Article(id=1210516743773090125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0521, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651161600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-29, revisedDate=1659024000000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282029, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282029, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282029, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3186, endPage=3194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516744221880654, articleId=1210516743773090125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The antitussive and expectorant mechanisms of deapio-platycodin D as determined by metabolomics, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS metabolomics technique was used to determine the effect of deapio-platycodin D (DPD) on endogenous metabolites in lung tissues of mice with ammonia-induced cough, and to identify the metabolic regulatory pathways of DPD in its antitussive and expectorant activities. This work was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine (Approval No. JZLLSC-20190235). Metabolites were identified by UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS method and the metabolic pathways related to differentially-expressed metabolites were analyzed by the MetaboAnalyst platform. DPD significantly prolonged (P < 0.05) cough latency, reduced the number of coughs, and significantly increased (P < 0.05) phenol red excretion in ammonia-induced cough mice. Twenty-five metabolites related to cough and 38 metabolites related to sputum excretion were identified by UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS. Changes in the metabolism of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipid, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and lysine degradation were evident with DPD treatment of ammonia-induced cough mice. Changes in the metabolism of linoleic acid, taurine and hypotaurine, glycerophospholipid, purines and pyrimidines, arachidonic acid and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids after DPD treatment were related to phenol red excretion. Linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism are common regulatory pathways by which DPD appears to exert its antitussive and expectorant activity. These metabolic pathways are closely related to anti-inflammatory pathways, immune function regulation, neurotransmitter release, cell signal transduction, energy metabolism and apoptosis. This study clarifies the antitussive and expectorant activity and mechanism of DPD.

, correspAuthors=Jin-xiang ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-han ZHONG, Ling-long WANG, Zi-chao QIU, Shao-hui ZHONG, Xin-hong WANG, Jin-xiang ZENG, Xin-yu ZHANG, Fang-yuan LIU, Yu-jie WANG, Gen-lin SUN, Li-fen ZHOU, Guo-bing WEI, Guo-yue ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516746113511772, articleId=1210516743773090125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于代谢组学的去芹糖桔梗皂苷D镇咳祛痰机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用基于UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS的代谢组学技术, 分析去芹糖桔梗皂苷D (deapio-platycodin D, DPD) 对浓氨水引咳模型以及酚红排泄模型小鼠肺部组织内源性代谢物代谢紊乱的调控作用, 明确DPD发挥镇咳、祛痰活性的代谢调控途径。经江西中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准后(批准号: JZLLSC-20190235), 通过浓氨水引咳和酚红排泄实验评估DPD的镇咳、祛痰药效, 采用UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS方法筛选差异性代谢物, 利用MetaboAnalyst平台分析与差异性代谢物相关的代谢通路。结果表明, DPD能显著延长(P < 0.05) 模型小鼠咳嗽潜伏期, 减少咳嗽次数, 能显著增加(P < 0.05) 模型小鼠的酚红排泄量。通过UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS技术共鉴定出25种与咳嗽相关的差异性代谢物、38种与排痰相关的差异性代谢物, DPD能显著回调这些差异性代谢物水平。代谢通路分析结果显示亚油酸代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢, 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢, 戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化与赖氨酸降解为其改善浓氨水引咳模型小鼠代谢紊乱的主要途径; 亚油酸代谢, 牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢, 嘌呤代谢, 嘧啶代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢与不饱和脂肪酸代谢为其改善酚红排泄模型小鼠代谢紊乱的主要途径; 其中亚油酸代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢为DPD发挥镇咳祛痰活性的共有调控途径。这些代谢通路与抗炎、免疫功能调节、神经递质释放、细胞信号传导、能量代谢与细胞凋亡等的调控机制密切相关。本研究首次阐明了DPD的镇咳祛痰机制。

, correspAuthors=曾金祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*曾金祥, E-mail:
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PCA in ESI<sup>+</sup> (A) and ESI<sup>-</sup> (B) for antitussive assays; PCA in ESI<sup>+</sup> (C) and ESI<sup>-</sup> (D) for expectorant assays , figureFileSmall=V0BqjTGrA32KoGoaVIeuNw==, figureFileBig=TsjMNrfF0ZpeOThfF295gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755181597482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BI6nZsK90U0FmGtFSBJg6g==, figureFileBig=dqT0c06lU72gPATAkAvNDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755290649397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) plots of antitussive and expectorant assays. OPLS-DA plots in ESI<sup>+</sup> (A) and ESI<sup>-</sup> (B) for antitussive assays; OPLS-DA plots in ESI<sup>+</sup> (C) and ESI<sup>-</sup> (D) for expectorant assays , figureFileSmall=BI6nZsK90U0FmGtFSBJg6g==, figureFileBig=dqT0c06lU72gPATAkAvNDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755391312707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3nGS/aeaqNjsMynxSv/RXg==, figureFileBig=kq4dGfySi9LLgIDrvOTvVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755512947536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Summary of pathway analysis of antitussive (A) and expectorant assay (B) , figureFileSmall=3nGS/aeaqNjsMynxSv/RXg==, figureFileBig=kq4dGfySi9LLgIDrvOTvVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516755642970971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDrug treatmentDosage/mg·kg-1·d-1Latent period/sFrenquency of cough
NormalWater---
ModelWater-8.06±1.8052.50±5.42
PenPen10023.53±2.48**30.00±3.53**
DPD-LDPD1010.57±1.17*46.90±5.02*
DPD-MDPD2016.09±3.57**31.40±4.40**
DPD-HDPD4016.48±2.51**22.60±3.37**
), ArticleFig(id=1210516755894629228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antitussive activity of deapio-platycodin D (DPD). n = 8, $ \overline{x} $±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model group. Pen: Pentoxyverine group; DPD-L: Deapio-platycodin D low dosage group; DPD-M: Deapio-platycodin D middle dosage group; DPD-H: Deapio-platycodin D high dosage group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDrug treatmentDosage/mg·kg-1·d-1Latent period/sFrenquency of cough
NormalWater---
ModelWater-8.06±1.8052.50±5.42
PenPen10023.53±2.48**30.00±3.53**
DPD-LDPD1010.57±1.17*46.90±5.02*
DPD-MDPD2016.09±3.57**31.40±4.40**
DPD-HDPD4016.48±2.51**22.60±3.37**
), ArticleFig(id=1210516755999486836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDrug treatmentDosage/mg·kg-1·d-1Excretion of phenol red/μg·mL-1
NormalWater--
ModelWater-0.78±0.15
AmChAmCh101.34±0.30**
DPD-LDPD100.98±0.14*
DPD-MDPD201.10±0.24**
DPD-HDPD401.15±0.22**
), ArticleFig(id=1210516756133704576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Expectorant activity of DPD. n = 8, $ \overline{x} $±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model group. AmCh: Ammonium chloride group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupDrug treatmentDosage/mg·kg-1·d-1Excretion of phenol red/μg·mL-1
NormalWater--
ModelWater-0.78±0.15
AmChAmCh101.34±0.30**
DPD-LDPD100.98±0.14*
DPD-MDPD201.10±0.24**
DPD-HDPD401.15±0.22**
), ArticleFig(id=1210516756276310927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFormulaExperimental m/zTheoretical m/zRT/minVIPError/×10-6ESI modeVariation trend
Normal/ModelModel/DPD-LModel/DPD-MModel/DPD-H
L-Aspartic acidC4H7NO4132.030 1132.030 20.821.65-0.45-**/###
Fumaric acidC4H4O4150.980 4150.980 40.871.480.13-**/####
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acidC7H7NO3152.035 6152.035 38.881.631.64-**#####
HomovanillinC9H10O3167.069 5167.070 312.271.63-4.79+**######
Oxoadipic acidC6H8O5205.034 7205.035 41.191.65-3.22-**/####
PhosphoserineC3H8NO6P229.979 0229.980 10.831.51-4.87+**/####
PE(14∶1(9Z)/20∶5(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z))C39H66NO8P244.153 1244.152 14.361.364.14+**######
PC(18∶3(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/P-18∶1(11Z))C44H80NO7P270.956 5270.955 30.881.414.47+**//##
Arachidonic acidC20H32O2305.246 2305.247 516.901.40-4.16+**######
Cholestane-3, 7, 12, 25-tetrol-3-glucuronideC33H56O10307.200 4307.201 013.861.06-2.08+**######
UridineC9H12N2O6308.084 0308.085 31.161.02-4.25+**######
Linoleic acidC18H32O2313.272 5313.273 713.341.27-3.89+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/22∶5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))C54H96NO8P314.230 2314.230 48.291.31-0.70+**######
(6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5-Hydroperoxyicosa-6, 8, 11, 14-tetraenoic acidC20H32O4317.211 6317.211 711.091.10-0.44-**######
Uric acidC5H4N4O3335.049 2335.049 41.141.05-0.57-**######
13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acidC18H32O4335.219 7335.219 310.341.321.31+**/###
Phenethylamine glucuronideC14H19NO6361.137 0361.137 06.961.52-0.03+**/####
PE(22∶0/15∶0)C42H84NO8P392.793 3392.795 00.791.53-4.43+**/####
24-HydroxycalcitriolC27H44O4397.312 5397.311 311.321.523.02+**######
12-Keto-leukotriene B4C20H30O4398.228 9398.230 216.501.57-3.24+**//##
Guanosine monophosphateC10H14N5O8P408.028 8408.029 20.871.37-1.10+**######
ADPC10H15N5O10P2450.017 0450.018 60.921.30-3.49+**######
LysoPC(18∶0/0∶0)C26H54NO7P504.346 0504.345 411.141.371.17-**######
Cholesterol glucuronideC33H54O7527.375 0527.374 315.111.111.31+**/####
LysoPC(20∶2(11Z, 14Z)/0∶0)C28H54NO7P570.353 1570.353 09.511.600.11+**######
), ArticleFig(id=1210516756385362850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Information on differential metabolites in antitussive assays. **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs model group. ↓: Down; ↑: Up; /: No change. VIP: Variable importance in projection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFormulaExperimental m/zTheoretical m/zRT/minVIPError/×10-6ESI modeVariation trend
Normal/ModelModel/DPD-LModel/DPD-MModel/DPD-H
L-Aspartic acidC4H7NO4132.030 1132.030 20.821.65-0.45-**/###
Fumaric acidC4H4O4150.980 4150.980 40.871.480.13-**/####
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acidC7H7NO3152.035 6152.035 38.881.631.64-**#####
HomovanillinC9H10O3167.069 5167.070 312.271.63-4.79+**######
Oxoadipic acidC6H8O5205.034 7205.035 41.191.65-3.22-**/####
PhosphoserineC3H8NO6P229.979 0229.980 10.831.51-4.87+**/####
PE(14∶1(9Z)/20∶5(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z))C39H66NO8P244.153 1244.152 14.361.364.14+**######
PC(18∶3(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/P-18∶1(11Z))C44H80NO7P270.956 5270.955 30.881.414.47+**//##
Arachidonic acidC20H32O2305.246 2305.247 516.901.40-4.16+**######
Cholestane-3, 7, 12, 25-tetrol-3-glucuronideC33H56O10307.200 4307.201 013.861.06-2.08+**######
UridineC9H12N2O6308.084 0308.085 31.161.02-4.25+**######
Linoleic acidC18H32O2313.272 5313.273 713.341.27-3.89+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/22∶5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))C54H96NO8P314.230 2314.230 48.291.31-0.70+**######
(6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5-Hydroperoxyicosa-6, 8, 11, 14-tetraenoic acidC20H32O4317.211 6317.211 711.091.10-0.44-**######
Uric acidC5H4N4O3335.049 2335.049 41.141.05-0.57-**######
13-L-Hydroperoxylinoleic acidC18H32O4335.219 7335.219 310.341.321.31+**/###
Phenethylamine glucuronideC14H19NO6361.137 0361.137 06.961.52-0.03+**/####
PE(22∶0/15∶0)C42H84NO8P392.793 3392.795 00.791.53-4.43+**/####
24-HydroxycalcitriolC27H44O4397.312 5397.311 311.321.523.02+**######
12-Keto-leukotriene B4C20H30O4398.228 9398.230 216.501.57-3.24+**//##
Guanosine monophosphateC10H14N5O8P408.028 8408.029 20.871.37-1.10+**######
ADPC10H15N5O10P2450.017 0450.018 60.921.30-3.49+**######
LysoPC(18∶0/0∶0)C26H54NO7P504.346 0504.345 411.141.371.17-**######
Cholesterol glucuronideC33H54O7527.375 0527.374 315.111.111.31+**/####
LysoPC(20∶2(11Z, 14Z)/0∶0)C28H54NO7P570.353 1570.353 09.511.600.11+**######
), ArticleFig(id=1210516756511191982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFormulaExperimental m/zTheoretical m/zRT/minVIPError/×10-6ESI modeVariation trend
Normal/ModelModel/DPD-LModel/DPD-MModel/DPD-H
TaurineC2H7NO3S148.003 4148.003 90.841.40-3.38+**/####
IndoleacetaldehydeC10H9NO160.075 3160.075 71.601.13-2.50+**######
(8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5, 6-Dihydroxyicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acidC20H34O4181.121 5181.121 19.991.132.21+**######
2-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propenoic acidC9H8O4213.075 2213.075 715.861.60-2.35+**######
Citric acidC6H8O7215.015 3215.016 21.081.22-4.19+**######
PE(22∶5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/20∶1(11Z))C47H82NO8P274.199 5274.199 98.751.62-1.46+**######
L-ValineC5H11NO2276.190 5276.191 80.761.48-4.71+**#####
UridineC9H12N2O6279.038 6279.038 91.161.25-1.08-**/####
PC(20∶4(8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z)/22∶6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))C50H80NO8P300.287 7300.286 911.801.512.66+**######
Linoleic acidC18H32O2313.273 7313.273 713.361.320.03+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/22∶2(13Z, 16Z))C54H102NO8P316.247 3316.246 09.471.624.11+**/###
Uric acidC10H12N4O6335.050 4335.049 41.141.382.98-**//##
20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4C20H32O5335.222 2335.222 36.521.31-0.30+**#####
Adenosine monophosphateC10H14N5O7P346.056 3346.055 80.871.451.44-**######
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acidC20H34O2348.288 7348.289 715.331.46-2.87+**######
Docosahexaenoic acidC22H32O2361.272 2361.273 714.381.35-4.15+**/####
(5Z)-7-[(2R, 3S)-3, 5-Dihydroxy-2-[(1E, 3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acidC20H34O5377.228 3377.229 89.341.46-3.98+**######
dUMPC9H13N2O8P384.960 6384.960 06.811.491.56+**/####
S-AdenosylhomocysteineC14H20N6O5S385.128 3385.128 91.161.58-1.56+**/####
PE(15∶0/14∶1(9Z))C34H66NO8P386.275 3386.273 414.131.454.92+**/####
Arachidic acidC20H40O2395.361 9395.363 212.501.31-3.29+**######
PC(20∶5(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z)/P-16∶0)C44H78NO7P401.761 6401.761 06.911.521.49+**######
PC(22∶2(13Z, 16Z)/14∶0)C44H84NO8P414.319 1414.317 311.201.334.34+**######
PC(24∶0/P-18∶1(9Z))C50H98NO7P439.850 4439.852 39.231.28-4.32+**######
PE(22∶5(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22∶0)C49H88NO8P446.334 5446.332 99.311.243.58+**######
LysoPC(14∶0/0∶0)C22H46NO7P466.292 9466.293 913.921.55-2.17-**####
LysoPA(18∶0/0∶0)C21H43O7P480.308 4480.308 513.831.49-0.21+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/18∶0)C50H98NO8P498.397 9498.398 66.011.65-1.40+**######
LysoPC(P-18∶0/0∶0)C26H54NO6P508.374 0508.376 214.311.22-4.33+**######
(2S)-2-({5-Amino-1-[(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}formamido)butanedioic acidC13H19N4O12P523.069 8523.068 35.071.262.87+**#####
LysoPC(16∶0/0∶0)C24H50NO7P530.302 2530.301 913.501.410.57-**####
Glycocholic acidC26H43NO6532.289 3532.289 215.081.600.19-**/####
LysoPC(20∶0/0∶0)C28H58NO7P552.401 7552.402 416.861.46-1.27+**/####
LysoPC(18∶1(9Z)/0∶0)C26H52NO7P556.318 7556.317 514.281.142.16-**/###
LysoPC(20∶2(11Z, 14Z)/0∶0)C28H54NO7P592.360 4592.362 014.351.07-2.70-**//##
LysoPC(22∶5(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/0∶0)C30H52NO7P614.346 1614.346 313.361.15-0.33-**/##
(5S, 6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5-Hydroxyicosa-6, 8, 11, 14-tetraenoic acidC20H32O3623.469 5623.467 17.351.433.85+**//##
PC(20∶4(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)/P-18∶1(9Z))C46H82NO7P814.572 9814.572 17.011.490.98+**######
), ArticleFig(id=1210516756620243902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516743773090125, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Information on differential metabolites in expectorant assays. **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs model group. ↓: Down; ↑: Up; /: No change

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFormulaExperimental m/zTheoretical m/zRT/minVIPError/×10-6ESI modeVariation trend
Normal/ModelModel/DPD-LModel/DPD-MModel/DPD-H
TaurineC2H7NO3S148.003 4148.003 90.841.40-3.38+**/####
IndoleacetaldehydeC10H9NO160.075 3160.075 71.601.13-2.50+**######
(8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5, 6-Dihydroxyicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acidC20H34O4181.121 5181.121 19.991.132.21+**######
2-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propenoic acidC9H8O4213.075 2213.075 715.861.60-2.35+**######
Citric acidC6H8O7215.015 3215.016 21.081.22-4.19+**######
PE(22∶5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/20∶1(11Z))C47H82NO8P274.199 5274.199 98.751.62-1.46+**######
L-ValineC5H11NO2276.190 5276.191 80.761.48-4.71+**#####
UridineC9H12N2O6279.038 6279.038 91.161.25-1.08-**/####
PC(20∶4(8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z)/22∶6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))C50H80NO8P300.287 7300.286 911.801.512.66+**######
Linoleic acidC18H32O2313.273 7313.273 713.361.320.03+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/22∶2(13Z, 16Z))C54H102NO8P316.247 3316.246 09.471.624.11+**/###
Uric acidC10H12N4O6335.050 4335.049 41.141.382.98-**//##
20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4C20H32O5335.222 2335.222 36.521.31-0.30+**#####
Adenosine monophosphateC10H14N5O7P346.056 3346.055 80.871.451.44-**######
Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acidC20H34O2348.288 7348.289 715.331.46-2.87+**######
Docosahexaenoic acidC22H32O2361.272 2361.273 714.381.35-4.15+**/####
(5Z)-7-[(2R, 3S)-3, 5-Dihydroxy-2-[(1E, 3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acidC20H34O5377.228 3377.229 89.341.46-3.98+**######
dUMPC9H13N2O8P384.960 6384.960 06.811.491.56+**/####
S-AdenosylhomocysteineC14H20N6O5S385.128 3385.128 91.161.58-1.56+**/####
PE(15∶0/14∶1(9Z))C34H66NO8P386.275 3386.273 414.131.454.92+**/####
Arachidic acidC20H40O2395.361 9395.363 212.501.31-3.29+**######
PC(20∶5(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z, 17Z)/P-16∶0)C44H78NO7P401.761 6401.761 06.911.521.49+**######
PC(22∶2(13Z, 16Z)/14∶0)C44H84NO8P414.319 1414.317 311.201.334.34+**######
PC(24∶0/P-18∶1(9Z))C50H98NO7P439.850 4439.852 39.231.28-4.32+**######
PE(22∶5(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22∶0)C49H88NO8P446.334 5446.332 99.311.243.58+**######
LysoPC(14∶0/0∶0)C22H46NO7P466.292 9466.293 913.921.55-2.17-**####
LysoPA(18∶0/0∶0)C21H43O7P480.308 4480.308 513.831.49-0.21+**######
PC(24∶1(15Z)/18∶0)C50H98NO8P498.397 9498.398 66.011.65-1.40+**######
LysoPC(P-18∶0/0∶0)C26H54NO6P508.374 0508.376 214.311.22-4.33+**######
(2S)-2-({5-Amino-1-[(2R, 3R, 4S, 5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]oxolan-2-yl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl}formamido)butanedioic acidC13H19N4O12P523.069 8523.068 35.071.262.87+**#####
LysoPC(16∶0/0∶0)C24H50NO7P530.302 2530.301 913.501.410.57-**####
Glycocholic acidC26H43NO6532.289 3532.289 215.081.600.19-**/####
LysoPC(20∶0/0∶0)C28H58NO7P552.401 7552.402 416.861.46-1.27+**/####
LysoPC(18∶1(9Z)/0∶0)C26H52NO7P556.318 7556.317 514.281.142.16-**/###
LysoPC(20∶2(11Z, 14Z)/0∶0)C28H54NO7P592.360 4592.362 014.351.07-2.70-**//##
LysoPC(22∶5(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/0∶0)C30H52NO7P614.346 1614.346 313.361.15-0.33-**/##
(5S, 6E, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)-5-Hydroxyicosa-6, 8, 11, 14-tetraenoic acidC20H32O3623.469 5623.467 17.351.433.85+**//##
PC(20∶4(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z)/P-18∶1(9Z))C46H82NO7P814.572 9814.572 17.011.490.98+**######
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基于代谢组学的去芹糖桔梗皂苷D镇咳祛痰机制研究
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钟渊涵 1 , 王玲珑 2 , 邱自超 3 , 钟绍辉 3 , 王新红 1 , 曾金祥 1, * , 张欣雨 1 , 刘方圆 1 , 王钰洁 1 , 孙根林 4 , 周立分 4 , 韦国兵 3 , 钟国跃 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(10): 3186-3194
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(10): 3186-3194
基于代谢组学的去芹糖桔梗皂苷D镇咳祛痰机制研究
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钟渊涵1, 王玲珑2, 邱自超3, 钟绍辉3, 王新红1, 曾金祥1, * , 张欣雨1, 刘方圆1, 王钰洁1, 孙根林4, 周立分4, 韦国兵3, 钟国跃1
作者信息
  • 1.江西中医药大学中药资源与民族药研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2.江西中医药大学科技学院, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 3.江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 4.江西中医药大学大型精密仪器共享服务中心, 江西 南昌 330004

通讯作者:

*曾金祥, E-mail:
The antitussive and expectorant mechanisms of deapio-platycodin D as determined by metabolomics
Yuan-han ZHONG1, Ling-long WANG2, Zi-chao QIU3, Shao-hui ZHONG3, Xin-hong WANG1, Jin-xiang ZENG1, * , Xin-yu ZHANG1, Fang-yuan LIU1, Yu-jie WANG1, Gen-lin SUN4, Li-fen ZHOU4, Guo-bing WEI3, Guo-yue ZHONG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2. College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 4. Large Precision Instrument Sharing Service Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0521
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利用基于UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS的代谢组学技术, 分析去芹糖桔梗皂苷D (deapio-platycodin D, DPD) 对浓氨水引咳模型以及酚红排泄模型小鼠肺部组织内源性代谢物代谢紊乱的调控作用, 明确DPD发挥镇咳、祛痰活性的代谢调控途径。经江西中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准后(批准号: JZLLSC-20190235), 通过浓氨水引咳和酚红排泄实验评估DPD的镇咳、祛痰药效, 采用UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS方法筛选差异性代谢物, 利用MetaboAnalyst平台分析与差异性代谢物相关的代谢通路。结果表明, DPD能显著延长(P < 0.05) 模型小鼠咳嗽潜伏期, 减少咳嗽次数, 能显著增加(P < 0.05) 模型小鼠的酚红排泄量。通过UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS技术共鉴定出25种与咳嗽相关的差异性代谢物、38种与排痰相关的差异性代谢物, DPD能显著回调这些差异性代谢物水平。代谢通路分析结果显示亚油酸代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢, 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢, 戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化与赖氨酸降解为其改善浓氨水引咳模型小鼠代谢紊乱的主要途径; 亚油酸代谢, 牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢, 嘌呤代谢, 嘧啶代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢与不饱和脂肪酸代谢为其改善酚红排泄模型小鼠代谢紊乱的主要途径; 其中亚油酸代谢, 花生四烯酸代谢, 甘油磷脂代谢为DPD发挥镇咳祛痰活性的共有调控途径。这些代谢通路与抗炎、免疫功能调节、神经递质释放、细胞信号传导、能量代谢与细胞凋亡等的调控机制密切相关。本研究首次阐明了DPD的镇咳祛痰机制。

去芹糖桔梗皂苷D  /  镇咳  /  祛痰  /  代谢组学  /  作用机制

The UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS metabolomics technique was used to determine the effect of deapio-platycodin D (DPD) on endogenous metabolites in lung tissues of mice with ammonia-induced cough, and to identify the metabolic regulatory pathways of DPD in its antitussive and expectorant activities. This work was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine (Approval No. JZLLSC-20190235). Metabolites were identified by UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS method and the metabolic pathways related to differentially-expressed metabolites were analyzed by the MetaboAnalyst platform. DPD significantly prolonged (P < 0.05) cough latency, reduced the number of coughs, and significantly increased (P < 0.05) phenol red excretion in ammonia-induced cough mice. Twenty-five metabolites related to cough and 38 metabolites related to sputum excretion were identified by UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS. Changes in the metabolism of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerophospholipid, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and lysine degradation were evident with DPD treatment of ammonia-induced cough mice. Changes in the metabolism of linoleic acid, taurine and hypotaurine, glycerophospholipid, purines and pyrimidines, arachidonic acid and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids after DPD treatment were related to phenol red excretion. Linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism are common regulatory pathways by which DPD appears to exert its antitussive and expectorant activity. These metabolic pathways are closely related to anti-inflammatory pathways, immune function regulation, neurotransmitter release, cell signal transduction, energy metabolism and apoptosis. This study clarifies the antitussive and expectorant activity and mechanism of DPD.

deapio-platycodin D  /  antitussive  /  expectorant  /  metabolomics  /  mechanism
钟渊涵, 王玲珑, 邱自超, 钟绍辉, 王新红, 曾金祥, 张欣雨, 刘方圆, 王钰洁, 孙根林, 周立分, 韦国兵, 钟国跃. 基于代谢组学的去芹糖桔梗皂苷D镇咳祛痰机制研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3186 -3194 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0521
Yuan-han ZHONG, Ling-long WANG, Zi-chao QIU, Shao-hui ZHONG, Xin-hong WANG, Jin-xiang ZENG, Xin-yu ZHANG, Fang-yuan LIU, Yu-jie WANG, Gen-lin SUN, Li-fen ZHOU, Guo-bing WEI, Guo-yue ZHONG. The antitussive and expectorant mechanisms of deapio-platycodin D as determined by metabolomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3186 -3194 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0521
咳嗽、咳痰是上呼吸道感染、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、肺癌以及新型冠状病毒性肺炎(COVID-19) 等呼吸道系统疾病的主要临床症状[1, 2], 易于反复发作, 不仅导致患者的生活质量下降, 还给患者和社会带来沉重的经济负担[2]。咳嗽、咳痰病因极为复杂, 现有镇咳、祛痰西药虽然应用较广但作用范围窄, 疗效不明显, 且易产生肠道、嗜睡、抑制呼吸中枢等严重不良反应[3, 4]。因此研究开发新型安全有效的镇咳祛痰药物是咳嗽、咳痰安全有效防治的迫切要求。
桔梗为桔梗科植物桔梗Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC.的干燥根, 具宣肺、利咽、祛痰、排脓等功效, 临床常用于咳嗽痰多、胸闷不畅、咽痛音哑、肺痈吐脓。大量研究表明, 桔梗皂苷类成分是其主要药效成分, 且具有很高的安全性[5, 6]。本课题组前期基于桔梗总皂苷部位[7]及其肠道菌转化产物[8]的谱效关系研究结果表明, 去芹糖桔梗皂苷D (deapio-platycodin D, DPD) 及其转化产物是潜在的镇咳祛痰活性成分, 提示其具有进一步研究与开发价值[7, 8]。另一方面, 代谢组学是系统生物学的一个分支, 可分析生物体内代谢物的变化, 阐明内源性代谢物与机体相应生理、病理状态的关系。当前代谢组学方法已被广泛用于疾病的诊断与机制研究、药物治疗靶点与生物标志物筛选、中药药效物质及作用机制研究[9-11]。在前期研究工作中, 本文作者已运用代谢组学方法成功阐明桔梗总皂苷部位[12]及其肠道菌转化产物[7]的镇咳祛痰机制。本研究在前期研究基础[7, 8, 12]上进一步探讨DPD的镇咳祛痰活性, 并应用代谢组学方法阐明DPD的镇咳祛痰作用机制, 为基于DPD安全有效的现代化镇咳祛痰药物开发提供依据。
仪器  LTQ Orbitrap VELOS Pro型线性离子阱-静电场轨道阱联用质谱仪, 配备Ultimate 3000超高效液相色谱系统(美国赛默飞公司); ZORBAX RRHD Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm; 美国安捷伦公司); DY89-Ⅱ型匀浆机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); CP214型电子分析天平(上海奥豪斯仪器有限公司); UV-1800型紫外分光光度计(日本Shimadzu公司); QL-901型涡旋仪(海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); 402AI型超声雾化器(江苏省鱼跃医疗设备股份有限公司)。
药物与试剂  去芹糖桔梗皂苷D (纯度98.62%, 成都曼斯特生物科技有限公司, 批号: MUST-21011911); 苯酚红(天津市大茂化学试剂厂, 批号: 20170901); 枸橼酸喷托林片(每片含枸橼酸喷托维林25 mg, 河南国药集团荣生制药有限公司, 批号: 21032312); 乙腈(质谱级, 德国Merck公司); 甲酸、甲醇为色谱级, 浓氨水、氯化铵、碳酸氢钠为分析纯(西陇化工股份有限公司), 水为超纯水, 其他试剂为分析纯。
实验动物  96只SPF级雄性KM小鼠, 体质量18~22 g, 购自江西中医药大学动物实验中心, 动物生产许可证号: SCXK (赣) 2018-0003。本实验经江西中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准, 动物实验伦理审批号: JZLLSC-20190235。
镇咳实验  采用浓氨水引咳实验研究DPD的镇咳活性[13]。48只雄性KM小鼠, 随机分为正常组(normal)、模型组(model)、阳性对照组(枸橼酸喷托维林, pentoxyverine, Pen)、DPD低(deapio-platycodin D low dosage, DPD-L)、DPD中(deapio-platycodin D middle dosage, DPD-M)、DPD高(deapio-platycodin D high dosage, DPD-H) 剂量组, 每组8只。小鼠灌胃体积为10 mL·kg-1·d-1, 给药剂量分别为枸橼酸喷托维林剂量为100 mg·kg-1·d-1, DPD-L、DPD-M、DPD-H组分别给药10、20和40 mg·kg-1·d-1, 正常组和模型组给予等量生理盐水。给药7天, 末次给药前所有小鼠禁食不禁水24 h, 末次给药1 h后, 除正常组外所有小鼠依次置于透明玻璃罩内, 浓氨水定量恒压喷雾20 s后立即取出, 记录小鼠从接受喷雾开始到出现咳嗽的潜伏期, 以及3 min内的咳嗽次数(咳嗽标准: 表现为小鼠腹肌收缩, 同时张大嘴, 有时可有咳嗽声音), 正常组小鼠恒压喷雾等量生理盐水。采集完咳嗽相关数据后立即摘眼球取血, 在冰台上切取肺组织, 于-80 ℃下保存备用。
祛痰实验  采用酚红排泄实验研究DPD的祛痰活性[7]。精密称取25 mg苯酚红置于250 mL量瓶中, 加5%碳酸氢钠溶液定容, 依次稀释成0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和3.0 μg·mL-1酚红溶液, 分别于546 nm处测定吸收度。以酚红浓度为横坐标(X), 吸光度(Y) 为纵坐标绘制标准曲线, 得回归方程: Y = 0.720 7X + 0.005 8, R2 = 0.999 7。取48只雄性KM小鼠随机分为6组, 每组8只, 动物分组及给药方式同镇咳实验项操作, 其中祛痰阳性药为氯化铵(ammonium chloride, AmCh), 给药剂量为10 mg·kg-1·d-1。给药7天, 末次给药前所有小鼠禁食不禁水24 h, 于末次给药30 min后, 除正常组外所有小鼠腹腔注射0.5%酚红生理盐水溶液(20 mL·kg-1), 30 min后摘眼球取血, 在冰台上切取肺组织, 于-80 ℃下保存备用。取血、取肺后暴露气管, 剥去气管周围组织, 剪下自甲状软骨下至支气管分支处的一段气管, 气管放入装有2 mL生理盐水的离心管中, 涡旋振荡器振荡5 min后超声振荡洗涤20 min, 加入50 g·L-1 NaHCO3溶液1 mL, 1 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液, 测量546 nm处吸收度值, 根据酚红标准曲线进行分析, 折算出酚红排泄量。
肺组织样品处理  镇咳和祛痰实验所得右肺组织样品迅速从-80 ℃冰箱中取出, 每只小鼠取100 mg肺组织置于装有1 mL甲醇-水溶液(3∶1) 的离心管中, 将装好组织的离心管配平后放入组织研磨盘中研磨3 min, 取出小钢珠后将离心管放入冰盒内, 在摇床上振摇10 min, 混合物在4 ℃以12 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清液转移至新的离心管中, 用氮气吹干, 残渣用200 μL甲醇-水(3∶1) 复溶, 在4 ℃下、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min以获得用于UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS分析的最终样品。质量控制(QC) 样品用于控制样品收集和制备方法的稳定性: 从每组样品中收集15 μL组织样品并混合以获得QC样品, 在整个分析过程中每8个样品进行分析。
UHPLC-LTQ-orbitrap-MS条件  色谱条件在文献[14]的基础上进行调整, 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A) 和0.1%甲酸乙腈(B)。流速为0.3 mL·min-1。洗脱梯度条件: 0~1 min, 5% B; 1.1~17 min, 5%~100% B; 17.1~18 min, 100% B; 18.1~20 min, 100%~5% B; 20.1~21 min, 5% B。进样量2 μL, 柱温箱40 ℃。质谱参数如下: 采用电喷雾离子源(ESI), 毛细管温度320 ℃, 鞘气流速35 arb; 辅助气流速10 arb, 以正、负离子电离模式采集, 正、负离子模式下喷雾电压为3.5和-3.5 kV, 毛细管电压为35和-35 V, 管透镜电压为110和-110 V, 样品一级质谱采用全扫描模式, 扫描范围m/z 50~1 200 Da, 检测分辨率30 000, 二级质谱数据采用数据依赖性扫描模式, 选取上一级丰度最高的6个峰进行碰撞诱导解离(collision-induced dissociation, CID) 碎片扫描。
数据处理  药理实验数据以$ \overline{x} $±s表示, 药效数据采用SPSS数据统计分析软件对各组数据进行单因素方差分析并进行组间比较, P < 0.05为有统计学差异。质谱原始数据经过峰提取、峰匹配、峰识别及归一化处理得到数据矩阵, 所得数据矩阵导入软件SIMCA 14.1软件中进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 与正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA), OPLS-DA中变量投影重要性值(variable importance in projection, VIP) 大于1, 且t检验的P值小于0.05 (P < 0.05) 的内源代谢物被视为与镇咳祛痰作用有关的差异性代谢物。通过与HMDB和METLIN等数据库相结合比对, 鉴定差异性代谢物。代谢通路分析在MetaboAnalyst 5.0平台完成。
采用浓氨水引咳法与酚红排泄法评价DPD的镇咳与祛痰药效活性, 结果分别见表 1表 2。由表 1可知, 在镇咳实验中, 与模型组比较, DPD-L可显著延长咳嗽潜伏期时间(P < 0.05)、显著降低咳嗽次数(P < 0.05), DPD-M与DPD-H均可极显著延长咳嗽潜伏期(P < 0.01)、极显著降低咳嗽次数(P < 0.01); 由表 2可知, 在祛痰实验中, 与模型组比较, DPD-L可显著增加酚红排泄模型中小鼠的酚红排泄量(P < 0.05), DPD-M与DPM-H可极显著增加小鼠酚红排泄量(P < 0.01)。这些结果说明DPD具有较好的镇咳与祛痰活性。
肺部组织DPD镇咳、祛痰代谢物轮廓PCA分析分别见图 1。由图 1A1B可知, 氨水喷雾使小鼠肺部组织代谢物轮廓发生了变化。由图 1C1D可知, 酚红注射同样使小鼠肺部组织代谢物轮廓发生了变化。这一结果与本课题组前期研究结果一致[7, 12]
OPLS-DA是一种有监督的化学计量方法, 可以在不降低模型预测能力的前提下, 有效减少模型的复杂性和增强模型的解释能力[15]。为直观反映DPD对咳嗽鼠代谢的调节作用, 对各组样品质谱正、负离子模式下代谢物进行了OPLS-DA分析, 其镇咳实验组样本OPLS-DA得分结果见图 2A2B, 祛痰实验组样本OPLS-DA得分结果见图 2C2D。由图可知, QC样本分布较集中, 说明所建立方法的重复性、稳定性良好; 镇咳和祛痰正常组、模型组及各给药组之间的样品能被很好地分开, 且组内样本在一定范围内聚集良好, 说明正常组、模型组及各给药组之间样品代谢物存在着明显的差异性。
以OPLS-DA分析中VIP > 1且t检验(P < 0.05) 为标准筛选镇咳、祛痰正常组与模型组样本中的差异性代谢物, 通过HMDB数据库和METIN数据库对这些差异性代谢物进行鉴定。镇咳实验差异性代谢物鉴定结果见表 3。由表 3可知, 镇咳实验正常组与模型组之间共鉴定了25个与咳嗽相关的差异性代谢物, 且与正常组相比, 模型组中有10个差异性代谢物水平被上调, 15个差异性代谢物水平被下调。与模型组相比, DPD-L可以显著回调(P < 0.05) 其中1种、极显著回调(P < 0.01) 其中14种差异性代谢物水平; DPD-M可以显著回调(P < 0.05) 2种差异性代谢物、极显著回调(P < 0.01) 21种差异性代谢物水平; DPD-H可以极显著回调(P < 0.01) 25种差异性代谢物水平。祛痰实验差异性代谢物鉴定结果见表 4。由表 4可知, 祛痰实验正常组与模型组共鉴定了38个与排痰相关的差异代谢物, 且与正常组相比, 模型组中有16个差异性代谢物水平被上调, 22个差异性代谢物水平被下调。与模型组相比, DPD-L、DPD-M、DPD-H可以显著回调(P < 0.05) 其中5、5、1种差异性代谢物水平, 可以极显著回调(P < 0.01) 其中19、30、37种差异性代谢物水平。这说明DPD可通过回调差异性代谢物发挥镇咳祛痰药效且存在剂量依赖关系。
将DPD回调的差异性代谢物导入MetaboAnalyst 5.0平台, 探索DPD产生镇咳作用的代谢通路。影响值(impact) > 0.1或者P < 0.01的通路均可被认为是潜在的靶通路[16, 17]。镇咳、祛痰实验通路分析结果见图 3A3B。由图 3A可知, 与DPD镇咳活性相关的代谢通路共有6条, 分别为亚油酸代谢(impact = 1.000 0, P = 1.81×10-5), 花生四烯酸代谢(impact = 0.420 0, P = 0.010 0), 甘油磷脂代谢(impact = 0.216 3, P = 0.010 0), 丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(impact = 0.226 0, P = 0.048 9), 戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化(impact = 0.140 6, P = 0.209 5) 以及赖氨酸降解(impact = 0.140 9, P = 0.279 1) 等代谢通路。由图 3B可知, 与DPD祛痰活性相关的代谢通路共有7条, 分别是亚油酸代谢(impact = 1.000 0, P = 0.002 2), 甘油磷脂代谢(impact = 0.356 2, P = 0.001 9), 牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢(impact = 0.428 6, P = 0.117 6), 嘌呤代谢(impact = 0.129 2, P = 0.076 0), 嘧啶代谢(impact = 0.122 7, P = 0.120 4), 花生四烯酸代谢(impact = 0.000 0, P = 0.000 2) 与不饱和脂肪酸代谢(impact = 0.000 0, P = 0.001 9) 等代谢通路。其中, 亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢与甘油磷脂代谢是DPD发挥镇咳与祛痰活性的共同代谢通路。
亚油酸代谢途径作为炎症介质广泛参与局部炎症, 亚油酸是人体必须脂肪酸, 同时是花生四烯酸的前体, 具有参与脂肪分解、维持正常新陈代谢、增强机体免疫力等多种生理功能, 其代谢物13S-羟基-十八碳二烯酸(13S-HODE) 可导致线粒体功能紊乱、气道上皮细胞损伤[18]; 亚油酸不仅可以促进成纤维细胞分泌NO、TNF、IL-1β、IL-8等炎症介质, 参与肺部炎症反应的发生, 而且对机体免疫功能及细胞因子水平有重要调节作用[19]。花生四烯酸对肺的生理功能及病理过程具有极其重要的调节作用。炎症反应和细胞凋亡均可导致花生四烯酸的大量释放, 花生四烯酸经不同的酶促反应产生前列腺素、血栓烷、白三烯和羟基脂肪酸等代谢物。这些代谢物对机体免疫功能、细胞信号转导、血管舒张等具有重要调节作用。如这些代谢物可激活呼吸道感受器、改变肺的机械特性、促进炎症细胞聚集等, 进而发挥镇咳与祛痰活性[20-22]。磷脂酰胆碱(PCs) 和溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LysoPCs) 等甘油磷脂类化合物是细胞膜结构的重要组成部分, 同时也是一种重要的趋化介质, 可通过特定的G蛋白偶联受体改变免疫细胞的激活, 参与炎症过程。此外, PCs和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PEs) 还是线粒体膜的重要组成部分, 线粒体膜磷脂水平变化可能影响关键跨膜蛋白活性, 引起线粒体功能障碍, 导致细胞凋亡[23]。有研究表明, 款冬花(Farfarae Flos) 可通过调控甘油磷脂代谢途径产生镇咳作用[24]
丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢与赖氨酸降解均为氨基酸代谢的重要环节。丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸主要通过代谢合成自身需要的氨基酸以及代谢产生能量和自身所需物质[25], 赖氨酸为必需氨基酸, 有研究发现赖氨酸降解紊乱可能和哮喘有关[26]。糖类物质作为最基本的供能物质, 戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化过程形成的各种中间产物, 戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化紊乱可能导致小鼠能量代谢异常。DPD对这些通路的调节结果说明氨基酸代谢与糖代谢可能是DPD潜在的镇咳机制。
牛磺酸是牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢通路的关键代谢物, 具有改善糖脂代谢、免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化等多种生理功能[27]。嘌呤代谢指核酸碱基腺嘌呤及鸟嘌呤等的嘌呤衍生物的活体合成及分解, 最终生成尿酸的过程。腺苷能够调控神经递质的释放和突触反应, 具有镇静、抗惊厥、抗损伤活性及抗焦虑作用[28, 29]。与正常组相比, 模型组小鼠腺苷含量显著降低, 尿酸含量显著增加, 说明嘌呤代谢发生紊乱。DPD可回调腺苷和尿酸水平, 说明DPD的祛痰活性与其对嘌呤代谢紊乱的调控存在一定的相关性。嘧啶代谢对细胞信号传导和能量代谢具有重要调节作用, 另有研究发现, 黄芪多糖还可以通过嘧啶代谢发挥免疫抑制作用[21]。DPD可回调嘧啶水平, 说明DPD的祛痰活性与细胞信号传导及能量代谢以及免疫功能调节均存在一定的相关性。不饱和脂肪酸, 如油酸、花生四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸等, 是生物膜构成、信号传递、能量储存等的重要分子, 对人类正常生理功能具有重要的作用, 能调节机体的免疫反应[29], DPD可能通过调节不饱和脂肪酸代谢产生抗炎作用发挥祛痰活性。
咳嗽、咳痰病因复杂, 目前尚缺少特异性模型研究其机制。代谢组学研究机体受刺激后代谢物的变化, 可灵敏反应生物体对药物有效性应答产生的整体信息与作用机制。因此, 特别适合于药物镇咳祛痰机制研究[7, 12]。本课题组前期基于桔梗总皂苷部位[7, 8]及其肠道菌转化产物[7]的镇咳祛痰谱效关系研究结果表明, DPD是潜在的镇咳祛痰活性成分[7, 8], 但其活性仍需要进一步的实验验证。本文药效学研究结果显示, DPD的各给药剂量均能显著延长浓氨水引咳模型中小鼠的咳嗽潜伏期和减少咳嗽次数, 能显著增加酚红排泄模型中小鼠的酚红排泄量。这说明, DPD确实可通过其本身或者其肠道菌转化产物发挥镇咳祛痰作用[7, 8]。桔梗皂苷及其肠道菌转化产物具有高度的安全性[5, 6], 则进一步说明DPD具有很好的新药开发价值。
由代谢组学研究结果可知, DPD可通过调控亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢与甘油磷脂代谢等共有通路同时发挥镇咳、祛痰作用。这三条通路主要与炎症的发生、免疫调节、细胞凋亡与信号传导等机制密切相关。此外, DPD还可进一步调控丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢, 赖氨酸降解以及葡萄糖与戊糖相互转化通路产生镇咳作用, 这些代谢通路多与氨基酸代谢与能量代谢等机制密切相关。另外, DPD还可通过调控牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢, 嘌呤代谢, 嘧啶代谢与不饱和脂肪酸代谢通路产生祛痰作用, 这些代谢通路多与免疫调节、抗炎、抗氧化、神经递质信号释放、细胞信号传导及能量代谢等机制密切相关。这说明, DPD既可通过调控相同的代谢通路发挥镇咳祛痰活性, 又可以调控不同的代谢通路分别发挥镇咳祛痰活性。这些结果说明DPD可通过丰富的调控机制对病因复杂的咳嗽咳痰产生良好的干预作用, 具有较好的新药研究与开发价值。
另外, 课题组前期研究工作表明, 桔梗总皂苷部位[12]可调控亚油酸代谢、花生四烯酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢通路发挥镇咳活性, 调控亚油酸代谢与花生四烯酸代谢通路发挥祛痰活性。结合本实验研究结果可知, DPD与桔梗总皂苷部位的镇咳祛痰活性机制, 既存在一定的相似性又存在显著的差异性。这一现象是合理的: 首先, 虽然大量其他桔梗皂苷类成分如桔梗皂苷D、桔梗皂苷D2和桔梗皂苷D3可以经肠道菌群转化为DPD发挥镇咳祛痰活性[7], 但桔梗总皂苷部位中还存在其他镇咳祛痰活性成分[8, 30], 而这些成分的调控机制与DPD可能并不完全相同。其次, 本文差异性代谢物来自肺部组织, 而前期研究中的差异性代谢物来自于血清样本[7, 12], 肺部组织差异性代谢物可能更能全面地反映DPD的调控机制。第三, 在本文给药剂量下, DPD及其肠道菌转化物的体内血药浓度可能与桔梗总皂苷部位中DPD的血药浓度并不相同, 这可能导致潜在的活性成分群及其调控机制发生了变化[31]
总之, 本研究基于代谢组学方法阐明了DPD的镇咳祛痰活性与作用机制, 为基于DPD镇咳祛痰新药的现代化开发提供了参考依据。
作者贡献: 钟渊涵和曾金祥构思并设计了实验, 钟渊涵、张欣雨、王新红、刘方圆、王钰洁进行论文整体实验和数据分析, 王玲珑、邱自超、钟绍辉、周立分、孙根林、韦国兵、钟国跃协助实验开展与数据分析, 钟渊涵与曾金祥撰写并修改了论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81860685)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82160736)
  • 江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队发展计划资助项目(CXTD-22002)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0521
  • 接收时间:2022-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-29
  • 修回日期:2022-07-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81860685)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82160736)
江西中医药大学校级科技创新团队发展计划资助项目(CXTD-22002)
作者信息
    1.江西中医药大学中药资源与民族药研究中心, 江西 南昌 330004
    2.江西中医药大学科技学院, 江西 南昌 330004
    3.江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004
    4.江西中医药大学大型精密仪器共享服务中心, 江西 南昌 330004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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