Article(id=1198622903043457875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647792000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-21, revisedDate=1652889600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703569422, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703569422, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703569422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703569422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=156, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622903311893353, articleId=1198622903043457875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment and evaluation of in vitro galectin-3 inhibitor screening model, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to the galectin family and is specific in binding β-galactoside. Through its C-terminal domain, Gal-3 binds to the galactoside group of the glycosylated insulin receptor (IR) and inhibits IR signaling pathway, which leads to the insulin resistance. Thus, Gal-3 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here we report a simple Gal-3 screening model based on the property that Gal-3 binds to the galactoside. We expressed and purified human Gal-3 in Escherichia coli (E.coli), and labeled it with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in vitro. After incubating FITC labeled Gal-3 (Gal-3-FITC) with PANC-1 cells, which express glycosylated membrane protein, PANC-1 cells started to show green fluorescent signal due to the Gal-3-FITC binding to the glycosylated membrane protein. Gal-3 inhibitor disrupts the binding of Gal-3-FITC and PANC1 cells, subsequently leads to the decrease of the fluorescent signal in PANC-1 cells. We can evaluate the inhibitory efficiency of Gal-3 inhibitors through measurement of the fluorescent signal. Further studies show this model is simple, stable, and repeatable with a Z' factor between 0.7 and 0.85. In sum, we have successfully established an in vitro high-throughput screening model for Gal-3 inhibitors.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-xiao MA, Xiao-wei XING, Shao-cong HOU, Shu-wang HE, Shi-qiang YAN, Ping-ping LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ping-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622904809259997, articleId=1198622903043457875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=Galectin-3抑制剂体外筛选方法的建立及评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

半乳糖凝集素-3 (galectin-3, Gal-3) 属于β半乳糖苷酶结合凝集素家族, 具有特异性结合半乳糖的特性。通过C端糖蛋白结合区(carbohydrate recognition domain, CRD), Gal-3可结合糖基化胰岛素受体(insulin receptor, IR) 的半乳糖苷链, 从而抑制IR信号通路, 导致胰岛素抵抗, 被视为治疗胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的潜在药物作用靶点。本研究根据Gal-3结合糖基化蛋白半乳糖苷链的特性, 设计了一种简便的Gal-3抑制剂筛选模型。在大肠杆菌表达Gal-3蛋白, 经纯化后, 用异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC) 修饰, 获得Gal-3-FITC。Gal-3-FITC自发绿色荧光, 与表面表达有大量糖蛋白的人胰腺癌细胞(PANC-1) 孵育后, PANC-1细胞带有荧光信号。若待测化合物有Gal-3抑制活性, 则该化合物可降低Gal-3-FITC与细胞的结合, 从而降低PANC-1细胞荧光信号。通过荧光信号变化可评价Gal-3抑制剂的抑制强度。进一步研究表明, 该筛选模型简易稳定, 具有良好重复性, Z'因子在0.7和0.85之间。本研究采用FITC标记Gal-3的方式在PANC-1细胞上用荧光强度反映Gal-3和糖蛋白的结合水平, 构建了Gal-3抑制剂的高通量筛选模型。

, authors=null, authorsList=马春晓, 邢肖伟, 侯少聪, 何淑旺, 颜世强, 李平平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李平平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李平平, Tel: 86-10-50927273, E-mail:
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Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Weihai 264333, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702074004340746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, companyId=1198702073970786309, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东达因海洋生物制药有限公司, 山东 威海 264333)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702080081887673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4X4hWPlH9Ucr6/7VzjR3QA==, figureFileBig=80mXOIqB0FAT/lWjgDx/lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081222738371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The expression and purification of human galectin-3 (Gal-3). A: The purified protein of Gal-3 is confirmed by Western blot assay; B: The Coomassie blue-staining. 1: <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E.coli</i>) lysates with Gal-3 over-expression lysates; 2: The wash buffer of Gal-3 binding agarose beads; 3: Gal-3 after lactose elution; M: Marker , figureFileSmall=4X4hWPlH9Ucr6/7VzjR3QA==, figureFileBig=80mXOIqB0FAT/lWjgDx/lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081390510546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oTqvbqFN8Z2LP3NnmM47XQ==, figureFileBig=noaDk7uxqRuunBnQ/S2Wdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081507951066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Dose dependent effect of Gal-3-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) on the fluorescence in PANC-1 cells. A: The fluorescence of PANC-1 cells incubated with Gal-3-FITC (0-2 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 2 h; B: The fluorescent image of PANC-1 cells incubated with Gal-3-FITC (0-2 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 2 h; C: The fluorescence of PANC-1 incubated with Gal-3-FITC (0-2 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and 0.1 mol·L<sup>-1</sup> of lactose; D: The ratio of fluorescence between vehicle and 0.1 mol·L<sup>-1</sup> lactose in PANC-1 with Gal-3-FITC treatment (0, 1 and 2 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); E: The fluorescent image of PANC-1 treated with control, 0.1 mol·L<sup>-1</sup> lactose, 1 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Gal-3-FITC, and both. Scale bar: 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 2-3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± standard error of the mean (SEM). <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. RFU: Relative fluorescence units , figureFileSmall=oTqvbqFN8Z2LP3NnmM47XQ==, figureFileBig=noaDk7uxqRuunBnQ/S2Wdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081612808675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7NtB3rrJyLEe8Z7F6qnnVQ==, figureFileBig=q8E8IatjbpTl5Ow9K1Alyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081717666280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Gal-3 inhibitor 1, 4-disubstituted triazoles (Cpd47) impaired the binding of Gal-3 with glycosylated proteins in PANC-1 cells. A: Fluorescence of Gal-3-FITC in PANC-1 cells with 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> of Cpd47 treatment; B: The inhibition curve of Cpd47 in PANC-1 cells. Scale bar: 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± SEM , figureFileSmall=7NtB3rrJyLEe8Z7F6qnnVQ==, figureFileBig=q8E8IatjbpTl5Ow9K1Alyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081826718192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ybGJjbpVH5UbFK6uggWIyA==, figureFileBig=3byp0lAFVVK8poOQAMhf9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702081973518844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622903043457875, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Evaluation of Gal-3 inhibitor screening model. 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Galectin-3抑制剂体外筛选方法的建立及评价
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马春晓 1 , 邢肖伟 1 , 侯少聪 1 , 何淑旺 2 , 颜世强 2 , 李平平 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(1): 156-161
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (1) : 156 -161
Galectin-3抑制剂体外筛选方法的建立及评价
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马春晓1, 邢肖伟1, 侯少聪1, 何淑旺2, 颜世强2, 李平平1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.山东达因海洋生物制药有限公司, 山东 威海 264333
通讯作者:
*李平平, Tel: 86-10-50927273, E-mail:
Establishment and evaluation of in vitro galectin-3 inhibitor screening model
Chun-xiao MA1, Xiao-wei XING1, Shao-cong HOU1, Shu-wang HE2, Shi-qiang YAN2, Ping-ping LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Shandong DYNE Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Weihai 264333, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0342
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半乳糖凝集素-3 (galectin-3, Gal-3) 属于β半乳糖苷酶结合凝集素家族, 具有特异性结合半乳糖的特性。通过C端糖蛋白结合区(carbohydrate recognition domain, CRD), Gal-3可结合糖基化胰岛素受体(insulin receptor, IR) 的半乳糖苷链, 从而抑制IR信号通路, 导致胰岛素抵抗, 被视为治疗胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病的潜在药物作用靶点。本研究根据Gal-3结合糖基化蛋白半乳糖苷链的特性, 设计了一种简便的Gal-3抑制剂筛选模型。在大肠杆菌表达Gal-3蛋白, 经纯化后, 用异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC) 修饰, 获得Gal-3-FITC。Gal-3-FITC自发绿色荧光, 与表面表达有大量糖蛋白的人胰腺癌细胞(PANC-1) 孵育后, PANC-1细胞带有荧光信号。若待测化合物有Gal-3抑制活性, 则该化合物可降低Gal-3-FITC与细胞的结合, 从而降低PANC-1细胞荧光信号。通过荧光信号变化可评价Gal-3抑制剂的抑制强度。进一步研究表明, 该筛选模型简易稳定, 具有良好重复性, Z'因子在0.7和0.85之间。本研究采用FITC标记Gal-3的方式在PANC-1细胞上用荧光强度反映Gal-3和糖蛋白的结合水平, 构建了Gal-3抑制剂的高通量筛选模型。

半乳糖凝集素-3  /  糖基化  /  筛选  /  慢性炎症  /  异硫氰酸荧光素

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to the galectin family and is specific in binding β-galactoside. Through its C-terminal domain, Gal-3 binds to the galactoside group of the glycosylated insulin receptor (IR) and inhibits IR signaling pathway, which leads to the insulin resistance. Thus, Gal-3 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here we report a simple Gal-3 screening model based on the property that Gal-3 binds to the galactoside. We expressed and purified human Gal-3 in Escherichia coli (E.coli), and labeled it with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in vitro. After incubating FITC labeled Gal-3 (Gal-3-FITC) with PANC-1 cells, which express glycosylated membrane protein, PANC-1 cells started to show green fluorescent signal due to the Gal-3-FITC binding to the glycosylated membrane protein. Gal-3 inhibitor disrupts the binding of Gal-3-FITC and PANC1 cells, subsequently leads to the decrease of the fluorescent signal in PANC-1 cells. We can evaluate the inhibitory efficiency of Gal-3 inhibitors through measurement of the fluorescent signal. Further studies show this model is simple, stable, and repeatable with a Z' factor between 0.7 and 0.85. In sum, we have successfully established an in vitro high-throughput screening model for Gal-3 inhibitors.

galectin-3  /  glycosylation  /  screening  /  chronic inflammation  /  fluorescein isothiocyanate
马春晓, 邢肖伟, 侯少聪, 何淑旺, 颜世强, 李平平. Galectin-3抑制剂体外筛选方法的建立及评价. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 156 -161 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0342
Chun-xiao MA, Xiao-wei XING, Shao-cong HOU, Shu-wang HE, Shi-qiang YAN, Ping-ping LI. Establishment and evaluation of in vitro galectin-3 inhibitor screening model[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 156 -161 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0342
肥胖导致的胰岛素抵抗是代谢综合征最重要的病理症状[1]。胰岛素抵抗使胰岛素靶器官对胰岛素的敏感性下降, 胰岛素无法维持糖脂代谢平衡[2], 从而导致糖尿病、高血脂等代谢性疾病的发生。目前认为, 慢性炎症是连接肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的重要因素。肥胖状态下, 胰岛素靶器官如脂肪组织中巨噬细胞浸润远高于正常情况[3], 这些巨噬细胞在脂肪酸、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 等刺激下分泌MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)、IL (interleukin)-1β和IL6等细胞因子引起局部慢性炎症[4]。慢性炎症导致胰岛素抵抗的发生[5]。Li等[6]发现巨噬细胞分泌的半乳糖凝集素-3 (galectin-3, Gal-3) 是导致胰岛素抵抗的关键分子, 可直接结合胰岛素受体(insulin receptor, IR) 并改变IR的信号通路。
Gal-3属于凝集素家族, 拥有C端糖蛋白结合区(carbohydrate recognition domain, CRD), 可特异性结合含有半乳糖苷的糖链[7]。糖基化的IR与Gal-3结合后, 磷酸化受到抑制, 导致IR下游的Akt (protein kinase B) 磷酸化水平降低, 细胞利用葡萄糖的能力下降。在高脂饮食喂养诱发的胰岛素抵抗肥胖小鼠中, Gal-3的表达水平显著提高, 敲除Gal-3可改善小鼠的糖代谢及胰岛素抵抗。这说明Gal-3除了提供炎症环境募集巨噬细胞外[8], 还可直接通过与IR的结合促进胰岛素抵抗, 是一个潜在的治疗胰岛素抵抗新靶点。抑制Gal-3和IR的结合可直接改善胰岛素抵抗, 并有望改善小鼠体内的炎症环境[9]
Kakehi等[10]建立了一种Gal-3筛选模型, 根据其结合半乳糖苷的特性, 设计了共价结合异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC) 的糖链分子探针[11]。小分子的FITC糖链探针不具有各向异性。当Gal-3和糖链探针结合时, Gal-3-探针复合物的分子质量远大于FITC糖链探针, 在溶液中的自旋速度变慢, 从而具有了各向异性, 在荧光偏振实验中表现较高的mP (millipolarization units) 值。若化合物阻断Gal-3与荧光糖链探针的结合, 则糖链分子的各向异性降低, 荧光偏振实验中的mP值也会下降, 根据荧光偏振的变化即可筛选Gal-3抑制剂。但此方法有一定局限性, 如FITC糖链探针的合成较难、荧光偏振检测需具有偏振光路的酶标仪, 限制了这一筛选方法的广泛使用。
本研究建立了一种新的Gal-3抑制剂筛选方法, 纯化表达了Gal-3蛋白并标记FITC, 获得了带有绿色荧光的Gal-3 (Gal-3-FITC)。Gal-3-FITC与细胞表面糖蛋白结合, 采用酶标仪即可检测到细胞绿色荧光信号的升高。细胞经待测化合物处理后, 若细胞绿色荧光信号下降, 则表明该化合物可能为Gal-3抑制剂。
试剂与耗材  DMEM培养基、RPMI-1640培养基、胎牛血清(16000-044) (Gibco公司); Gal-3抑制剂Cpd47 (1, 4-disubstituted triazoles, Merck公司); 异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)、二硫苏糖醇(DTT) (上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司); Hochest 33342染色液、卡那霉素(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 乳糖、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、NH4Cl (国药集团化学试剂有限公司); DMSO (Sigma公司); 96孔黑色底透细胞培养板(3603, Corning公司); 凝胶层析脱盐柱(GE Healthcare PD-10, GE公司)。
仪器  荧光显微镜(Zeiss公司, Vert A1); 细胞培养箱(Panasonic公司, MCO-170AICUVL-PC); 多功能酶标仪(Biotek公司, Synergy H1); 恒温振荡器(精骐公司, IS-RDD3); 手持超声破碎仪(美国Sonics & Materials, Inc.公司)。
细胞、质粒与菌株  PANC-1和AsPC-1细胞购自ATCC细胞库, 培养于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中, 并进行传代。PANC-1细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM。AsPC-1细胞培养于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640。人源Gal-3基因由细胞cDNA中克隆得到, 克隆号为3958。pET28a空表达载体由中国医学科学院卢多实验室赠予。BL21 (DE3) pLysS空表达菌株购自天根公司。
Gal-3的表达和纯化  采用大肠杆菌表达系统胞内表达Gal-3, 按照文献[12]方法进行纯化。将pET28a+hGal3质粒载体转化到BL21 (DE3) pLysS大肠杆菌, 获得表达菌株。在25 ℃培养条件下, 用0.8 mmol·L-1 IPTG诱导Gal-3蛋白, 表达20 h。
收集菌体并超声破碎大肠杆菌细胞, 离心收集含Gal-3的上清液至新离心管。由于有活性的Gal-3可特异性结合乳糖, 因此采用乳糖-琼脂微球亲和层析方法纯化Gal-3蛋白, 获得折叠为正确结构并拥有结合乳糖活性的Gal-3。用含5%甘油的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 清洗微球后, 用含0.1 mol·L-1乳糖的PBS将Gal-3洗脱下来, 透析除去乳糖, 浓缩蛋白保存于-80 ℃备用。
制备FITC标记的Gal-3  按照每毫克蛋白加入20 μg FITC的比例在0.1 mol·L-1 Na2CO3/NaHCO3缓冲液(pH 9.6) 中加入纯化的Gal-3蛋白和1 mg·mL-1的FITC-DMSO溶液, 4 ℃过夜反应后, 加入50 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl溶液终止反应。用凝胶层析脱盐柱除去未结合在蛋白上的FITC。标记FITC的Gal-3蛋白呈黄绿色。取1 μL检测蛋白溶液在280 nm的吸光度(A280) 值, 根据Gal-3蛋白分子质量(26 152 g·mol-1) 和消光系数(35 870 L·mol-1·cm-1), 按公式(1) 计算蛋白浓度。
$ 蛋白浓度 =A_{280} \times\left(26152 \mathrm{~g} \cdot \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\right) / \left(35870 \mathrm{~L} \cdot \mathrm{mol}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{cm}^{-1}\right) $
Gal-3抑制剂筛选方法建立  将PANC-1细胞按每孔2×104个铺于96孔板中。以0.01% DMSO为阴性对照, 0.1 mol·L-1乳糖或10 μmol·L-1 Gal-3抑制剂Cpd47为阳性对照, 加入细胞孔孵育过夜。每孔加入终浓度为2 μmol·L-1的Gal-3-FITC, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱孵育2、3 h后用PBS洗3次, 于酶标仪读取490 nm/525 nm荧光值。PANC-1细胞膜表面蛋白糖基化程度高, 可作为Gal-3结合的底物。在抑制剂存在时, Gal-3-FITC优先与抑制剂结合, 从而无法结合在细胞上, 在PBS清洗过程中被洗去。根据公式(2) 计算化合物抑制率。
$化合物抑制率 (\%)=1-\left(F_{\text {化合物 }}-F_{\text {乳糖 }}\right) /\left(F_{\text {DMSO }}\right.-\left.F_{\text {乳糖 }}\right) $
其中, F化合物F乳糖FDMSO分别为加入待测化合物的细胞孔、加入乳糖或其他抑制剂的细胞孔、加入DMSO阴性对照的细胞孔的荧光信号。
Z'因子评价筛选模型  Z'因子反映筛选信号的动态范围和数据的离散程度, 能反映筛选方法的可靠性, 按照公式(3) 计算。
$ Z'因子 = 1 – 3 × (σ_{阳性对照} + σ_{阴性对照})/|μ_{阳性对照} - μ_{阴性对照}|$
其中, σ为标准差, μ为平均值。当Z'因子在0.5~1时, 说明筛选方法可靠。
统计学分析  数据均以均值±标准误($\bar{x}$ ± SEM) 表示, 采用t-检验进行显著性检验。以P < 0.05为具有统计学差异。
纯化蛋白的分子质量约为27 kD (图 1A), 与文献[12]中Gal-3的大小一致。将细菌裂解液、糖结合柱洗脱液和纯化Gal-3浓缩液进行SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) 凝胶电泳, 考马斯亮蓝染色后, 用ImageJ软件进行灰度分析(图 1B), Gal-3纯度为92%。
为探索最适Gal-3-FITC浓度, 进行了Gal-3-FITC浓度梯度实验。PANC-1细胞铺板后, 分别加入0.25、0.5、1、2 μmol·L-1的Gal-3-FITC, 于细胞培养箱孵育2 h后, 使用多功能酶标仪测定结合在细胞表面的Gal-3-FITC的荧光值。在0.25和0.5 μmol·L-1 Gal-3-FITC孵育下, FITC的荧光信号增加约3~5倍。当Gal-3-FITC的浓度高于1 μmol·L-1时, 结合在细胞表面的Gal-3-FITC荧光值显著升高, 其中1 μmol·L-1 Gal-3-FITC使PANC1细胞荧光信号增强约10倍; 2 μmol·L-1 Gal-3-FITC使PANC1细胞荧光信号增强约20倍(图 2AB)。
乳糖是Gal-3的天然抑制分子, 高浓度乳糖可竞争结合于Gal-3的CRD, 从而破坏Gal-3和糖蛋白的结合。用0.1 mol·L-1乳糖孵育细胞后, 分别加入1和2 μmol·L-1 Gal-3-FITC进行孵育, 检测细胞荧光强度(图 2C)。结果表明, 0.1 mol·L-1乳糖对1、2 μmol·L-1的Gal-3-FITC都有很强抑制作用。计算单独加入Gal-3-FITC和同时加入乳糖的荧光强度比值, 发现1 μmol·L-1 Gal-3-FITC实验组的乳糖抑制效果更好(图 2D)。镜下观察可看到, 在加入乳糖后, 细胞表面结合的Gal-3-FITC大幅下降(图 2E)。因此, 最终将Gal-3-FITC的筛选浓度定为1 μmol·L-1
Cpd47是一个含有半乳糖苷的寡糖化合物, 具有较高的Gal-3抑制活性, 其与Gal-3的Kd为0.029 μmol·L-1 [13]。如图 3所示, PANC-1细胞与Cpd47孵育后, 再加入Gal-3-FITC, Cpd47处理组荧光信号显著下降, 荧光显微镜下观察发现细胞上的绿色荧光明显降低(图 3A), 说明Cpd47抑制了Gal-3-FITC与PANC-1细胞的结合。采用不同浓度的Cpd47处理细胞后, 荧光信号的强度和Cpd47的浓度呈反比(图 3B)。根据抑制率计算Cpd47的IC50为0.82 μmol·L-1。以上结果说明, 结合Gal-3-FITC后的细胞荧光强度可反映抑制剂的抑制效果, 该模型适合Gal-3抑制剂的筛选。
为了评价该筛选方法的可靠性, 计算Z'因子。以Cpd47为阳性对照, 0.01% DMSO为阴性对照, 分别计算阳性对照和阴性对照的抑制率、组内平均值和标准差, 得到Z'因子。采用此筛选方法进行了25次平行实验, 将每次的阳性对照和阴性对照进行统计分析和计算, 发现Z'因子分布在0.7~0.85 (图 4A), 提示此筛选模型具有良好的重复性。
在本筛选模型中, PANC-1细胞为糖基化蛋白的供体。本研究还采用另一种细胞系人转移胰腺癌细胞(AsPC-1) 进行了实验, Cpd47也同样抑制Gal-3-FITC和AsPC-1的结合(图 4B), AsPC-1细胞荧光值与Cpd47浓度成反比(图 4C), Cpd47的IC50为1.699 μmol·L-1。这一结果与在PANC-1细胞上的结果近似。以上结果表明本筛选模型可灵活运用于多种细胞。
本研究建立了一个新的Gal-3抑制剂筛选模型。该筛选模型利用Gal-3可特异性结合糖基化蛋白上的半乳糖苷糖基链的特性进行设计, 基于抑制剂可打断Gal-3-FITC和糖基化蛋白结合, 从而改变荧光信号强度的原理来筛选化合物。
目前基于蛋白质相互作用的高通量筛选方法众多, 如FRET[14]或Biacore[15]等方法评价小分子或大分子与靶蛋白的相互作用, 这些方法的前提是获得有活性的蛋白质。就Gal-3而言, 其表达和纯化方法成熟, 但Gal-3的结合蛋白均为糖基化蛋白, 在原核表达系统无法完成蛋白糖基化过程, 故获得有活性的Gal-3结合蛋白难度增大。真核细胞能完成蛋白糖基化并转运到相应部位如细胞膜。本筛选方法利用这一特点, 直接在细胞系上筛选抑制Gal-3与糖基化蛋白结合的化合物。在这种情况下, 只要膜上蛋白有半乳糖苷糖链就能与Gal-3结合, 因此本筛选模型简单且并不局限于某一特定的靶蛋白。同时, 该筛选模型可在PANC-1和AsPC-1细胞上展开, 提示该方法灵活且可扩展到多种细胞系。
为定量分析Gal-3与受体蛋白的结合, 对Gal-3进行了FITC修饰, 使得修饰后的Gal-3能带有自发绿色荧光。当Gal-3-FITC结合在细胞表面时, 其所发出荧光信号即可通过酶标仪定量。细胞表面的荧光信号和Gal-3-FITC的浓度呈正相关, Gal-3的抑制剂剂量依赖性降低细胞表面的荧光信号, 说明该筛选方法能分析Gal-3和糖基化蛋白的结合程度, 符合筛选要求。而且根据不同筛选目的, 该方法还适用于高内涵筛选。但需注意的是, 进行高内涵筛选时, 在读取信号前, 应彻底清洗没有结合在细胞表面的Gal-3-FITC, 避免假阴性。
综上所述, Gal-3是潜在的药物靶点, 现有的Gal-3筛选模型均基于荧光小分子被蛋白大分子结合后荧光偏振增大这一原理设计。由于荧光偏振的检测需特殊的荧光光路、被Gal-3结合的荧光小分子不易得到等原因, 这种筛选方法的应用推广受到了很多限制。因此为了克服上述方法的局限, 本研究用细胞系建立了通过检测普通荧光信号的Gal-3抑制剂筛选模型, 该方法简便易行, 适用96孔板操作, 重复性好, 结果可靠。
作者贡献: 马春晓负责筛选模型的建立和评测、数据整理和论文撰写; 邢肖伟完成了蛋白纯化和FITC标记; 侯少聪负责论文修改; 何淑旺和颜世强提供实验所需化合物; 李平平指导实验设计及论文撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81770800)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-016)
  • 中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2018RC350004)
  • 北京高校卓越青年科学家计划项目(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0342
  • 接收时间:2022-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-21
  • 修回日期:2022-05-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81770800)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-016)
中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2018RC350004)
北京高校卓越青年科学家计划项目(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.山东达因海洋生物制药有限公司, 山东 威海 264333

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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