Article(id=1210517367105385435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0497, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650902400000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-26, revisedDate=1653840000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539430642, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539430642, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539430642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539430642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3259, endPage=3267, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517367583536094, articleId=1210517367105385435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on pharmacological action and the mechanism of diphenyl diselenide, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Synthetic organoselenium compounds can be used as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, neuroprotective agents, antitumor agents, anti-infectious agents, and immunomodulators. Diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) is a synthetic organoselenium compound with simple and stable structure, and possesses lower toxicity than inorganic selenium and most organoselenium compounds. Moreover, DPDS has strong antioxidant properties due to its strong glutathione peroxidase-mimetic activity, involvement in thioredoxin reductase catalytic reactions, and activation of the nuclear factor E2 associated factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1 (Keap1) signaling pathway. DPDS has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antifungal, neuroprotective, antitumor, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects in a variety of animal and cellular models. This paper reviews the research progress on the physicochemical properties, main pharmacological effects and mechanisms of DPDS by compiling relevant research results, so as to provide reference for future research and reasonable development and application of DPDS.

, correspAuthors=Jun ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xing WANG, Jun ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517369789740020, articleId=1210517367105385435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=二苯基二硒醚的药理作用及其机制研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

合成有机硒化合物可用作抗氧化剂、酶抑制剂、神经保护剂、抗肿瘤剂、抗感染剂及免疫调节剂。二苯基二硒醚(diphenyl diselenide, DPDS) 是结构简单又稳定的合成有机硒化合物, 毒性比无机硒和大多数有机硒化合物小。DPDS具有很强的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟活性, 参与硫氧还蛋白还原酶催化反应, 并激活核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2 associated factor 2, Nrf2)/Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1 (Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1, Keap1) 信号通路, 因此具有强抗氧化性。DPDS已在多种动物模型和细胞模型中被证实具有抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗真菌、神经保护、抗肿瘤、护肝、肾脏保护和心血管保护作用等多种药理活性。本文通过梳理相关研究成果, 将DPDS的理化性质、主要药理作用及其机制的研究进展进行综述, 以期为今后DPDS的研究与合理开发应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=周军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周军, Tel: 13618649610, E-mail:
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二苯基二硒醚的药理作用及其机制研究进展
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王星 1 , 周军 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(11): 3259-3267
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(11): 3259-3267
二苯基二硒醚的药理作用及其机制研究进展
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王星1, 周军2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.川北医学院药学院, 四川 南充 637100
  • 2.华中科技大学化学与化工学院, 生物无机化学与药物湖北省重点实验室, 生物医用与防护材料湖北省工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430074
  • 3.深圳华中科技大学研究院, 广东 深圳 518057

通讯作者:

*周军, Tel: 13618649610, E-mail:
Research progress on pharmacological action and the mechanism of diphenyl diselenide
Xing WANG1, Jun ZHOU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
  • 2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3. Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0497
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合成有机硒化合物可用作抗氧化剂、酶抑制剂、神经保护剂、抗肿瘤剂、抗感染剂及免疫调节剂。二苯基二硒醚(diphenyl diselenide, DPDS) 是结构简单又稳定的合成有机硒化合物, 毒性比无机硒和大多数有机硒化合物小。DPDS具有很强的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶模拟活性, 参与硫氧还蛋白还原酶催化反应, 并激活核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2 associated factor 2, Nrf2)/Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1 (Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1, Keap1) 信号通路, 因此具有强抗氧化性。DPDS已在多种动物模型和细胞模型中被证实具有抗炎、抗糖尿病、抗真菌、神经保护、抗肿瘤、护肝、肾脏保护和心血管保护作用等多种药理活性。本文通过梳理相关研究成果, 将DPDS的理化性质、主要药理作用及其机制的研究进展进行综述, 以期为今后DPDS的研究与合理开发应用提供参考。

硒  /  二苯基二硒醚  /  抗氧化剂  /  抗炎剂  /  降血糖剂  /  神经保护剂  /  抗肿瘤剂

Synthetic organoselenium compounds can be used as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, neuroprotective agents, antitumor agents, anti-infectious agents, and immunomodulators. Diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) is a synthetic organoselenium compound with simple and stable structure, and possesses lower toxicity than inorganic selenium and most organoselenium compounds. Moreover, DPDS has strong antioxidant properties due to its strong glutathione peroxidase-mimetic activity, involvement in thioredoxin reductase catalytic reactions, and activation of the nuclear factor E2 associated factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1 (Keap1) signaling pathway. DPDS has been shown to possess a variety of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antifungal, neuroprotective, antitumor, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects in a variety of animal and cellular models. This paper reviews the research progress on the physicochemical properties, main pharmacological effects and mechanisms of DPDS by compiling relevant research results, so as to provide reference for future research and reasonable development and application of DPDS.

selenium  /  diphenyl diselenide  /  antioxidant  /  anti-inflammatory agent  /  hypoglycemic agent  /  neuroprotective agent  /  antineoplastic agent
王星, 周军. 二苯基二硒醚的药理作用及其机制研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3259 -3267 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0497
Xing WANG, Jun ZHOU. Research progress on pharmacological action and the mechanism of diphenyl diselenide[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3259 -3267 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0497
硒是机体最重要的微量元素之一, 缺硒会升高癌症、心血管疾病、克山病、大骨节病等几十种疾病的发病率, 硒也是蛋白质中的重要元素。硒在体内代谢后通常进入硒蛋白合成途径, 硒蛋白是硒生物学功能的主要执行者。在硒蛋白家族中, 硒原子共价结合到1个碳原子上, 以硒代半胱氨酸的形式存在于硒蛋白中。动物尤其是脊椎动物有25或24种特定硒蛋白, 至少含有1个硒代半胱氨酸残基, 大多数硒蛋白具有氧化还原酶活性及重要生理功能[1-3]。硒代半胱氨酸残基中的硒醇基类似于半胱氨酸中的巯基, 是硒蛋白中重要的氧化还原中心[2, 3]。正是因为微量元素硒具有重要作用, 缺硒人群需额外补充硒, 因此出现了多种硒补充剂。最早应用于补充硒的化合物为无机硒, 但由于其毒性大, 应用价值受限。有机硒比无机硒毒性小, 且药理活性往往更强。其中二苯基二硒醚(diphenyl diselenide, DPDS) 是最具代表性的有机硒之一(结构如图 1), 其结构简单又稳定, 是一种弱亲电试剂, 毒性比大多数有机硒小且药理活性更强, 还可用于合成具有多种药理活性的其他有机硒化合物, 已成为治疗一些疾病的良好候选物。本文通过梳理相关研究报道, 将DPDS的理化性质、药理作用及相关作用机制进行综述, 为其进一步开发和利用提供参考。
药物的理化性质与药物的成药性、药理作用及作用机制息息相关。DPDS分子式为C12H10Se2, 相对分子质量为312.13, 外观为黄色结晶粉末, 熔点为60~63 ℃, 沸点为377.3 ℃。在pH值为7.4的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) 中, DPDS的溶解度为(0.98 ± 0.072) μmol·L-1 [4], 表明其溶解性较差, 当配制成口服制剂时, 可能会产生与溶解性相关的问题。DPDS在辛醇/PBS中的分配系数LogD值(LogD是指DPDS在混合溶剂辛醇和PBS中达到分配平衡时, 其在辛醇和PBS中浓度比的对数) 为3.13 ± 0.09[4], 表明DPDS的水溶性低。药物在胃和肠中的化学稳定性对于促进药物在胃肠道中的吸收至关重要, 而DPDS在pH值为7.4的PBS中、模拟胃液和模拟肠液中均能稳定存在[4], 表明其生化稳定性好, 在血浆中不易降解。而且, 药物与蛋白结合率与药物的药理作用及毒性密切相关, 而平衡透析实验结果表明, DPDS (100 μmol·L-1) 与牛血清白蛋白或血浆共同孵育后, 未结合的DPDS分别占总量的0.69% ± 0.12%、0.44% ± 0.09%[4], 表明DPDS与血浆蛋白结合率高。在生物体系中, DPDS能与巯基反应, 表现出较弱的亲电性, 被巯基还原后则转变为硒醇类亲核试剂, 发挥过氧化物酶模拟活性[3]。综上所述, DPDS化学和生物学性质较为稳定, 水溶性低, 与血浆蛋白结合率高。
氧化应激与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关, 如糖尿病、心血管疾病、高血压、癌症等, 而微量元素硒在多种含硒抗氧化酶的催化中心起至关重要的作用, 如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPX)、硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase, TrxR) 等, 这些硒酶被证实可抑制氧化应激。然而, 由于硒酶的天然来源有限且合成难度大, 因此药物化学家开展了硒酶小分子模拟物的化学合成及活性筛选, 以便获得易于合成、成本低廉且抗氧化活性高的硒酶模拟物, DPDS正是基于此背景被合成并筛选出来。自DPDS合成以来, 研究者对其抗氧化作用开展了相关研究, 发现DPDS具有很强的抗氧化作用, 目前认为其抗氧化作用机制有以下几个方面。
在小分子有机硒中, 依布硒啉(ebselen) 最早被发现具有模拟GPX的活性。在此基础上, 研究者又合成出更稳定、更适合生物学研究且活性更强的有机硒, 其中DPDS就是最具有代表性的一种, 其模拟GPX的活性大约是依布硒啉的2倍[3, 5]。DPDS模拟GPX的机制为: DPDS与还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 反应生成苯基谷胱甘肽硒硫化物, 后者与第二当量的GSH反应生成单一产物硒醇。随后硒醇与过氧化氢或有机氢过氧化物反应形成水或相应的醇和苯基次硒酸, 最后再自发产生另一个水分子和DPDS, 形成循环而将过氧化物清除掉[3, 6] (图 2)。
TrxR在细胞生理学中发挥重要作用, 保护细胞免受氧化损伤, 并和硫氧还蛋白、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 共同构成硫氧还蛋白系统。在该系统中, TrxR分别催化电子从NADPH传递到氧化型谷胱甘肽(glutathione disulfide, GSSG) 和硫氧还蛋白, 使其转变为还原态, 从而参加后续多种维持氧化还原平衡的反应。Rocha课题组[3, 7, 8]首次证实, 除内源性底物外, TrxR还能将DPDS还原成硒醇中间体, 从而发挥DPDS的抗氧化作用(图 3)。
核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2 associated factor 2, Nrf2)/Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1 (Kelch like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1, Keap1) 信号通路是维持细胞内氧化还原平衡重要的信号通路, 正常情况下, Nrf2和富含半胱氨酸残基的Keap1结合在一起没有活性; 当遇到活性氧或其他刺激因素时, Keap1的半胱氨酸巯基氧化形成二硫键, Nrf2脱离结合后转运入核导致该通路被激活而发挥抗氧化作用。研究发现, DPDS能通过氧化Keap1中关键的半胱氨酸残基来激活该通路, 使Nrf2能转录激活抗氧化酶和解毒系统的表达[3, 9]。不少研究[10-12]已在动物模型中证实DPDS可通过激活Nrf2/Keap1信号通路发挥抗氧化作用, 从而改善相应的疾病(图 4)。
氧化应激与机体炎症的发生密切相关, 炎症是多种疾病的发病机制, 研究发现, DPDS在炎症模型中表现出良好的抗炎活性。Nogueira等[13]发现, 在几种炎症大鼠/小鼠模型中, DPDS均表现出比常用抗炎剂依布硒啉更强的抗炎和镇痛活性, 包括卡拉胶诱导的足爪水肿和甩尾模型、福尔马林与醋酸诱导的腹部扭动模型及辣椒素诱导疼痛模型。Doleski等[14, 15]发现, 在弓形虫诱导的炎症小鼠模型中, DPDS可改善小鼠脾脏肿大, 降低脾脏内活性氧水平, 减轻肝脏和脾脏炎症反应, 调节核苷酸酶活性和嘌呤能酶活性。Petronilho等[16]发现, 在葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的溃疡性结肠炎大鼠模型中, DPDS和依布硒啉通过抗氧化和抗炎作用明显抑制结肠炎, 且DPDS的效果更好。Hort等[17]发现, 在低密度脂蛋白受体敲除小鼠模型中, DPDS显著改善小鼠内皮舒张功能异常, 降低血管中丙二醛和硝基酪氨酸含量, 减少炎症细胞对血管壁的浸润, 抑制单核细胞趋化蛋白-1的上调, 进而改善小鼠动脉粥样硬化。在弗氏完全佐剂诱导的小鼠疼痛模型中, Savegnago等[18]发现DPDS可减轻小鼠的急性热痛觉过敏, 改善持续炎症反应和神经性疼痛行为异常。在用伏马菌素B1诱导的免疫和止血反应损伤银鲶鱼模型中, Baldissera等[19]发现DPDS有效地调节细胞外核苷酸控制相关的酶活性和核苷含量, 从而减轻炎症和出血过程。在甲基氯化汞诱导的免疫损伤草鱼模型中, Souza等[20]发现DPDS通过调节嘌呤能信号途径和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎性小体来保护草鱼头、肾和脾脏免受甲基氯化汞诱导产生的免疫毒性。
尽管DPDS在多种动物模型中都表现出良好的抗炎活性, 但其具体抗炎机制还不甚清楚。根据已有研究结果推测其可能的抗炎机制如下: ① DPDS与蛋白质三级结构中的巯基反应, 这种相互作用调节酶的活性和对底物的亲和力, 进而导致炎症反应重要的代谢途径发生改变而发挥抗炎作用[21]。② DPDS调节细胞内与炎症反应相关的酶、核苷酸、嘌呤能信号和NLRP3炎性小体来抑制炎症[19, 20, 22]。③ DPDS的抗炎作用与其自身的抗氧化作用有关, 通过减少促炎因子的产生和抑制髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 活性而发挥抗炎作用[23]。上述结果表明DPDS是一个有前途的抗炎候选化合物。
氧化应激通过破坏胰岛β细胞导致胰岛素合成及分泌障碍, 通过直接损伤肝脏、骨骼肌及脂肪等胰岛素靶组织中的胰岛素信号通路导致胰岛素抵抗, 进而促进糖尿病的发生与发展[24]。硒与糖尿病关系密切[25-27], 早期研究发现[25], 较高剂量的无机硒对糖尿病有一定改善作用, 但由于毒性较大, 其临床应用价值有限, 因此研究者开始研究毒性较小的有机硒是否具有抗糖尿病作用。Rocha课题组[28-31]研究发现, 在链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) 或四氧嘧啶诱导的1型糖尿病大鼠模型中, DPDS通过抗氧化作用都能不同程度地改善高血糖症状, 降低STZ或四氧嘧啶毒性, 同时对肝脏和肾脏氧化损伤有一定改善作用。此外, Dos Santos等[32]还发现, 在高血糖斑马鱼模型中, DPDS显著降低其血糖, 可能的作用机制是调节氧化应激和胰岛素信号通路分子的基因表达。
最近, 本实验室研究了DPDS对糖尿病肾病和糖尿病周围神经病变的干预作用及其机制[11, 12], 发现在STZ诱导的1型糖尿病大鼠模型中, DPDS口服灌胃给药除了改善高血糖、糖耐量异常和血脂紊乱外, 还明显降低大鼠尿液中微量白蛋白、β2微球蛋白及血清中肌酐和尿素氮, 改善肾脏形态异常, 从而延缓糖尿病肾病的发生与发展[11]。其作用机制在于, DPDS有效地减轻糖尿病大鼠血清和肾脏中的氧化应激和炎症反应, 激活肾脏中Nrf2/Keap1信号通路, 抑制肾脏中蛋白核因子κ轻链增强活化B细胞(NF-κB) 和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK) 信号通路[11]。在STZ诱导的1型糖尿病大鼠周围神经病变模型中, 结果显示DPDS干预显著提高糖尿病大鼠神经传导速度, 改善热痛觉过敏、机械痛觉过敏和坐骨神经形态异常, 减轻血清和坐骨神经氧化应激, 明显改善糖尿病周围神经病变[12]。就机制而言, DPDS激活了糖尿病大鼠坐骨神经中Nrf2/Keap1信号通路从而改善糖尿病周围神经病变。体外研究也表明[12], 在大鼠雪旺氏细胞RSC96中, DPDS处理有效地抑制Keap1的表达并激活细胞内Nrf2信号通路, 显著降低了高浓度葡萄糖诱导的胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 产生和脂质过氧化反应, 从而抑制高糖诱导的氧化应激和细胞毒性。总之, DPDS可能主要通过调节Nrf2/Keap1信号通路发挥抗氧化作用从而改善糖尿病及其并发症。
真菌感染是世界最流行疾病之一, 据估计, 浅表和皮肤真菌病会影响到全世界近10亿人, 侵入性真菌疾病每年导致全球约160万人死亡, 而目前针对此类疾病的新药研发仍很缺乏[33]。体外研究最早发现依布硒啉具有一定的抗真菌活性, 而DPDS分子中含有两个硒, 比依布硒啉更稳定且活性更好, 因此研究者开始关注DPDS对真菌的影响。研究发现[34-37], 64 μg·mL-1以下浓度的DPDS对分离出的95%念珠菌都有抗真菌活性, 对白色念珠菌最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC) 的几何平均值为8.35 μg·mL-1[34, 37], 对非白色念珠菌MIC的几何平均值为4.15 μg·mL-1 [34-36]。体外对DPDS敏感的酵母菌属为隐球菌属, MIC为32~64 μg·mL-1 [38], DPDS对丝孢酵母菌的MIC为8~64 μg·mL-1 [34, 39]。DPDS对一种红酵母分离物MIC为64 μg·mL-1 [34], 体外研究发现丝状和双态真菌对DPDS的敏感浓度一般小于64 μg·mL-1。Loreto等[34]发现DPDS对足放线菌属、毛霉属和丰塞卡菌属也具有一定的抗菌活性。还有两项研究表明[34, 40], DPDS对分离的78%曲霉属有明显抑菌活性, 其MIC为0.5~64 μg·mL-1。此外, 有关研究还发现DPDS对某些真菌的抗菌活性更强, 如DPDS对孢子丝菌属、镰刀菌属和腐霉属分离物的MIC分别为12.24 μg·mL-1 [34, 41]、6.85 μg·mL-1 [34, 42]、0.86 μg·mL-1 [43]。最近研究表明[44], 8 μg·mL-1以下浓度的DPDS单独使用时能有效杀死50%申克链球菌分离株, 当与伊曲康唑合用时能杀死87.5%的分离菌株。尼克霉素Z与DPDS联合使用能有效抑制孢子丝菌的生长[45], DPDS单独使用或与两性霉素B和氟康唑联合使用都能有效杀死隐球菌, 且联合使用后能增加抗真菌药的抗菌活性[46]。由此可见, DPDS单独使用或与抗真菌药联合使用可能是一种有前途的真菌感染治疗方案。
DPDS是一种脂溶性化合物, 能透过血脑屏障更好的发挥作用, 同时其又具有模拟GPX活性, 因此其对神经系统的影响也受到研究者的关注。Zhang等[47]采用人超氧化物歧化酶1 (human superoxide dismutase 1, hSOD1)G93A转基因的小胶质细胞为研究对象, 通过脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导建立肌萎缩性侧索硬化(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS) 细胞模型, 发现DPDS抑制核因子活化B细胞κ轻链增强子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB) 抑制蛋白IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB)/NF-κB信号通路的激活进而减少促炎细胞因子的释放, 还发现DPDS通过降低一氧化氮和ROS水平来减少蛋白质硝化, 从而抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活来抑制炎症反应, 因而发挥神经保护作用。在该细胞模型中DPDS介导的ROS减少与Nrf2激活无关。而且, 如缺乏激活的小胶质细胞, DPDS对单独的hSOD1G93A转基因NSC34细胞没有显著影响; 然而, 在体外神经元-小胶质细胞条件培养和共培养实验中, DPDS能保护运动神经元免受由LPS或2'-3'-O-(苯甲酰-苯甲酰) ATP刺激的小胶质细胞激活引起的神经毒性损伤。上述研究结果表明, DPDS对ALS的神经保护作用与抑制小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症有关。这在体内研究中得到了进一步验证, 在hSOD1G93A转基因小鼠中, DPDS干预导致了运动缺陷的改善、存活率的延长、运动神经元损失的减少及反应性小胶质细胞增生的减少[47]。Burger等[48]研究发现, 在利血平诱导的大鼠神经损伤模型中, DPDS干预通过抗氧化作用明显改善大鼠口面运动障碍。Stangherlin等[49, 50]发现DPDS能改善小鼠和大鼠的记忆能力, 表明DPDS对神经有较好的保护作用。Baldissera等[51]发现膳食补充DPDS (3 mg·kg-1) 可预防伏马菌素B1诱导银鲶鱼的脑损伤, DPDS通过改善酶促和非酶促抗氧化防御系统, 抑制ROS产生及脑脂质损伤, 从而发挥神经保护作用。Nogueira课题组[52]发现DPDS灌胃给药可有效改善雌性小鼠因双酚A暴露引起的伤害性感知异常, 并改善了小鼠大脑皮层中炎症蛋白水平的异常。Bicca Obetine Baptista等[53]发现DPDS长期治疗减少了秀丽隐杆线虫中亨廷顿蛋白N端聚谷氨酰胺链(polyglutamine chain, polyQ) 诱导的聚集和神经变性, 改善了神经元功能。该作用机制是DPDS激活全身组织中的热休克蛋白16.2和SOD-3, 增加抗氧化能力并调节蛋白质稳态, 有效降低polyQ的聚集和毒性及ROS水平, 从而延长寿命并改善健康状况, 提示DPDS具有潜在的亨廷顿舞蹈病治疗潜力[53]。此外, 在杀虫剂氟虫腈诱导银鲶鱼、除草剂昆氯拉克诱导鲤鱼、氯化甲基汞诱导草鱼及高浓度葡萄糖诱导斑马鱼形成的神经损伤或者行为异常模型中, 研究者发现DPDS对神经系统损伤和脑损伤都有一定的改善作用[54-57]。由此可见, DPDS对多种神经系统病变模型都表现出良好的改善作用, 但其具体作用机制还有待阐明, 推测最可能的原因是DPDS具有优良的抗氧化活性和抗炎活性。
一些有机硒化合物是高效的癌症化学预防剂, 能降低多种癌症的发病率和死亡率, 其中DPDS也具有良好的抗肿瘤活性。Rocha课题组[58]较早开展了这方面的研究, 在雌性Wistar大鼠中研究了膳食补充DPDS (1 ppm) 对N-亚硝基-N-甲基脲诱导的乳腺癌的影响, 发现DPDS有效延缓了乳腺肿瘤的发生, 显著降低了肿瘤发生率, 并将异常的肝脏SOD活性及肝脏、脾脏、血液中维生素C水平恢复到正常。此后, Posser等[59]研究了DPDS对人神经母细胞瘤细胞系(SH-SY5Y) 的作用, 发现DPDS通过调节细胞外信号调节激酶-1/2而抑制细胞的生长, 从而发挥抗肿瘤活性。Nedel等[60]研究了DPDS对人结肠癌HT-29细胞的作用, 发现DPDS通过激活胱天蛋白酶依赖性和非依赖性途径而诱导HT-29细胞凋亡。有趣的是, Melo等[61]发现DPDS可降低抗癌药物他莫昔芬的遗传毒性。他莫昔芬常用于晚期乳腺癌和卵巢癌的治疗, 但具有较大的肝脏和子宫毒性, 可导致DNA损伤和染色体畸变, 具有潜在的致癌性。Melo等[61]采用人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞作为模型, 发现DPDS预处理可通过抗氧化活性减轻他莫昔芬诱导的氧化性DNA损伤, 而不干扰其抗癌活性。该研究揭示了DPDS在肿瘤化疗减毒方面的巨大潜力, 提示DPDS有望作为肿瘤辅助治疗试剂, 或作为细胞免受化疗药物引起的继发性损伤的保护剂。
由于DPDS水溶性较差, 导致其口服生物利用度偏低, Ferreira等[62]将DPDS与纳米载药系统相结合, 成功开发了以聚(ε-己内酯)为聚合物壳、中链甘油三酯为油核的负载DPDS的聚合物纳米胶囊。游离的DPDS和DPDS纳米胶囊对人黑色素瘤A375细胞系均有细胞毒作用, 但与游离DPDS相比, DPDS纳米胶囊具有更高的化学稳定性, 且细胞毒作用的选择性更好, 不会对健康细胞(角质形成细胞和血细胞) 造成任何毒性, 可望成为黑色素瘤治疗的替代品。Ferreira等[63]进一步研究发现, 游离的DPDS和DPDS纳米胶囊均可明显降低C6神经胶质瘤细胞的细胞活力, 纳米载体包封提高了DPDS对C6胶质瘤细胞的细胞毒性, 体内研究表明两种形式的DPDS均能显著减轻大鼠体内胶质母细胞瘤的生长。此外, Ferreira等[64]还开发了黄原胶增稠的DPDS纳米胶囊, 该纳米胶囊具有高度化学稳定性、优异的皮肤渗透性, 与游离DPDS相比对耐药性恶性黑色素瘤细胞系SK-Mel-103、小鼠B16F10和人SkMel-28黑色素瘤细胞系表现出更高、更具选择性的细胞毒性, 该作用与细胞坏死相关通路的激活有关。尽管已有不少研究表明DPDS具有抗肿瘤活性, 但具体作用机制仍不甚清楚, DPDS可能通过调节细胞内促凋亡、抗凋亡蛋白表达和相关信号通路, 进而影响细胞的生长周期, 最终发挥抗肿瘤作用。
除了上述药理作用外, DPDS对肝脏、肾脏、心血管和胃损伤均有一定的保护作用, 这在相应的体外和体内模型中已得到验证。Borges等[65]研究发现, 在2-硝基丙烷诱导的急性肝损伤大鼠模型中, DPDS腹腔注射预处理显著抑制了肝脏脂质过氧化反应, 明显减轻模型大鼠的肝损伤。Nogueira课题组[66]研究发现, 对大鼠灌胃给予DPDS预处理1周, 可有效减轻急性毒死蜱暴露引起的肝损伤和血液毒性, 降低肝脏脂质过氧化及蛋白质羰基水平, 增加肝脏抗氧化酶活性。该课题组[67]也研究了DPDS对顺铂诱导幼年大鼠肝损伤的保护作用, 发现DPDS和依布硒啉对顺铂诱导的幼年大鼠肝脏代谢紊乱具有相似的保护作用, 包括降低肝糖原和甘油三酯含量及己糖激酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶和酪氨酸氨基转移酶活性, 增加柠檬酸合酶活性和葡萄糖转运子-2的水平, 并显著降低了肝脏ROS水平。该课题组[68]还研究了DPDS的肾脏保护作用, 发现在顺铂诱导的幼年大鼠肾脏损伤模型中, DPDS灌胃处理显著降低大鼠血浆中肌酐、尿素氮和尿酸, 改善肾脏病理形态异常, 增强肾脏抗氧化能力抑制肾脏氧化应激, 并激活肾脏中Nrf2/Keap1信号通路, 而且DPDS对肾脏损伤的保护作用与依布硒啉相当。Fiuza等[69]研究发现, DPDS灌胃预处理有效保护小鼠肾脏免受氯化汞诱导的毒性损伤, 并抑制肾脏氧化应激。
DPDS对心血管也具有一定的保护作用。在体外分离的人低密度脂蛋白中, DPDS明显抑制脂质过氧化产物的产生并阻止蛋白质部分氧化[70]。在低密度脂蛋白受体敲除小鼠模型中, DPDS干预显著降低小鼠血清中胆固醇、丙二醛和硝基酪氨酸含量, 减少炎性细胞对血管壁浸润, 抑制小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变的形成[17]。在胆固醇喂养诱导的血脂紊乱家兔模型和四丁酚醛诱导的高血脂小鼠模型中, DPDS干预显著降低血清中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平, 增加血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量[71, 72]
在胃肠道方面, Zeni课题组[73]发现DPDS腹腔注射能有效预防乙醇或吲哚美辛诱发的大鼠胃溃疡, 并抑制幽门结扎大鼠的胃酸分泌, 对猪胃黏膜的体外研究表明DPDS处理明显抑制由Fe2+/抗坏血酸/H2O2诱发的脂质过氧化, 并降低K+依赖的ATPase活性。研究表明[74], 在造模之前或之后, 口腔灌胃DPDS可分别预防和逆转乙醇诱导的大鼠胃损伤, 还可预防或逆转乙醇引起的胃部脂质过氧化、SOD活性和抗坏血酸含量的变化, 提示DPDS口服给药时通过抗氧化机制发挥抗溃疡作用。
本综述对DPDS的理化性质、药理作用及其机制进行了汇总和梳理分析。如上所述, DPDS具有多种药理活性, 具有一定的临床应用潜力, 尤其是抗氧化和抗炎活性, 这可能是DPDS具有其他药理作用的基础, 但其具体药理作用机制尚不完全清楚, 值得深入研究。例如, DPDS可改善几种实验大鼠模型的肝损伤, 研究表明Nrf2/Keap1信号通路受损是多种肝损伤发生发展的重要因素[75, 76], 但DPDS是否通过激活Nrf2/Keap1信号通路发挥护肝作用还不得而知。此外, DPDS的毒性相对较小, 急性毒性研究表明, DPDS腹腔注射给药时在小鼠和大鼠体内的半数致死量(median lethal dose, LD50) 分别为210 μmol·kg-1 (65.5 mg·kg-1)、1 200 μmol·kg-1 (374.6 mg·kg-1)[5], 口服灌胃给药时在小鼠体内的LD50高于1 000 μmol·kg-1 (312 mg·kg-1)[77]。然而, 也有个别研究报道了DPDS在高剂量时具有潜在的神经毒性, 灌胃给予50~500 mg·kg-1 DPDS引起幼年大鼠(出生后第12~14天) 癫痫发作[78], 对重复性轻度创伤性脑损伤大鼠模型腹腔注射10或25 mg·kg-1 DPDS会加剧其焦虑样症状[79], DPDS的长期毒性还有待进一步研究。而且, DPDS的水溶性较差, 口服生物利用度低, 适当的化学修饰可能有助于解决这些问题, 已有研究发现一些DPDS衍生物在某些药理活性测试中效果比DPDS更好[78]。此外, DPDS在体内的药代动力学过程相关研究也较少, 距离进入临床还有很长的路要走。总之, 多角度的认识、改造和应用DPDS还有待研究者进一步探索。
作者贡献: 王星负责文章撰写及资料搜集; 周军审校全文, 提供指导性建议并修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31972920)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31270870)
  • 湖北省揭榜制技术创新专项重大项目(2019A EE007)
  • 深圳市基础研究重点项目(JCYJ20200109105836705)
  • 川北医学院博士科研启动基金(CBY21-QD16)
  • 川北医学院药学一流学科群资助项目(CBY21-YLXK03)
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2022年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0497
  • 接收时间:2022-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-26
  • 修回日期:2022-05-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31972920)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31270870)
湖北省揭榜制技术创新专项重大项目(2019A EE007)
深圳市基础研究重点项目(JCYJ20200109105836705)
川北医学院博士科研启动基金(CBY21-QD16)
川北医学院药学一流学科群资助项目(CBY21-YLXK03)
作者信息
    1.川北医学院药学院, 四川 南充 637100
    2.华中科技大学化学与化工学院, 生物无机化学与药物湖北省重点实验室, 生物医用与防护材料湖北省工程研究中心, 湖北 武汉 430074
    3.深圳华中科技大学研究院, 广东 深圳 518057

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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