Article(id=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=1650124800000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539637725, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539637725, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539637725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539637725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3502, endPage=3512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518237025014084, articleId=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism study of Si Miao Formula on alleviating insulin resistance by increasing the abundance of
Akkermansia muciniphila in mice, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In our previous study, we found that Si Miao Formula (SMF) had the effect of improving the disorder of glucose metabolism caused by high fat and high sucrose diet, and significantly altered the composition of gut microbiota, especially increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). However, it is unclear that the role of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila play in SMF improving blood glucose homeostasis, and the mechanism of how SMF increases the level of A. muciniphila. Therefore, this study will explore the correlation between SMF improving the insulin resistance and increasing the level of A. muciniphila, as well as the mechanism of SMF-induced growth of A. muciniphila using the in vitro and in vivo experiments. We explored the effect of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila on SMF-improved insulin resistance through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic intervention. In order to study the mechanisms underlying SMF on elevating A. muciniphila, we disassembled SMF to find the key component which can particularly elevate the number of A. muciniphila. Using the in vitro anaerobic culture system combined with cell and animal experiments, we explored the mechanism of the key component in elevating A. muciniphila. The research was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Our results showed that the gut microbiota altered by SMF can improve high fat and sucrose diet induced insulin resistance in recipient mice, and the improvement was closely related to the abundance of A. muciniphila. Cortex Phellodendri played the most important role in regulating the composition of intestinal flora and increasing the number of A. muciniphila, of which, berberine was the key component of Cortex Phellodendri which up regulated A. muciniphila. We have found that berberine cannot directly promote the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro, but it can stimulate the expression of mucin, which, in turn, promote the growth of A. muciniphila. The above results show that the improved insulin sensitiviy by SMF depends on the increased level of A. muciniphila. The effect of SMF on elevating the amount of A. muciniphila might be correlated with the increased expression of mucin stimulated by berberine.
, correspAuthors=Hou-kai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan YAN, Li-li SHENG, Yan LI, Yi-yang BAO, Hou-kai LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518238845342132, articleId=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=四妙方通过增加肠道
Akkermansia muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
四妙方能够改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的糖代谢紊乱, 并调控肠道菌群组成, 特别是增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 的丰度。但是, 肠道菌群和A. muciniphila在四妙方改善糖代谢中的确切作用, 以及四妙方上调A. muciniphila的机制尚不清楚。本研究将通过体内外实验探讨四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗与A. muciniphila的相关性及四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用机制。利用肠道菌群移植及抗生素干扰等方法, 研究肠道菌群组成和A. muciniphila丰度变化对四妙方改善高糖高脂诱导的小鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用; 通过四妙方拆方动物实验和药效评价, 明确升高A. muciniphila的关键药味和组分; 利用体外厌氧培养系统结合细胞动物实验, 探索四妙方关键组分增加A. muciniphila含量的作用机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定。结果显示, 四妙方改变的肠道菌群可在受体小鼠中发挥改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗的作用, 且改善效果与A. muciniphila丰度呈正相关; 君药黄柏是四妙方中调控肠道菌群组成并增加A. muciniphila的关键药物, 而黄柏中主要活性成分小檗碱与黄柏在上调A. muciniphila丰度上作用相近。体外机制研究发现, 小檗碱不能直接促进A. muciniphila的生长, 但能通过激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达, 间接促进A. muciniphila的增殖。上述结果表明, 四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗的作用很可能依赖于增加肠道A. muciniphila数量, 且四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用很可能与君药黄柏中小檗碱激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达有关。
, correspAuthors=李后开, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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12: 709629., articleTitle=Multi-pharmacology of berberine in atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases: potential contribution of gut microbiota, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210518251323396993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=81873059, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(81873059), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251419865993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=U21A20413, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20413), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251516334992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=TMSK-2021-403, language=CN, fundingSource=转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题(TMSK-2021-403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251608609685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=2020JP016, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市卫生健康委员会中医药科研项目(2020JP016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251721855901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=21XD1403500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210518239172497872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518239176692177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, companyId=1210518239172497872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518239222829523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, companyId=1210518239172497872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210518248374801136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sXnC0ZQXAhF/2ezz/EXzFA==, figureFileBig=z8LNqIL9ttKrtn+1tBlzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248479658744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Effects of Si Miao Formula (SMF) on improving the insulin sensitivity. A: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and area under the curve of GTT (AUC-GTT); B: Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and area under the curve of ITT (AUC-ITT); C: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). n = 6, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs Con; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs HFHS. Con: Mice in control group were supplied with chow diet for 16 weeks; HFHS: Mice in HFHS group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet for 16 weeks; SMF: Mice in treatment group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet supplemented with aqueous extracts of SMF for 16 weeks , figureFileSmall=sXnC0ZQXAhF/2ezz/EXzFA==, figureFileBig=z8LNqIL9ttKrtn+1tBlzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248668402440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PFFZKZnFtZr34HKzkIPZdg==, figureFileBig=ZxPKs6X3UXaeVUsUvyS0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248756482831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
SMF significantly changes the composition of gut microbes and increased the number of A. muciniphila. A: Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) analysis based on weighted UniFrac similarity; OTU: Operational taxonomic units; PC: Principal component; B: Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the genus level; C: The number of A. muciniphila per ng fecal genomic DNA. n = 5, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05 vs Con; **P < 0.01 vs HFHS , figureFileSmall=PFFZKZnFtZr34HKzkIPZdg==, figureFileBig=ZxPKs6X3UXaeVUsUvyS0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248873923354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rboTsVvFq4LkhGT5wtaJGg==, figureFileBig=hb+I4adMDahtquyDvDfeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250107048736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Fecal microbiota from SMF-fed mice improves insulin sensitivity. A: Experimental diagram; B: Body weight and energy intake; C: IPGTT; D: Fasting plasma glucose; E: ITT; F: The number of A. muciniphila per ng fecal genomic DNA. n = 4-5, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs R-HFHS. R-HFHS: Mice in R-HFHS group were supplied with the fecal microbiota from high fat and high sucrose diet-fed mice for 18 weeks; R-SMF: Mice in R-SMF group were supplied with the fecal microbiota from SMF treated mice for 18 weeks , figureFileSmall=rboTsVvFq4LkhGT5wtaJGg==, figureFileBig=hb+I4adMDahtquyDvDfeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250220294952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q5mqf5K70WAfwTeTt6MysA==, figureFileBig=CHl8W8kviMy7R80C1oimUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250316763950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effect of different antibiotic on the number of A. muciniphila in mice. A: Experimental diagram; B: The number of A. muciniphila per ng fecal genomic DNA in control group mice; C: The number of A. muciniphila per ng fecal genomic DNA in SMF group mice. n = 5-7, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs DW. Con: Mice in control group were supplied with high fat and high sucrose diet for 20 weeks; SMF: Mice in SMF group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet supplemented with aqueous extracts of SMF for 20 weeks. DW: Mice in DW group were provided with 30% (g·mL-1) sucrose solution; SPE: Mice in SPE group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL-1 spectinomycin; VAN: Mice in VAN group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL-1 vancomycin; SM: Mice in SM group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL-1 streptomycin , figureFileSmall=Q5mqf5K70WAfwTeTt6MysA==, figureFileBig=CHl8W8kviMy7R80C1oimUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250413232951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yguDkAU/iPaCmFFVPecmfA==, figureFileBig=QFSsneNdoLjt/TSKUqtEPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250543256382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Effect of SMF on improving glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in the high fat and high sucrose fed mice with different antibiotics. A: IPGTT; B: ITT. n = 5-7, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs Con , figureFileSmall=yguDkAU/iPaCmFFVPecmfA==, figureFileBig=QFSsneNdoLjt/TSKUqtEPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250639725383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HD8E11+JAsfYuN6Aiv52qA==, figureFileBig=b3ln7GDl5t8uoA7f54Mflw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250740388691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Effects of combinations of different herbs from SMF on improving the insulin sensitivity in mice. A: Experimental diagram; B: The number of A. muciniphila per ng fecal genomic DNA; C: Fasting plasma glucose; D: Serum insulin; E: HOMA-IR; F: Effects of Cortex Phellodendri on improving the insulin sensitivity; G: The fold change of A. muciniphila in mice. n = 5-8, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs Con; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs HFHS. Con: Mice were supplied with chow diet for 16 weeks; HFHS: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet; SMF: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF; HCN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without Coicis Semen; HCY: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without Cyathulae Radix; HYN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without Atractylodis Rhizoma; CYN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without Cortex Phellodendri for 16 weeks; HB: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of Cortex Phellodendri for 16 weeks; BBR: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and berberine for 16 weeks , figureFileSmall=HD8E11+JAsfYuN6Aiv52qA==, figureFileBig=b3ln7GDl5t8uoA7f54Mflw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250878800737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6KDqPumBHVgeMlDaKZ002A==, figureFileBig=GqO9hAQjWLC/n/748ojq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251013018475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Mechanism of berberine in elevating A. muciniphila. A: Effect of berberine on the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro; B: Effect of berberine on Muc2 gene expression in LS174T cells; C: Effect of mucin on the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro; D: The fold change of A. muciniphila level after berberine supplementation in mice; E: Periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue stained colon tissue. Scale bar: 100 μm, opposing red arrows with shafts delineate the mucus layer; F: Blinded colonic mucus layer measurements from Alcian blue-stained sections; G: mRNA levels of Muc2, Muc3, Muc4 in colon; H: mRNA levels of Klf4, Hes, Relm-β, Tff3 in colon. n = 5, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs Con; ΔP < 0.05 vs 6 μmol·L-1 berberine group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs HFHS , figureFileSmall=6KDqPumBHVgeMlDaKZ002A==, figureFileBig=GqO9hAQjWLC/n/748ojq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251101098864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Primer | Sequence (5'-3') |
| m-Muc2-F | AAGTGAAGACCGAGATTGTGC |
| m-Muc2-R | GTGCACACACACACCCTTG |
| m-Muc3-F | TTCTATGGGCCACGGTGT |
| m-Muc3-R | ACTGGTTACTGTCACACTCACTCC |
| m-Muc4-F | GAGGGCTACTGTCACAATGGAGGC |
| m-Muc4-R | AGGGTTCCGAAGAGGATCCCGTAG |
| m-Gapdh-F | AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG |
| m-Gapdh-R | TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA |
| m-Hes-F | CCAGCCAGTGTCAACACGA |
| m-Hes-R | AATGCCGGGAGCTATCTTTCT |
| m-Klf4-F | AGGAACTCTCTCACATGAAGCG |
| m-Klf4-R | GGTCGTTGAACTCCTCGGTC |
| m-Relm-β-F | CCATTTCCTGAGCTTTCTGG |
| m-Relm-β-R | AGCACATCCAGTGACAACCA |
| m-Tff3-F | CAGATTACGTTGGCCTGTCTCC |
| m-Tff3-R | ATGCTTGCTACCCTTGGACCAC |
| h-Gapdh-F | GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC |
| h-Gapdh-R | TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA |
| h-Muc2-F | ACCCGCACTATGTCACCTTC |
| h-Muc2-R | GGGATCGCAGTGGTAGTTGT |
| A. muciniphila-F | CAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC |
| A. muciniphila-R | CCTTGCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT |
), ArticleFig(id=1210518251205956472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequence of each gene. Muc2: Mucin-2; Muc3: Mucin-3; Muc4: Mucin-4; Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Hes: Hes family BHLH transcription factor; Klf4: Kruppel like factor 4; Relm-β: Resistin-like molecule beta; Tff3: Trefoil factor 3; m: Mouse; h: Human; A. muciniphila: Akkermansia muciniphila; F: Forward; R: Reverse
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Primer | Sequence (5'-3') |
| m-Muc2-F | AAGTGAAGACCGAGATTGTGC |
| m-Muc2-R | GTGCACACACACACCCTTG |
| m-Muc3-F | TTCTATGGGCCACGGTGT |
| m-Muc3-R | ACTGGTTACTGTCACACTCACTCC |
| m-Muc4-F | GAGGGCTACTGTCACAATGGAGGC |
| m-Muc4-R | AGGGTTCCGAAGAGGATCCCGTAG |
| m-Gapdh-F | AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG |
| m-Gapdh-R | TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA |
| m-Hes-F | CCAGCCAGTGTCAACACGA |
| m-Hes-R | AATGCCGGGAGCTATCTTTCT |
| m-Klf4-F | AGGAACTCTCTCACATGAAGCG |
| m-Klf4-R | GGTCGTTGAACTCCTCGGTC |
| m-Relm-β-F | CCATTTCCTGAGCTTTCTGG |
| m-Relm-β-R | AGCACATCCAGTGACAACCA |
| m-Tff3-F | CAGATTACGTTGGCCTGTCTCC |
| m-Tff3-R | ATGCTTGCTACCCTTGGACCAC |
| h-Gapdh-F | GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC |
| h-Gapdh-R | TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA |
| h-Muc2-F | ACCCGCACTATGTCACCTTC |
| h-Muc2-R | GGGATCGCAGTGGTAGTTGT |
| A. muciniphila-F | CAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC |
| A. muciniphila-R | CCTTGCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT |
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