化反应往往同时存在, 因此体内M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞也同时存在[39, 40]。为实现抗炎抗纤维化的双重作用, 将难溶于水的DXMS包裹于PLGA内核中, 将水溶性CAP装载于脂质体空腔中。与T细胞相似, 巨噬细胞可极化成一种特定亚型, 具有完全相反的功能, 从促炎到抗炎或促纤维化, 巨噬细胞的亚型可通过标记物的研究和细胞因子的表达来表征。研究报道细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6与标记物iNOS、CD86可用来表征M1型巨噬细胞[41, 42], 而细胞因子TGF-β、IL-10和标记物Arg-1、CD163则用来表征M2型巨噬细胞[29, 43]。为了验证DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒对巨噬细胞分化的影响, 本研究选择RAW264.7细胞进行体外研究。结果表明, 所有的双药给药组均能有效调控造模后的巨噬细胞, 使其分泌的极化相关细胞因子含量及细胞内标记物的mRNA表达量接近空白对照组的水平, 且与模型组有显著性差异。由此可见, 在体外细胞实验中DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒能有效发挥DXMS和CAP的抗炎与抗纤维化的能力, 使已分化的M2型巨噬细胞往正常未分化的巨噬细胞方向转移。
HSV诱导的急性MesPGN模型可产生与CGN相似的病理表现, 通过尾静脉注射HSV可引起肾小球系膜区域病变, 包括系膜溶解、MC凋亡和细胞外基质积累等[44]。因此, 本研究采用HSV诱导建立MesPGN模型。大量研究指出, 在各类促炎细胞因子中, TNF-α、IL-6是肾损伤后炎症的关键介质。本研究结果显示DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs可抑制MesPGN鼠肾脏中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6及纤维化因子TGF-β的表达, 证实了共载药纳米粒的强大抗炎能力。此外, 肾脏中巨噬细胞特异性标记物的mRNA水平检测结果与体外细胞实验及肾脏中炎症因子分泌结果的趋势基本一致。DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒由于其强烈的肾靶向性而显示出最佳的控制肾炎及调控巨噬细胞分化的能力。结合体内外实验结果, 推测DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒可大量蓄积于肾脏MCs, 释放出DXMS和CAP以发挥药物的直接抗炎作用, 并作用于肾脏中的巨噬细胞, 控制巨噬细胞的分化, 避免其往M2型巨噬细胞方向分化, 同时对已分化为M2型的巨噬细胞也可将其逆转为未分化的巨噬细胞, 伴随着炎症的控制, 肾脏中M1型巨噬细胞也减少, 从而达到抗炎抗纤维化的双重作用。然而, 本研究未能证明肾脏中的炎症细胞因子是由相应巨噬细胞所分泌, 也未直接测定肾脏中M1型和M2型巨噬细胞的数量变化(如流式细胞仪、免疫荧光染色、免疫组化等), 也未考察DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒对MesPGN小鼠长期炎症和纤维化的控制效果, 本课题组后期还将继续深入研究纳米粒抗炎抗纤维化的作用机制。
总之, 本研究成功制备了壳核结构的DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒, 证明了该纳米粒的强肾脏靶向能力, 通过体内外实验初步探索了DXMS/CAP@PLGA-ILs纳米粒对巨噬细胞极化的影响, 证明了纳米粒的抗炎和抗纤维化能力。本研究为CGN的治疗提供了新思路, 也为后续深入探索巨噬细胞参与CGN的调控机制研究提供了科学依据。
作者贡献: 李贤哲负责实验操作、数据整理及论文撰写; 周柳廷、刘红梅和赵越参与部分实验操作及数据分析; 何黎黎负责文章修改; 袁志翔和刘天庆负责提出研究思路; 韩露负责设计实验方案、撰写及修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973265)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003683)
  • 四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究专项(2021MS030)
  • 西南民族大学研究生创新型科研项目(ZD2022408)
  • 发育与妇儿疾病四川省重点实验室开放课题资助项目(2022001)
参考文献 引证文献
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0568
  • 接收时间:2022-05-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-11
  • 修回日期:2022-06-20
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973265)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82003683)
四川省中医药管理局科学技术研究专项(2021MS030)
西南民族大学研究生创新型科研项目(ZD2022408)
发育与妇儿疾病四川省重点实验室开放课题资助项目(2022001)
作者信息
    1.西南民族大学药学院, 四川 成都 610225
    2.四川农业大学动物医学院, 四川 成都 611134
    3.四川天府新区人民医院药剂科, 四川 成都 610213
    4.澳大利亚昆士兰医学研究院, 昆士兰 赫斯顿 4006
    5.发育与妇儿疾病四川省重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

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*韩露, Tel: 86-28-85658343, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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