Article(id=1210148024613991161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646668800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-08, revisedDate=1651939200000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451372531, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451372531, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451372531, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451372531, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2313, endPage=2326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148027097019259, articleId=1210148024613991161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes for bacteria imaging, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fluorescent probes are potential fluorophores that display signals based on the changes in tissue microenvironment, interactions with analytes or specific biochemical reactions. Metabolic enzymes are the most important protein involved in bacteria activities. Complex dynamics of biological processes in bacteria are elucidated by these metabolic enzymes-based fluorescent probes with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here, we review recent advances in metabolic enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes for bacteria imaging. It was organized according to enzyme classification systems, focused on fluorescence masking strategies, molecular mechanisms of enzyme activation, and bio-related applications.

, correspAuthors=Lei-lei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rao WEI, Hai-yu HU, Lei-lei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148030444072998, articleId=1210148024613991161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

荧光探针是潜在的荧光团, 可根据生物微环境变化、与被分析物相互作用或特定化学反应显示荧光信号。细菌代谢酶在细菌生命活动中发挥着至关重要的作用, 对维持和调节细菌功能有重要影响。细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针以其他检测技术无法比拟的空间分辨率和灵敏度阐明了细菌体内的复杂动力学过程。本篇综述回顾了细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针的最新进展, 依据酶分类系统进行整理, 重点关注荧光团掩蔽策略、代谢酶响应模式以及相关生物成像应用。

, correspAuthors=张蕾磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张蕾磊, E-mail:
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J Mater Chem B, 2020, 8: 2709-2718., articleTitle=Fibrous testing papers for fluorescence trace sensing and photodynamic destruction of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210148045061222886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024613991161, doi=10.1021/jacs.0c07700, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=142, issue=null, pageStart=15259, pageEnd=15264, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=J Am Chem Soc, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dai T, Xie J, Zhu Q, et al. A fluorogenic trehalose probe for tracking phagocytosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis[J]. 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ECEnzymeSpeciesProbe
1.6Nitroreductases (NTRs)ESKAPE, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Caulobacter crescentus1-21
1.7Azoreductases (AzoR)E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterococcus faecium22, 23
2.3.1.5Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs)S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Lactobacillus, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis)24
2.3.1.122MycolyltransferasesM. smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum25
2.7.13Histidine kinase (HK)Thermotoga maritima26
3.1.1esterasesMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Clostridium botulinum27-32
3.1.3.1Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)E. coli, S. aureus33
3.1.3.48Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii34, 35
3.1.6SulfataseM. tuberculosis36-38
3.2β-GalactosidaseE. coli39, 40
3.4.11β-Alanyl aminopeptidase (BAP)P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Burkholderia cepacia41-43
3.4.21Staphylococcal serine protease (SspA)S. aureus44, 45
3.4.22Sortase AS. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae46-49
3.5β-LactamasesMRSA, E. coli, M. tuberculosis50-61
), ArticleFig(id=1210148035414323457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024613991161, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Targeted enzymes and imaging applications of enzyme-activated probes. ESKAPE: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ECEnzymeSpeciesProbe
1.6Nitroreductases (NTRs)ESKAPE, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Caulobacter crescentus1-21
1.7Azoreductases (AzoR)E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterococcus faecium22, 23
2.3.1.5Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs)S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Lactobacillus, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis)24
2.3.1.122MycolyltransferasesM. smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum25
2.7.13Histidine kinase (HK)Thermotoga maritima26
3.1.1esterasesMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), Clostridium botulinum27-32
3.1.3.1Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)E. coli, S. aureus33
3.1.3.48Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii34, 35
3.1.6SulfataseM. tuberculosis36-38
3.2β-GalactosidaseE. coli39, 40
3.4.11β-Alanyl aminopeptidase (BAP)P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Burkholderia cepacia41-43
3.4.21Staphylococcal serine protease (SspA)S. aureus44, 45
3.4.22Sortase AS. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae46-49
3.5β-LactamasesMRSA, E. coli, M. tuberculosis50-61
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细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针研究进展
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魏娆 , 胡海宇 , 张蕾磊 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(8): 2313-2326
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(8): 2313-2326
细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针研究进展
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魏娆, 胡海宇, 张蕾磊*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张蕾磊, E-mail:
Enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes for bacteria imaging
Rao WEI, Hai-yu HU, Lei-lei ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303
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荧光探针是潜在的荧光团, 可根据生物微环境变化、与被分析物相互作用或特定化学反应显示荧光信号。细菌代谢酶在细菌生命活动中发挥着至关重要的作用, 对维持和调节细菌功能有重要影响。细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针以其他检测技术无法比拟的空间分辨率和灵敏度阐明了细菌体内的复杂动力学过程。本篇综述回顾了细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针的最新进展, 依据酶分类系统进行整理, 重点关注荧光团掩蔽策略、代谢酶响应模式以及相关生物成像应用。

代谢酶  /  细菌  /  荧光探针  /  生物成像  /  探针设计

Fluorescent probes are potential fluorophores that display signals based on the changes in tissue microenvironment, interactions with analytes or specific biochemical reactions. Metabolic enzymes are the most important protein involved in bacteria activities. Complex dynamics of biological processes in bacteria are elucidated by these metabolic enzymes-based fluorescent probes with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Here, we review recent advances in metabolic enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes for bacteria imaging. It was organized according to enzyme classification systems, focused on fluorescence masking strategies, molecular mechanisms of enzyme activation, and bio-related applications.

enzyme  /  bacteria  /  fluorescent probe  /  biological imaging  /  probe design
魏娆, 胡海宇, 张蕾磊. 细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2313 -2326 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303
Rao WEI, Hai-yu HU, Lei-lei ZHANG. Enzyme-responsive fluorescent probes for bacteria imaging[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2313 -2326 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303
新陈代谢是细胞内发生的各种化学反应的总称, 包括一系列极其复杂的生化反应过程。细菌的代谢通路包括合成与分解两大类。细菌的分解代谢过程是从细菌分泌胞外酶将多糖、蛋白质等大分子营养物质分解为单糖、小肽或氨基酸开始, 然后吸收进入菌体, 再经一系列氧化或胞内酶分解形成菌体可利用的成分。细菌的合成代谢是指在合成代谢酶系的催化下, 利用营养原料、分解代谢中的产物和能量合成菌体成分, 如多糖、蛋白质、脂肪、核酸、细胞壁及各种辅酶等。此外, 细菌还能合成很多在医学上具有重要意义的代谢产物如热原质、毒素与侵袭性酶、色素、抗生素等。不同的细菌具有各自独特的代谢酶系统, 即便是同种代谢酶, 来源于不同的菌种, 其蛋白质序列和结构也有着很大的差异, 对底物的识别能力、反应性、选择性各异。
细菌的分离培养是细菌感染诊断的金标准, 但在实际工作中, 受到检出时间、细菌培养生长特性、非致病菌污染以及取材不当等因素影响, 导致检测结果出现假阴性或假阳性, 既延误治疗时间, 又浪费医疗资源。目前实验室常用的检测感染的指标如外周血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率和降钙素原等均属于非特异性指标, 对细菌感染诊断特异性不高, 不利于细菌感染的精确诊断和指导临床用药[1]。高效、便捷、实用性强、可以早期快速鉴别细菌感染和其他病症的检测方法, 将为临床治疗方案选择、疾病进展监测和预后判断提供依据, 从而提高疾病治愈率, 同时减少抗菌素滥用引起的耐药菌大量涌现。荧光成像技术作为一种新兴的分子成像方法, 具有成像速度快、特异性强、灵敏度高、成本低、无创、多尺度成像等优点, 被广泛应用于生物医疗等诸多领域。小分子荧光探针因其具有灵敏度高、选择性好、快速高通量筛选等特点在疾病标志物检测和生物成像领域得到广泛应用。近年来, 以细菌代谢酶为靶标发展了多种小分子荧光探针, 实现了细菌代谢酶活性高灵敏度检测, 为鉴别细菌种类、阐明细菌代谢过程和病原菌耐药机制提供了有力工具。这些探针在自由状态下只呈现较低的本底荧光, 利用代谢酶对荧光探针进行特异性催化来实现识别前后荧光信号放大和代谢酶的高灵敏度检测, 可用于活菌细胞代谢酶的高信噪比实时成像。此外, 还可根据不同种类细菌中代谢酶对小分子探针响应差异性来鉴别细菌的种类。根据细菌代谢酶的分类, 本文对现有细菌代谢酶响应型小分子荧光探针及其生物学应用进行了梳理和归纳。
荧光探针是潜在的荧光团, 可根据生物微环境变化、与被分析物相互作用或特定化学反应显示荧光信号。由于其高灵敏度和选择性监测各种生物体内环境变化的能力, 荧光探针已经成为化学生物学研究中的重要组成部分。大部分细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针设计符合以下要求: ①荧光基团和响应基团连接后具有较好的化学稳定性; ②具有较好的酶特异性; ③其荧光可以被修饰基团完全掩蔽或阻断。基于细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针设计的3种主要方法归纳见图 1。研究人员通常使用屏蔽基团来阻断荧光的产生(图 1A, B), 另外, 还有一些荧光探针基于荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) 或者光诱导电子转移(photoinduced electron transfer, PET) 的荧光淬灭策略, 使初始荧光团处于淬灭状态, 其优点是不仅可以提高信噪比, 而且在某些情况下还可以提供比率型荧光成像, 见图 1C
在拥挤的细胞环境中成像, 对设计用于生物成像的酶响应型探针提出了额外的挑战。要求优化探针和酶的反应速率和特异性、增强探针的内化和定位、提高探针稳定性和最小化探针的生物毒性。采用掩蔽或阻断策略构建探针时(图 1A, B), 共价连接的基团既可用作酶响应部分, 也可用作荧光掩蔽基团。相比之下, 使用淬灭策略构建探针时需要添加一个单独的酶响应基团(图 1C)。
在本综述中, 根据Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) 建立的酶分类系统, 本文整理了细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针及其在酶原位成像的生物应用。KEGG系统根据酶催化反应类型进行分类: 氧化还原酶(EC 1)、转移酶(EC 2)、水解酶(EC 3)、裂解酶(EC 4)、异构酶(EC 5)、连接酶(EC 6) 和转位酶(EC 7)。大多数酶响应型荧光探针靶向EC 1~EC 3中的酶, 靶向EC 4~EC 6的探针较少, 部分归因于基于这些酶催化反应的荧光调节探针不易设计。该综述每个部分都包含对目标酶类或亚类、酶响应模式和探针荧光团的描述。代谢酶、荧光探针和细菌成像应用种类的总结见表 1
氧化还原酶是可以催化两个分子之间氧化还原作用的酶的总称。氧化还原酶是一类高度多样化的酶, 可氧化或还原多种底物, 通常与辅因子烟酰胺辅酶NAD(P)H和黄素单核苷酸(FMN) 一起作用。根据氧化还原反应的性质和最终的电子受体, 氧化还原酶被进一步分为氧化酶或脱氢酶。氧化酶将电子转移到作为受体的分子氧上, 而脱氢酶以NAD+或黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD) 依赖的方式从供体中去除氢。基于EC 1型荧光探针整理见图 2
EC 1.6中最常见的酶是硝基还原酶(NTRs)。NTRs属于黄素酶的一员, 能够利用NAD(P)H的还原能力将芳香族硝基化合物和硝基杂环化合物上的硝基还原为相应的羟胺和氨基。根据对氧气是否敏感, NTRs可以分为两种类型: 氧气不敏感型和氧气敏感型[2]。氧气不敏感型NTRs (type I) 通过添加一对电子催化硝基的还原, 其活性不依赖于氧的水平。氧气敏感型NTRs (type II) 通过添加一个电子来催化硝基的还原, 从而形成硝基阴离子自由基, 该自由基可以被氧化成硝基。NTRs在大多数人体非癌组织中基本不存在, 但在细菌中却非常普遍, 其中大肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌的硝基还原酶是研究的重点。此外, NTRs在细菌介导的有机氮化合物毒性的生物修复和降解中也发挥着重要作用。
近年来, 用于检测硝基还原酶的荧光分子探针已经被不断研究开发, 并开发出了一系列硝基还原酶Turn-On型荧光探针, 用于细菌以及缺氧细胞硝基还原酶的检测。由于花菁染料具有高消光系数, 长吸收和发射波长, 高荧光量子产率等生物学检测中的有利特性, 因此被广泛用作荧光报告基团。为了实现对ESKAPE (取屎肠球菌、金葡菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、绿脓假单胞菌、肠杆菌属英文单词首字母而成) 病原菌的实时快速检测和鉴定, 2017年Xu等[3]将2-硝基咪唑(荧光淬灭基团和NTRs识别基团) 与近红外荧光团Cy 5.5侧链偶联发展了一种具有选择性、快速激活NTRs细菌细胞膜穿透性的荧光探针1。该探针成功应用于活菌细胞NTRs成像, 并首次观察到ESKAPE病原菌中NTRs水平的差异。2019年Ji等[4]通过将亲脂性硝基芳香族取代物连接在Cy 5荧光团的核心结构上构建了探针2。由于亲脂性硝基芳香族分子的引入, 使原本不能渗透细胞的Cy 5既能渗透革兰阳性菌膜, 也能渗透革兰阴性菌膜。一方面由于光致电子转移(photoinduced electron transfer, PET) 和聚集导致淬灭(aggregation caused quenching, ACQ) 效应导致探针2具有微弱的荧光; 另一方面NTRs在NADH提供电子的作用下将探针2的硝基还原为供电子的氨基, 阻断了PET过程, 从而使探针2的荧光恢复。该探针已经成功应用于活菌细胞的鉴定和成像。同时, Zhang等[5]通过使用对硝基苄基作为电子供体(猝灭剂) 功能化Cy 5荧光团开发了基于PET的NTRs探针4。2020年Wu等[6]开发了另一种近红外荧光探针3, 该探针以花菁染料作为母体结构, 连接对硝基苯磺酸酯作为荧光淬灭基团和NTRs识别基团, 以及引入靶向细菌16S核糖体RNA的氨基糖苷类抗生素新霉素为靶向基团, 可以实现特异性靶向细菌的目的, 用于对NTRs的快速响应。值得一提的是, 该探针快速灵敏, 检测限低至0.67 ng·mL-1, 能够在30 min内无创识别细菌感染部位, 已经成功应用于小动物体内成像。
氟硼二吡咯(BODIPY) 荧光染料也是一类重要的有机荧光团, 具有荧光量子效率高, 摩尔消光系数大等优点。Xu等[7]以BODIPY衍生物为荧光母核, 以5-硝基呋喃作为特异性反应基团, 设计合成了一种检测NTRs的新型荧光探针5。在NADH作为电子供体的存在下, 该探针与NTRs反应催化还原硝基呋喃部分, 并通过1, 6-重排与消除反应释放出游离的4-吡啶取代的BODIPY荧光团, 导致荧光显著增强。该探针可以定量测定大肠杆菌产生的硝基还原酶, 检测限为9.6 ng·mL-1, 并且具有较好的生物兼容性, 有望用于疾病相关的缺氧成像分析。
Cellier等[8]设计、合成了一系列新型2-(2-硝基苯基) 苯并噻唑和2-(2-硝基苯基) 苯并噁唑硝基还原酶荧光探针6~13, 用于革兰阴性菌和金葡菌中NTRs的荧光成像。
Li等[9, 10]以7-羟基-3H-吩恶嗪-3-酮(resorufin) 为荧光母体, 分别以5-硝基呋喃和5-硝基噻吩作为特异性反应基团成功构建了两个硝基还原酶激活型智能荧光探针(探针1415)。当Resorufin荧光团的7-羟基被取代后引起荧光淬灭, 探针1415几乎无荧光, 但在NADH存在下, 探针与NTRs反应, 其硝基被还原为羟胺或氨基, 并发生1, 6-重排与消除反应, 从而释放出Resorufin荧光母体, 导致荧光显著增强。据此, 获得了选择性强、灵敏度高的激活型NTRs荧光分子探针, 并分别成功用于细胞缺氧以及大肠杆菌中硝基还原酶活性检测的研究。类似地, Yoon等[11]也报道了两个基于Resorufin荧光团的荧光探针1617。分别应用于大肠杆菌和金葡菌中NTRs介导的荧光成像, 具有高选择性和灵敏度, 表明其在病原菌检测中的应用可能性。
Zhang等[12]以萘酰亚胺为荧光母体, 对硝基苄基作为NTRs响应基团构建了探针18。该探针吸收和发射最大波长分别为420和491 nm, 检测限为3.4 ng·mL-1。该探针不仅能够选择性地成像大肠杆菌和金葡菌等细菌, 还能够选择性地成像HepG2和MCF-7等缺氧癌细胞。
另外, Lee等[13]设计合成了探针19~21, 在NADH存在下, 探针分子中的硝基被还原, 产生具有高荧光亮度的含氨基的二氰基亚甲基二氢呋喃(dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran, DCDHF), 通过单分子成像定位于细菌细胞膜。
在细菌中的氧化还原系统中, 偶氮还原酶(azoreductases, AzoR) 是一类重要的还原性酶, 能够还原裂解偶氮苯化合物的氮氮双键(-N=N-), 通过肼中间体生成苯胺。AzoR催化机制涉及通过黄素单核苷酸(FMN) 将4个电子从NAD(P)H顺序转移到底物[14, 15], 还原过程一般有两步: 首先在低含氧量的条件下偶氮键还原为肼的结构, 然后在非酶促的作用下自身裂解为伯胺。第一步为氧气含量决定步骤, 也就是偶氮键只有在低氧环境下容易被还原, 因此偶氮苯还原可以为缺氧相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供新思路[15]
罗丹明常作为荧光探针和标记试剂, 具有较高的荧光量子产率和好的光稳定性。Chevalier等[16]选择罗丹明110 (Rh 110) 作为荧光报告基团, 构建了基于AzoR响应的双芳基重氮荧光探针22。该探针将Rh 110两个苯胺基团转化成芳基重氮衍生物可以将荧光淬灭, 通过围绕N=N双键的旋转机制或反转机制, 两个偶氮桥光化学异构化, 获得进一步的荧光淬灭作用。该探针选择性地被AzoR还原, 释放出Rh 110, 荧光恢复, 可用于大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金葡菌和粪肠球菌中AzoR的荧光成像。此外, Tian等[17]设计并合成了一种基于AzoR的半菁近红外荧光探针23。该探针对AzoR的敏感性高, 荧光增强倍数为17倍, 可被AzoR还原生成含有氨基的半菁, 其荧光发射位于近红外区735 nm处, 可以实现大肠杆菌、金葡菌和铜绿假单胞菌可视化成像, 并实现了基于AzoR的生物体内可视化成像。
转移酶是一种催化除氢以外的各种化学官能团从一种底物转移到另一种底物的酶类。例如酰基转移酶、烷基转移酶、糖基转移酶、磷酸转移酶等。虽然转移酶是参与生化代谢途径的关键酶, 但基于转移酶荧光探针的报道要远少于检测氧化还原酶(EC 1) 或水解酶(EC 3) 的荧光探针, 这或许是因为设计特异性区分转移酶与水解酶或其他酶类的选择性掩蔽基团难度较高[18]。基于EC 2型荧光探针整理见图 3
芳香胺N-乙酰基转移酶(arylamine N-acetyltransferase, NATs) 是一种Ⅱ相药物代谢酶, 在辅因子乙酰辅酶A存在下, 可介导芳香胺、芳香肼、芳香酰肼和N-羟基芳胺乙酰受体底物乙酰化的共轭酶[19-23]。到目前为止, 已经报道了两个编码N-乙酰基转移酶的基因[23], 分别是NAT1和NAT2, 它们的氨基酸序列具有87%的同源性[24], 但在底物特异性上表现出明显的差异性[25]。一些治疗药物, 如抗菌药物磺胺甲恶唑(SMX) 和对氨基水杨酸(PAS) 在体内被NAT1乙酰化, 而NAT2在分枝杆菌细胞壁的合成中起关键作用, 主要激活和失活芳香胺和肼类药物, 其中包括一线抗结核药物异烟肼(INH)[26, 27]。Jin等[28]利用NAT2的催化性能开发了一种能够实时、特异性检测细菌中NAT2的荧光探针24, 该荧光探针可成功用于检测金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌、乳酸杆菌、分枝杆菌中NAT2活性, 并为抗结核药物的发现提供了一种有效的高通量筛选方法。
基于EC 2.3亚类构建荧光探针的另一个靶标是分枝菌酸转移酶(EC 2.3.1.122), 一种组装分枝菌酸膜的酶。分枝菌酸膜(mycolic acid membrane) 是细胞与外界环境的分界面, 能够作为抗生素的渗透屏障。已知能产生分枝菌酸膜的细菌都能产生多种分枝菌酸转移酶, 其中结核分枝杆菌有3种, 结核分枝杆菌Ag85 A-C[29]。Hodges等[30]开发了一种检测分枝菌酸转移酶抗原Ag85活性的荧光探针, 通过将荧光团BODIPY衍生物、海藻糖单甲酸酯(TMM) 及其荧光淬灭基团DABCYL相结合构建了TMM的荧光类似物(探针25)。该探针经过丝氨酸残基亲核攻击的催化作用, 释放出淬灭剂-6'-海藻糖使荧光恢复。该探针可以选择性地检测分枝杆菌, 能够实时监测分枝菌酸膜的生物合成, 可作为选择性检测混合菌群中分枝杆菌的诊断工具。此外, 该探针还可成为一种强有力的筛选工具, 用于筛选分枝菌酸转移酶抑制剂, 发现基于阻断Ag85活性的新型抗结核药物。
激酶是信号通路的重要组成部分, 可将ATP上的磷酸基团转移到底物特定氨基酸上, 具有底物多样化的特点。组氨酸激酶(histidine kinase, HK, EC 2.7.13) 被细胞外信号激活, 导致保守的组氨酸被ATP磷酸化。细菌双组分信号转导系统(two-component signal transduction systems, TCS) 主要是由两种不同的蛋白质组成的信号通路: 组氨酸激酶和反应调节蛋白(response regular, RR)。在外界环境刺激下, HK自磷酸化组氨酸保守残基, 再将磷酸化基团转移到RR的天冬氨酸上, 引发适应性反应, 通常是上调或下调基因表达。TCS是细菌体内最重要的信号转导系统, 调控细菌的许多功能, 包括生长、繁殖、毒性和抗生素耐药性等, 是理想的新型抗菌药物靶点。为了直接检测HK活性, Wilke等[31]构建了基于HK激酶活性检测的探针26。该探针将BODIPY荧光团衍生物与硫代磷酸基化的ATP类似物相连, 赋予P-N键更高的稳定性。该探针可以标记活性HK蛋白, 与ATP竞争结合位点, 并且荧光团也可以进一步转移到RR蛋白上。这种基于TCS活性的荧光探针为细菌HK激酶活性以及RR蛋白磷酸化转移信号传导过程提供了一种新的可视化策略, 将进一步促进HK激酶功能研究和新型HK抑制剂的发现。
水解酶是一类催化水解反应酶的总称, 或者可以称它们是一类特殊的转移酶, 使用水作为转移基团的受体。蛋白水解酶能催化一系列化学键的水解断裂, 是响应型荧光探针设计的一类重要靶标。
基于EC 3.1型荧光探针整理见图 4。酯酶是一类丝氨酸蛋白酶, 在生物体内起着重要的生理调节功能, 与许多病理过程相关, 基于酯酶检测荧光探针的开发具有重要的意义。最简单的酯酶荧光探针是被乙酸酯掩蔽的荧光团[例如, 二乙酸荧光素(fluorescein diacetate, FDA)], 但由于其自水解的性质, 这些荧光团可能会受到高背景荧光的影响[32-34]。因此, 研究人员发展了多种掩蔽策略来构建更稳定的荧光探针, 其中最常见的是乙酰氧基甲基醚作为掩蔽基团, 可以酯裂解产生羟甲基醚, 产生游离荧光团(探针27~29)[35], 这些荧光基团主要有香豆素、荧光素、罗丹明和试卤灵等。
基于酯酶激活的荧光探针30[36]31[37]能够可视化A型肉毒杆菌毒素和结核分枝杆菌的酯酶和脂肪酶。探针31基于试卤灵骨架构建, 是一种具有尾部可变脂质的远红外探针, 可用于细菌酯酶和脂肪酶的活性检测。通过使用一组含有不同脂质的探针测试样品, 可以使用特征酯酶指纹来区分结核分枝杆菌和相似的细菌菌株, 其中含有4C和8C脂质的荧光探针稳定性高于2C脂质探针。随后, Tallman等[38]基于荧光素骨架和结核分枝杆菌酯酶底物开发了探针32, 与其他探针相比, 该探针能检测出更多种类的脂酶, 从而揭示感染、休眠和重新激活状态下结核杆菌的酯酶活性。
磷酸单酯水解酶能够催化磷酸单酯化合物中磷酸单酯键切断而使磷酸基游离, 可以细分为碱性磷酸酶和酪氨酸磷酸酶等, 在细胞生理过程中起着关键作用。
碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) 广泛存在于各种哺乳动物组织中, 其活性水平异常与各种疾病相关, 经常被用作生物标记物和疾病诊断指标。迄今为止, 研究人员已经设计并开发出多种ALP荧光探针。然而, 在复杂和动态的环境中开发用于检测活细胞ALP荧光探针, 特别是用于检测细菌ALP荧光探针仍然具有挑战性。探针33[39]具有聚集诱导发射(aggregation-induced emission, AIE) 效应的荧光特性。该探针含有磷酸化的酪氨酸, 经ALP的催化发生去磷酸化。探针33去磷酸化后亲水性降低, 在细菌表面自组装形成纤维状结构, 并产生AIE荧光效应。该探针对ALP表现出较高的选择性和灵敏度, 检出限为6.6×10-3 U·mL-1, 可用于大肠杆菌中ALP的活性检测以及细菌ALP活性的原位成像。该方法不需要繁琐的洗涤步骤, 大约需要1 h, 比商业化的ALP检测试剂盒更具优势。
酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP, EC 3.1.3.48) 的活性测定基于酶水解底物的芳基磷酸酯部分, 产生荧光活性产物。许多荧光底物可用于PTP的活性测定, 其中对硝基苯磷酸盐(pNPP)、荧光素二磷酸酯四铵盐(FDP) 和6, 8-二氟-4-甲基伞形酮磷酸酯(DiFMUP) 是最常用的荧光底物[40, 41]。其中, pNPP不产生荧光, 需要用比色法进行不连续测定; MUP和DiFMUP激发波长为360 nm, 发射波长为450 nm, 具有细胞渗透性; FDP激发波长为495 nm, 具有热不稳定性, 其发射光谱与细胞自发荧光重叠, 而且不能自由渗透细胞。探针34[42]是基于试卤灵为骨架构建的检测PTP活性的荧光探针, 该探针可以在酸性和中性pH值下测定, 激发波长为560~570 nm, 具有细胞渗透性, 可用于细胞内酪氨酸磷酸酶荧光成像分析。探针35[43]作为双光子荧光探针, 具有更深的组织穿透深度, 组织穿透深度大于100 μm。
硫酸酯酶(EC 3.1.6) 是一类能催化裂解硫酸酯键的酶, 它在细胞中的过表达与多种疾病密切相关, 并参与细菌的致病机制[44, 45]。因此, 硫酸酯酶抑制剂的设计引起了广泛关注, 无论是用于研究硫酸酯酶功能的影响还是用于治疗干预。最有前景的硫酸酯酶抑制剂是氨基磺酸酯, 例如EMATE[46]、COUMATE[47]和667COUMATE[48]。目前, 报道有3种类型的荧光团用于硫酸酯酶活性检测, 包括香豆素衍生物[例如, 4-甲基伞形酮硫酸盐(4-MUS)]、荧光素衍生物和试卤灵衍生物(DDAO-硫酸盐)[49, 50]。4-MUS和DDAO-硫酸盐的水解产物分别为4-MU (λex = 360 nm, λem = 450 nm), DDAO (λex = 600 nm, λem = 660 nm)。探针36[51]和硫酸酯酶反应后, 发射波长发生红移, 量子产率增加14倍(Φ = 0.4)。探针37[52]是荧光素衍生物, 与硫酸酯酶反应后从无荧光的探针水解为有荧光的产物(λex = 472 nm, λem = 510 nm, Φ = 0.4)。探针38[52]经过硫酸酯酶水解后生成试卤灵(λex = 574 nm, λem = 581 nm, Φ = 0.74), 与探针36相比发生红移, 具有较高的荧光量子产率。这些荧光探针均适用于各种细菌硫酸脂酶的活性测定, 尤其对分枝杆菌硫酸酯酶具有更高的选择性, 并为构建新型硫酸酯酶探针奠定了基础。
基于EC 3.2型荧光探针整理见图 4β-半乳糖苷酶(EC.3.2.1.23) 是一种糖苷水解酶, 其主要生理功能是催化β-半乳糖苷水解成单糖, 由β-半乳糖苷酶基因编码, 4个亚基组成的四聚体, 是糖链结构分析中的重要工具酶。β-半乳糖苷酶广泛存在于动物、植物、微生物和培养细胞中, 作用的底物包括神经节苷脂GM1、乳糖苷、乳糖、各种糖蛋白。荷兰生物学家Beijerincek于1889年首次报道了β-半乳糖苷酶可水解乳糖[53]。目前, 针对人类疾病相关的β-半乳糖苷酶荧光检测探针研究广泛, 但针对细菌中β-半乳糖苷酶荧光探针研究还很少。
为了降低背景干扰、增加透膜率, 探针39[54]将荧光素糖基化衍生物与大分子蛋白质结合, 当探针被大肠杆菌中的β-半乳糖苷酶识别水解后, 恢复为发光的荧光素衍生物。相对于探针39的绿光发射, 探针40[55]与酶发生水解反应后能够触发自身水解, 最终水解产物具有深红光发射(λex = 630 nm, λem = 650~730 nm)。
基于EC 3.4型荧光探针整理见图 5β-丙氨酰氨肽酶(β-alanyl aminopeptidase, BAP, EC 3.4.11) 由铜绿假单胞菌、伯克霍尔德菌和黏质沙雷菌特异性表达, 因此可以通过构建BAP荧光探针来检测特定的菌株。探针41[56]通过自降解的linker将特异性酶底物和香豆素衍生物偶联, 能在6 h内特异性检测铜绿假单胞菌。但是这类荧光探针大部分都是off-on类型的蓝色荧光探针, 会受到细菌自身荧光的干扰, 因此, 研究人员研发了长波长荧光探针分子, 其中包括基于BAP酶响应的荧光探针42[57]和波长转移型探针43[58]。探针43[59]被酶识别后结构转化, 能够发生激发态分子内质子转移(excited-state intramolecular proton transfer, ESIPT) 以及发射波长改变, 不仅可以区分死菌和活菌, 还可以进一步鉴定产生β-丙氨酰氨肽酶的细菌。
来自金葡菌的丝氨酸蛋白酶(staphylococcal serine protease, SspA, EC 3.4.21.19), 也称为V8蛋白酶, 在细菌逃避宿主免疫防御机制中起重要作用, 是金葡菌V8菌株(GluV8) 谷氨酰内肽酶I家族的成员[60]。它能够特异性地切割Glu (谷氨酸) 残基和Asp (天冬氨酸) 残基的羧基端肽键, 其中Glu残基水解速率大约是Asp残基水解速率的100~1 000倍。因此, Wang等[61]将SspA特异性底物作为连接肽, 两端分别引入能发生FRET效应的花菁类染料, 构建了比率型荧光探针4445。其中探针45连接了疏水脂质链, 进一步增加了细菌膜的靶向性, 已经成功应用于金葡菌SspA酶活性的实时成像。
分选酶A (EC 3.4.22) 是革兰阳性菌将表面蛋白锚定到细胞壁上的关键酶, 可催化蛋白质-蛋白质和蛋白质-小分子之间形成酰胺键[62]。分选酶A可裂解靶蛋白中分选酶识别序列的保守C端LPXTG序列(X =任何氨基酸) 的Thr和Gly之间的酰胺键, 形成酰基中间体, 然后该中间体被甘氨酸亲核攻击以产生新的连接产物。探针46[63]通过分选酶介导可以对金葡菌细胞壁进行标记。将细菌与含有小分子标签的多肽共孵育, 探针分子在穿透细胞壁后, 被分选酶A识别, 在C端的苏氨酸和甘氨酸残基之间切割, 并将剩余的N端部分共价连接到能形成细胞壁的脂质上。由于分选酶A的成键特性, 因此提出分选酶介导的连接技术(sortase-mediated ligation, SML) 进行蛋白工程的构建。探针4748[64]通过将荧光素或罗丹明荧光团连接在氨基酸序列GGG的一端, 在分选酶A的作用下, 可视化H-2Kb蛋白(该蛋白的C末端标记了LPETG序列)。同样, 探针49[65]是针对破骨细胞分化因子设计的荧光探针。该探针通过将荧光团与GGG短肽相连, 在分选酶A介导的转肽酶作用下可实现活细胞表面位点特异性荧光标记, 该标记反应可以在含或不含血清的培养基或PBS中进行, 并且在孵育5 min后就能检测到标记产物。值得一提的是, 不仅小分子探针, 还有大的重组蛋白可以成功连接到LPXTG序列, 为蛋白质工程提供了新的机会[66-69]
基于EC 3.5型荧光探针整理见图 6。细菌对抗生素耐药的最常见机制是细菌产生内源性β-内酰胺酶, 使β-内酰胺类抗生素水解而灭活。它是由细菌产生, 可以在青霉素和头孢菌素衍生物靶向细胞壁并抑制细菌生长之前有效地水解这些抗生素。根据不同的表达模式和催化机制, β-内酰胺酶可以分为A、B、C和D四个类型, 每类都具有其独特的氨基酸序列, 赋予细菌内在的抗生素耐药性[70, 71]。因此, 针对β-内酰胺酶的研究受到广泛关注, 许多有机小分子荧光探针被相继开发和报道[72-82]: ①基于FRET机制构建比率型探针。探针50[75]应用FRET策略发展了钌(II) 头孢菌素荧光探针, 该探针将[Ru(bpy)3]2+发光团和淬灭基团BHQ3与头孢菌素相结合, 可被内源性β-内酰胺酶选择性水解, 从而为耐药菌提供高特异性和敏感性细胞内荧光成像方法。探针51[76]利用β-内酰胺酶选择性底物C-2和两个荧光团构建了比率型荧光探针, 其中供体激发波长为440 nm, 发射波长为520 nm, 受体发射波长为590 nm, 该探针能够定量检测不同菌种β-内酰胺酶活性。探针52[77]将具有FRET效应的供体FITC和受体Dabcyl通过共价交联连接到头孢菌素上, 并且在头孢菌素7′位引入DBCO疏水基团, 可实现耐药Amp C β-内酰胺酶(头孢菌素水解酶) 特异性检测(荧光信号增强67倍), 为活体条件下耐药菌感染可视化提供了策略。② Turn on型荧光探针的构建。探针5354[78]β-内酰胺酶激活时荧光发射增强100~200倍, 并且对于结核分枝杆菌β-内酰胺酶BlaC与TEM-1型β-内酰胺酶的选择性高达1 000倍, 能够在10 min内成功检测活病原体, 为结核分枝杆菌早期诊断提供了快速、准确的检测方法。探针55[79]以Cy 5.5为荧光团, 通过酶底物连接一个淬灭基团, 被β-内酰胺酶激活后发射波长为690 nm, 显示出超高的灵敏度, 实现了非入侵性肺部感染活体动物结核分枝杆菌的检测。探针5657[72]在被β-内酰胺酶激活时荧光打开, 同时能与目标酶或附近的蛋白质产生共价键, 增强实用性。探针58[73]具有两个β-内酰胺酶活性位点, 增强特异性。探针59[74]β-内酰胺酶激活时荧光发射增强214倍, 可以特异性地检测BlaC β-内酰胺酶。探针60[81]是一种具有AIE性质的β-内酰胺酶激活探针。该探针在被β-内酰胺酶激活时荧光打开, 同时切割的TPE-OH部分充当光敏剂, 通过在光照射下产生活性氧(ROS) 来破坏细菌。通过将头孢菌素作为β-内酰胺酶反应部分, 海藻糖作为Ag85s靶向基团构建了探针61[82], 可以提高对结核分枝杆菌的特异性识别。
细菌代谢酶响应型荧光探针是用于细菌成像的高灵敏度工具。探针设计和应用的多样化丰富了酶活性检测工具包, 并搭建了在活细菌和体内细菌感染模型系统可视化的通用方法。尽管已经开发了许多用于细菌检测和相关应用的荧光探针, 但仍需要进一步的改进。未来的研究重点可能会集中在两个主要领域, 增强酶激活的特异性和改进探针的化学结构。
荧光成像获得的空间信息和病理生理变化与酶特异性程度直接相关。针对某一代谢酶家族里特定分型构建探针(例如探针52), 将为识别特定细菌种类或酶的分泌和作用位置提供更高分辨率的信息。此外, 运用FRET策略构建比率型荧光探针(例如探针444551), 可用于细胞代谢机制研究, 同时最大限度地降低了内源性的噪音干扰。希望本篇综述将有助于推进实时监测细菌感染荧光探针的开发和生物验证模型的设计。
作者贡献: 魏娆负责资料的收集和文章初稿撰写; 胡海宇负责文章的思路指导和审阅; 张蕾磊完善了文章思路并修改文章。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22122705)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303
  • 接收时间:2022-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-08
  • 修回日期:2022-05-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22122705)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 活性物质发现与适药化研究北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*张蕾磊, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0303
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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