Article(id=1198622902301061962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652112000000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-10, revisedDate=1655740800000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703569244, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703569244, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703569244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703569244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622902619829080, articleId=1198622902301061962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of polymer self-healing mechanism and its application in biomedicine, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polymer self-healing is mainly based on the molecular structure and interaction of polymers, and some need external stimulation, such as light, heat, pH, etc. In recent years, many studies have found that the self-healing properties of polymers can prolong the life of materials, while maintaining the mechanical properties of polymers after healing. According to the different action modes of polymer materials, it can be divided into autonomous self-healing and non-autonomous self-healing. Among them, autonomous self-healing mainly works through reversible covalent bonds (Schiff base bond, Diels-Alder reaction, hydrazide bond), reversible non-covalent bonds (hydrogen bond, metal-ligand coordination bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking interaction, hydrophobic interaction) and a combination of the two interactions. Drug carriers with unique self-healing properties play an important role in the encapsulation and stable release of biomacromolecules. In this review, the self-healing mechanism of polymers and their applications in the field of biomedicine were briefly summarized and discussed.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-yue WANG, Jin-wei DI, Li-xun LÜ, Ai-ping ZHENG, Lin-lin ZHAO, Jing GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin-lin ZHAO, Jing GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622904016532414, articleId=1198622902301061962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=聚合物自愈合机制及在生物医药领域的应用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

聚合物自愈合主要依据聚合物的分子结构及其相互作用, 部分需给予外部刺激, 如光、热、pH等。近年来诸多研究发现聚合物的自愈合特性可延长材料的寿命, 同时在愈合后仍保持着聚合物的机械性能。根据聚合物材料的作用方式不同, 分为自主自愈合和非自主自愈合。其中自主自愈合主要通过可逆的共价键(席夫碱键、狄尔斯-阿尔德反应、酰肼键)、可逆非共价键(氢键、金属-配体配位键、静电相互作用、π-π堆积、疏水相互作用) 或二者结合发挥作用。具有独特的自愈合特性的药物载体在生物大分子的封装和稳定释放方面起着重要作用。本综述根据聚合物的自愈合机制及其在生物医药领域中的应用进行了简要的总结讨论。

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*赵琳琳, Tel: 86-315-8805810, E-mail: ;
高静, Tel: 86-10-66874665, E-mail:
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Covalent bonds play a self-healing role mainly through chemical bonds formed by chemical reactions, such as Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, Schiff base bond, hydrazine bond, etc. Non-covalent bonds mainly include hydrogen bond, metal ligand coordination, hydrophobic bonding, electrostatic interaction, <i>π-π</i> stacking interaction, etc. , figureFileSmall=xCPyDA0gMSK0X4f1J9IenQ==, figureFileBig=c3OEitZ4oC+YOql+86tveQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702083609293169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622902301061962, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=am5lb82XM7SA9FxK8+IA5g==, figureFileBig=ATqVRGvUlbB4vQ2CUX87rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702083718345081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622902301061962, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Self-healing process of stimulating reactive polymers , figureFileSmall=am5lb82XM7SA9FxK8+IA5g==, figureFileBig=ATqVRGvUlbB4vQ2CUX87rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702083898700158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622902301061962, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ouFwA8mqX4GfSsu1kI8iYw==, figureFileBig=bZcMdwau4KnAO1c8Ih/WYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702084062278023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622902301061962, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Schematic diagram of self-healing of porous microspheres. 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Self-healing mechanism Self-healing polymer Healing condition/efficiency Application Ref.
Schiff-base Poly (vinyl alcohol)-CHO-NH2 24 h, RT Wound healing [68]
Schiff-base Poly (ethylene glycol), chitosan 30 min, RT Anti-cancer coating [69]
Schiff-base, metal-coordination Aminated gelatin-oxidized hyaluronic acid-Fe3+ 15 min, RT Wound healing [70]
Diels-Alder reactions Graphene/carbon nanotube/polyurethane 20 min, 130 ℃ Medical sensors [71]
Hydrogen bonding Guar gum-silver nanoparticles 6 min, RT Wound healing [72]
Hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions Polydopamine RT Drug delivery [73]
Hydrogen bonding Gelatin methacrylate, tannic acid 6 h, RT Wound healing [74]
Host-guest interactions β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD-AOI2, the host molecule); 2-(2-(2-(2-(adamantyl-1-oxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethanol acrylate (A-TEG-Ad, the guest molecules) 60 min, UV Biomedical materials [75]
π-π interactions Polycaprolactone-pyrene group 120 min, IR [76]
UV radiation SiO2/polydopamine 192 h, RT [77]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702084502679975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622902301061962, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Self-healing mechanism and application of self-healing polymers. RT: Room temperature; UV: Ultraviolet; IR: Infrared

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Self-healing mechanism Self-healing polymer Healing condition/efficiency Application Ref.
Schiff-base Poly (vinyl alcohol)-CHO-NH2 24 h, RT Wound healing [68]
Schiff-base Poly (ethylene glycol), chitosan 30 min, RT Anti-cancer coating [69]
Schiff-base, metal-coordination Aminated gelatin-oxidized hyaluronic acid-Fe3+ 15 min, RT Wound healing [70]
Diels-Alder reactions Graphene/carbon nanotube/polyurethane 20 min, 130 ℃ Medical sensors [71]
Hydrogen bonding Guar gum-silver nanoparticles 6 min, RT Wound healing [72]
Hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions Polydopamine RT Drug delivery [73]
Hydrogen bonding Gelatin methacrylate, tannic acid 6 h, RT Wound healing [74]
Host-guest interactions β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD-AOI2, the host molecule); 2-(2-(2-(2-(adamantyl-1-oxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethanol acrylate (A-TEG-Ad, the guest molecules) 60 min, UV Biomedical materials [75]
π-π interactions Polycaprolactone-pyrene group 120 min, IR [76]
UV radiation SiO2/polydopamine 192 h, RT [77]
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聚合物自愈合机制及在生物医药领域的应用研究进展
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王金月 1, 2 , 邸金威 2 , 吕立勋 1 , 郑爱萍 2 , 赵琳琳 1, * , 高静 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(1): 86-94
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (1) : 86 -94
聚合物自愈合机制及在生物医药领域的应用研究进展
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王金月1, 2, 邸金威2, 吕立勋1, 郑爱萍2, 赵琳琳1, * , 高静2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华北理工大学, 河北 唐山 063210
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
通讯作者:
*赵琳琳, Tel: 86-315-8805810, E-mail: ;
高静, Tel: 86-10-66874665, E-mail:
Research progress of polymer self-healing mechanism and its application in biomedicine
Jin-yue WANG1, 2, Jin-wei DI2, Li-xun LÜ1, Ai-ping ZHENG2, Lin-lin ZHAO1, * , Jing GAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
  • 2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0564
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聚合物自愈合主要依据聚合物的分子结构及其相互作用, 部分需给予外部刺激, 如光、热、pH等。近年来诸多研究发现聚合物的自愈合特性可延长材料的寿命, 同时在愈合后仍保持着聚合物的机械性能。根据聚合物材料的作用方式不同, 分为自主自愈合和非自主自愈合。其中自主自愈合主要通过可逆的共价键(席夫碱键、狄尔斯-阿尔德反应、酰肼键)、可逆非共价键(氢键、金属-配体配位键、静电相互作用、π-π堆积、疏水相互作用) 或二者结合发挥作用。具有独特的自愈合特性的药物载体在生物大分子的封装和稳定释放方面起着重要作用。本综述根据聚合物的自愈合机制及其在生物医药领域中的应用进行了简要的总结讨论。

自愈合  /  共价键  /  非共价键  /  药物递送  /  组织工程

Polymer self-healing is mainly based on the molecular structure and interaction of polymers, and some need external stimulation, such as light, heat, pH, etc. In recent years, many studies have found that the self-healing properties of polymers can prolong the life of materials, while maintaining the mechanical properties of polymers after healing. According to the different action modes of polymer materials, it can be divided into autonomous self-healing and non-autonomous self-healing. Among them, autonomous self-healing mainly works through reversible covalent bonds (Schiff base bond, Diels-Alder reaction, hydrazide bond), reversible non-covalent bonds (hydrogen bond, metal-ligand coordination bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking interaction, hydrophobic interaction) and a combination of the two interactions. Drug carriers with unique self-healing properties play an important role in the encapsulation and stable release of biomacromolecules. In this review, the self-healing mechanism of polymers and their applications in the field of biomedicine were briefly summarized and discussed.

self-healing  /  covalent bond  /  non-covalent bond  /  drug-delivery  /  tissue-engineering
王金月, 邸金威, 吕立勋, 郑爱萍, 赵琳琳, 高静. 聚合物自愈合机制及在生物医药领域的应用研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0564
Jin-yue WANG, Jin-wei DI, Li-xun LÜ, Ai-ping ZHENG, Lin-lin ZHAO, Jing GAO. Research progress of polymer self-healing mechanism and its application in biomedicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0564
聚合物自愈合是聚合物材料在发生变形和/或缺陷后, 通过本身的结构特性自主修复或添加愈合剂及给予外部刺激(光、热、pH) 等, 材料的结构和功能自行修复的过程[1]。自愈合现象源于断裂界面的相互融合和渗透, 聚合物通过可逆的共价或非共价相互作用, 穿透断裂的界面实现键的重构, 恢复结构、强度和功能[2, 3]。应用这种自愈合特性可延长材料的耐久性, 增强材料的安全性和环保性, 因此自愈合聚合物在生物医药及航天工程等领域应用日趋广泛[4, 5]
理想的自愈合材料应具有较高的机械强度、较低的熔点、一定的流动性能和可调节的结晶度。自愈合根据其作用方式可分为自主自愈合和非自主自愈合。自主自愈合无需人工干预, 主要是通过共价键和非共价键的可逆变化来修复损伤, 延长材料的寿命。其中共价键的形成主要通过一些化学反应如自由基交换、反式酯化、狄尔斯-阿尔德(Diels-Alder, DA) 反应等, 而非共价键包括金属离子-配体相互作用、主体-客体相互作用, π-π堆积、氢键等[6]。非自主自愈合则是在人工干预的条件下发生, 主要依赖给予的刺激因素, 如光热刺激反应、pH刺激等。总之, 链段动力学和可逆键的相互作用是设计自愈合聚合物的两个关键因素。
对聚合物自愈合机制的了解有助于依据聚合物的自愈合特性, 设计相应的药物载体。本综述将就聚合物自愈合的机制进行总结, 并综述具有自愈合特性的聚合物在生物医药领域的应用研究进展。
在聚合物自愈合材料中, 尤其是弹性体材料, 大部分通过动态的共价键作用实现自修复。聚合物材料的力学性能和功能主要取决于交联点的结构, 其中动态相互作用是用来设计自愈合聚合物的关键(图 1)。引入的动态键会参与自愈合的每个过程, 通过链间扩散缩小受损部位的空隙, 并通过键的相互作用而愈合。而可逆共价键的自愈合速率主要取决于键的交换速率, 以及是否向有利于形成高分子质量的聚合物的组合方向发展[7]
席夫碱反应是一种非细胞毒性交联过程, 主要通过亚胺键和活性羰基(醛基) 缩合而成[8], 不需任何化学交联剂参与, 即自发性自愈合。由于反应迅速, 基于席夫碱键制备的水凝胶通常具有快速自愈合的效果。Li等[9]通过席夫碱反应制备可注射的自愈合水凝胶, 主要是通过亚胺键不断发生动态裂解和再生, 再结合交联网络里的-COOH和-OH带来的氢键及静电相互作用, 10 min愈合程度可达到100%。Chen等[10]利用氧化海藻酸盐的醛基与羧乙基壳聚糖的氨基结合, 即通过席夫碱反应制备的自愈合聚合物水凝胶, 在室温条件下, 切割后的水凝胶在2 h后即可完全愈合。
DA反应是通过共轭二烯和取代烯烃反应生成环己烯的热可逆动态环加成反应, 即可逆转回原来的共轭二烯和烯烃, 且在一定合适的条件下再次形成环加合物[11]。由于DA反应具有选择性、可调性和可逆性, 即DA反应在低温下(65 ℃) 发生化学交联反应, 在高温条件(110~130 ℃) 下可恢复至反应前的单体状态[12-14]。基于DA反应制备的水凝胶不需使用催化剂或引发剂, 发生损伤后, 在生理温度下即可表现出自愈合能力。如Li等[15]通过DA反应制备了自愈合果胶/壳聚糖水凝胶, 通过将水凝胶剪切两半, 一半染色, 一半未染色, 在37 ℃下5 h后水凝胶愈合, 并且在500 g的压力下仍保持良好的机械强度。DA反应具有条件温和、产率高、无催化剂的优点, 在生物医学领域具有很好的应用前景[16, 17]
酰肼键是由醛基和酰肼缩合反应得到的动态共价键。大多数含有酰肼键的分子具有生物相容性和良好的机械性能。Shen等[18]通过将[聚环氧乙烷]23-二萘酰肼的酰肼端和氧化的羧甲基纤维素的醛基交联形成具有酰肼键的自愈合水凝胶, 对水凝胶染色后剪切, 并在愈合完全后, 给予过度拉伸应力, 使水凝胶发生断裂, 结果显示断裂部位并非愈合部位, 流变学实验证明该自愈水凝胶的力学性能与断裂前的水凝胶的性能相当, 保证了应用的可能性, 但是该愈合过程较缓慢, 一般需数小时才能反应完全。而Zhu等[19]利用氧化海藻酸盐(oxidized alginate, OSA) 与聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM) 制备了一种基于动态酰肼键的自愈材料OSA-PAM凝胶, 将OSA-PAM凝胶与纤维素纳米晶(cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) 结合制备了OSA-PAM-CNCs离子凝胶, 然后将该离子凝胶中的COO-通过与Fe3O4中的Fe3+配位形成OSA-PAM-CNCS-Fe3O4离子凝胶, 同时结合了动态酰肼键和金属配位键的功能, 大大缩短了愈合时间(由几分钟缩短至几秒), 与其他不含离子的水凝胶相比, 即使内部水分蒸发, 该OSA-PAM-CNCs离子凝胶依旧具有优良的自愈合特性。
氢键属于聚合物链中常见的非共价键, 其中聚合物链中的氨基和羧基为可逆氢键的潜在的受体和供体。Tian等[20]根据聚氨酯链中的可逆氢键的动态结合, 通过氢键作用实现断裂面结合, 使暴露的官能团重新建立起新的氢键, 从而启动自愈合功能, 有效延长了压力传感器的使用寿命, 提升耐用性。由于聚合物链中氢键的排列方式影响其可逆性和强度, 一般使用可逆氢键制备的水凝胶网络通常不稳定, 自愈合的能力较差, 且氢键的稳定性不如可逆共价键[21, 22]
金属-配位键是通过金属离子(配位中心) 与有机分子阵列(配体) 之间形成的一种非常独特的非共价相互作用, 金属-配位键的强度介于共价键与范德华力之间[23]。一般通过调节金属盐或金属离子可改变金属配位键的流动性和键强度[24]。金属-配位键具有热力学稳定性和动力学可调性的特点, 应用该特性非常有利于构建自愈合聚合物[25]。通过增加金属盐会使聚合物的黏度增加, 如Zhou等[26]通过结合二硫键和金属-配位键制备的聚氨酯材料, 通过机械拉伸实验证明了通过增加金属-配位键的数量可显著提高自愈合效率, 在损伤过程中, 虽然金属-配位键发生断裂, 但是金属离子仍通过金属吡啶与配体配位具有较强的相互作用。
主体-客体相互作用是指当客体的部分通过物理方式(氢键、范德华力、π-π相互作用和疏水缔合作用) 插入主体基团时, 主体-客体相互作用形成, 这是一种非共价的相互作用[27]。通过主体-客体相互作用制备的超分子水凝胶具有很强的机械特性及自愈合性能[26]。由于主客体相互作用具有高亲和力, 已被证实能显著加速愈合, 因此基于主客体相互作用制备的可注射水凝胶被认为是控制药物传递的理想载体[28]。由于单纯的主体-客体相互作用制备的自愈合药物载体力学性能较差, 常需与可逆共价键结合, 可制备出具有优良愈合性能和机械性能的药物载体[29]。Jiang等[30]提出了一种将主客体相互作用与酰肼键相结合的纤维素基水凝胶(cellulose-based hydrogels, CAAs), CAAs是通过羧乙基纤维素接枝己二酸二酰肼、1-金刚烷-4-甲酰基苯甲酸乙酯(ethyl-1-adamantane 4-formylbenzoate, AD-CHO) 和羧乙基纤维素接枝β-环糊精(carboxyethyl cellulose-grafted β-cyclodextrin, CEC-CD) 制备, CAAs在无外界刺激的情况下具有可注射性、自愈合性(愈合效率97.5%) 和快速恢复(< 10 min) 的能力, 主要是基于CEC-CD和AD-CHO之间的主客体相互作用, 通过结合具有动态酰基肼交联水凝胶具有缓释(> 30天) 和pH响应行为, 使水凝胶具有精确可控的药物释放行为。
通过聚合物体系中的疏水片段和含有亲水片段的聚合物链交联形成疏水缔合作用, 可制备具有三维交联的水凝胶结构[31]。一般通过疏水缔合作用制备的具有自愈特性的水凝胶是在乳化液中制备的, 其中的疏水单体需借助表面活性剂的作用进行溶解, 所以当其浸泡在水溶液中, 疏水单体会随着负载的表面活性扩散至外部水液中, 从而导致疏水缔合作用变弱, 逐渐失去其自愈合的能力[32]。而Chen等[33]在研究疏水缔合作用制备的水凝胶时, 将丙烯酸丁酯疏水单体与2-(二甲氨基胺) 甲基丙烯酸乙酯和甲烷双相交联剂共聚制备的物理交联水凝胶前驱体, 结合3D打印技术使该交联剂可与水分子水合, 诱导前驱体通过疏水缔合作用转化为水凝胶, 该过程不需使用表面活性剂和共价交联剂, 且通过自愈实验发现水凝胶的自愈合行为主要归因为两亲性聚合物链的重排, 其灵活的聚合物链有助于重排及修复破坏的动态区域。
静电相互作用即带负电荷的聚合物与带正电荷的聚合物发生物理交联的过程[34]。与疏水缔合作用、主客体相互作用诱导的自愈合不同, 通过静电相互作用构建的高分子材料自愈合迅速[35]。Yang等[36]制备的自愈合生物质气凝胶即通过带正电荷的壳聚糖(chitosan, Cs) 和带负电荷的衣康酸(itaconic acid, IA) 之间的静电相互作用实现的, 通过愈合实验发现, 在室温条件下, 干燥的断裂面和润湿后的断裂面接触, 在30 s内即可愈合, 且随着愈合时间延长至100 s, 其断裂面的密度和力学性能显著增加, 抗压强度可达压缩强度的2倍。
π-π堆积是含有芳香环结构的化合物的一种特殊空间排列, 通过富含π电子与缺乏π电子的侧链间发生相互作用, 在大多数合成的化合物中, 常与氢键一起用于加强聚合物的自愈能力[37]。Burattini等[38]通过将低分子质量聚酰胺链末端的芘残基(缺乏π电子) 与链折叠的聚酰亚胺(富π电子) 混合物混合形成了具有热愈合特性的材料, 当断裂后, 可在100 ℃下, 4 h内恢复95%拉伸模量, 而其对照物芘端基聚合物纯样品在同样的愈合条件下只恢复了8%模量。
自愈合是基于链段运动发生的聚合物链重排, 当相互扩散使两条聚合物链的长度大于聚合物的特征纠缠长度时, 聚合物即可恢复其力学及机械性能[39], 因此具有高迁移率的聚合物链愈合时间更短。其次, 通过给予外部温度刺激, 也可加快链段运动(图 2)。在高分子聚合物中玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature, Tg) 是其最有代表性的物理特征。玻璃化转变是一个动力学现象, 环境温度高于Tg, 聚合物开始从玻璃态转变为橡胶态, 分子链运动活跃, 发生分子重排, 待环境温度降至Tg以下, 聚合物分子运动急剧减少, 回到玻璃态。目前可自愈合的大部分聚合物其自愈合机制就是依赖于围绕Tg的环境温度变化, 从而引发聚合物链间及聚合物链内运动, 最终实现自愈合[40]。Wen等[41]基于聚合物Tg (40 ℃) 制备的具有自愈合特点的多孔微球, 通过使用大于Tg的温度(44 ℃, 150 min) 即可实现多孔微球的愈合。
升高环境温度使聚合物熔融, 这个过程中的分子重排也可促进聚合物发生自愈合。Wool和O′Connor[42]指出, 物理愈合过程一般包括表面的重排、表面接近、润湿、扩散和随机化。当外部温度高于结晶相的熔点时, 结晶链熔化并润湿断裂界面, 然后受损界面两侧的聚合物链相互渗透, 相互缠绕, 最终愈合的过程。Yan等[43]通过将聚(乙烯-甲基丙烯酸钠) 共聚物[poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid sodium salt), EMNa] 和聚(乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯) 共聚物[poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), EMA] 熔融共混, 制备了可调节热响应形状记忆和自愈合双功能的共混物, 其中EMNa的离子相互作用保证了共混物的结构完整性和自愈合的可重复性, 具有高弹性的EMA作为内分散相可提供愈合过程中的主要驱动力, 在愈合前, 存在宽度为57.1 μm的裂缝, 随着加热时间的延长, 裂缝的宽度逐渐缩小, 10 min后表面光滑。
光刺激反应聚合物是新一代活性材料, 通过在不同波长和强度的光照射下发生相变, 并且由于聚合物分子网络的重排表现出非线性的黏弹性行为, 最终使得含有空隙的聚合物发生自愈合[43]。光作为控制信号载体, 可在没有介质的情况下传播很长距离, 可作用于人体特定部位。常采用的光刺激源有紫外光辐射和红外光辐射[44, 45]。当聚乳酸多孔微球暴露在温和的红外照射下, 温度略有升高(38 ℃) 即可触发聚乳酸的玻璃化转变, 使其聚合物链发生重排, 实现孔隙的自愈合[46]
具有pH响应性的自愈合聚合物, 往往通过金属配位或其他共价键交联制备, 这类聚合物随pH的改变表现出不同的稳定性, 基于此可设计药物释放系统[47]。Li等[48]利用席夫碱反应制备的自愈合水凝胶在酸性条件下不稳定的特点, 设计具有pH反应刺激性的可注射的水凝胶, 在中性条件下水凝胶可保持完整性和稳定性, 在弱酸性条件下, 席夫碱基的交联作用减弱, 药物从中释放, 从而实现药物在肿瘤组织等呈现弱酸性的生理环境中的特异性分布。大多数通过金属配位反应制备的自愈合水凝胶在温和的生理环境不稳定, 而通过结合Ni2+、Fe2+等多价金属配位离子可提高金属配位水凝胶的稳定性, 并且该水凝胶可在pH 5.5条件下迅速溶解, 而在pH 7.4的中性环境中保持凝胶的完整性、稳定性和自愈合特性[49]
水凝胶是由化学交联、物理交联或化学物理交联共同作用形成的具有三维结构的聚合物交联网络。可控的交联结构和密度使水凝胶力学性质有较广的可调节范围, 从而实现小分子药物、蛋白质、多肽等的可控释放[50]。Wang等[51]使用双相正面聚合的方法制备了双相水凝胶聚(丙烯酸丁酯-N-乙烯基咪唑-丙烯酰胺) [poly(butyl acrylate-co-N-vinyl imida-zole-co-acrylamide), G-1]、聚(丙烯酸丁酯-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺/β-环糊精) [poly(butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid-co-acrylamide/β-cyclodextrin, G-2], 通过红外光谱证明, 两个断裂面的水凝胶的愈合主要是通过G-1与G-2间的氢键作用及G-2a-β-环糊精与G-1中咪唑环的主客体相互作用, 有效缓解了酸、碱及有机溶剂的腐蚀, 提高了材料的耐用性。
通过席夫碱反应制备的自愈合水凝胶具有剪切稀化特性, 应用于注射系统时, 在注射过程中被破坏的水凝胶可以通过自愈合恢复其力学性能[52]。Xu等[53]基于动态席夫碱反应, 使用氨基供体天然氨基多糖β-甲壳素(β-chitin, QC) 和醛基供体亲水氧化右旋糖酐(oxidized dextran, OD) 基于自组装和缠绕制备自愈合可注射的QC/OD水凝胶作为细胞载体, 该水凝胶制剂无细胞毒性, 可保证细胞活性及水凝胶的长期完整性。通过活/死细胞染色实验, 还证明了该自愈合水凝胶具有促进细胞增殖的功能。
自愈合多孔微球可靶向给药, 给药方式多样, 不仅可用于蛋白多肽等药物的封装, 还可用于小分子等药物的封装[54] (图 3)。常用于制备自愈合多孔微球的材料有聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA]、聚乳酸(polylactic acid, PLA) 等聚酯类聚合物[55]。其中PLGA、PLA等具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、成膜成囊性能, 已被美国食品药品监督管理局和中国国家药品监督管理局批准为可注射用药用辅料[56]
使用O/W单乳化溶剂蒸发法制备多孔微球, 根据PLGA微球在高于玻璃化转变温度下的自愈合特性, 通过自愈合载药制得载抗真菌药物的微球, 显著延缓药物的释放及延长给药时间[57]。自愈合微粒在肿瘤组织的靶向给药也有应用, Xi等[58]开发出了载OVA的多孔PLA自愈合纳米粒, 发现PLA的降解产物乳酸可创造良好的酸性微环境, 促进抗原的摄取、抗原提呈细胞的招募和激活, 从而起到有效的抗肿瘤的作用。Xie等[59]探索单次给药用于白血病的治疗, 通过共封装表位肽和抗原的自愈微粒, 从而实现长期的释放, 并且相比于单独封装具有更好的激活T细胞的作用。Mazzara等[60]制备了载抗原的PLGA自愈合微粒, 这些微粒被纳入快速溶解的微针阵列中进行皮内疫苗接种, 依据自愈合特性加载的PLGA微粒可控制蛋白抗原的持续释放, 从而起到较好的免疫治疗效果。
在异体移植术后, 植入物附近血管的形成对促进移植细胞的氧气和营养物质的供应及确保一些废物的清除至关重要, 但由于促血管生成生长因子等细胞因子的半衰期短, 需在一定时期内持续释放才能促进新生血管形成。Scheiner等[61]使用荷负电的生物聚合物右旋糖酐硫酸盐在PLGA微球中主动自包封来加载促血管生成生长因子, 促血管生成生长因子以其生物活性形式可连续释放4周, 显著促进了血管生成, 并且采用这种后载蛋白的自愈合的方式可避免有机溶剂诱导的蛋白损伤, 有利于抗原的稳定性。
在伤口愈合和组织工程中, 免疫系统在抵抗感染、促进组织再生中起着关键作用, 但不可避免的是, 几乎所有的药物递送载体和组织工程支架都会引起体内宿主免疫系统的反应[62]
具有自愈合特性的水凝胶敷料可确保敷料的完整性, 有效组织重塑, 改善胶原沉积, 减少炎症反应(图 4)。Chen等[63]通过将无机聚磷酸盐(polyphosphate, PolyP) 偶联聚天冬氨酸酰肼[poly(aspartic acid) hydrazide, PAHP] 和聚氧化乙烯二醛(PEO90 dialdehyde, PEO90DA) 交联, 制备了一种新型的止血自愈合水凝胶敷料PAHP/PEO DA。新西兰兔耳动脉止血实验结果显示PAHP/PEO DA水凝胶对于创伤伤口出血具有很好的止血作用, 且该水凝胶具有抑菌活性, 可抑制细菌感染, 提高小鼠全层皮肤缺损模型的创面修复率, 促进新鲜组织的再生。Zhu等[64]设计了一种基于羟丙基壳聚糖和聚异丙基酰胺的可逆交联的具有自愈合特性的水凝胶敷料, 同时结合具有抗炎作用的甘草酸二钾(dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, DG), 通过使用小鼠全层皮肤缺损模型, 将负载DG的水凝胶敷料应用于伤口上, 可使伤口迅速闭合, 其自愈合能力有利于维持水分对伤口的完整性和持久的保护。
组织工程的基本原理是将体外培育的组织细胞吸附于一种具有良好生物相容性且可在体内逐步降解的生物材料上, 形成的具有组织状的结构[65]。但是组织工程支架也常需合适的药物释放载体达到合理的稳定可控释放。Wang等[66]利用席夫碱交联反应制备的具有自愈合特性的磁性壳聚糖微球, 通过Cs和含有正、负电荷的羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose, CC) 之间的静电作用制备了复合Cs-CC微球, 在盐溶液中分散为均匀水凝胶, 根据外加磁场作用下的特异性, 以可调控的方式稳定释放装载的抗癌药物5-氟尿嘧啶。Gupta等[67]使用胶原、海藻酸盐和氧化海藻酸盐, 开发了具有双交联(Ca2+交联和席夫碱) 能力的自愈水凝胶, 该水凝胶可在几分钟内愈合, 将该水凝胶嵌入3D打印PLA支架中制备了人工半月板组织支架, 经过流变学性能测定该支架具有良好的机械性能, 在植入小鼠体内28天后, 该支架仍保持了结构的完整性, 并且其负载的水凝胶可促进软骨组织的再生。
自发修复或修复损伤的能力是生物材料的一个关键特性, 可使动物或植物修复损伤及延长生命。但是, 目前大多数的人工合成材料都是无法修复的。因此, 人们致力于开发可自愈合的聚合物材料, 从而延长材料的使用寿命。聚合物的自愈合机制分为可逆共价键和可逆非共价键, 其中可逆共价键相比可逆非共价键具有优良的机械性能和愈合性能, 使材料在损伤后仍可恢复其原有的物理性质。而非共价键结合自愈合聚合物表现出超分子相互作用, 具有快速的网络结构重建, 相比于共价键具有更高的敏感性(表 1[68-77])。
虽然可逆共价键与非共价键构建的自愈合聚合物具有优良的自愈合性能, 但是部分自愈合聚合物还需通过给予外部刺激才能触发自愈合性能。通过了解聚合物自愈合的激发条件, 在控制药物释放方面具有非常广阔的应用前景。
本综述主要总结了聚合物的自愈合机制及其在生物医药领域的研究进展, 特别是在药物递送领域的发展。通过将聚合物独特的自愈合特性应用于载药, 具有条件温和、对药物活性影响小的特点, 可实现多种药物的协同作用及缓控释和靶向释放; 用于研制敷料, 可保持其完整形态和内聚力, 有助于伤口愈合。自愈合聚合物载体在癌症治疗、伤口愈合及组织工程的载抗原蛋白的稳定释放方面都已展开多方面的研究, 随着研究的逐步深入, 基于自愈合特性的聚合物载体在生物医药领域的应用将更加广泛。
作者贡献: 王金月负责相关文献查阅、文章撰写及修改; 邸金威负责文章撰写及修改; 吕立勋、郑爱萍、赵琳琳负责文章指导和修改; 高静负责文章选题、指导和修改。
利益冲突: 文章涉及内容无任何利益冲突。所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173788)
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0564
  • 接收时间:2022-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-10
  • 修回日期:2022-06-21
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173788)
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    1.华北理工大学, 河北 唐山 063210
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850

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*赵琳琳, Tel: 86-315-8805810, E-mail: ;
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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