Article(id=1210516653633303022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0341, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647792000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-21, revisedDate=1652371200000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539260538, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539260538, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539260538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539260538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2743, endPage=2750, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516654157591074, articleId=1210516653633303022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Erhuang quzhi granules on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Erhuang quzhi compounds is one of the protecting liver and inhibiting toxin prescriptions series summarized by Jinqi Yuan and other famous doctors of traditional Chinese medicine during the long-term clinical practice. It is very effective for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanism is not clear. This research investigated mechanism of Erhuang quzhi granules (EQG) in the treatment of NAFLD. All the animal welfare and experimental procedures are in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University. Mouse models of NAFLD were established by feeding with methionine and choline deficient diet (MCDD) for five weeks. While feeding MCDD, the treatment groups were given EQG (16.25 g·kg-1·d-1) and atorvastatin (ATO, 7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1) by gavage. The effects of EQG on serum biochemical indices, liver pathological changes, and inflammatory cytokines in mice of NAFLD were investigated. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), immunocytochemistry (ICH) and Western blot assays were used to detect the levels of mRNA and protein associated with nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NF-κB/NLRP3) in liver. The results showed that EQG significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and improved the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The result of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that EQG reduced lipid deposition in livers of mice. Meanwhile, EQG notably decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and mRNA levels of NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, TNF-α, down-regulated the expression of F4/80, IκB kinase β (IKKβ), NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and inhibited the activation of NF-κB and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1). These findings announced that EQG could improve NAFLD via NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway possibly, which provides a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of EQG in clinic.

, correspAuthors=Wen CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si LI, Wen CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516655738843819, articleId=1210516653633303022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=二黄祛脂颗粒对小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的治疗作用及机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

二黄祛脂方是袁今奇等老中医在长期临床实践中总结出的“护肝抑毒系列方”之一, 治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 颇有成效, 但其作用机制尚不明确。本研究探讨了二黄祛脂颗粒(Erhuang quzhi granules, EQG) 治疗NAFLD的作用机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学第一附属医院动物伦理委员会的规定。通过蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饲料(methionine and choline deficient diet, MCDD) 饮食诱导5周建立NAFLD小鼠模型, 治疗组喂养MCDD的同时分别灌胃给予EQG (16.25 g·kg-1·d-1)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin, ATO, 7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1)。考察EQG对NAFLD小鼠相关血清生化指标、肝脏病理变化和炎症因子的影响, 并应用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 法、免疫组织化学(immunocytochemistry, ICH) 法和Western blot法检测肝组织核因子-κB/Nod样受体蛋白3 (nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3, NF-κB/NLRP3) 信号通路相关mRNA和蛋白的水平。结果显示, EQG显著降低小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 含量, 提高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C) 水平。苏木素-伊红染色结果表明EQG减轻小鼠肝脏的脂质沉积。此外, EQG显著降低小鼠肝组织中白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的含量和NF-κB、NLRP3、IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA水平, 下调F4/80、IκB激酶β (IκB kinase β, IKKβ)、NLRP3、含有CARD且与凋亡相关的斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 的表达, 抑制NF-κB和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 蛋白的活化。以上研究揭示了EQG治疗NAFLD的作用机制可能与其抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路有关, 这为EQG在临床上的进一步开发与利用提供了理论依据。

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*陈文, Tel: 13179930326, E-mail:
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Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20: 3328., articleTitle=The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516660407104509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, awardId=2020AA005, language=CN, fundingSource=兵团财政科技计划项目(2020AA005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516656036639433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516656053416652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, companyId=1210516656036639433, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516656074388178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, companyId=1210516656036639433, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=石河子大学药学院, 新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516658637108129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OivB+KmsUxMsF2UJe//ZyA==, figureFileBig=Vk83VSOMXSMEq0OAsRFH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516658758742953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The effect of EQG on livers of mice. A: The index of liver to body weight; B: Representative image of the liver. Scale bar: 5 mm; C: Histological examination detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Scale bar: 50 μm. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \bar x $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 8 , figureFileSmall=OivB+KmsUxMsF2UJe//ZyA==, figureFileBig=Vk83VSOMXSMEq0OAsRFH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659039761338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Ppjqoi6aOtbol/sKDF/E+A==, figureFileBig=BfZ7+K2ADW5B0haY0dx1zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659161396161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The effect of EQG on serum biochemical indices and inflammatory cytokines in liver tissues of mice. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in liver tissues were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A: The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); B: The levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and serum alanine transaminase (ALT); C: The levels of IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6 and IL-18; D: The level of TNF-<i>α</i>. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \bar x $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 8. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=Ppjqoi6aOtbol/sKDF/E+A==, figureFileBig=BfZ7+K2ADW5B0haY0dx1zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659266253764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sMcYE+gbRecm3GeUCQjN7w==, figureFileBig=rCx9zxY2oIs9WBW2sGp/PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659383694281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The effect of EQG on inflammation in mice livers induced by MCD diet. A: representative imags of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of F4/80. Scale bar: 50 μm; B: Quantitative result of IHC staining of F4/80; C: The expression levels of mRNA associated with nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NF-<i>κ</i>B/NLRP3) in liver tissues by qPCR assay. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \bar x $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 5. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=sMcYE+gbRecm3GeUCQjN7w==, figureFileBig=rCx9zxY2oIs9WBW2sGp/PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659517912021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=w7POaU+gDsqsMtumR1GzKQ==, figureFileBig=9CL7zY83OglwE0frVUySaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659622769623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The expression levels of I<i>κ</i>B kinase <i>β</i> (IKK<i>β</i>, A), NLRP3 (C), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC, D) and activation levels of NF-<i>κ</i>B (B) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1, E) in liver tissues by Western blot. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \bar x $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 5. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=w7POaU+gDsqsMtumR1GzKQ==, figureFileBig=9CL7zY83OglwE0frVUySaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516659782153185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSequence (5'-3')
GAPDHF: TCCTTGGAGGCCATGTGGGCCAT
R: TGATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAG
NF-κBF: ATGGCAGACGATGATCCCTAC
R: TGTTGACAGTGGTATTTCTGGTG
TNF-αF: CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT
R: GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG
NLRP3F: ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
R: TCGCAGCAAAGATCCACACAG
IL-F: GAAATGCCACCTTTTGACAGTG
R: TGGATGCTCTCATCAGGACAG
), ArticleFig(id=1210516659945731050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequence of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NLRP3: Nod-like receptor protein 3; IL-: Interleukin-1β; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; F: Forward; R: Reverse

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSequence (5'-3')
GAPDHF: TCCTTGGAGGCCATGTGGGCCAT
R: TGATGACATCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAG
NF-κBF: ATGGCAGACGATGATCCCTAC
R: TGTTGACAGTGGTATTTCTGGTG
TNF-αF: CCCTCACACTCAGATCATCTTCT
R: GCTACGACGTGGGCTACAG
NLRP3F: ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
R: TCGCAGCAAAGATCCACACAG
IL-F: GAAATGCCACCTTTTGACAGTG
R: TGGATGCTCTCATCAGGACAG
), ArticleFig(id=1210516660100920302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/weekBody weight/g
MCSMCDATOEQG
121.38 ± 1.5621.86 ± 1.4320.93 ± 1.0121.87 ± 1.20
221.35 ± 1.5118.39 ± 1.29***17.95 ± 0.8217.85 ± 1.85
322.17 ± 1.6315.92 ± 1.21****14.93 ± 0.7315.70 ± 1.33
422.75 ± 1.7115.03 ± 1.04****13.90 ± 0.5614.18 ± 1.14
523.32 ± 1.5714.23 ± 1.10****13.05 ± 0.46#13.72 ± 0.86
), ArticleFig(id=1210516660243526644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516653633303022, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The effect of Erhuang quzhi granules (EQG) on body weight of mice. While feeding methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet for five weeks to establish mice of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model, the treatment group was given atorvastatin (ATO, 7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1) and EQG (16.25 g·kg-1·d-1) by gavage. MCS: Methionine and choline supplement. $ \bar x $ ± s, n = 8. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs MCS group; #P < 0.05 vs MCD group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/weekBody weight/g
MCSMCDATOEQG
121.38 ± 1.5621.86 ± 1.4320.93 ± 1.0121.87 ± 1.20
221.35 ± 1.5118.39 ± 1.29***17.95 ± 0.8217.85 ± 1.85
322.17 ± 1.6315.92 ± 1.21****14.93 ± 0.7315.70 ± 1.33
422.75 ± 1.7115.03 ± 1.04****13.90 ± 0.5614.18 ± 1.14
523.32 ± 1.5714.23 ± 1.10****13.05 ± 0.46#13.72 ± 0.86
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二黄祛脂颗粒对小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的治疗作用及机制研究
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李斯 , 陈文 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(9): 2743-2750
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(9): 2743-2750
二黄祛脂颗粒对小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的治疗作用及机制研究
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李斯, 陈文*
作者信息
  • 石河子大学药学院, 新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832000

通讯作者:

*陈文, Tel: 13179930326, E-mail:
Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Erhuang quzhi granules on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice
Si LI, Wen CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0341
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二黄祛脂方是袁今奇等老中医在长期临床实践中总结出的“护肝抑毒系列方”之一, 治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 颇有成效, 但其作用机制尚不明确。本研究探讨了二黄祛脂颗粒(Erhuang quzhi granules, EQG) 治疗NAFLD的作用机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学第一附属医院动物伦理委员会的规定。通过蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饲料(methionine and choline deficient diet, MCDD) 饮食诱导5周建立NAFLD小鼠模型, 治疗组喂养MCDD的同时分别灌胃给予EQG (16.25 g·kg-1·d-1)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin, ATO, 7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1)。考察EQG对NAFLD小鼠相关血清生化指标、肝脏病理变化和炎症因子的影响, 并应用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 法、免疫组织化学(immunocytochemistry, ICH) 法和Western blot法检测肝组织核因子-κB/Nod样受体蛋白3 (nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3, NF-κB/NLRP3) 信号通路相关mRNA和蛋白的水平。结果显示, EQG显著降低小鼠血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 含量, 提高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C) 水平。苏木素-伊红染色结果表明EQG减轻小鼠肝脏的脂质沉积。此外, EQG显著降低小鼠肝组织中白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的含量和NF-κB、NLRP3、IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA水平, 下调F4/80、IκB激酶β (IκB kinase β, IKKβ)、NLRP3、含有CARD且与凋亡相关的斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 的表达, 抑制NF-κB和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 蛋白的活化。以上研究揭示了EQG治疗NAFLD的作用机制可能与其抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路有关, 这为EQG在临床上的进一步开发与利用提供了理论依据。

二黄祛脂颗粒  /  非酒精性脂肪肝病  /  核因子-κB  /  Nod样受体蛋白3炎症小体  /  炎症反应

Erhuang quzhi compounds is one of the protecting liver and inhibiting toxin prescriptions series summarized by Jinqi Yuan and other famous doctors of traditional Chinese medicine during the long-term clinical practice. It is very effective for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its mechanism is not clear. This research investigated mechanism of Erhuang quzhi granules (EQG) in the treatment of NAFLD. All the animal welfare and experimental procedures are in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University. Mouse models of NAFLD were established by feeding with methionine and choline deficient diet (MCDD) for five weeks. While feeding MCDD, the treatment groups were given EQG (16.25 g·kg-1·d-1) and atorvastatin (ATO, 7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1) by gavage. The effects of EQG on serum biochemical indices, liver pathological changes, and inflammatory cytokines in mice of NAFLD were investigated. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), immunocytochemistry (ICH) and Western blot assays were used to detect the levels of mRNA and protein associated with nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NF-κB/NLRP3) in liver. The results showed that EQG significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and improved the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The result of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that EQG reduced lipid deposition in livers of mice. Meanwhile, EQG notably decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and mRNA levels of NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, TNF-α, down-regulated the expression of F4/80, IκB kinase β (IKKβ), NLRP3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and inhibited the activation of NF-κB and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1). These findings announced that EQG could improve NAFLD via NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway possibly, which provides a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of EQG in clinic.

Erhuang quzhi granules  /  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  /  nuclear factor kappa B  /  Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome  /  inflammation
李斯, 陈文. 二黄祛脂颗粒对小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病的治疗作用及机制研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2743 -2750 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0341
Si LI, Wen CHEN. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Erhuang quzhi granules on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2743 -2750 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0341
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是指除酒精和其他明确损肝因素外所致的肝细胞内脂肪过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征, 其发病率与肥胖症、代谢综合征和2型糖尿病的患病率相关[1]。目前, 较为公认的“二次打击”学说表明, 肝脏炎症在NAFLD的发生和发展中起重要作用[2, 3]。当摄入过多脂质使得肝脏无法正常代谢时, 脂质会沉积于肝脏产生脂毒性, 损害肝细胞, 受损肝细胞会释放危险相关分子模式激活Kupffer细胞, 诱导细胞内的核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB) 信号激活[4], 该信号促使Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)、含有CARD且与凋亡相关的斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1前体(pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, pro-caspase 1) 结合形成完整且有活性的NLRP3炎性小体, 介导白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β和IL-18的分裂和成熟, 炎症细胞因子水平的增加可引起肝实质细胞受损、炎症细胞浸润增强和肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC) 被激活[5], 促使病情向肝纤维化发展。因此, 如能有效抑制参与NAFLD进展的NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路, 就可减轻肝脏炎症反应, 减缓NAFLD的进程, 这也为临床抗NAFLD的新药开发提供了方向。
二黄祛脂颗粒(Erhuang quzhi granules, EQG) 由大黄、姜黄、甘草等13味药材组成, 是袁今奇等多名老中医临床实践积累的验方, 前期已被证明在临床上治疗NAFLD效果显著[6], 其中的大黄蒽醌类成分[7, 8]、姜黄素[9-11]、绞股蓝皂苷[12]和甘草酸[13, 14]等也被多次报道可有效改善NAFLD所引发的炎症等病理症状, 为探究EQG治疗NAFLD的作用机制提供了参考。近年来, 由于中药材质量的不可控、煎煮步骤繁琐等问题, 中医的现代化发展一直停滞不前, 配方颗粒的出现及时解决了这些问题, 其在生产和监督中可实现质量标准可控, 且免去了煎煮, 可直接冲泡[15]。本研究拟建立由蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饲料(methionine and choline deficient diet, MCDD) 诱导的NAFLD小鼠模型, 观察EQG对NAFLD小鼠的治疗作用, 并基于NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路探讨其作用机制。
动物  C57BL/6雄性小鼠32只, 体质量(20 ± 2) g, 购自河南斯克贝斯生物科技股份有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (豫) 2020-0005。小鼠饲养在温度22~28 ℃、湿度45%~50%、标准12 h光照的屏障环境, 实验前适应性饲养1周, 自由饮水。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学第一附属医院动物伦理委员会的规定。
仪器  AR1140电子分析天平(Sartorius公司); Sorvall Legend Micro 21R高速冷冻离心机、Varioskan Flash多功能读数仪(Thermo Fisher公司); U410-86超低温冰箱(Eppendorf公司); Axio Imager A2蔡司正置荧光显微镜(Zeiss公司); DHG-9240电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海赛欣科学仪器有限公司); 实时荧光定量PCR仪(Rotor-Gene Q, Qiagen公司); Q5000超微量核酸蛋白测定仪(美国Quawell Technology公司); UVP化学发光成像系统(美国UVP公司); DYCZ-40G转印电泳仪(北京六一生物科技有限公司)。
药物与试剂  二黄祛脂方是由姜黄12 g、大黄9 g、白术10 g、葛根10 g、荷叶10 g、泽泻10 g、丹参10 g、虎杖15 g、水蛭3 g、僵蚕10 g、礞石10 g、绞股蓝10 g、甘草6 g组成, 共计125 g, 其相应中药配方颗粒购自广东一方制药有限公司, 产品批号分别为0042052、1052451、1031221、9115982、1016041、0112291、1010471、0100781、0090751、9090042、0115881、1036521、0129341, 该剂量参照临床研究[6]和专利[16]。阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin, ATO, 辉瑞制药有限公司, 批号EP8454); 蛋氨酸胆碱正常含量饲料(methionine and choline supplement diet, MCSD)、MCDD (美国Dyets公司); 总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、无毒环保苏木素-伊红(HE) 染液试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所); IL-1β、IL-18、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒(上海酶联生物科技有限公司); 总RNA提取试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司, 批号W9401); 逆转录试剂盒(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司, 批号01118944); QuantiNova SYBR® Green PCR Kit试剂盒(Qiagen GmbH公司, 批号169031766); DAB显色液(索莱宝生物科技有限公司); NLRP3 (15101)、cleaved-caspase 1 (89332)、caspase-1 (24232)、ASC (67824)、NF-κB p65 (8242)、IκB激酶β (IκB kinase β, IKKβ, 8943) 抗体、辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(Cell Signaling Technology公司); phospho-NF-κB p65抗体(江苏亲科生物研究中心有限公司, 批号AF2006); 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 抗体(北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司)。
动物分组、造模与给药  C57BL/6小鼠适应性饲养1周后, 随机分成蛋氨酸胆碱正常含量(methionine and choline supplement, MCS) 组、蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏(methionine and choline deficient, MCD) 组、ATO组(7.20 mg·kg-1·d-1)、EQG组(16.25 g·kg-1·d-1), 每组8只。MCS组小鼠给予MCS对照鼠粮, 其余各组均给予MCD饲料。EQG是取与药材饮片相当量的配方免煎颗粒, 加入80~100 ℃的水, 制成含生药量1.625 g·mL-1的溶液, 置于4 ℃保存备用。ATO溶液由0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液稀释而成, 置于4 ℃保存备用。从造模开始, ATO组和EQG组即开始灌服相应药物, MCS组和MCD组灌服0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液, 每日1次, 周期为5周, 其中ATO和EQG的剂量均是根据临床推荐给药剂量[6, 16]并结合相关参考文献[17]进行人与小鼠的等效剂量系数折算确定的。
组织及血液收集方法  给药结束后小鼠禁食禁水12 h, 使用1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉小鼠, 称重后进行摘眼球取血, 经室温静置、离心后, 取上清液用于测定相关生化指标。处死小鼠并摘取小鼠肝脏, 称重后, 剪取部分肝组织, 放置于10%中性甲醛溶液中进行固定, 其余肝组织放入-80 ℃冰箱中保存备用。计算肝脏系数[肝脏系数(%) =肝脏重量/体重× 100%]。
生化指标的测定  按照试剂盒说明书检测小鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、AST、ALT含量。
肝脏病理学检查  肝组织块用10%中性甲醛溶液固定后, 用不同浓度的乙醇进行梯度脱水, 石蜡包埋后切片, 按照HE染色试剂盒进行染色, 于正置显微镜下观察并采集图像。
肝脏炎症因子含量的测定  取适量肝组织按照ELISA试剂盒说明书处理样本得到组织匀浆, 离心后吸取上清, 测定肝脏中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α含量。
实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR) 实验  称取小鼠肝组织适量, 加入Trizol试剂, 置冰上匀浆, 匀浆后在室温下静置5 min。按照总RNA抽提试剂盒说明书操作提取得到RNA溶液, 于-80 ℃保存备用。取小鼠RNA溶液按照逆转录试剂盒说明书操作合成cDNA, 得到的样品使用Q5000超微量核酸蛋白测定仪检测单链DNA (single-stranded DNA, ssDNA) 含量, 将其浓度调至统一后, 于-80 ℃保存备用。按照QuantiNova SYBR® Green PCR Kit cDNA试剂盒说明书, 将cDNA与定量的SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix试剂混合均匀后置于实时荧光定量PCR仪中进行扩增及检测。扩增完成后, 根据溶解曲线判断扩增反应的准确性。以GAPDH为内参基因, 采用2-ΔΔCT法计算目标基因的相对表达量。所用引物序列见表 1
免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry, IHC) 实验  肝脏石蜡切片脱蜡后, 浸泡于1×柠檬酸盐修复液中, 转移至微波炉中加热至沸腾, 保持亚沸腾8 min, 于冰水浴中冷却30 min, 用蒸馏水清洗后放入3%过氧化氢水溶液中孵育10 min, 蒸馏水清洗后在切片上滴加F4/80一抗稀释液(1∶100), 4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, 将切片从4 ℃取出, 平衡至室温, 清除一抗稀释液并用磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS) 清洗, 滴加1~3滴相应二抗稀释液, 37 ℃孵育30 min, PBS清洗, 滴加DAB显色液, 观察切片颜色, 得到合适的染色强度后, PBS清洗, 苏木素复染切片后蒸馏水清洗, 脱水、封片, 进行观察。
Western blot实验  剪取适量小鼠肝脏组织, 加入高效RIPA裂解液[含1 mmol·L-1苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF) 和1 mmol·L-1广谱磷酸酶抑制剂], 置冰上匀浆后, 在4 ℃下静置60 min, 离心(4 ℃, 12 000 r·min-1, 10 min), 测定蛋白浓度, 加入相应体积的总蛋白样品与4×蛋白上样缓冲液,将样品蛋白浓度调为一致, 于100 ℃水浴加热10 min, 流水冷却, 分装, 于-80 ℃保存备用。取适量样品到十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE) 凝胶上进行电泳分离后, 转至聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF) 膜上, 置于封闭液中封闭1 h。用1×TBST (Tris buffered saline with Tween-20) 洗涤后置于含目的蛋白一抗的稀释缓冲液(稀释度为1∶1 000) 中4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, 用1× TBST洗涤3次, 置于相应二抗室温孵育60 min后, 用1× TBST洗膜, 显色并曝光, 采用Image J软件测定目的条带灰度值。
统计学分析  采用SPSS26.0软件对实验数据进行分析。统计值以$ \bar x $ ± s表示, 两组间比较采用t检验, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
表 2所示, 在喂养MCD饲料的第2周, MCD组小鼠的体重就显著低于MCS小鼠(P < 0.001), 且持续至第5周。给予ATO治疗5周, 与MCD组相比, 小鼠体重显著下降(P < 0.05), EQG对MCD饮食引起的小鼠体重下降现象并无显著影响。如图 1A所示, 与MCS组比, MCD组小鼠的肝脏系数并无显著差异, 与MCD组比, 各给药组的小鼠肝脏湿重也无显著差异。在体重和肝脏系数上, EQG组与ATO组相比并无显著差异。
观察小鼠肝脏发现(图 1B), MCS组小鼠肝脏色泽红润, 表面光滑有弹性, MCD组小鼠肝脏体积缩小, 色黄, 有油腻感。HE染色结果显示(图 1C), MCS组肝细胞为多边形, 呈放射状排列, 较为整齐, 有轻微肿胀但无脂肪变性; MCD组小鼠肝组织发生明显的脂肪变性, 大部分肝细胞中脂滴融合成大的脂肪空泡, 且有炎症细胞浸润; 各EQG给药组肝细胞脂肪变性程度均减轻。
图 2A所示, MCD组小鼠血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C含量明显低于MCS组(P < 0.01), 与MCD组相比, ATO、EQG给药5周后, LDL-C含量显著升高(P < 0.01)。ALT和AST是评判肝损伤的重要指标。如图 2B所示, 与MCS组相比, MCD组小鼠血清中的AST和ALT含量显著升高(P < 0.000 1); 与MCD组相比, ATO和EQG能显著降低血清中AST和ALT水平(P < 0.001); 与ATO组相比, EQG组小鼠血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、AST和ALT含量并无显著差异。
使用ELISA试剂盒检测小鼠肝组织中炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平(图 2CD)。与MCS组相比, MCD组小鼠肝组织中的IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平显著升高(P < 0.001); 与MCD组相比, ATO和EQG组的IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平显著下降(P < 0.01); EQG组与ATO组相比, 并无显著差异。
图 3AB所示, 与MCS组比, MCD组小鼠巨噬细胞标志物F4/80蛋白的表达显著增加(P < 0.000 1); 与MCD组比, ATO和EQG组小鼠肝组织中F4/80的表达显著降低(P < 0.000 1); EQG组与ATO组相比, 并无显著差异。
采用qPCR法检测小鼠肝组织NF-κB/NLRP3通路相关基因的表达水平(图 3C)。与MCS组相比, MCD组小鼠肝组织NF-κB、NLRP3、IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA水平显著升高(P < 0.05); 与MCD组相比, EQG、ATO组的NF-κB、NLRP3、IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA水平表达显著降低(P < 0.05); EQG组与ATO组相比, 并无显著差异。
图 4所示, 与MCS组相比, MCD组小鼠肝组织中IKKβ、NLRP3、ASC蛋白表达和NF-κB p65、caspase-1的活化显著上调, 给药5周后, 与MCD组相比, EQG组小鼠肝组织IKKβ、NLRP3、ASC蛋白表达和NF-κB p65、caspase-1的活化均显著下调(P < 0.05), 与ATO相比, EQG能显著下调IKKβ蛋白(P < 0.05)。
喂养MCD饲料可快速诱导出小鼠转氨酶升高和包括脂肪变性、局灶性炎症、肝细胞坏死和纤维化等NAFLD相关肝脏组织病理学变化, 这些组织形态学与NASH患者的十分相似, 且该模型的重复性好, 因此常被用于研究药物治疗NAFLD有关抗炎、抗纤维化通路[18, 19]。MCD饲料中缺乏蛋氨酸和胆碱, 导致肝线粒体β氧化和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL) 合成受阻, TG无法输出而在肝脏中蓄积, 因而, 在本研究中MCD组小鼠出现体重减轻、血清中TG含量降低的现象。LDL-C大部分是由VLDL异化代谢转变而来, 主要功能是将TC运输到全身组织。VLDL合成受阻, MCD组小鼠血清中LDL-C含量也随之下降, 抑制了TC从肝脏运输到组织, 血清中TC含量也随之下降。MCD组小鼠血清中AST、ALT水平升高表明小鼠肝脏受损, 喂养MCD饲料5周可在肝脏中观察到大泡性脂肪变性, 表明MCD饲料成功诱导出NAFLD模型, 相较于其他饮食诱导模型而言, 时间较短。
在中医学上, 非酒精性脂肪肝属于“胁痛”“肝癖”“积聚”等病症范畴, 病变部位在肝, 病机为痰、湿瘀阻肝络, 治疗宜活血化痰、祛湿消积。二黄祛脂方中姜黄、大黄行气解郁, 通腑化瘀, 推陈致新, 共为君药; 丹参、白术、虎杖、水蛭养血活血、清热解毒、利胆退黄, 葛根、荷叶、泽泻升清降浊, 调节血脂, 共为臣药; 青礞石涤痰消食、软坚消痞, 绞股蓝益气健脾、清热化痰, 共为佐药; 甘草和中解毒, 善调诸药, 为使药。诸药合用共奏健脾利湿、祛痰化瘀、消积导滞之功。与MCD组相比, EQG组小鼠血清中LDL-C含量升高, 但TC、TG含量并无明显变化, 推测EQG是直接作用于肝, 促进其直接合成LDL-C。
在NAFLD病程中, 炎症是促使单纯性脂肪肝发展为脂肪性肝炎的重要驱动因素之一[20], 因此, 抑制其发展对NAFLD的治疗具有重要意义。NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路已被多次报道参与NAFLD中炎症反应[21-23], 并可激活HSC进而促进肝纤维化[24]。一般情况下, NF-κB与IκB蛋白结合分布在细胞质中, 不发挥作用, 当脂质沉积、巨噬细胞浸润小鼠肝脏时, IκB激酶(IκB kinase, IKK) 复合物(IKKα和IKKβ) 被激活, 诱导IκBα的磷酸化和降解, NF-κB活化并转移到细胞核, 上调编码炎症介质的靶基因表达, 如TNF-α和IL-6, 也可上调NLRP3、pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18的转录, NLRP3炎症小体组装完成后, 激活的caspase-1会切割pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18, 促进IL-1β和IL-18的成熟, 从而扩大炎症反应。MCD组小鼠肝组织中巨噬细胞标志物F4/80蛋白表达增多且NF-κB、NLRP3、IL-1β、TNF-α的mRNA水平上调, IKKβ、phospho-NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC及cleaved caspase-1蛋白表达增加, 促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平升高, 这些现象可表明MCD饲料可诱发巨噬细胞浸润小鼠肝脏, 激活NF-κB/NLRP3通路, 诱发炎症。在经过5周EQG的治疗, F4/80、IKKβ、phospho-NF-κB p65、NLRP3、ASC及cleaved caspase-1的蛋白表达下降, 表明EQG可减少浸润性巨噬细胞在肝脏中的聚集, 通过抑制IKKβ蛋白表达抑制NF-κB p65的活化及后期NLRP3的转录和caspase-1的活化, 从而抑制NF-κB/NLRP3通路的表达, 减少IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α炎症因子的分泌, 控制炎症。ATO的治疗可抑制NAFLD小鼠肝脏中NF-κB p65、caspase-1的活化和下调NLRP3、ASC蛋白的表达, 但对IKKβ的蛋白表达并无显著影响, 这说明ATO与EQG治疗NAFLD的作用机制略有差别, ATO是通过直接抑制NF-κB p65的活化从而抑制NLRP3炎症小体的形成, 发挥抗炎作用。有研究表明NLRP3炎症小体也有可能是作为NF-κB p65信号的上游激活子[25], 这反映了NAFLD中炎症反应的复杂性, 仍有待深入探究。
综上所述, 本研究发现EQG治疗NAFLD的机制可能与其抑制NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路有关。该研究为临床上治疗NAFLD开发新药提供参考依据, 也为众多患者提供了一个使用方便、质量稳定、符合卫生标准又经济的中药新剂型, 应予以临床推广。
作者贡献: 李斯完成相关实验、数据采集、分析及论文撰写; 陈文负责指导实验与修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 兵团财政科技计划项目(2020AA005)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0341
  • 接收时间:2022-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-21
  • 修回日期:2022-05-13
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兵团财政科技计划项目(2020AA005)
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    石河子大学药学院, 新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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