Article(id=1210516750538502656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0482, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650729600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-24, revisedDate=1653408000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539283642, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539283642, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539283642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539283642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3115, endPage=3123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516751004070436, articleId=1210516750538502656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism of ShengMaiSan reducing calcium leak and protecting myocardial contractile function in diabetic rats based on network pharmacology, columnId=1210516747279536651, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebrovascular Related Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, network pharmacology research and animal experiments were used to predict and validate the potential targets of ShengMaiSan (SMS) in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The active components of SMS were obtained through TCMSP and BATMAN databases. The potential targets of the active components and diabetic cardiomyopathy were predicted by Swiss Target Prediction and GeneCards databases, respectively. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by String database. Cytoscape software was adopted to perform topological analysis to select the core action target. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape platform. To validate the potential targets, a type I diabetic rat model which induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) was prepared. Rats were divided into sham group, model group, SMS group and trimetazidine (TMZ) group. Left ventricular hemodynamics was detected after 4 weeks administrated of SMS or TMZ. Myocardial contraction and calcium transients were detected synchronously in cardiomyocytes, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content, calcium leak level and ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) expression were detected. Based on network pharmacology, 1 288 targets of SMS, 1 066 targets of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and 180 overlapped targets were obtained. The 39 core targets were screened, and 159 pathways including calcium signaling pathway were screened by KEGG pathway analysis. According to the previous studies and focusing on the contractility of diabetic cardiomyopathy, this study was involved calcium signaling regulation pathway in the SMS protection mechanism. The results showed that, compared with sham group, the systolic function of left ventricular and myocardial cells were decreased, and the calcium transport was in disorder in model group; compared with model group, both SMS group and TMZ group increased the maximum systolic pressure of left ventricle and the maximum systolic rate of left ventricular contraction. In addition, SMS group and TMZ group increased the contraction amplitude of cardiomyocytes, decreased the diastolic calcium concentration, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak and decreased the phosphorylation level of RyR2. There was no significant difference between SMS and TMZ groups. In summary, SMS could reduce the calcium leak of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and enhance the myofilament sensitivity of calcium to increasing contractile function of diabetic rats. The animal welfare and experiment procedures of this study were in accordance with the regulations of the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-lu SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cong HUANG, Ming-jie SUN, Hai-feng CUI, Li-hua SUN, QIAN WU, Qu ZHAI, Xiao-lu SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516754892190482, articleId=1210516750538502656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于网络药理学探讨生脉散降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的机制研究, columnId=1210516747543777820, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究结合网络药理学和动物实验, 探讨生脉散(ShengMaiSan, SMS) 降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的作用机制。通过TCMSP和BATMAN数据库获取SMS活性成分, 利用Swiss Target Prediction和GeneCards分别预测SMS活性成分和糖尿病心肌病的潜在作用靶点。获取了1 288个SMS潜在作用靶点, 1 066个糖尿病心肌病疾病靶点, 得到180个交集靶点。使用String数据库构建蛋白互作关系网络, Cytoscape软件进行拓扑学分析获得核心靶点, Metascape平台进行GO (gene ontology) 和KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) 富集分析。筛选出39个核心作用靶点, KEGG通路分析涉及钙信号通路等159条通路。结合文献报道筛选与糖尿病心肌病收缩功能相关的靶点, 最终聚焦于钙信号调节通路。腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导1型糖尿病大鼠模型。将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、SMS组和曲美他嗪(trimetazidine, TMZ) 组, 检测左心室血流动力学, 急性分离大鼠心肌细胞后进行心肌细胞收缩和钙瞬变同步检测, 同时检测肌浆网(sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) 钙库容量和钙泄漏水平及钙泄漏相关蛋白。结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠左室和心肌细胞收缩功能降低, 钙转运紊乱; 与模型组相比, SMS组和TMZ组都可使左心室最大收缩压增高, 最大收缩舒张速率增高, 心肌细胞收缩幅度增高, 降低舒张期Ca2+浓度, 降低SR钙泄漏水平, 使雷诺丁受体2 (ryanodine receptor 2, RyR2) 磷酸化水平降低, 两给药组无显著性差异。SMS可能通过钙信号通路靶点, 下调RyR2磷酸化水平、降低SR钙泄漏, 增强心肌钙敏感性, 增加心肌细胞收缩幅度, 增加左室收缩压、左室最大收缩舒张速率, 保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能。本研究动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院医学实验中心实验动物伦理委员会的规定。

, correspAuthors=石晓路, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*石晓路, Tel: 86-10-64089513, E-mail:
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A: Common targets of ShengMaiSan (SMS) active ingredients and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) disease; B: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram of 39 core targets of SMS and DCM; C: Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of 39 core targets; D: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of 39 core targets. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function , figureFileSmall=FEjhN7Q+Rp6nvbR4iIdN5w==, figureFileBig=HupGLYd2Het+8xzXNAMzIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760772604158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/MQpJoBCpG+MWvyh3neqlw==, figureFileBig=e8ckbgQNiZoJ5x7uOXE/mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760860684548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Random blood glucose of rats in each group. A: Random blood glucose before intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ); B: Random blood glucose at 4 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of STZ. <i>n</i> = 10-15, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. ns: No significance; TMZ: Trimetazidine , figureFileSmall=/MQpJoBCpG+MWvyh3neqlw==, figureFileBig=e8ckbgQNiZoJ5x7uOXE/mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760965542159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pv02UNWJ6ryCO91TkJqNiQ==, figureFileBig=EivKMBgLfdaC4FSj7aVfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761095565598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of SMS on left ventricular hemodynamics in diabetic rats. A: Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP); B: Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP); C: Maximum rate of left ventricular contraction (dP/dt Max); D: Maximum left ventricular diastolic rate (dP/dt Min). <i>n</i> = 10-15, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=Pv02UNWJ6ryCO91TkJqNiQ==, figureFileBig=EivKMBgLfdaC4FSj7aVfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761192034597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VUkdHxBwtFE9u7c9B6+0Vg==, figureFileBig=nJNlQbl1yXE3bvC+qAIf4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761275920686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of SMS on myocardial contractions, calcium transients and sensitivity of myofilament calcium in diabetic rats. A: Myocardial cell shortening and calcium transient curves; B: The magnitude of myocardial cell contraction (normalized to diastolic sarcomere length); C: Diastolic calcium concentration [Fura-2 ratio unit (RU) of 340/380 fluorescence intensity]; D: Calcium transient amplitude [Fura-2 RU of 340/380 fluorescence intensity]; E: The slope gradient of linear relationship between calcium and contraction during diastole indicates the calcium sensitivity of cardiomyocytes; F: Myofilament calcium sensitivity of each group. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 15-25 cells from 3 hearts. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=VUkdHxBwtFE9u7c9B6+0Vg==, figureFileBig=nJNlQbl1yXE3bvC+qAIf4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761334640949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jFcb0tLoyvvzn3kVQZRpFg==, figureFileBig=cJhUjZ/Oh3AE1rWenW3aKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761426915647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of SMS on calcium leak of cardiomyocyte sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in diabetic rats. A: Schematic diagram of SR calcium leakage detection. Tetracaine: 1 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; Caffeine: 20 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; B: SR calcium leak; C: SR calcium content induced by caffeine; D: Calcium leak ratio normalized to SR calcium content. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 15-25 cells from 3 hearts. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. NT: Normal Tyrode; <i>F</i><sub>0Ca0Na</sub>: The intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity during the infusion of 0Ca/0Na Tyrode's solution; <i>F</i><sub>Tet</sub>: The intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity during the infusion of tetracaine solution; <i>F</i><sub>Caff</sub>: The intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity during the infusion of caffeine solution; [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>SR</sub>: The sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium reserves , figureFileSmall=jFcb0tLoyvvzn3kVQZRpFg==, figureFileBig=cJhUjZ/Oh3AE1rWenW3aKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761531773257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GlG+gK1qLbA/3nosV3JrxQ==, figureFileBig=gG8P3Utb0rSvRzYOQ7mwFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761649213783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516750538502656, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of SMS on ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) expression in diabetic rats. A: Phospho-RyR2 Ser2808 (P-RyR2) protein expression; B: RyR2 protein expression. Protein expression normalized to sham group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. 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基于网络药理学探讨生脉散降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的机制研究
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黄聪 1 , 孙明杰 1 , 崔海峰 1 , 孙丽华 1 , 武乾 1 , 翟取 2 , 石晓路 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022,57(10): 3115-3123
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022, 57(10): 3115-3123
基于网络药理学探讨生脉散降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的机制研究
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黄聪1, 孙明杰1, 崔海峰1, 孙丽华1, 武乾1, 翟取2, 石晓路1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国中医科学院医学实验中心, 北京市中医药防治重大疾病基础研究重点实验室, 北京 100700
  • 2.国家药品监督管理局高级研修学院, 北京 100073

通讯作者:

*石晓路, Tel: 86-10-64089513, E-mail:
The mechanism of ShengMaiSan reducing calcium leak and protecting myocardial contractile function in diabetic rats based on network pharmacology
Cong HUANG1, Ming-jie SUN1, Hai-feng CUI1, Li-hua SUN1, QIAN WU1, Qu ZHAI2, Xiao-lu SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2. National Medical Products Administration Institute of Executive Development, Beijing 100073, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0482
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本研究结合网络药理学和动物实验, 探讨生脉散(ShengMaiSan, SMS) 降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的作用机制。通过TCMSP和BATMAN数据库获取SMS活性成分, 利用Swiss Target Prediction和GeneCards分别预测SMS活性成分和糖尿病心肌病的潜在作用靶点。获取了1 288个SMS潜在作用靶点, 1 066个糖尿病心肌病疾病靶点, 得到180个交集靶点。使用String数据库构建蛋白互作关系网络, Cytoscape软件进行拓扑学分析获得核心靶点, Metascape平台进行GO (gene ontology) 和KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) 富集分析。筛选出39个核心作用靶点, KEGG通路分析涉及钙信号通路等159条通路。结合文献报道筛选与糖尿病心肌病收缩功能相关的靶点, 最终聚焦于钙信号调节通路。腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导1型糖尿病大鼠模型。将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、SMS组和曲美他嗪(trimetazidine, TMZ) 组, 检测左心室血流动力学, 急性分离大鼠心肌细胞后进行心肌细胞收缩和钙瞬变同步检测, 同时检测肌浆网(sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) 钙库容量和钙泄漏水平及钙泄漏相关蛋白。结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠左室和心肌细胞收缩功能降低, 钙转运紊乱; 与模型组相比, SMS组和TMZ组都可使左心室最大收缩压增高, 最大收缩舒张速率增高, 心肌细胞收缩幅度增高, 降低舒张期Ca2+浓度, 降低SR钙泄漏水平, 使雷诺丁受体2 (ryanodine receptor 2, RyR2) 磷酸化水平降低, 两给药组无显著性差异。SMS可能通过钙信号通路靶点, 下调RyR2磷酸化水平、降低SR钙泄漏, 增强心肌钙敏感性, 增加心肌细胞收缩幅度, 增加左室收缩压、左室最大收缩舒张速率, 保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能。本研究动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院医学实验中心实验动物伦理委员会的规定。

生脉散  /  糖尿病心肌病  /  钙转运  /  钙泄漏  /  网络药理学

In this study, network pharmacology research and animal experiments were used to predict and validate the potential targets of ShengMaiSan (SMS) in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The active components of SMS were obtained through TCMSP and BATMAN databases. The potential targets of the active components and diabetic cardiomyopathy were predicted by Swiss Target Prediction and GeneCards databases, respectively. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by String database. Cytoscape software was adopted to perform topological analysis to select the core action target. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape platform. To validate the potential targets, a type I diabetic rat model which induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) was prepared. Rats were divided into sham group, model group, SMS group and trimetazidine (TMZ) group. Left ventricular hemodynamics was detected after 4 weeks administrated of SMS or TMZ. Myocardial contraction and calcium transients were detected synchronously in cardiomyocytes, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content, calcium leak level and ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) expression were detected. Based on network pharmacology, 1 288 targets of SMS, 1 066 targets of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and 180 overlapped targets were obtained. The 39 core targets were screened, and 159 pathways including calcium signaling pathway were screened by KEGG pathway analysis. According to the previous studies and focusing on the contractility of diabetic cardiomyopathy, this study was involved calcium signaling regulation pathway in the SMS protection mechanism. The results showed that, compared with sham group, the systolic function of left ventricular and myocardial cells were decreased, and the calcium transport was in disorder in model group; compared with model group, both SMS group and TMZ group increased the maximum systolic pressure of left ventricle and the maximum systolic rate of left ventricular contraction. In addition, SMS group and TMZ group increased the contraction amplitude of cardiomyocytes, decreased the diastolic calcium concentration, the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak and decreased the phosphorylation level of RyR2. There was no significant difference between SMS and TMZ groups. In summary, SMS could reduce the calcium leak of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and enhance the myofilament sensitivity of calcium to increasing contractile function of diabetic rats. The animal welfare and experiment procedures of this study were in accordance with the regulations of the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.

ShengMaiSan  /  diabetic cardiomyopathy  /  calcium transport  /  calcium leak  /  network pharmacology
黄聪, 孙明杰, 崔海峰, 孙丽华, 武乾, 翟取, 石晓路. 基于网络药理学探讨生脉散降低钙泄漏保护糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能的机制研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3115 -3123 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0482
Cong HUANG, Ming-jie SUN, Hai-feng CUI, Li-hua SUN, QIAN WU, Qu ZHAI, Xiao-lu SHI. The mechanism of ShengMaiSan reducing calcium leak and protecting myocardial contractile function in diabetic rats based on network pharmacology[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3115 -3123 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0482
糖尿病心肌病(diabetic cardiomyopathy, DCM) 是以心脏收缩和舒张功能异常为主要表现的原发性心肌损害, 最终导致患者心力衰竭而死亡[1]。DCM发病机制复杂, 目前未完全阐明, 可能与心肌细胞代谢紊乱、信号转导改变、心肌细胞内Ca2+平衡失调、内质网应激和线粒体功能障碍、凋亡和自噬, 以及基因调控的改变[2]等相关。糖尿病发病率逐年上升, DCM作为其最严重的并发症之一, 日益威胁人类健康。
生脉散(ShengMaiSan, SMS) 是益气养阴类中医名方, 广泛用于冠心病、心力衰竭、心肌梗死等的治疗, 由人参、麦冬、五味子三味药组成, 具有益气生脉, 养阴生津的功效。近年研究发现, SMS治疗DCM疗效显著, 单用或加减方均可明显改善DCM患者的临床症状, 减轻心肌组织损伤, 保护心肌功能[3]。动物实验显示, SMS能明显减轻糖尿病大鼠心肌纤维化和胶原沉积[4], 上调PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), 改善心肌肥厚[5], 调节心脏PLB (phospholipase B)、SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2)、NCX1 (Na+/Ca2+-exchanger 1) 等钙转运蛋白[6], 保护心肌收缩功能。但由于SMS活性成分和治疗靶点的复杂性, 其在保护心肌细胞钙稳态的作用机制仍待明确。
网络药理学以系统生物学和系统药理学为基础, 研究中药活性成分和疾病靶点的相互作用, 预测中药潜在的蛋白靶点和作用途径, 为中药的物质基础和作用机制研究提供新的方向[7]。本研究采用网络药理学方法, 探究SMS治疗DCM的活性成分和作用靶标, 结合动物实验, 探讨SMS治疗DCM在保护钙稳态中可能的作用机制。
SMS与DCM靶点预测  利用TCMSP (https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php) 数据库, 以“renshen” “wuweizi”为关键词分别检索, 以口服生物利用度(oral bioavailability, OB) ≥ 30%、药物相似性(drug likeness, DL) ≥ 0.18[8]为筛选标准, 收集人参和五味子的活性成分。利用BATMAN (http://bionet.ncpsb.org.cn/batman-tcm/) 数据库, 以“maidong”为检索词, 以分数截止值(score cutoff) ≥ 20、P < 0.05[9]为筛选标准, 收集麦冬的活性成分。通过PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)[10]数据库获取SMS活性成分的化学结构式, 将其输入Swiss Target Prediction (http://swisstargetprediction.ch/)[11]数据库, 以物种“Homo sapiens”为标准, 进行活性成分的靶点预测。在GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/)[12]数据库中, 以“diabetic cardiomyopathy”为关键词检索, 并以“相关性得分(relevance score)” ≥ 5.68为筛选标准, 收集DCM的靶点, 并通过UniProt (https://www.uniprot.org/)[13]平台对基因名称进行规范校正。
蛋白质互作(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 网络图与核心靶点筛选  运用微生信(http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/) 作图平台, 将SMS中人参、五味子、麦冬活性成分的靶点及DCM疾病相关靶点进行映射取交集, 得到维恩图及共同靶点信息。将SMS治疗DCM的作用靶点导入String (https://cn.string-db.org/)[14], 设置物种为“Homo sapiens”, 构建PPI网络。利用Cytoscape 3.7.1的网络拓扑分析插件CytoNCA[15]对PPI网络图进一步分析, 根据连接度大于2倍中位数, 介度和紧密度均大于中位数, 筛选出该网络核心靶点。把核心靶点导入Cytoscape 3.7.1, 构建核心靶点PPI网络。
富集分析与网络构建  通过Metascape平台(https://metascape.org/gp/index.html#/main/step1)[16]对核心靶点进行GO (gene ontology) 富集分析及KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) 通路分析。GO富集分析包括生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组分(cellular component, CC) 和分子功能(molecular function, MF)。获取GO富集分析结果和KEGG通路分析结果, 利用微生信平台作图对富集结果进行展示。
试剂  SMS (人参、麦冬、五味子组分比例为1∶2∶1, 委托吉林天强制药股份有限公司加工为无糖型SMS溶液, 每毫升相当于人参原料0.1 g, 按照2020版《中华人民共和国药典》规定检测方法, 采用高效液相色谱法检测有效成分含量, 符合生脉饮制备要求); 链脲佐菌素(streptozocin, STZ, S-0130)、caffeine (C0750) (美国Sigma公司); 曲美他嗪(trimetazidine, TMZ, 施维雅制药公司); collagenase II (LS004176, 美国Worthington公司); tetracaine (580742, 百灵威科技有限公司); 无钙台氏液(mmol·L-1) (NaCl: 140、KCl: 5.4、MgCl2: 1、HEPEs: 10、D-Glu: 10、NaH2PO4: 1.2); 台氏液(即无钙台氏液+ 1.2 mmol·L-1 CaCl2); 消化液(即无钙台氏液+ 10 mmol·L-1 taurine + 0.75 g·L-1 collagenase II); KB液(mmol·L-1) (KOH: 80、KCl: 50、KH2PO4: 25、MgSO4: 3、L-glutamic: 50、taurine: 20、HEPEs: 10、EGTA: 1、D-Glu: 10); 0Ca/0Na台氏液(mmol·L-1) (LiCl: 140、KCl: 5.4、MgCl2: 1、EGTA: 1、HEPEs: 10、D-Glu: 10); 全蛋白提取试剂盒(BC3710-100T)、BCA (bicinchoninic acid assay) 蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(PC0020) (Solarbio公司); One Step Western Kit HRP (CW2029, 康为世纪公司); GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 抗体(AF1186, 碧云天公司); P-RyR2 (phospho-RyR2 Ser2808) 抗体(PA5-36758, Badrilla公司); RyR2抗体(MA3-916)、Fura-2·AM (F1221)、Fluo-4·AM (F14201) (Invitrogen公司)。
主要仪器  罗氏卓越精采型血糖仪(罗氏血糖仪公司); PowerLab生理记录仪(美国AD Instrument公司); Millar心室压力检测系统(美国Mpvs公司); 心肌细胞收缩与钙离子同步检测系统(美国Ionoptix公司); DG4氙灯光源(美国Sutter公司); EMCCD单光子探测器(英国Andor公司); Western blot凝胶电泳系统、ChemiDoc凝胶成像分析系统(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
实验动物  SPF (specific pathogen free) 级SD (Sprague-Dawley) 雄性大鼠60只, 体质量(150 ± 10) g, 购于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[SCXK (京) 2016-0006/动物合格证号110011210102148943]。饲养于中国中医科学院医学实验中心, 温度20~22 ℃, 相对湿度40%~60%。本实验已通过中国中医科学院医学实验中心实验动物伦理委员会审查。
模型建立与给药  60只大鼠适应性饲养1周, 随机选出10只作为对照组(sham)。剩余50只大鼠禁食12 h后, 腹腔一次性注射无菌STZ的柠檬酸钠缓冲液(65 mg·kg-1)。大鼠统一给予普通饲料喂养。注射结束后, 在2周内, 每3天检测大鼠空腹8 h血糖, 连续3次血糖值≥ 16.7 mmol·L-1并伴有明显的多饮现象即为造模成功。将成模糖尿病大鼠按体重随机分为模型组(model)、SMS组、TMZ组。对照组大鼠给予等体积柠檬酸钠缓冲液腹腔注射。综合文献[5]报道及药典规定, TMZ组给药量为7 mg·kg-1·day-1, SMS组给药量(以人参生药含量计) 为1 050 mg·kg-1·day-1。对照组和模型组给予等体积等时长的纯净水。每两周检测血糖, 统计血糖变化。
在体血流动力学检测  各组大鼠第4周给药结束后进行血流动力学检测。麻醉后分离右侧颈总动脉, 经右颈总动脉将导管逆行插入左心室, 经由Millar心室压力容积测量系统记录左室收缩压LVSP (left ventricular systolic pressure)、左室舒张末压LVEDP (left ventricular end diastolic pressure)、收缩期左室压力最大变化速率(dP/dt Max) 及舒张期左室压力最大变化速率(dP/dt Min) 等参数值, 稳定记录15 min。
心肌细胞分离  大鼠灌胃4周后, 麻醉开胸, 迅速剪取出带有一段主动脉的心脏, 于4 ℃台氏液中清理和冲洗残余血液, 并迅速挂于Langendorff装置上进行主动脉逆行灌注, 在36.7 ℃恒速(6 mL·min-1) 灌流, 台氏液灌流2 min后更换为无钙台氏液灌流5 min, 之后更换为消化液。累计消化约30 min。用10 mL无钙台氏液灌流冲洗心脏内残余消化液, 然后在KB液中剪取左心室, 用眼科镊撕碎, 以吸管小心轻柔吹打, 经150 µm孔径的滤网过滤后放于离心管内, 500 r·min-1离心40 s, 弃上清液, 更换KB液1次, 间隔6 min再次更换KB液。室温静置1 h后开始复钙, 分别用0.3、0.6、1.2 mmol·L-1含Ca2+台氏液进行梯度复钙, 时间间隔为6 min。
心肌细胞收缩及钙瞬变检测  各组心肌细胞取自3个心脏, 取Fura-2·AM荧光染料储备液加入复钙好的左心室肌细胞悬液中(终浓度为1 μmol·L-1), 室温避光负载20 min后弃去上清液, 加有钙台氏液静置5 min后重复1次该操作以除去细胞外多余的钙荧光染料, 防止过负载。使用心肌细胞收缩与钙离子同步检测系统实时跟踪肌小节长度和Ca2+变化。激发光源由IonOptix Hyperwitch氙灯光源系统提供, 使用340 ± 20、380 ± 10 nm激发光在发射光510 ± 20 nm光强度的比值(340/380) 来反映细胞内Ca2+浓度。
心肌细胞肌浆网(sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR) 钙泄漏检测  各组心肌细胞取自3个心脏, 取Fluo-4·AM荧光染料储备液加入复钙好的左心室肌细胞悬液中(终浓度为2 μmol·L-1), 室温避光负载30 min后弃去上清液, 加有钙台氏液静置5 min后重复1次该操作以除去细胞外多余的钙荧光染料, 防止过负载。使用DG4氙灯光源提供480 ± 20 nm激发光, 在535 ± 20 nm发射光下使用EMCCD采集心肌细胞荧光强度, 采集频率120 HZ。用台氏液灌流, 下调灌注头贴近细胞, 以备在细胞表面给药。停止起搏细胞, 将台式液转换成含1 mmol·L-1 tetracaine 0Ca/0Na台氏液灌流60 s。再将灌流液转换成0Ca/0Na台氏液, 灌流洗脱tetracaine 60 s。把灌流液快速转换成含20 mmol·L-1 caffeine的0Ca/0Na台氏液, 喷射细胞表面。测量tetracaine灌流前后细胞钙荧光强度(F) 的差值即为SR钙泄漏[计算方法: (F0Ca0Na-Ftet)/Ftet]。测量caffeine诱导的钙信号波的高度即为在此状态下SR钙储备量[Ca2+]SR [计算方法: (Fcaff-Ftet)/Ftet]。
Western blot  大鼠左心室心肌组织提取总蛋白, BCA法定量, 依据不同蛋白分子质量选择相应分离胶。抗体稀释比例为: GAPDH 1∶5 000、P-RyR2 1∶500、RyR2 1∶500, 室温孵育60 min后洗膜, ECL (enhanced chemiluminescence) 发光检测。采用ChemiDoc凝胶成像分析系统曝光及扫描。Image Lab软件进行图像分析, 结果以内参GAPDH校正。
统计学分析  采用SPSS 23.0统计软件进行统计分析, 数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 多组间数据采用单因素方差和协方差分析, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
在TCMSP平台检索到人参190个、五味子130个活性成分, 经过OB和DL筛选后剩余人参22个、五味子8个活性成分。在BATMAN-TCM数据库运用筛选标准收集到麦冬22个活性成分。除去2个重复值, SMS共得到50个活性成分。删除无化学结构式及靶点的活性成分, Swiss Target Prediction共预测SMS活性成分相关靶点1 288个, 其中人参538个、麦冬477个、五味子273个。在GeneCards数据库检索获取DCM疾病靶点4 555个, 经过筛选和UniProt校正后, 疾病靶点剩余1 066个。将SMS活性成分靶点及疾病靶点输入微生信平台, 得到SMS与DCM共同靶点180个(图 1A)。
将180个作用靶点导入String, 构建PPI网络。利用CytoNCA分析, 得到该网络中连接度中位数为22, 2倍连接度中位数为44, 介度中位数为0.001 656, 紧密度中位数为0.508 523。根据连接度 > 44、介度 > 0.001 656、紧密度 > 0.508 523, 筛选出SMS治疗DCM有TNF (tumor necrosis factor)、VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A)、EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) 等核心作用靶点39个(图 1B)。节点面积越大、颜色越接近橙色, 代表连接度越高, 该靶点与其他靶点的相关性越明显, 在网络中越重要。
通过Metascape平台对39个核心靶点进行GO功能分析, 结果显示共有963个生物过程、41个细胞组分、68个分子功能。根据P值排序, 选择GO富集分析的前10个结果用柱状图表示(图 1C)。KEGG通路分析, 共富集到159条信号通路, 选择与DCM密切相关的前18条用R语言绘制气泡图(图 1D)。本研究专注于生脉散保护心肌细胞收缩功能的研究, 结合文献[6]报道, 钙信号通路与SMS治疗DCM收缩功能密切相关。在兴奋收缩耦联过程中, SR钙转运将直接影响心肌细胞的收缩功能, 本研究即从SR钙转运探讨SMS可能的调控作用。
与正常组相比, 糖尿病各组0和4周随机血糖值均≥ 16.7 mmol·L-1 (P < 0.000 1, 图 2AB), 糖尿病模型造模成功, 且给药期间, 血糖持续高于正常值。各给药组与模型组无显著性差异。
与正常组相比, 模型组大鼠LVSP显著降低(P < 0.01, 图 3A), LVEDP无显著性差异(图 3B), 左室最大收缩速率显著降低(P < 0.01, 图 3C), 左室最大舒张速率显著降低(P < 0.01, 图 3D); 与模型组相比, SMS组LVSP显著增高(P < 0.05, 图 3A), LVEDP无显著性差异, 左室最大收缩速率显著增高(P < 0.05), 左室最大舒张速率显著增高(P < 0.05)。
各组心肌细胞收缩及Ca2+荧光瞬时变化曲线如图 4A所示。与正常组相比, 模型组心肌细胞收缩幅度降低(P < 0.05, 图 4B), 舒张期Ca2+浓度增高(P < 0.01, 图 4C), 各组钙瞬变幅度均降低(P < 0.05, 图 4D); 与模型组相比, SMS组心肌细胞收缩幅度增高(P < 0.05), 钙瞬变基线降低(P < 0.01), 钙瞬变幅度无显著性差异。以340与380 nm处荧光强度的比值(ratio) 为横坐标, 同步采集的相对收缩幅度(%) 为纵坐标, 绘制ratio-shortening loop曲线(图 4E)。曲线的轨迹或钙消除的下降支的斜率变化能反映钙敏感性的改变。与正常组相比, 糖尿病各组心肌细胞钙敏感性降低(P < 0.05, 图 4F); 与模型组相比, SMS组心肌细胞钙敏感性增高(P < 0.05)。
Tetracaine (1 mmol·L-1) 可阻断RyR2受体, 使Ca2+不再从SR泄漏, 同时外液为0Ca/0Na台氏液时也不会发生Na+、Ca2+交换, 使得胞浆Ca2+荧光强度降低, 而当tetracaine被冲洗后, 胞浆内升高的Ca2+荧光强度即代表了SR钙泄漏水平。Caffeine (20 mmol·L-1) 能使SR内的Ca2+瞬间释放入胞浆内, 此时caffeine诱导的Ca2+荧光的最高值即代表了SR钙储备(图 5A)。与正常组相比, 糖尿病后各组钙泄漏水平均显著增高(P < 0.01, 图 5B), SMS组及TMZ组钙泄漏水平较模型组降低(P < 0.01)。各组在0Ca/0Na台式液灌注后, SR钙库含量无显著性差异(图 5C)。由于钙泄漏水平与SR钙库水平呈正相关, 各组细胞与SR钙库水平进行比值后结果显示, 糖尿病后钙泄漏增加, 给药后两组均能减少钙泄漏(P < 0.01, 图 5D), 且两组间无显著性差异。
与正常组相比, 模型组P-RyR2蛋白表达明显增加(P < 0.001, 图 6A), RyR2蛋白表达也明显增加(P < 0.01, 图 6B); 与模型组相比, SMS组P-RyR2蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.01), RyR2蛋白表达也明显降低(P < 0.05)。
本研究通过网络药理学方法, 筛选出SMS治疗DCM有39个核心作用靶点。针对核心作用靶点, GO功能富集分析主要涉及在正向调节细胞迁移、正向调节细胞运动、正向调节细胞成分运动等生物过程, 膜筏、膜微区等细胞组分, 蛋白丝氨酸/苏氨酸/酪氨酸激酶活性、蛋白激酶活性、磷酸转移酶活性等分子功能。KEGG富集通路涉及癌症、钙信号和p53信号等159条通路。SMS可能通过上述富集结果发挥治疗作用。结合文献[6]报道, 钙信号通路与SMS治疗DCM密切相关, 且主要涉及EGFR、ERBB2 (receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2)、FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) 等核心作用靶点。本研究聚焦于SMS对心脏功能的调控作用, 在兴奋收缩耦联过程中SR钙转运将直接影响心肌细胞的收缩功能, 本研究在细胞功能和分子表达上研究SR钙泄漏和肌丝钙敏感性的变化, 探讨SMS保护DCM收缩功能可能的调控作用。
TMZ通过阻断长链3-酮酯酰CoA硫解酶抑制脂肪酸的β氧化, 从而促进葡萄糖的氧化, 使耗氧量更低, 增强葡萄糖氧化可优化细胞的能量代谢过程。在以往报道的SMS对心肌保护的作用研究中, 较少涉及其有效成分对钙转运的直接调控, 其潜在作用可能是通过上游信号通路干扰能量代谢或氧化应激通路进行间接的调节。本课题组前期研究也表明TMZ可间接调控SR钙转运功能[17], 所以本研究采用了能干预能量代谢过程的TMZ作为阳性药。
心肌收缩功能障碍是DCM的主要病理特征之一[18]。糖尿病大鼠血流动力学结果显示, 模型组大鼠LVSP、最大舒张速率和最大收缩速率相对正常组均明显降低, 糖尿病大鼠出现了心肌功能损伤; SMS组的上述心脏收缩功能相对模型组均明显增高, SMS有效改善了糖尿病大鼠心肌收缩功能。TMZ组具有相同的改善作用, 且与SMS组无显著性差异。为探究SMS保护心肌收缩功能的潜在机制, 对糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞检测发现, 模型组心肌细胞收缩幅度降低, 而SMS能明显增加心肌细胞收缩幅度。
心肌细胞正常的收缩活动基于胞内Ca2+的正常转运。RyR有3种亚型, RyR2为心肌型, 分布在SR上。Ca2+通过电压依赖性L型Ca2+通道进入细胞, 与SR上的RyR2结合, RyR2开放后大量Ca2+自SR释放到胞浆内与肌钙蛋白结合, 引起肌丝滑行和心肌细胞收缩, 随着细胞内Ca2+的减少而收缩终止[19]。在心肌细胞钙瞬变检测中, 模型组钙瞬变幅度显著降低。这可能是导致收缩功能降低的主要原因, 但SMS并不能增加钙瞬变水平。而对钙敏感性分析后发现, SMS明显增强钙敏感性, 这可能是其不增加钙瞬变却能增强收缩力的原因。
同时发现模型组舒张期钙浓度增加, 进一步研究发现, 糖尿病后各组钙泄漏水平均发生显著增高, 这可能是舒张期钙浓度升高的原因之一, 与模型组相比, SMS及TMZ组钙泄漏水平降低。钙泄漏水平与SR钙库水平呈正相关, 将各组细胞与自身钙库水平进行比值后结果显示, 糖尿病后钙泄漏增加, 给药后两组均能减少钙泄漏。这表明SMS能有效减少钙泄漏, 减少钙泄漏也能减低心肌发生心率失常的发生率。钙泄漏相关蛋白RyR2在模型组中表达显著增加, SMS及TMZ组明显降低。P-RyR2与RyR2表达结果一致, 表明SMS可能通过下调RyR2, 减少心肌细胞钙泄漏, 从而维持钙稳态平衡, 并有助于减少心肌心律失常的发生。
综上所述, 本研究通过网络药理学和动物实验探讨了SMS基于钙转运治疗DCM的作用机制, 发现SMS可能通过下调RyR2蛋白, 减少心肌细胞钙泄漏, 调控钙信号通路, 增加钙敏感性, 从而减少钙稳态失衡造成的心肌损伤。另外, 本研究通过数据库预测SMS有效成分和DCM疾病靶点, 不可避免存在局限性, 但其预测也为机制探讨提供了有力指导, 在对DCM收缩功能的保护中, 钙转运信号调节通路可能是较为重要的机制之一, 同时中药复方靶点多, 作用机制复杂, 关于SMS治疗DCM的作用机制有待继续探讨。
作者贡献: 黄聪实施实验方案、采集实验数据、统计分析、撰写文章; 孙明杰指导实验选题、实验设计和数据分析、批阅文章; 崔海峰、孙丽华和武乾实施实验过程、采集实验数据、提供技术和材料支持; 翟取实施实验方案、采集实验数据、统计分析; 石晓路提出实验设计、指导实验实施和数据分析、批阅文章、提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 全体作者均阅读并同意最终的文章, 无潜在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004244)
  • 北京市自然科学基金青年基金项目(7194301)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(ZZ2019011)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0482
  • 接收时间:2022-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-24
  • 修回日期:2022-05-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004244)
北京市自然科学基金青年基金项目(7194301)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(ZZ2019011)
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    1.中国中医科学院医学实验中心, 北京市中医药防治重大疾病基础研究重点实验室, 北京 100700
    2.国家药品监督管理局高级研修学院, 北京 100073

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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