Article(id=1210148017823420655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0290, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646582400000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-07, revisedDate=1650902400000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451370911, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451370911, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451370911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451370911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2269, endPage=2282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148018276405496, articleId=1210148017823420655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on TRPV3 channel, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a non-selective cation channel, located on cell membranes. TRPV3 is extensively expressed in various organs such as skin, brain, dorsal root ganglia, heart and colon. It's reported that TRPV3 involves in many physiological processes including sensation, skin barrier formation, hair growth and vasodilatation, and pathological processes like pruritus, cutaneous inflammatory disease and cancer. TRPV3 can respond to innoxious warm stimulation (≥ 33 ‍℃‍), endogenous substances (e.‍g., farnesylpyrophosphate) and exogenous small molecules (e.g., carvacrol, camphor and 2-APB). Recently, several natural or synthetic small molecules (e.g., osthole, 74a and dyclonine) have been shown to suppress TRPV3 activity, accompanying with therapeutic efficacy in animal models of diseases, which suggests the potential of TRPV3 as drug target. This paper reviews the research progress on the structure, physiological functions, related diseases and modulators of the TRPV3 channel to provide theoretical references for the future study on TRPV3 channel.

, correspAuthors=Zheng-yu CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liao-xi TAN, Yu-jing WANG, Zheng-yu CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148032218271831, articleId=1210148017823420655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=TRPV3通道研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

瞬时受体电位离子通道香草素亚家族3 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 3, TRPV3) 是位于细胞膜上的一种非选择性阳离子通道蛋白, 广泛表达于皮肤、大脑、背根神经节、心脏和结肠等器官。TRPV3参与感觉传导、皮肤屏障形成、毛发生长及血管舒张等生理过程, 并被证明与瘙痒、皮肤炎症性疾病及癌症等病理进程密切相关。TRPV3能应答非伤害性热刺激(≥ 33 ℃)、内源性物质(如焦磷酸法尼酯) 及外源性小分子化合物(如香芹酚、樟脑和2-APB等)。近年来, 多种天然和合成的TRPV3抑制剂(如蛇床子素、74a和达克罗宁等) 陆续被发现, 并且在多种疾病动物模型中表现出一定疗效, 说明TRPV3是具有潜力的药物开发靶点。本文综述了TRPV3通道蛋白结构、生理功能、相关疾病及调节剂的研究进展, 为TRPV3的后续研究提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=曹征宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*曹征宇 Tel: 86-25-86185955, E-mail:
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JAMA Dermatol, 2020, 156: 191-195., articleTitle=Use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib to treat palmoplantar keratoderma in patients with olmsted syndrome caused by TRPV3 mutations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210148036773286177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, awardId=81972960, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81972960), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210148036865560869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, awardId=21777192, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(21777192), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210148036957835561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, awardId=82100585, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82100585), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210148037075276079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, awardId=2018ZX09101003-004-002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项“重大新药创新与开发”项目(2018ZX09101003-004-002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210148032461541476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148032465735782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, companyId=1210148032461541476, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148032469930086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, companyId=1210148032461541476, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210148035829567731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8UmseYkpqYZpDZuUwWduAA==, figureFileBig=Ygg3gVi9Eb7DpnyerpF4DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035905065208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Structural basis of transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3). A: Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) structure of TRPV3 (PDB ID: 6UW4); B: Schematic diagram of the structural basis of TRPV3 subunit. BS: Binding site; 2-APB: 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CaM: Calmodulin; PIP2: Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate; TRP domain: Transient receptor potential domain; ARD: Ankyrin repeated domain; CTD: C-terminal domain , figureFileSmall=8UmseYkpqYZpDZuUwWduAA==, figureFileBig=Ygg3gVi9Eb7DpnyerpF4DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036152529156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+r2+Syy+koTvMDImM+CFZg==, figureFileBig=ThoxHG0pNZh681MCPmHRCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036211249417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Distribution and physiological function of TRPV3. A: Expression and distribution of TRPV3 in various organs of the body; B: Physiological functions of TRPV3 in skin and nervous system , figureFileSmall=+r2+Syy+koTvMDImM+CFZg==, figureFileBig=ThoxHG0pNZh681MCPmHRCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036320301324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LigandStructureEC50Activity
Endogenous ligands
Arachidonic acidPro-inflammatory effect
FPP0.13 μmol·L-1Hyperalgesia
NA
NO, H+
Natural ligands
(-)-Carveol3.03 ± 1.16 mmol·L-1
(+)-Borneol3.45 ± 0.13 mmol·L-1
1, 8-Cineol
6-tert-Butyl-m-cresol0.37 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1
Camphor6 mmol·L-1Pain relief
Cannabidiol0.8 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1
Carvacrol0.49 ± 0.07 mmol·L-1Promotion of proliferation, fibrosis, and itch; reduction of the body temperature and blood pressure
Dihydrocarveol2.57 ± 0.42 mmol·L-1
Incensole acetate16 μmol·L-1Effects of anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection
Thymol0.86 ± 0.07 mmol·L-1Emotion regulation
α-Hydroxy acidApoptosis induction
γ-Schisandrin
Chemosynthetic ligands
2-APB28 μmol·L-1
CelecoxibPain relief and anti-inflammation
DeracoxibPain relief and anti-inflammation
Diphenylborinic anhydride85.1 μmol·L-1
Drofenine207 μmol·L-1Promotion of fibrosis
Tetrahydrocannabinol9.5 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1
), ArticleFig(id=1210148036437741842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Properties of TRPV3 agonists. Activities listed are TRPV3-related. EC50: Half effective concentration; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; NA: Nicotinic acid; NO: Nitric oxide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LigandStructureEC50Activity
Endogenous ligands
Arachidonic acidPro-inflammatory effect
FPP0.13 μmol·L-1Hyperalgesia
NA
NO, H+
Natural ligands
(-)-Carveol3.03 ± 1.16 mmol·L-1
(+)-Borneol3.45 ± 0.13 mmol·L-1
1, 8-Cineol
6-tert-Butyl-m-cresol0.37 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1
Camphor6 mmol·L-1Pain relief
Cannabidiol0.8 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1
Carvacrol0.49 ± 0.07 mmol·L-1Promotion of proliferation, fibrosis, and itch; reduction of the body temperature and blood pressure
Dihydrocarveol2.57 ± 0.42 mmol·L-1
Incensole acetate16 μmol·L-1Effects of anti-anxiety, anti-depression, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection
Thymol0.86 ± 0.07 mmol·L-1Emotion regulation
α-Hydroxy acidApoptosis induction
γ-Schisandrin
Chemosynthetic ligands
2-APB28 μmol·L-1
CelecoxibPain relief and anti-inflammation
DeracoxibPain relief and anti-inflammation
Diphenylborinic anhydride85.1 μmol·L-1
Drofenine207 μmol·L-1Promotion of fibrosis
Tetrahydrocannabinol9.5 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1
), ArticleFig(id=1210148036563570967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LigandStructureIC50Activity
Endogenous ligands
17(R)-Resolvin D10.4 μmol·L-1Pain relief
IPP0.24 μmol·L-1Pain relief, motor coordination, and anti-vasodilation
Natural ligands
Citrusinine-II12.43 μmol·L-1Pain and itching relief
Forsythiaside B6.7 ± 0.7 μmol·L-1Itching relief and inhibition of apoptosis
Isochlorogenic acid A2.7 ± 1.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Isochlorogenic acid B0.9 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Monanchomycalin B3.25 µmol·L-1
Osthole37.0 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Urupocidin A23.55 µmol·L-1
Verbascoside14.1 ± 3.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Chemosynthetic ligands
26E01Inward: 3.3 μmol·L-1; outward: 7.8 μmol·L-1
74a0.38 μmol·L-1Pain relief and anti-inflammation
7c1.05 μmol·L-1
8c86 nmol·L-1
Bupivacaine0.17 mmol·L-1
Compounds of Glenmark pharmaceutical company< 100 nmol·L-1
Compounds of Hydra Inc.< 1 μmol·L-1
DPTHF6-10 μmol·L-1
0.15-0.23 mmol·L-1
Antilipemic effect
Dyclonine3.2 μmol·L-1Itching relief and inhibition of apoptosis
IcilinCalcium: 0.5 μmol·L-1; calcium-free: 7 μmol·L-1
Lidocaine2.5 mmol·L-1
Mepivacaine1.4 mmol·L-1
PC52.63 μmol·L-1
Ropivacaine0.28 mmol·L-1
), ArticleFig(id=1210148036643262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148017823420655, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Properties of TRPV3 inhibitors. Activities listed are TRPV3-related. IC50: Half inhibitory concentration; IPP: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DPTHF: 2, 2-Diphenyltetrahydrofuran

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LigandStructureIC50Activity
Endogenous ligands
17(R)-Resolvin D10.4 μmol·L-1Pain relief
IPP0.24 μmol·L-1Pain relief, motor coordination, and anti-vasodilation
Natural ligands
Citrusinine-II12.43 μmol·L-1Pain and itching relief
Forsythiaside B6.7 ± 0.7 μmol·L-1Itching relief and inhibition of apoptosis
Isochlorogenic acid A2.7 ± 1.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Isochlorogenic acid B0.9 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Monanchomycalin B3.25 µmol·L-1
Osthole37.0 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Urupocidin A23.55 µmol·L-1
Verbascoside14.1 ± 3.3 μmol·L-1Itching relief and anti-inflammation
Chemosynthetic ligands
26E01Inward: 3.3 μmol·L-1; outward: 7.8 μmol·L-1
74a0.38 μmol·L-1Pain relief and anti-inflammation
7c1.05 μmol·L-1
8c86 nmol·L-1
Bupivacaine0.17 mmol·L-1
Compounds of Glenmark pharmaceutical company< 100 nmol·L-1
Compounds of Hydra Inc.< 1 μmol·L-1
DPTHF6-10 μmol·L-1
0.15-0.23 mmol·L-1
Antilipemic effect
Dyclonine3.2 μmol·L-1Itching relief and inhibition of apoptosis
IcilinCalcium: 0.5 μmol·L-1; calcium-free: 7 μmol·L-1
Lidocaine2.5 mmol·L-1
Mepivacaine1.4 mmol·L-1
PC52.63 μmol·L-1
Ropivacaine0.28 mmol·L-1
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TRPV3通道研究进展
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谭了汐 , 王雨晶 , 曹征宇 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(8): 2269-2282
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(8): 2269-2282
TRPV3通道研究进展
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谭了汐, 王雨晶, 曹征宇*
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

通讯作者:

*曹征宇 Tel: 86-25-86185955, E-mail:
Research progress on TRPV3 channel
Liao-xi TAN, Yu-jing WANG, Zheng-yu CAO*
Affiliations
  • School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0290
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瞬时受体电位离子通道香草素亚家族3 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 3, TRPV3) 是位于细胞膜上的一种非选择性阳离子通道蛋白, 广泛表达于皮肤、大脑、背根神经节、心脏和结肠等器官。TRPV3参与感觉传导、皮肤屏障形成、毛发生长及血管舒张等生理过程, 并被证明与瘙痒、皮肤炎症性疾病及癌症等病理进程密切相关。TRPV3能应答非伤害性热刺激(≥ 33 ℃)、内源性物质(如焦磷酸法尼酯) 及外源性小分子化合物(如香芹酚、樟脑和2-APB等)。近年来, 多种天然和合成的TRPV3抑制剂(如蛇床子素、74a和达克罗宁等) 陆续被发现, 并且在多种疾病动物模型中表现出一定疗效, 说明TRPV3是具有潜力的药物开发靶点。本文综述了TRPV3通道蛋白结构、生理功能、相关疾病及调节剂的研究进展, 为TRPV3的后续研究提供理论参考。

瞬时受体电位离子通道香草素亚家族3  /  结构  /  生理功能  /  激动剂  /  抑制剂

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a non-selective cation channel, located on cell membranes. TRPV3 is extensively expressed in various organs such as skin, brain, dorsal root ganglia, heart and colon. It's reported that TRPV3 involves in many physiological processes including sensation, skin barrier formation, hair growth and vasodilatation, and pathological processes like pruritus, cutaneous inflammatory disease and cancer. TRPV3 can respond to innoxious warm stimulation (≥ 33 ‍℃‍), endogenous substances (e.‍g., farnesylpyrophosphate) and exogenous small molecules (e.g., carvacrol, camphor and 2-APB). Recently, several natural or synthetic small molecules (e.g., osthole, 74a and dyclonine) have been shown to suppress TRPV3 activity, accompanying with therapeutic efficacy in animal models of diseases, which suggests the potential of TRPV3 as drug target. This paper reviews the research progress on the structure, physiological functions, related diseases and modulators of the TRPV3 channel to provide theoretical references for the future study on TRPV3 channel.

transient receptor potential vanilloid 3  /  structure  /  physiological function  /  agonist  /  inhibitor
谭了汐, 王雨晶, 曹征宇. TRPV3通道研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2269 -2282 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0290
Liao-xi TAN, Yu-jing WANG, Zheng-yu CAO. Research progress on TRPV3 channel[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2269 -2282 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0290
瞬时受体电位离子通道香草素亚家族(transient receptor potential vanilloid, TRPV) 是存在于细胞膜上的一类非选择性阳离子通道, 广泛分布于哺乳动物的组织器官中[1, 2]。TRPV亚家族包含6个成员, 分别是温度敏感型的TRPV1~4通道以及细胞内Ca2+敏感的TRPV5和TRPV6, 其中的TRPV3能应答非伤害性温热刺激(≥ 33 ℃), 具有独特的敏化特性[3]。TRPV3参与感觉传导、皮肤屏障形成和血管舒张等生理进程, 而且与多种疾病密切相关[4]。最近, 多项研究证实TRPV3与特应性皮炎(atopic dermatitis, AD) 的发生发展密切相关[5, 6], 敲除TRPV3或利用TRPV3抑制剂能缓解AD样症状, 说明TRPV3是一个具有潜力的开发治疗AD药物的靶点。本文综述了TRPV3的结构特性、生理功能、相关疾病及配体的研究进展, 为以TRPV3为靶点开发新型治疗药物提供理论依据。
TRPV3是一种多模式调节的非选择性阳离子通道, 具有独特的敏化和温度感知(≥ 33 ℃) 特性[3], 表现为在激动剂或温度的反复刺激下, 通道电流不断增强, 单通道电导也随温度增加而增加(低温下, 147~201 pS; 39 ℃下, 256~337 pS)[7]。TRPV3通道电流的翻转电位为0 mV, 具有电压依赖性, 表现为明显的外向整流, 但是, 敏化的电流逐渐失去整流特性, 形成难以失活且无响应(off-response) 的线性电流[8], 这种电压-电流依赖关系特性与通道处于不同开放状态有关。
结构生物学研究表明, TRPV3由4个相同的亚基组成对称的同源四聚体, 在细胞膜上形似一个具有孔道的“篮网”[9] (图 1A)。单个亚基从N端起包含锚蛋白重复域(N-terminal ankyrin repeated domain, ARD)、连接域(linker domain)、6个跨膜域(S1~S6)、典型的TRP域(TRP domain) 和C端结构域(C-terminal domain, CTD) (图 1B)[9]。相邻亚基的CTD和ARD结合形成细胞质组装结构(cytoplasmic assembly interface, CAI), 该结构不仅参与内源性物质对TRPV3活性的调节[10], 如腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 和磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate, PIP2) 分别作用于ARD结构域的Lys169、Lys174及TRP结构域的Arg696、Lys705, 进而发挥抑制作用[11, 12] (图 1B); 而且作为TRPV3敏化特性的结构基础之一, ARD结构域的Lys169在影响整体构象变化中发挥重要作用: 首先, 破坏碱性氨基酸残基Lys169与相邻亚基CTD的酸性氨基酸残基Glu751和Asp752形成的盐桥可使TRPV3达到敏化状态并保持其开放构象[13]; 其次, Lys169残基作为钙调蛋白(calmodulin, CaM) 抑制TRPV3活性的关键位点, 参与Ca2+/CaM依赖性的敏化过程[14]。此外, TRPV3敏化过程也基于二价阳离子对其抑制能力的减弱[15]。研究发现, 尽管孔道域的Asp641残基是TRP通道抑制剂钌红发挥抑制活性的关键位点, 细胞外Ca2+可通过与Asp641残基结合参与对通道门控的调节[14, 16]。细胞内或细胞外的Mg2+也对TRPV3具有抑制作用, 其结合位点包含外孔道域的Asp641及内孔道域的Glu679和Glu682 [17] (图 1B)。
TRP通道(TRPV1、TRPV2、TRPV3和TRPV4) 的温度敏感性基于孔道域和S6之间的环状域, 该结构域位于细胞外侧, 其中的Asn643、Ile644和Asn647决定了TRPV3对非伤害性温热刺激(≥ 33 ℃) 的应答[18, 19] (图 1B)。温度对TRPV3的敏化作用则依赖N末端环状域(412~414位氨基酸残基) 的构象变化。在高温刺激(> 50 ℃) 引起TRPV3通道开放时, 该环状域向S2-S3连接域靠近并形成相互作用, 将通道稳定在一个易于开放的构象, 类似于温度激活的TRPV1构象[7]。不过, 由于TRPV3的N末端环状域缺乏TRPV1的N末端Ser404氨基酸残基, 使得TRPV3表现出门控的迟滞, 进而形成了通道的敏化及使用依赖性[7]
TRPV3在人体各组织器官中广泛分布, 在皮肤、睾丸、十二指肠、结肠、大脑、脊髓和背根神经节(dorsal roots ganglion, DRG) 中高表达, 在心脏、肺、食道、胃、膀胱和卵巢等中低表达[20] (图 2A)。研究表明, TRPV3能调控皮肤屏障形成和毛发生长、感觉传导(温觉和痒觉等) 及血管舒张[5, 21, 22] (图 2B)。虽然TRPV3在睾丸和小肠中高表达, 但其生理意义尚未深入研究[20]。最近也有研究报道TRPV3在肺中表达, 其活化可能介导肺泡上皮损伤或参与非小细胞肺癌的恶化, 但仍需进一步确证[23, 24]。因此, 本节主要综述TRPV3在皮肤、神经系统和心血管系统中的作用。
TRPV3主要表达在皮肤角质形成细胞(keratinocytes, KCs), 而KCs是皮肤表皮层中最主要的细胞[22]。终末分化的KCs的细胞膜会被由蛋白质和脂质交联形成的角质细胞被膜(the cornified cell envelope, CE) 替代, 而CE是皮肤发挥屏障功能的基础[22]。在携带TRPV3功能获得性突变(主要是Gly573突变, 简称GOF, 图 1B) 基因的人或啮齿动物中, 皮肤表皮层表现为棘皮层过度肥厚, 颗粒层断裂或消失, 角质层角化不全伴角化过度, 这些结构上的病变直接导致屏障功能丧失, 引起皮肤水分散失加快的同时, 也使机体更易受到外界刺激(包括温度、酸碱、毒素、病原微生物和过敏原等)[25, 26]。但是, TRPV3敲除(knock-out, KO) 小鼠也表现出屏障功能损伤, 这是由于TRPV3-KO导致了KCs中Ca2+依赖性转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase) 活性下降, 进而影响了CE的形成[22]。此外, 携带TRPV3-GOF突变基因的人和啮齿动物具有无毛的表型, 这是由于TRPV3-GOF突变导致的毛囊KCs死亡或过早的分化会造成毛发生长抑制[27]。然而, TRPV3-KO小鼠出现毛发蜷曲的表型, 则是由于TRPV3-KO小鼠皮肤毛囊的形态学异常[22]。本课题组也发现TRPV3激动剂香芹酚(carvacrol) 在低浓度(30~100 μmol·L-1) 下能促进KCs增殖, 但在高浓度下(300 μmol·L-1) 抑制KCs的活性, 结合以上研究结果, 提示TRPV3具有精细调节KCs增殖的能力[28]
温度敏感型TRP通道(TRPV1~4、TRPA1和TRPM8等) 在温度感知中发挥着关键作用, 而TRPV3主要参与非伤害性温热(≥ 33 ℃‍) 的感知。Patapoutian课题组[29]发现TRPV3-KO小鼠缺乏对非伤害和伤害性温度的应答。随后的研究进一步揭示受温度活化的TRPV3促进KCs分泌ATP, 后者作用于感觉神经元的嘌呤能P2受体调控温觉传导[30]。Marics等[31]也报道了单独敲除TRPV3不能完全使小鼠失去温度感受, 这是由于TRPV1和TRPV3活化在温度范围上的重叠产生了生理功能的补偿, 进而提示皮肤上的TRPV3和初级感觉神经上的TRPV1在调节温热感受中的协同作用。
在小鼠和人类DRG、三叉神经节和大脑中, TRPV3与TRPV1共表达, 而且TRPV3具有独特的敏化特性, 因此TRPV3可能在痛觉感受上发挥着不同于TRPV1的作用[32]。尽管过表达TRPV3的转基因小鼠并未在温度疼痛感知上表现出与野生型小鼠的差异, 但当抑制TRPV1后, TRPV3过表达小鼠表现出更强的温热痛觉, 这说明TRPV3的疼痛感知作用会被TRPV1的功能掩盖[33]。在患有乳痛症的女性中, 皮肤KCs的TRPV3表达上调; 而损伤引起的痛觉过敏也伴随着邻近损伤部位的外周神经中TRPV3的表达增加, 提示TRPV3活性或表达的变化与疼痛感知密切相关[34]。研究指出KCs上TRPV3的活化能引起ATP或前列腺素E2 (prostaglandin E2, PGE2) 的释放, 进而激活临近的痛觉神经元[30]。因此, 注射TRPV3内源性激动剂焦磷酸法尼酯(farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPP) 能引起小鼠的炎症性疼痛反应并增强对伤害性热刺激的敏感性[35]
除了痛觉, 痒也是对有潜在伤害的刺激的感觉。TRPV3-GOF突变导致的皮肤遗传病Olmsted综合征, 以剧烈瘙痒为特征[36]。而携带TRPV3-GOF突变基因(即Gly573分别突变成Ser和Cys) 的DS-Nh小鼠和WBN/Kob-Ht大鼠会自发产生AD样皮炎, 具有剧烈瘙痒、皮肤角化过度、CD4+ T细胞和肥大细胞浸润以及血清白介素(interleukin, IL)-4和免疫球蛋白E (immunoglobulin E, IgE) 水平增加等特征[26]。胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP) 由上皮和基质细胞产生, 是一种内源性的致痒原。在DS-Nh小鼠的KCs中, TSLP显著增加, 随后的研究发现, 热刺激或化学刺激TRPV3能促进AD患者的KCs分泌更多的TSLP[6, 37]。而在卡泊三醇(即MC903) 诱导的AD小鼠模型中, 热刺激能提高TSLP水平并增加搔抓行为, 这些均可被TRPV3抑制剂和TSLP中和抗体所抑制[38]。在烧伤后瘙痒的疤痕中, TRPV3的表达和活性显著上调, 进而增强TSLP的产生[39]。而且, 这种TRPV3-TSLP诱导瘙痒的机制也参与蛋白酶激活受体2介导的瘙痒[38]。实际上, 除了TSLP, TRPV3活化还引起KCs分泌其他致痒原, 包括神经生长因子、PGE2和IL-33等[5, 33]。最近, Larkin等[5]发现了TRPV3介导瘙痒的新路径: 在AD病理状态中, IL-31诱导感觉神经元合成并释放B型促尿钠排泄肽(B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP), BNP与KCs上的神经肽受体1结合, 上调TRPV3转录。而提高的TRPV3表达引起KCs释放更多的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂E1 (serpin E1), serpin E1可活化皮肤中的感觉神经纤维, 从而传导痒觉[5]。TRPV3激动剂香芹酚本身就是一种皮肤刺激剂, 涂抹香芹酚在小鼠背部皮肤或烧伤患者疤痕皮肤上均可引起瘙痒[40, 41]
然而, 最新的研究发现TRPV3-GOF (Trpv3G573S) 小鼠表现出异常的体感行为, 包括降低的冷觉(含丙酮诱导的清凉)、点状及剧烈机械痛觉及各种过敏原引起的痒觉[42]。而该现象可能与TRPV3-GOF小鼠皮肤中感觉神经(神经末梢及C型DRG神经元) 支配降低密切相关, 而神经细胞的缺失可能正是由于功能增强型TRPV3引起了钙超载诱导的细胞死亡[42]。综合这些研究结果, 除了KCs的TRPV3通过促进神经递质分泌传导感觉信号, 感觉神经元的TRPV3在感觉行为中也具有重要意义。
此外, 研究者利用TRPV3的激动剂和抑制剂揭示了TRPV3在中枢神经系统中表达的意义。在焚香散发出的成分中, 醋酸因香酚(incensole acetate) 是一种强力的TRPV3激动剂, 能通过活化大脑中的TRPV3抵抗小鼠焦虑和抑郁的行为, 提示TRPV3在情绪调节中发挥着作用[43]。研究还发现只有部分能穿过血脑屏障的TRPV3拮抗剂可改善非诱导型疼痛引起的睡眠紊乱, 该作用与TRPV3调节神经自发活性有关[44]。最近的研究发现小脑定位注射TRPV3抑制剂会影响大鼠的步幅、运动活性和旋转保留时间, 提示在小脑表达的TRPV3还调节运动协调能力[45]
TRPV3已被证实表达于大脑实质小动脉、子宫辐射状动脉及肺动脉, 定量PCR和免疫组化结果进一步表明TRPV3在动脉平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞中均有表达, 因此, TRPV3活化可通过内皮依赖型及非依赖型的方式引起动脉舒张[46, 47]。TRPV3活化提高动脉内皮细胞的内钙浓度, 激活中电导Ca2+激活型钾通道(intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel, IKCa) 和小电导Ca2+激活型钾通道, 进而介导内皮依赖型动脉舒张, 并且此过程不依赖一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 合酶和环氧酶的活性[48, 49]。另一方面, TRPV3在动脉平滑肌细胞中也以一种IKCa依赖的方式引起超极化, 进而舒张血管, 但受到NO-可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶-蛋白激酶G信号通路的影响[46]。确实, 腹腔或静脉注射TRPV3激动剂香芹酚能降低啮齿动物的体温, 而且更高的静脉注射剂量会引起血压明显下降, 提示TRPV3活化引起血管舒张, 进而增加散热[50]。结合TRPV3对温度变化的敏感性, 这些证据似乎解释了变温动物的体温调节机制。
TRPV3起初被认为是一个镇痛的药物靶点, 自2006年开始, 海德拉生物科学公司(Hydra Inc.)、格兰马克制药公司(Glenmark pharmaceutical company) 和艾伯为制药公司(AbbVie Inc.) 分别在专利中公开了一系列小分子TRPV3抑制剂, 这些分子对炎症性和神经性疼痛具有很好的改善效果[4]。与此同时, 日本盐野义制药株式会社发现Trpv3Gly573Ser突变基因导致DS-Nh小鼠和WBN/Kob-Ht大鼠的无毛及自发型AD的表型[26]。直到2012年, TRPV3功能获得性突变被发现是人类罕见的遗传性皮肤病Olmsted综合征的发病原因, TRPV3在皮肤炎症中的作用开始被重视[25]。近年来, TRPV3也被报道参与肠道疾病、心血管疾病及多种癌症的发生发展。
携带TRPV3-GOF突变基因的人和啮齿动物出现严重的皮肤炎症, 伴随着IgE水平升高、炎症因子表达增加(IL-13、IL-17、IL-1α、IL-6、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1和TSLP等) 以及炎性细胞过度活化(CD4+ T细胞浸润、树突状细胞迁移和肥大细胞脱颗粒等)[51, 52]。研究发现TRPV3的表达随AD的严重程度而升高, TRPV3活化诱导KCs分泌的IL-6和TSLP分别直接或间接地促进T细胞分化, 而活化的免疫细胞产生的炎症因子进一步刺激KCs, 最终放大AD的炎症环路[5, 6]。另外, 上文提及TRPV3功能获得性突变或过度活化会引起毛囊KCs的凋亡, 进而影响毛发生长[53], 这提示TRPV3表达增加或活性增强可能引起脱发或斑秃。
TRPV3在肠道黏膜上皮中的表达量也较高, 但其生理意义尚不明确[54]。最近的研究发现牛的瘤胃中功能性表达TRPV3 (the bovine homologue of TRPV3, bTRPV3), 参与Na+、K+、Ca2+和NH4+的转运, 这些结果为理解TRPV3在人肠道上皮中的作用提供了参考[55, 56]。在溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 患者的结肠组织中, TRPV3的表达是否和正常组织有差异存在争议, 有研究发现在UC患者的结肠黏膜中TRPV3的表达显著低于正常人[57]; 然而也有研究指出UC患者和正常人肠道中TRPV3的表达没有显著差异[58]。在应激性肠道综合征患者中, TRPV3在十二指肠中的表达显著升高, 进而可能介导应激性肠道综合征患者的餐后症状[59]。在巴豆油诱导的小鼠肠炎中, 大麻环萜酚能够降低TRPV3的表达, 进而缓解肠炎[60]。在分离培养的原代结肠上皮细胞上, 2-APB和香芹酚能诱导TRPV3介导的细胞内Ca2+浓度上升或全细胞电流, 而且香芹酚促进原代结肠上皮细胞释放ATP[54]。这些研究提示结肠上皮细胞的TRPV3可能参与肠道炎症性疾病的发生发展。
在心血管系统中, TRPV3参与心肌肥大的病理进程[47, 61]。在妊娠或缺氧状态下, TRPV3在心血管系统中的表达显著增加, 尤其是动脉平滑肌细胞[46, 47]。而表达升高的TRPV3能通过磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶信号通路促进动脉平滑肌细胞增殖, 引起动脉壁增厚型动脉高血压, 从而间接地导致心脏肥厚[47]。事实上, TRPV3在心肌细胞和心脏成纤维细胞中也有表达[62]。研究指出, 在血管紧张素II诱导的心肌细胞肥大模型中, TRPV3的表达显著增加, 而且TRPV3激动剂(香芹酚) 或抑制剂(钌红) 能通过钙调磷酸酶(calcineurin)/活化T细胞核因子3信号通路发挥调节作用[62]。在主动脉缩窄造成的大鼠压力负荷模型中, 大鼠心肌细胞中TRPV3的表达上调, 随之促进心脏的自噬活性, 进而加重心脏肥大; 此外, TRPV3活化还通过转化生长因子β1/细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶2/细胞周期蛋白E (cyclin E) 信号通路促进心脏成纤维细胞增殖, 从而使心脏肥大向心脏纤维化转变[63]。最后, 值得注意的是, Qi等[61]发现内源性小RNA (microRNA, miRNA) 能靶向调节TRPV3的表达, 影响心脏肥大的进程。利用miRNA-369抑制TRPV3的表达, Wang等[64]证实TRPV3还参与缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡与炎症反应。
TRPV通道与多种人类癌症相关, 其表达的改变通过增强细胞增殖, 改变细胞分化及损伤细胞死亡等影响着癌症进程。TRPV通道表达的变化被认为在癌症的末期才发挥作用[65], 然而, 研究指出TRPV3可作为肾透明细胞癌和乳腺癌的预后标志物[66], 提示TRPV3与特定器官的癌症进程具有密切联系。TRPV3在不同癌症中表达的情况不同, 如在结肠直肠癌和脑膜瘤中, TRPV3的表达降低[67, 68]; 而在非小细胞肺癌、前列腺癌、鳞状细胞癌和结节性基底细胞癌中, TRPV3的表达增加[24, 69, 70]。在非小细胞肺癌中, 过表达的TRPV3通过增加肺癌细胞内Ca2+浓度, 活化钙调蛋白激酶, 进而影响细胞周期, 促进细胞增殖[24]。尽管TRPV3调控癌症进程的作用方式尚待深入研究, 考虑到在KCs中TRPV3与EGFR形成信号复合物, 而且TRPV3的活化能增强EGFR信号的活性, 进而调控上皮细胞增殖[22], 这提示TRPV3抑制剂可能在皮肤癌、乳腺癌和非小细胞肺癌等癌症的EGFR靶向治疗中发挥协同作用。
TRPV3除了应答温热刺激, 其活性还受各种化学调节剂影响。研究发现了许多调控TRPV3的内源性物质、天然产物及合成的化合物(表 12)。本节针对TRPV3的激动剂和抑制剂综述如下。
TRPV3的内源性激动剂包括许多脂肪代谢产物(表 1), 如FPP在外源性表达TRPV3的HEK293细胞及内源性表达TRPV3的KCs上, 能诱导TRPV3介导的Ca2+内流及全细胞电流, EC50为0.13 μmol·L-1, 且具有一定的选择性[35]。尽管花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid) 及其代谢产物能直接活化TRPV1和TRPV4, 但仅能起到增强TRPV3活性的作用[71, 72]。维生素B3即烟碱酸(nicotinic acid, NA), 也能增强TRPV3活性, 但NA直接激活TRPV1并能抑制TRPV2和TRPV4[73]。NO是一个多效性的细胞信号分子, 能通过激活TRPV1、TRPV3和TRPV4引起钙内流[74]。NO对TRPV3的激动作用依赖半胱氨酸的硝基化作用, 这一反应在TRP通道中具有保守性[74]。此外, 细胞内质子(H+) 能强烈地激活TRPV3, 而TRPV3的N末端接近细胞膜结构域上的His426残基发挥了这种pH感知作用[75] (图 1B)。
多种天然来源的单萜化合物都具有激动TRPV3的活性(表 1), 如来源于香樟的单萜化合物樟脑(camphor) 能激活TRPV3, 并使人类产生温暖的感觉, 但其激动作用较弱, EC50约为6 mmol·L-1 [29]。其他单萜类化合物如[(+)-冰片(borneol)、叔丁基间甲酚(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)、香芹酚、百里香酚(thymol)、二氢香芹醇(dihydrocarveol) 和(-)-香苇醇(carveol)] 都表现出TRPV3激动活性, EC50分别为3.45 ± 0.13、0.37 ± 0.1、0.49 ± 0.07、0.86 ± 0.07、2.57 ± 0.42和3.03 ± 1.16 mmol·L-1[76]。从构效关系可以看出(表 1), 羟基的位置及其是否氧化成酮羰基决定着单萜类化合物对TRPV3激动活性的强弱[77]。尽管TRPV3具有敏化特性, 但有研究发现单萜类化合物樟脑和1, 8-桉树脑(1, 8-cineol) 长时间孵育会导致TRPV3的脱敏, 这可能是樟脑和1, 8-桉树脑可用作止痛剂的原因[77]。醋酸因香酚来源于焚香后产生的物质, 也能激动TRPV3 (EC50 = 16 μmol·L-1), 进而发挥情绪调节作用[43]。此外, 从天然产物中发现的大麻二酚(cannabidiol) 和γ-五味子素(γ-schisandrin) 能激动TRPV3, 而天然来源的α-羟基酸作为质子供体也具有TRPV3激动作用[60, 75, 78]
化学合成的2-APB是最常用的TRPV3激动剂, EC50为28 μmol·L-1 [8]。但是, 2-APB也能激动TRPV1和TRPV2[8, 79]。利用高通量突变位点筛选发现His426和Arg696残基在2-APB激动TRPV3中具有关键作用(图 1B), 将TRPV4的相应位点替换成TRPV3应答2-APB的关键残基(Asn426His和Trp737Arg), 使突变的TRPV4也获得了2-APB的敏感性[79]。2-APB的结构类似物联苯硼酸酐(diphenylborinic anhydride) 和六氢芬宁(drofenine) 具有与2-APB类似的TRPV3激动活性, EC50分别为85.1和207 μmol·L-1 [16, 80]。研究还报道了2种环氧合酶-2的抑制剂塞来昔布(celecoxib) 和德拉昔布(deracoxib) 能有效增强TRPV3活性[81]。此外, 大麻中的天然产物四氢大麻酚改构后得到的四氢大麻素(tetrahydrocannabinol) 也具有激动TRPV3的作用[60, 82]
内源性的某些脂质代谢产物具有TRPV3抑制活性, 如消退素(resolvins) 是一类由ω-3脂质代谢产生的内源性抗炎和促溶解脂质分子, 其中, 17(R)-resolvin D1能在温度敏感型TRP通道中选择性地抑制TRPV3, IC50为0.4 μmol·L-1 [83]。尽管FPP是一种内源性的TRPV3激动剂, 但在天然FPP合成的甲羟戊酸途径中, 一个前体分子—异戊烯焦磷酸(isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) 能抑制TRPV3和TRPA1, IC50分别为0.24和7.5 μmol·L-1 [84]。这些内源性的脂质分子表现出对TRPV3的多种调节作用(表 2), 提示了TRPV3可能拥有感受机体脂质代谢变化的能力。
近年来, 研究报道了很多来源于天然产物的TRPV3抑制剂。如天然的毛蕊花苷(verbascoside) 通过抑制TRPV3发挥抗炎抗瘙痒活性, IC50为14.1 ± 3.3 μmol·L-1 [85]。蛇床子素(osthole) 是传统中药蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri) 的主要活性成分, 能抑制TRPV3介导的Ca2+内流和全细胞电流, IC50为37.0 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1, 被报道在温度敏感型TRP通道中对TRPV3具有选择性[86]。Sobolevsky课题组[87]利用冷冻电镜及点突变技术阐明了蛇床子素是一种变构竞争性抑制剂, 其结合位点与2-APB的结合位点相同, 包括: ① S1-S4结构域胞内段与TRP螺旋的C末端形成的结合口袋; ② Pre S1结构域、Linker结构域和TRP螺旋形成的结合口袋; ③ S1-S4结构域胞外段之间[87] (图 1B)。蛇床子素的结合使TRPV3稳定在一种新的构象, 其构象变化顺序为S1和S2以及S1前部和TRP螺旋分离, 带动S3和S4远离中央孔道, 进而使S5和S6发生移动, 打开上孔道; TRP螺旋的移动导致S4-S5连接域的扭结, 进而使S5和S6出现更大的分离, 然后S6螺旋出现π-α转变, 随之导致S6下部发生100°旋转, 进而将不同的氨基酸侧链转向了孔道; 这些氨基酸侧链中包括蛋氨酸Met677, 其疏水性导致了孔道封闭[87]。从传统藏药独一味(Lamiophlomis rotata) 中发现对TRPV3具有抑制作用的成分是连翘酯苷B (forsythiaside B), 其IC50为6.7 ± 0.7 μmol·L-1, 且具有选择性[88]。从海洋海绵动物(Monanchora pulchra) 中分离到两种环状胍生物碱monanchomycalin B和urupocidin A对TRPV1、TRPV2和TRPV3均有抑制作用[89]。最近, 一种吖啶酮生物碱(citrusinine-II) 被报道选择性地抑制TRPV3, IC50为12.43 μmol·L-1, TRPV3的S4螺旋Tyr564位点突变可大大降低citrusinine-II的抑制作用[90]。从菊科植物蓍草(Achillea wilsoniana) 中分离得到的异绿原酸(isochlorogenic acid) A和B也被证实具有TRPV3抑制活性, IC50分别是2.7 ± 1.3和0.9 ± 0.3 μmol·L-1, 而TRPV3的Thr636和Phe666残基在这两个同分异构体的抑制作用中起了重要作用[91] (图 1B)。
2-APB的类似物DPTHF抑制TRPV3活化的量效曲线表现出高、低亲合力这两个位点结合的特性, 高亲合力位点IC50为6~10 μmol·L-1, 低亲和力位点IC50为0.15~0.23 mmol·L-1 [16]。TRPM8激动剂icilin被报道具有TRPV3抑制作用, 在有钙环境下IC50为0.5 μmol·L-1, 在无钙环境下IC50为7 μmol·L-1 [92]。最近的研究报道多种局部麻醉药利多卡因(lidocaine)、卡波卡因(mepivacaine)、罗哌卡因(ropivacaine) 和丁哌卡因(bupivacaine) 能分别以2.5、1.4、0.28和0.17 mmol·L-1的IC50值抑制2-APB诱导的TRPV3电流, 分子机制可能依赖于它们的带电形式与通道的外孔道域之间的相互作用[93]。本课题组最近报道[94]局麻药达克罗宁也具有TRPV3抑制活性, IC50为3.2 μmol·L-1, TRPV3的Leu655和Phe666残基是达克罗宁发挥抑制作用的关键位点(图 1B), 这两个位点分别位于沿孔道域排列的两个口袋, 前者与达克罗宁结合会阻碍TRPV3门控过程中孔道螺旋的结构重排, 而后者位于选择性滤器的下方, 作为一个体积较大的疏水性侧链在通道开放状态维持口袋的形状, Phe666的突变导致达克罗宁无法进入该口袋, 从而阻碍其发挥抑制作用。
此外, 利用高通量筛选, 研究者发现了TRPV3新型抑制剂26E01 (该化合物系人工合成) 对TRPV3内外向电流的IC50分别为3.3和7.8 μmol·L-1, 具有一定选择性[95]。Zhang等[96]利用虚拟筛选、结构优化与生物学评价相结合的方式发现以化合物P1 [2, 6-二甲氧基-n-(4-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)恶唑-2-基)苯甲酰胺] 为先导优化的TRPV3抑制剂PC5, 确定了其IC50为2.63 μmol·L-1以及作用位点为Val629和Phe633 (图 1B)。一直以来, 研究人员也致力于合成新型强效的TRPV3抑制剂(表 2)。如美国艾伯为公司于2016年报道了吡啶基甲醇衍生物74a具有强效的TRPV3抑制活性, IC50为0.38 μmol·L-1, 且具有一定的选择性[97]。美国海德拉公司以稠合嘧啶酮为骨架, 合成了一系列对TRPV3有抑制作用, IC50为1 μmol·L-1或更低的化合物[98]。瑞士格兰马克公司更是针对TRPV3合成了一系列稠合咪唑甲酰胺、稠合嘧啶酮、稠合嘧啶衍生物、色原烷衍生物及色烯酮衍生物, 从中筛选到高亲合力的TRPV3抑制剂(IC50 < 100 nmol·L-1)[99, 100]。最近, Lv等[101]合成了一系列肉桂酸酯衍生物并从中发现TRPV3抑制剂7c和8c, IC50分别为1.05 μmol·L-1和86 nmol·L-1, 且在TRPV亚家族中具有良好的选择性。
TRPV3是一个多模式调节的非选择性阳离子通道, 能应答非伤害性温热刺激(≥ 33 ℃) 并具有敏化特性[1, 3]。虽然目前TRPV3的研究取得了一定进展, 但仍缺乏亲和力强且选择性好的激动剂和抑制剂, 尤其缺乏亲和力高且具有选择性的激动剂, 这在很大程度上阻碍了对TRPV3生理功能的研究[102]。因此, TRPV3配体的发现一直是该领域的研究热点。最近对于TRPV3和配体复合物空间结构的解析为进一步合理设计, 发现高亲和力、高选择性的TRPV3调节剂提供了有用的信息。
TRPV3广泛分布于各器官, 包括大脑、皮肤、结肠、睾丸、心脏、肺和肝脏等[20]。目前研究揭示了TRPV3在温度感知、痛觉传导、皮肤屏障与炎症、肠道吸收与炎症及血管舒张和心脏肥厚中发挥着调节作用。最近的研究集中报道了TRPV3表达和活性改变在皮肤炎症性疾病(如AD) 中对瘙痒、表皮层增厚及炎性浸润等临床症状的影响及其分子机制, TRPV3抑制剂在小鼠AD模型上的疗效显著提示TRPV3是一个极具潜力的治疗皮肤疾病的药物靶点。法国皮肤科医生Dr. Greco受EGFR与TRPV3形成信号复合物并互相调控彼此活性的启发, 利用EGFR抑制剂erlotinib治疗TRPV3-GOF引起的Olmsted综合征, 取得良好的效果[103]。相信深入研究TRPV3的生理功能及其分子机制对TRPV3相关疾病的临床治疗和先导治疗药物开发具有非常重要的意义。
作者贡献: 谭了汐负责查阅文献、撰写及修改草稿; 王雨晶指导手稿撰写并修改草稿; 曹征宇对论文的内容提出指导与修改意见。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81972960)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21777192)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82100585)
  • 国家科技重大专项“重大新药创新与开发”项目(2018ZX09101003-004-002)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0290
  • 接收时间:2022-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-07
  • 修回日期:2022-04-26
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81972960)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21777192)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82100585)
国家科技重大专项“重大新药创新与开发”项目(2018ZX09101003-004-002)
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    中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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