Article(id=1210516746063180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0490, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650816000000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-25, revisedDate=1653321600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282575, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282575, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282575, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3229, endPage=3239, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516746960761207, articleId=1210516746063180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Sequence structure and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genomes of Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms and its different subspecies, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Alangium chinense is a commonly used medicinal plant of Alangiaceae Alangium, one of the characteristic Miao medicines in Guizhou. The genus is strongly differentiated and has complex morphological variation, with significant differences in active ingredients and potency among herbs. In this paper, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The genomes of Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib chloroplasts were sequenced, their assembly annotation and structural characterization were completed, and the genomes of the congeners Alangium chinense and Alangium alpinum were downloaded from NCBI for comparative analysis. Finally, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by selecting published species with close affinity to Alangium chinense family from NCBI. The results were as follows: Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib chloroplast genomes were 156 670, 156 672 and 156 871 bp in length, with a typical four-segment structure, all containing one long single copy region (LSC), one short single copy region (SSC) and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb). All of them were annotated to 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Three types of long repeat sequences and SSR loci, forward repeats, palindrome repeats and reverse repeats, were found in all chloroplast genomes. Comparative genomic analysis showed that there was diversity in the boundary transition regions of the five species, no rearrangements or inversions were found in the chloroplast genome, and there were significant differences in the coding regions of ndhA, ycf1, rpl16, ycf2, and petD genes, which provided new loci for molecular identification of Patagonia. In the phylogenetic analysis, Alangium kurzii var. kurzii clustered as a single species, and Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum and Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum clustered as a single species, with a support rate of 93 and close affinity, indicating that the phylogenetic tree can be used for the species identification. This paper can provide a basis for the taxonomic identification of Alangium, ensure the safety of clinical use of anise herbs and regulate the market of Alangium chinense herbs.

, correspAuthors=Ying ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-ying YANG, Chang LIU, Xian-fa ZENG, Xiong-wei LIU, Jie-hong ZHAO, Ting-ting FENG, Ying ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516750299427309, articleId=1210516746063180123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=八角枫及其亚种叶绿体基因组序列结构及系统发育分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

八角枫为八角枫科Alangiaceae八角枫属Alangium常用药用植物, 是贵州特色苗药之一, 该属植物分化强烈、形态变异复杂, 各药材活性成分和药效存在显著差异。本文利用Illumina高通量测序技术对八角枫亚种(稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫) 和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组进行测序, 完成其组装注释与结构特征解析, 并从NCBI下载同属植物八角枫、高山八角枫进行基因组比较分析。最后, 选择NCBI中已发表的与八角枫科亲缘关系较近的物种进行系统发育树构建。结果如下: 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组全长为156 670、156 672、156 871 bp, 为典型的四段式结构, 均包含1个长单拷贝区(LSC)、1个短单拷贝区(SSC) 及2个反向重复区(IRa和IRb)。均注释到133个基因, 其中包括88个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。叶绿体基因组中均发现了正向重复、回文重复和反向重复3种类型的长重复序列和SSR位点。基因组比较分析表明5个物种边界过渡区域存在多样性, 叶绿体基因组未发现重排或倒置, 在ndhAycf1rpl16ycf2petD等基因的编码区存在显著差异, 这些位点为八角枫的分子鉴别提供了新位点。系统分析中毛八角枫单独聚为一支, 稀花八角枫和伏毛八角枫聚为一支, 支持率为93, 亲缘关系较近, 表明系统发育树可用于物种鉴别。本文可为八角枫属分类鉴定、保证八角枫药材临床用药安全及规范八角枫药材市场提供依据。

, correspAuthors=周英, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周英, E-mail:
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The length of the chloroplast genome was shown in the circle. Genes inside the circle are transcribed clockwise, and those outside are transcribed counter clockwise. 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SpeciesFamilyGenusAccession
Alangium alpinumAlangiaceaeAlangiumMG525003
Alangium chinenseAlangiaceaeAlangiumMG524996
Alangium KurziiAlangiaceaeAlangiumMZ680502
Nyssa sinensisNyssaceaeNyssaKX904873
Camptotheca acuminataNyssaceaeCamptothecaKX904871
Syzygium aromaticumMyrtaceaeSyzygiumMN746306
Rhodomyrtus tomentosaMyrtaceaeRhodomyrtusMK044696
Psidium guajava L.MyrtaceaePsidiumKY635879
Trapa natansTrapaceaeTrapaMZ617461
Trapa bispinosaTrapaceaeTrapaMW065552
Trapa maximowicziiTrapaceaeTrapaKY705084
Stellera chamaejasmeThymelaeaceaeStelleraMK681211
Wikstroemia capitataThymelaeaceaeWikstroemiaMW073909
Daphne genkwaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMT754180
Daphne tanguticaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMK455800
Daphne retusaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMW245832
Edgeworthia chrysanthaThymelaeaceaeEdgeworthiaMT135123
Aquilaria yunnanensisThymelaeaceaeAquilariaMG656407
Aquilaria sinensisThymelaeaceaeAquilariaMN720647
Hippophae rhamnoidesElaeagnaceaeHippophaeKY794808
Hippophae neurocarpaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMK787303
Hippophae goniocarpaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMW791524
Hippophae tibetanaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMN643620
Hippophae gyantsensisElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMK552375
Hippophae salicifoliaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMW392804
Elaeagnus multifloraElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusLC522136
Elaeagnus glabraElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusLC522137
Elaeagnus angustifoliaElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusMK131395
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757257777169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The GenBank accession numbers for the chloroplast genomes of 28 species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesFamilyGenusAccession
Alangium alpinumAlangiaceaeAlangiumMG525003
Alangium chinenseAlangiaceaeAlangiumMG524996
Alangium KurziiAlangiaceaeAlangiumMZ680502
Nyssa sinensisNyssaceaeNyssaKX904873
Camptotheca acuminataNyssaceaeCamptothecaKX904871
Syzygium aromaticumMyrtaceaeSyzygiumMN746306
Rhodomyrtus tomentosaMyrtaceaeRhodomyrtusMK044696
Psidium guajava L.MyrtaceaePsidiumKY635879
Trapa natansTrapaceaeTrapaMZ617461
Trapa bispinosaTrapaceaeTrapaMW065552
Trapa maximowicziiTrapaceaeTrapaKY705084
Stellera chamaejasmeThymelaeaceaeStelleraMK681211
Wikstroemia capitataThymelaeaceaeWikstroemiaMW073909
Daphne genkwaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMT754180
Daphne tanguticaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMK455800
Daphne retusaThymelaeaceaeDaphneMW245832
Edgeworthia chrysanthaThymelaeaceaeEdgeworthiaMT135123
Aquilaria yunnanensisThymelaeaceaeAquilariaMG656407
Aquilaria sinensisThymelaeaceaeAquilariaMN720647
Hippophae rhamnoidesElaeagnaceaeHippophaeKY794808
Hippophae neurocarpaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMK787303
Hippophae goniocarpaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMW791524
Hippophae tibetanaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMN643620
Hippophae gyantsensisElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMK552375
Hippophae salicifoliaElaeagnaceaeHippophaeMW392804
Elaeagnus multifloraElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusLC522136
Elaeagnus glabraElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusLC522137
Elaeagnus angustifoliaElaeagnaceaeElaeagnusMK131395
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757341663258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genome featureAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
Total length/bp156 670156 672156 871
GC content/%37.6937.6937.7
LSC length/bp86 17986 17986 386
SSC length/bp18 59118 59318 573
IR length /bp25 95025 95025 956
Number of genes133133133
Number of protein-coding genes888888
Number of rRNA genes888
Number of tRNA genes373737
Number of genes in IR383838
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757459103781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The basic information of chloroplast genomes of the three Alangium species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Genome featureAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
Total length/bp156 670156 672156 871
GC content/%37.6937.6937.7
LSC length/bp86 17986 17986 386
SSC length/bp18 59118 59318 573
IR length /bp25 95025 95025 956
Number of genes133133133
Number of protein-coding genes888888
Number of rRNA genes888
Number of tRNA genes373737
Number of genes in IR383838
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757584932911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene groupGene name
Self-replicationLarge subunit of ribosonerpl2** (x2), rpl14, rpl16, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23 (x2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Small subunit of ribosonerps2, rps3, rps4, rps7 (x2), rps8, rps11, rps12 (x2), rps14, rps15, rps16** (x2), rps18, rps19
RNA polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
rRNArrn4.5S (x2), rrn5S (x2), rrn16S (x2), rrn23S (x2)
tRNAtRNA-Val (x2), tRNA-Tyr, tRNA-Trp, tRNA-Thr (x2), tRNA-Ser (x3), tRNA-Pro, tRNA-Phe, tRNA-Met (x4), tRNA-Lys, tRNA-Leu (x4), tRNA-Ile (x2), tRNA-His, tRNA-Gly (x2), tRNA-Glu, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Cys (x2), tRNA-Asp, tRNA-Asn (x2), tRNA-Arg (x3), tRNA-Ala (x2)
PhotosynthesisPhotosystem IpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Photosystem IIpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
NADH dehydrogenasendhA*, ndhB** (x2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Cytochrome b/f complexpetA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Other genesTranslational initation factorinfA
MaturasematK
ProteaseclpP*
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Subunit of Acetyl-carboxylaseaccD
C-type cytochrome synthesisccsA
Open reading framesycf1, ycf2 (x2), ycf3*, ycf4, ycf15 (x2)
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757748510784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gene composition in chloroplast genomes of the Alangium kurzii Craib. *Contains one intron; **Contains two introns; rpl: Ribosomal protein large; rps: Ribosomal protein subunit; rpo: RNA polymerase; psa: Photosynthetic apparatus; ndh: NADH dehydrogenase; pet: Polypeptide; rbc: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase; mat: Mature enzyme gene; clp: Caseinolytic protease; cem: Chloroplast envelope membrane protein; acc: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ccs: TypeC cytochrome synthesis gene; ycf: Hypothetical chloroplast openreading frame

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryGene groupGene name
Self-replicationLarge subunit of ribosonerpl2** (x2), rpl14, rpl16, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23 (x2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Small subunit of ribosonerps2, rps3, rps4, rps7 (x2), rps8, rps11, rps12 (x2), rps14, rps15, rps16** (x2), rps18, rps19
RNA polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
rRNArrn4.5S (x2), rrn5S (x2), rrn16S (x2), rrn23S (x2)
tRNAtRNA-Val (x2), tRNA-Tyr, tRNA-Trp, tRNA-Thr (x2), tRNA-Ser (x3), tRNA-Pro, tRNA-Phe, tRNA-Met (x4), tRNA-Lys, tRNA-Leu (x4), tRNA-Ile (x2), tRNA-His, tRNA-Gly (x2), tRNA-Glu, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Cys (x2), tRNA-Asp, tRNA-Asn (x2), tRNA-Arg (x3), tRNA-Ala (x2)
PhotosynthesisPhotosystem IpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Photosystem IIpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
NADH dehydrogenasendhA*, ndhB** (x2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Cytochrome b/f complexpetA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Other genesTranslational initation factorinfA
MaturasematK
ProteaseclpP*
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Subunit of Acetyl-carboxylaseaccD
C-type cytochrome synthesisccsA
Open reading framesycf1, ycf2 (x2), ycf3*, ycf4, ycf15 (x2)
), ArticleFig(id=1210516757928865875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
Palindrome repeats313129
Forward repeats303030
Reverse repeats221
Complement repeats000
Total636360
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759136825437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Repeat sequences in the chloroplast genomes of the three Alangium species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
Palindrome repeats313129
Forward repeats303030
Reverse repeats221
Complement repeats000
Total636360
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759224905831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SSR typeRepeat typeAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
MonoA/T313436
DiAT/AT777
TriAAG/CTT222
AAT/ATT664
AGC/CTG111
TetraAAAT/ATTT222
AATT/AATT110
ACAT/ATGT111
PentaAAGAC/CTTGT110
Total525553
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759375900788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Types and amounts of SSRs in the chloroplast genomes of the three Alangium species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SSR typeRepeat typeAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
MonoA/T313436
DiAT/AT777
TriAAG/CTT222
AAT/ATT664
AGC/CTG111
TetraAAAT/ATTT222
AATT/AATT110
ACAT/ATGT111
PentaAAGAC/CTTGT110
Total525553
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759480758399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Intron geneAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
rps16CDS length/bp258/411258/411258/411
Gene length/bp411/1 113411/1 113411/1 112
atpFCDS length/bp567567567
Gene length/bp1 2661 2661 267
rpoC1CDS length/bp2 0612 0612 061
Gene length/bp2 8082 8082 814
ycf3CDS length/bp507507507
Gene length/bp1 9441 9441 945
clpPCDS length/bp588588588
Gene length/bp2 0512 0512 054
petBCDS length/bp648648648
Gene length/bp1 4121 4121 417
petDCDS length/bp483483483
Gene length/bp1 2291 2291 237
rpl2CDS length/bp825/828825/828825/828
Gene length/bp1 490/1 4901 490/1 4901 490/1 490
ndhBCDS length/bp1 533/1 5331 533/1 5331 533/1 533
Gene length/bp2 212/2 2122 212/2 2122 212/2 212
ndhACDS length/bp1 0921 0921 092
Gene length/bp2 2072 2072 200
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759573033099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Coding sequences (CDS) length and gene length of intron in the chloroplast genomes of the three Alangium species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Intron geneAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
rps16CDS length/bp258/411258/411258/411
Gene length/bp411/1 113411/1 113411/1 112
atpFCDS length/bp567567567
Gene length/bp1 2661 2661 267
rpoC1CDS length/bp2 0612 0612 061
Gene length/bp2 8082 8082 814
ycf3CDS length/bp507507507
Gene length/bp1 9441 9441 945
clpPCDS length/bp588588588
Gene length/bp2 0512 0512 054
petBCDS length/bp648648648
Gene length/bp1 4121 4121 417
petDCDS length/bp483483483
Gene length/bp1 2291 2291 237
rpl2CDS length/bp825/828825/828825/828
Gene length/bp1 490/1 4901 490/1 4901 490/1 490
ndhBCDS length/bp1 533/1 5331 533/1 5331 533/1 533
Gene length/bp2 212/2 2122 212/2 2122 212/2 212
ndhACDS length/bp1 0921 0921 092
Gene length/bp2 2072 2072 200
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759698862232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amino acidCodonAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
RSCURSCURSCU
PheUUU1.181.181.18
LeuUUA1.191.341.22
UUG1.251.191.25
CUU1.311.221.25
IleAUU1.271.221.23
AUA\\1.01
ValGUU1.381.371.37
GUA1.201.171.16
SerUCU1.451.581.54
UCC1.101.081.05
UCA1.201.261.30
ProCCU1.071.121.12
CCC1.01\\
CCA1.251.341.25
ThrACU1.121.211.17
ACC1.04\\
ACA1.161.181.23
AlaGCU1.211.321.30
GCA1.161.181.18
TyrUAU1.331.351.37
TERUAA1.131.091.09
HisCAU1.451.411.45
GlnCAA1.431.381.38
AsnAAU1.391.401.39
LysAAA1.311.301.33
AspGAU1.461.451.47
GluGAA1.381.411.38
CysUGU1.211.251.25
TERUGA1.031.131.08
ArgCGA1.021.091.08
ArgAGA1.982.011.96
AGG1.171.121.08
GlyGGA1.411.491.47
), ArticleFig(id=1210516759807914147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746063180123, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Chloroplast genome RSCU > 1 codon of the three Alangium species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Amino acidCodonAlangium chinense subsp. PauciflorumAlangium chinense subsp. StrigosumAlangium kurzii Craib
RSCURSCURSCU
PheUUU1.181.181.18
LeuUUA1.191.341.22
UUG1.251.191.25
CUU1.311.221.25
IleAUU1.271.221.23
AUA\\1.01
ValGUU1.381.371.37
GUA1.201.171.16
SerUCU1.451.581.54
UCC1.101.081.05
UCA1.201.261.30
ProCCU1.071.121.12
CCC1.01\\
CCA1.251.341.25
ThrACU1.121.211.17
ACC1.04\\
ACA1.161.181.23
AlaGCU1.211.321.30
GCA1.161.181.18
TyrUAU1.331.351.37
TERUAA1.131.091.09
HisCAU1.451.411.45
GlnCAA1.431.381.38
AsnAAU1.391.401.39
LysAAA1.311.301.33
AspGAU1.461.451.47
GluGAA1.381.411.38
CysUGU1.211.251.25
TERUGA1.031.131.08
ArgCGA1.021.091.08
ArgAGA1.982.011.96
AGG1.171.121.08
GlyGGA1.411.491.47
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八角枫及其亚种叶绿体基因组序列结构及系统发育分析
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杨小英 , 刘畅 , 曾宪法 , 刘雄伟 , 赵杰宏 , 俸婷婷 , 周英 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(10): 3229-3239
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(10): 3229-3239
八角枫及其亚种叶绿体基因组序列结构及系统发育分析
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杨小英, 刘畅, 曾宪法, 刘雄伟, 赵杰宏, 俸婷婷, 周英*
作者信息
  • 贵州中医药大学药学院, 药食两用资源应用与开发研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

*周英, E-mail:
Sequence structure and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genomes of Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms and its different subspecies
Xiao-ying YANG, Chang LIU, Xian-fa ZENG, Xiong-wei LIU, Jie-hong ZHAO, Ting-ting FENG, Ying ZHOU*
Affiliations
  • Research Center for Application and Development of Medicinal and Food Resources, College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0490
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八角枫为八角枫科Alangiaceae八角枫属Alangium常用药用植物, 是贵州特色苗药之一, 该属植物分化强烈、形态变异复杂, 各药材活性成分和药效存在显著差异。本文利用Illumina高通量测序技术对八角枫亚种(稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫) 和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组进行测序, 完成其组装注释与结构特征解析, 并从NCBI下载同属植物八角枫、高山八角枫进行基因组比较分析。最后, 选择NCBI中已发表的与八角枫科亲缘关系较近的物种进行系统发育树构建。结果如下: 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组全长为156 670、156 672、156 871 bp, 为典型的四段式结构, 均包含1个长单拷贝区(LSC)、1个短单拷贝区(SSC) 及2个反向重复区(IRa和IRb)。均注释到133个基因, 其中包括88个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。叶绿体基因组中均发现了正向重复、回文重复和反向重复3种类型的长重复序列和SSR位点。基因组比较分析表明5个物种边界过渡区域存在多样性, 叶绿体基因组未发现重排或倒置, 在ndhAycf1rpl16ycf2petD等基因的编码区存在显著差异, 这些位点为八角枫的分子鉴别提供了新位点。系统分析中毛八角枫单独聚为一支, 稀花八角枫和伏毛八角枫聚为一支, 支持率为93, 亲缘关系较近, 表明系统发育树可用于物种鉴别。本文可为八角枫属分类鉴定、保证八角枫药材临床用药安全及规范八角枫药材市场提供依据。

八角枫  /  亚种  /  叶绿体基因组  /  重复序列  /  系统发育

Alangium chinense is a commonly used medicinal plant of Alangiaceae Alangium, one of the characteristic Miao medicines in Guizhou. The genus is strongly differentiated and has complex morphological variation, with significant differences in active ingredients and potency among herbs. In this paper, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The genomes of Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib chloroplasts were sequenced, their assembly annotation and structural characterization were completed, and the genomes of the congeners Alangium chinense and Alangium alpinum were downloaded from NCBI for comparative analysis. Finally, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by selecting published species with close affinity to Alangium chinense family from NCBI. The results were as follows: Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum, Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum and Alangium kurzii Craib chloroplast genomes were 156 670, 156 672 and 156 871 bp in length, with a typical four-segment structure, all containing one long single copy region (LSC), one short single copy region (SSC) and two inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb). All of them were annotated to 133 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Three types of long repeat sequences and SSR loci, forward repeats, palindrome repeats and reverse repeats, were found in all chloroplast genomes. Comparative genomic analysis showed that there was diversity in the boundary transition regions of the five species, no rearrangements or inversions were found in the chloroplast genome, and there were significant differences in the coding regions of ndhA, ycf1, rpl16, ycf2, and petD genes, which provided new loci for molecular identification of Patagonia. In the phylogenetic analysis, Alangium kurzii var. kurzii clustered as a single species, and Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum and Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum clustered as a single species, with a support rate of 93 and close affinity, indicating that the phylogenetic tree can be used for the species identification. This paper can provide a basis for the taxonomic identification of Alangium, ensure the safety of clinical use of anise herbs and regulate the market of Alangium chinense herbs.

Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms  /  subspecies  /  chloroplast genome  /  repeat sequence  /  phylogenetic
杨小英, 刘畅, 曾宪法, 刘雄伟, 赵杰宏, 俸婷婷, 周英. 八角枫及其亚种叶绿体基因组序列结构及系统发育分析. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3229 -3239 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0490
Xiao-ying YANG, Chang LIU, Xian-fa ZENG, Xiong-wei LIU, Jie-hong ZHAO, Ting-ting FENG, Ying ZHOU. Sequence structure and phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast genomes of Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms and its different subspecies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3229 -3239 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0490
八角枫为八角枫Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms及瓜木Alangium platani folium (Sieb.Et Zucc.) Harms的干燥细须根(白龙须) 或干燥支根(白金条)[1], 始载于清·罗思举(《简易草药》), 别名八角金盘(《本草从新》)、五角枫(《简易草药》)、木八角(《本草纲目拾遗》)等[2]; 其性温味辛、苦, 归肝、肾、心经, 具有祛风除湿、舒筋通络及散瘀止痛等功效[3, 4], 临床常用于治疗关节炎、外伤出血和跌打损伤等病症; 对中枢神经系统、呼吸系统、平滑肌、心血管系统等均有良好的作用[5]; 为贵州地区苗族特色药, 分布于贵州各地, 东南亚及非洲东部各国也有分布[6]。《中国植物志》记载八角枫共4个亚种, 分别为八角枫(原亚种) Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms subsp. Chinense、伏毛八角枫(亚种) Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum、稀花八角枫(亚种) Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum和深裂八角枫(亚种) Alangium chinense subsp. Triangulare[7]。八角枫药用范围较广, 在《贵州苗药·兴仁卷》中记载了36种含有八角枫的民用处方, 且作为“消痹灵合剂”“风湿定片”等制剂的主药[8]; 其传统的功能主治疗效确切, 极具研究开发前景。由于八角枫具有毒藜碱成分[9], 该类成分对人体具有毒性, 为确保用药的安全性, 对八角枫植物准确的鉴定显得尤为重要。
叶绿体(chloroplast, cp) 起源于古细菌入侵植物细胞[10], 是一种拥有自身遗传物质的多功能细胞器[11], 为质体(plastid) 中的一种类型, 基因组大小多为150~200 kb, 且结构较为保守[12], 在光合作用、氨基酸的合成及固碳中起到重要作用[13]; 其全基因组包含大量遗传信息, 被广泛应用于植物分子进化及系统发育的研究, 并在药用植物的遗传转化和分子选育等方面发挥着重要作用[14]。叶绿体基因组富含SSR位点, 与核基因组相比[15], 叶绿体基因组在基因组成、基因含量及排列顺序上高度保守[16], 可作为“超级条形码”进行物种鉴定, 在中药材分类鉴定研究中得到广泛应用[17, 18]
目前, 八角枫属物种的叶绿体基因组研究十分缺乏, NCBI数据库中有八角枫(MG524996) 和高山八角枫(MG525003) 完整叶绿体基因组数据, 但是仅记录叶绿体基因组总长(分别为157 889 bp、156 673 bp) 等基础信息, 未进行深入挖掘研究, 因此, 本研究利用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对八角枫的两个亚种(稀花八角枫和伏毛八角枫) 与毛八角进行叶绿体基因组测序分析, 与既有的八角枫、高山八角枫叶绿体基因组比对, 通过该属的叶绿体基因组进行系统进化树的构建, 探讨八角枫属的系统进化与亲缘关系, 丰富该属物种的遗传数据信息, 以期为八角枫属植物的鉴定、叶绿体基因组的变异及进一步研究其系统发育进化提供一定的参考, 保证八角枫药材用药安全、规范八角枫药材市场及保护八角枫种质资源提供依据。
材料与数据   稀花八角枫采自贵州省册亨县(海拔632 m, 105°46′19″E, 24°58′53″N), 伏毛八角枫采自贵阳市云岩区云关乡(海拔1 116 m, 106°46′24″E, 21°25′7″N), 毛八角枫采自清镇市九龙山(海拔1 230 m, 106°29′50″E, 26°40′26″N), 经贵州中医药大学魏升华教授鉴定为稀花八角枫Alangium chinense subsp. Pauciflorum、伏毛八角枫Alangium chinense subsp. Strigosum、毛八角枫Alangium kurzii Craib。取新鲜健康叶片, 用无菌水冲洗干净, 晾干后置于-80 ℃冰箱保存。通过NCBI (The National Center for BiotechnologyInformation, 美国国家生物信息中心) 数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 中检索了28种植物的叶绿体全基因组序列信息(表 1)。
基因组DNA提取与测序   利用植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取样品总DNA。0.8%琼脂糖电泳检测DNA样品是否有降解及杂质, 并估算DNA浓度, Nanodrop分光光度计检测样品浓度及纯度, 然后通过Illumina HiSeq PE150构建插入片段为350 bp的文库, 采用Illumina Novaseq6000高通量测序平台进行双末端测序, 测序策略为PE150 (Pair-End 150)。
叶绿体全基因组序列组、拼接与注释   采用SPAdes v.3.15.2软件(http://cab.spbu.ru/software/spades/) 进行拼接组装[19], 并采用PCR与Sanger测序的方法进行验证。利用CpGAVAS[20]和ORF Finder (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/) 对叶绿体基因组进行注释。运用Blastn和Blastp的方法与已报道的近缘物种的叶绿体基因组的编码蛋白和rRNA进行比对, 验证结果的准确性并进行修正。使用ARWEN[21] (Version1.2, http://mbio-serv2.mbioekol.lu.se/ARWEN/) 进行tRNA的注释, 生成tRNA二级结构图。最后利用OGDRAW软件进行叶绿体基因组物理图谱的绘制[22, 23]
重复序列和密码子偏好分析   利用REPuter软件(http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer/) 对3个八角枫属物种的长重复序列进行分析[24], 海明距离(Hamming distance)、最大计算重复次数(maximum computed P repeats)、最小重复片段大小(minimal repeat size) 参数设置为3、5 000、30。利用Perl语言在线软件MISA[25] (http://pgrc.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/) 对叶绿体基因组的SSR (simple-sequence-repeat) 序列进行分析, 参数阈值设置为: 1、2、3、4、5、6, 核苷酸参数为8、4、4、3、3、3, 且两个SSRs之间的距离不小于100 bp。采用软件CodonW (http://codonw.sourceforge.net) 分析密码子使用情况[26]
叶绿体全基因组比较及共线性分析   用IRscope工具(https://irscope.shinyapps.io/irapp/) 进行可视化, 比对叶绿体基因组的4个区域的边界信息, 并观察收缩与扩张在IRs区域的现象, 包括稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫、八角枫和高山八角枫。采用mVISTA软件[27], 并选用检测基因重排和倒位的全局比对模式(Shuffle-LAGAN), 以稀花八角枫为参考基因组, 对八角枫属其余4种叶绿体全基因组序列同源性进行了比较研究。采用Geneious10.2.2软件中Mauve多重基因组比对法对八角枫的叶绿体基因组进行共线性比较。
系统进化分析   本研究选择已发表的八角枫科植物为内类群和与八角枫科亲缘关系较近的为外类群, 利用MAFFT 7 (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/) 在线软件对其叶绿体基因组进行全基因组比对, 并利用MEGA11软件, 使用邻接法(NJ法: neighbor-joining) 构建系统进化树。同时, 采用IQ-TREE 2.0.5 (http://www.iqtree.org/) 软件[28], 最大似然法(ML法: maximum likelihood method) 构建系统发育树, 构树参数设置为: -m MFP -B 1 000 -alrt 1 000, 优构树模型为: GTR+F+R2。
稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫叶绿体基因组图谱示于图 1。叶绿体基因组结构为双链环状, 具有典型的4部分结构, 包括一段大的单拷贝区LSC (large single-copy) 和一段小的单拷贝区SSC (small single-copy), 以及将这两段分开的序列相同、方向相反的两个反向重复区(inverted repeat region, IRa和IRb)[29]。稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组范围在156 670~156 871 bp, 其中最大的是毛八角枫, 最小的是稀花八角枫, 最大与最小差为201 bp。
稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的SSC长为18 573~18 593 bp, LSC长为86 179~86 386 bp, 2个相同的反向重复序列IRa和IRb长为25 950~25 956 bp; IR区均有38个基因。稀花八角枫和伏毛八角枫叶绿体基因组的GC含量均为37.69%, 无差异; 毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组的GC含量均为37.70%; 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的叶绿体基因数量无差异, 均注释到133个基因, 且基因的注释结果相同, 蛋白编码基因较多, 为88个, rRNA为8个, tRNA数量为37个(表 2)。
根据功能把毛八角枫叶绿体基因组分为3大类: 分别是与光合作用有关的基因、复制有关的基因、未知功能的蛋白质基因。在这些基因中, 有7个蛋白质编码基因(ndhBrpl2rpl23rps12rps7ycf15ycf2)、7个tRNA编码基因[trnA-MET (CAT)、trnA-Leu (CAA)、trnA-Val (GAC)、trnA-lle (GAT)、trnA-Ala (TGC)、trnA-Arg (ACG)、trnA-Asn (GTT)] 和4个rRNA编码基因(rrn16Srrn23Srrn4.5Srrn5S) 位于IR区(表 3)。稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫基因组类似。
叶绿体基因组含有丰富的重复序列, 广泛的应用于群体遗传结构和物种鉴定等研究[30, 31]。利用REPuter在线工具对长重复序列进行分析, 发现稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫皆包含正向重复(forward repeats, FR)、回文重复(palindrome repeats, PR)、反向重复(reverse repeats, RR), 但其数量稍有不同(表 4), 稀花八角枫和伏毛八角枫叶绿体基因组共鉴定到63个长重复序列, 包括30个正向重复(18个30~39 bp, 6个40~49 bp, 2个50~59 bp, 4个60~69 bp)、31个回文重复(19个30~39 bp, 6个40~49 bp, 2个50~59 bp, 4个60~69 bp)、2个反向重复(30~39 bp); 毛八角枫叶绿体基因组共鉴定60个长重复序列, 包括30个正向重复(18个30~39 bp, 6个40~49 bp, 2个50~59 bp, 4个60~69 bp)、29个回文重复(18个30~39 bp, 5个40~49 bp, 2个50~59 bp, 4个60~69 bp)、1个反向重复(30~39 bp)。在稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫叶绿体基因组长重复序列数量分布中, 大多数重复序列长度都在30~39 bp之间, 且毛八角枫叶绿体基因组有1个反向重复, 均未鉴定到互补重复序列。
简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSRs), 通常以1~6个碱基串联重复序列为微卫星序列, 在整个叶绿体基因组中均有分布。SSR广泛分布于叶绿体基因组中, 通常被用作物种鉴定的重要分子标记[32], SSR标记还因其共显性遗传、多等位基因性质, 已经成为品种鉴定和DNA指纹图谱构建的重要途径[33]
稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组均包括5种类型的SSRs, 以单核苷酸类最多均为122个, 其余的4种核苷酸重复序列均相同, 二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸重复序列分别50、9、4、1个。毛八角枫叶绿体基因组包含4种类型的SSRs, 未检测到五核苷酸重复序列, 以单核苷酸类的重复序列最多为120个(表 5)。
稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组中内含子编码序列(coding sequences, CDS) 长度和基因全长(gene length) (表 6)。稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组中共检测到10个含内含子的蛋白编码基因: rps16atpFrpoC1、ycf3、clpPpetBpetDrpl2ndhBndhA。稀花八角枫与伏毛八角枫的编码序列长度与基因长度没有改变, 毛八角枫的编码序列长度和基因长度与其他两个存在少量变化。
不同物种基因组中同义密码子使用频率(relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU) 不同, 即存在密码子使用偏向性, 可以为物种进化研究提供重要的信息[34]。根据RSCU值计算稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因的密码子使用模式, 密码子RSCU值等于1.00, 表示该密码子无偏好性, RSCU值大于1.00则表示该密码子使用频率较高。
八角枫叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析结果示于表 7, 结果表明, 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组均包含64种密码子, 其中61种密码子编码21种氨基酸, 其余3个为终止密码子。在毛八角枫所有氨基酸密码子中, 编码亮氨酸(Leu) 的密码子数最多, 蛋氨酸(Met) 的密码子数最少, RSCU > 1的密码子共30个, 其中以A/U结尾的密码子28个, RSCU ≤ 1的密码子共34个, 其中30个为G/C结尾的密码子; 在伏毛八角枫所有氨基酸密码子中, 编码亮氨酸(Leu) 的密码子数最多, 蛋氨酸(Met) 的密码子数最少, RSCU > 1的密码子共30个, 其中以A/U结尾的密码子27个, RSCU ≤ 1的密码子共34个, 其中29个为G/C结尾的密码子; 在稀花八角枫所有氨基酸密码子中, 编码亮氨酸(Leu) 的密码子数最多, 蛋氨酸(Met) 的密码子数最少, RSCU > 1的密码子共32个, 其中以A/U结尾的密码子27个, RSCU ≤ 1的密码子共32个, 其中27个为G/C结尾的密码子。这些结果表明3个八角枫叶绿体基因组对A/U结尾密码子的偏好性高于G/C结尾密码子。
叶绿体基因组是由SSC、LSC、IRa、IRb 4个区间构成的环状结构, 其中IR区域相对保守, 其收缩与扩张的现象代表着植物的进化, 同时也会引起叶绿体基因的GC含量的变化, 不同的植物的叶绿体基因组大小也与其有关[35]; 通过分析IR-LSC/SSC区域的边界信息, 对研究叶绿体基因组结构的差异、物种进化等具有重要意义[36]
边界分析图(图 2) 中自下往上分别为稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫、八角枫、高山八角枫, 对八角枫叶绿体基因组的LSC/IRb、IRb/SSC、SSC/IRa和IRa/LSC四个边界结构进行了分析。在八角枫的叶绿体基因组边界区域中, JLB (LSC-IRb) 在rps19基因中, 6 bp在IR中, 其余在LSC区域中; rp12为共有基因, 位于JSB的下游处和JLA上游区域中, ycf1基因在八角枫与高山八角枫JSB的下游处; 5个八角枫的JSB (IRb-SSC) 边界上无基因, ndhF基因位于JSA (IRa-SSC) 的下游; JSA在yc11基因中均有存在, rp12基因在IRa区, 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的psbA基因、rp122基因和tRNA的编码均在LSC区, 八角枫、高山八角枫的psbA基因、rp122基因和trnH的编码均在LSC区。
SSC-IR区域包括rp12ndhFycf1三种基因。ycf1可见于JSA处, 但是占比例不同, 可能该基因组片段产生了收缩或扩张的现象; ndhF存在于SSC区, 分别距IR边界距离为12、23、23 bp。从边界分析来看, 八角枫的2个亚种叶绿体基因组进化较保守, 而毛八角枫边界基因位置具有差异, 这可能也会影响叶绿体基因组总长度, 说明亲缘关系较近的物种此结构更加相似。
采用Mauve多重基因组比对法检测高山八角枫、八角枫、稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组的重排和共线性(图 3), 通过多重基因组比对法检测出叶绿体基因组之间有2个局部共线块(locally collinear block, LCB), 这表明它们之间的基因组具有高度的相似性, 且稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体全基因组序列的比对显示, 叶绿体基因组之间没有重排或倒置。
为了评估八角枫属叶绿体基因组序列的差异程度, 本研究采用mVISTA软件, 并选用检测基因重排和倒位的全局比对模式(shuffle-LAGAN), 以注释过的稀花八角枫叶绿体基因组为参考, 对伏毛八角枫、毛八角枫、八角枫和高山八角枫的叶绿体全基因组序列同源性进行了比较研究(图 4)。结果表明, 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组4个部分排列顺序较为一致、保守性较高, 在非基因编码区存在有较明显的差异, 变异程度较高, 其中LSC区的变异程度最高; 而在基因编码区差异不明显, 在IRa区的变异程度最低, 具有较高的保守性。稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组中在ndhAycf1rpl16ycf2以及petD等基因的编码区存在显著差异。
根据本研究中稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫, 选择已发表的八角枫科植物为内类群, 并选择了来自蓝果树科、桃金娘科、瑞香科等共28个物种的叶绿体基因组为外类种群, 分别采用最大似然法(ML法) 和邻接法(NJ法) 构建了31种植物的系统发育树。ML法系统发育树显示(图 5), 各科的物种都聚成一支; 进化树31个物种共有28个节点, 可确定为3个主要分支; 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫、高山八角枫、八角枫与毛八角枫聚为一小支, 且支持率为100%, 其中稀花八角枫与伏毛八角枫组成了小分支, 说明两者亲缘关系密切, 暗示它们在进化上具有共线性, 同时也表明叶绿体基因组构建的发育树可用于八角枫的鉴定。邻接法的结果与最大似然法构树结果基本一致, 各科的物种都聚成一支, 仅在科之间存在细微差异(图 6)。
稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫的叶绿体基因组分析表明, 叶绿体基因组均为双链环形结构, 均具有4个边界(1个SSC、1个LSC、1个IRa和1个IRb), 叶绿体基因组长度在156 kb左右, 最大和最小差为201 bp。SSC长度在18 kb左右, LSC长度在86 kb左右, 而两个相同的反向重复序列IRa和IRb的长度在25 kb左右, 均编码133个基因, 主要是蛋白编码基因数目居多; 利用REPuter在稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫中共检测出60~63个长重复序列, 正向重复所占的比例最高; 叶绿体基因组边界分析表明, 八角枫的2个亚种叶绿体基因组进化较保守, 而毛八角枫边界基因位置具有差异, 这可能也会影响叶绿体基因组总长度, 说明亲缘关系较近的物种此结构更加相似。
SSR位点可被用于遗传多样性分析、物种鉴别、连锁作图及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面[37, 38]。鉴定出186~179个SSR位点, 单碱基重复居多数且重复A/T类型为主; 八角枫两亚种与毛八角枫相比, 除单碱基、二碱基和三碱基重复外, 在其余碱基重复的类型及数目上均有较大差异, 例如在稀花八角枫中检测到的四碱基重复类型为AATT/AATT, 而在毛八角枫中未检测出, 且毛八角枫中并未有五碱基重复的SSR类型, 证实八角枫属叶绿体基因组间SSR多态性广泛, 基于叶绿体SSR位点开发的标记, 可用作种类的鉴别。密码子偏好性分析显示, 在所有氨基酸密码子中, 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组对A/U结尾密码子的偏好性高于G/C结尾密码子。变异分析结果表明, 稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组中在ndhAycf1rpl16ycf2petD等基因的编码区存在差异。系统进化分析结果显示, 稀花八角枫与伏毛八角枫亲缘关系密切。
虽然大多数高等被子植物叶绿体基因组IR区中的基因突变率常低于位于两个长短单拷贝区中的基因[39], 但是叶绿体基因组中两个反向重复序列区与长、短单拷贝区的边界会存在扩张与收缩, 也会像基因和内含子的缺失一样影响到叶绿体基因组从而显示出高的突变性[40]。本研究中稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组IR区较为恒定, 具有较高的保守性。
将稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫与八角枫属亲缘关系近的28个植物叶绿体全基因组序列进行比对后构建系统发育树, 分析结果表明稀花八角枫与伏毛八角枫亲缘关系最近, 暗示它们在进化上具有共线性。八角枫的叶绿体基因组信息将用于种群基因组研究和系统发育分析, 为更好地开发和利用该物种做出贡献。
本研究对稀花八角枫、伏毛八角枫和毛八角枫叶绿体基因组进行研究, 并分析了其叶绿体基因组结构特征, 挖掘其叶绿体基因组的重复序列位点并基于目前已测序和发表八角枫叶绿体基因组进行了边界分析、共线性分析以及变异分析等分析, 揭示了八角枫叶绿体基因组的结构和一般变异特征, 并利用叶绿体基因组数据构建系统发育树, 揭示八角枫属物种之间的系统关系, 为药用植物八角枫的资源筛选、鉴定、保存及遗传多样性分析提供了分子依据。
作者贡献: 杨小英负责实验工作、数据分析、论文撰写与修改; 刘畅参与实验及数据分析; 曾宪法、刘雄伟参与稿件修改; 赵杰宏参与样品采集; 俸婷婷参与数据分析; 周英负责实验设计、论文指导和稿件修改。
利益冲突: 本文的研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1708100)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才[2019]5407)
  • 贵州省“十四五”中医药、民族医药重点学科(QZYYZDXK(JS)-2021-03)
  • 贵州省中医药管理局中医药、民族医药科学技术研究课题(QZYY-2021-098)
  • 贵州中医药大学2021年度科研创新和探索专项(2018YFC170810101)
  • 贵州中医药大学2021年度科研创新和探索专项(2018YFC170810201)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0490
  • 接收时间:2022-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-25
  • 修回日期:2022-05-24
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1708100)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才[2019]5407)
贵州省“十四五”中医药、民族医药重点学科(QZYYZDXK(JS)-2021-03)
贵州省中医药管理局中医药、民族医药科学技术研究课题(QZYY-2021-098)
贵州中医药大学2021年度科研创新和探索专项(2018YFC170810101)
贵州中医药大学2021年度科研创新和探索专项(2018YFC170810201)
作者信息
    贵州中医药大学药学院, 药食两用资源应用与开发研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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