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All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209788344733667397, articleId=1209788335363592677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=尼马曲韦的研制和首创的抗COVID-19药物, columnId=1190335351748137800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=新药发现与研究实例简析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9l5h4uhwr9wDSZAvf1pEbQ==, magXml=LMo/VNjJyVu3jRoZAa5rIg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7BtDs5q5zVT9NUs5BaAN6w==, pdfFileSize=2052342, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5zVJmzcPMDHIlPQZXH3Nng==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ngbqD07PZY2VR5Jedjum0Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=郭宗儒)}, authors=[Author(id=1209809072229060990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={CN=AuthorExt(id=1209809072363278742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, authorId=1209809072229060990, language=CN, stringName=郭宗儒, firstName=宗儒, middleName=null, lastName=郭, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809072078066028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809072086454637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, companyId=1209809072078066028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=null, refs=null, funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809072078066028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809072086454637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, companyId=1209809072078066028, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209809072686240195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A0PjbYHmc19wp/0TqUWd5A==, figureFileBig=KdUQEEsg12xaWPnaMOKihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809072824652246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Subsite nomenclature for proteolytic enzymes is shown. Amino acid residues to the left of the polypeptide scissile amide bond are numbered sequentially, beginning with P1 and increasing toward the N-terminus. Amino acid residues to the right of the scissile bond are numbered sequentially, beginning with P1′ and increasing toward the C-terminus. Complimentary regions of the protease active site employ the corresponding S numbering , figureFileSmall=A0PjbYHmc19wp/0TqUWd5A==, figureFileBig=KdUQEEsg12xaWPnaMOKihw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809072971452903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=acChzLzx33EctImrOrNk3w==, figureFileBig=uMLxEp/qUtjQHWojAmIiGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073076310519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Typical weak electrophilic groups , figureFileSmall=acChzLzx33EctImrOrNk3w==, figureFileBig=uMLxEp/qUtjQHWojAmIiGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073197945353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=X1xsF4rIGLGCKtJosy95Ag==, figureFileBig=E5m2n86cz87q+eMkaPzQBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073395077668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Co-crystallography of SARS-CoV-1 3Cpro with compound 2 (PF-00835231) , figureFileSmall=X1xsF4rIGLGCKtJosy95Ag==, figureFileBig=E5m2n86cz87q+eMkaPzQBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073562849850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wyLuu1sSFXOs+fAGUK6pzA==, figureFileBig=ejmruknusl7q2Bc/6/KnaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073759982157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
a: Cocrystal structure of the covalent adduct of 24 bound to SARS CoV-2 3Cpro. b: Sketch of binding mode of compound 24 in the binding site , figureFileSmall=wyLuu1sSFXOs+fAGUK6pzA==, figureFileBig=ejmruknusl7q2Bc/6/KnaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809073873228377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bRdSRiHYIU6pwbo9ywCzxw==, figureFileBig=bkOfRBRXjf4zk1hMg+55Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809074020029034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Reversible covalent Cys145 adduct is formed with the nitrile substituent in compound , figureFileSmall=bRdSRiHYIU6pwbo9ywCzxw==, figureFileBig=bkOfRBRXjf4zk1hMg+55Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809074150052468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro FRETa |
| kobs/I /(mol·L-1)-1s-1 | IC50/nmol·L-1 |
| 3 | Me | - | 220 |
| 4 | cyc-Pro | - | 182 |
| 5 | tert-Bu | - | 230 |
| 6 | Ph | - | 86 |
| 7 | 4-MeO-Ph | - | 79 |
| 8 | 4-Me-Ph | - | 87 |
| 9 | 4-CN-Ph | - | 53 |
| 10 | 4-F-Ph | - | 82 |
| 11 | 4-Cl-Ph | - | 97 |
| 12 | 2-CN-Ph | - | 17 |
| 13 | 2, 6-(Me)2 -Ph | - | 74 |
| 14 | 2, 6-(OMe)2 -Ph | - | 205 |
| 15 | 2, 6-(Cl)2 -Ph | 62 993 | - |
| 16 | 2, 6-(F)2 -Ph | 12 776 | - |
| 17 | 2-OH-4-Cl-Ph | 11 525 | - |
| 18 | 2-F-4-CN-Ph | 13 321 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809074317824641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
SARS CoV-1 3Cpro inhibition data for acyloxymethylketone compounds. a: Continuous fluorescence resonance energy-transfer assay. The kobs is the first-order rate constant for the proteolytic reaction and represents the rate of inactivation of coronavirus 3C protease. The slope (kobs/I) of a plot of kobs vs [I] is a measure of the activity of the inhibitor for an enzyme
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro FRETa |
| kobs/I /(mol·L-1)-1s-1 | IC50/nmol·L-1 |
| 3 | Me | - | 220 |
| 4 | cyc-Pro | - | 182 |
| 5 | tert-Bu | - | 230 |
| 6 | Ph | - | 86 |
| 7 | 4-MeO-Ph | - | 79 |
| 8 | 4-Me-Ph | - | 87 |
| 9 | 4-CN-Ph | - | 53 |
| 10 | 4-F-Ph | - | 82 |
| 11 | 4-Cl-Ph | - | 97 |
| 12 | 2-CN-Ph | - | 17 |
| 13 | 2, 6-(Me)2 -Ph | - | 74 |
| 14 | 2, 6-(OMe)2 -Ph | - | 205 |
| 15 | 2, 6-(Cl)2 -Ph | 62 993 | - |
| 16 | 2, 6-(F)2 -Ph | 12 776 | - |
| 17 | 2-OH-4-Cl-Ph | 11 525 | - |
| 18 | 2-F-4-CN-Ph | 13 321 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809074456236690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro FRET |
| kobs/I /(mol·L-1)-1s-1 | IC50/nmol·L-1 |
| 15 |  | 62 993 | - |
| 19 |  | - | 24% inhibition @ 1000 |
| 20 | CH3 | - | 1 028 |
| 21 |  | 30 287 | - |
| 22 |  | 5 834 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809074561094302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
SARS CoV-1 3Cpro inhibition for P2′- modified acyloxymethylketone compounds
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro FRET |
| kobs/I /(mol·L-1)-1s-1 | IC50/nmol·L-1 |
| 15 |  | 62 993 | - |
| 19 |  | - | 24% inhibition @ 1000 |
| 20 | CH3 | - | 1 028 |
| 21 |  | 30 287 | - |
| 22 |  | 5 834 | - |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809074699506354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro a IC50/nmol·L-1 | SARS CoV-1a EC50/μmol·L-1 |
| 23 |  | H | 7 | 10 |
| 24 |  | H | 4 | 5 |
| 25 |  | CH3 | 83 | 19 |
| 26 |  | H | 20 | 10 |
| 27 |  | H | 34 | 44 |
| 28 |  | H | 44 | 14 |
| 29 |  | H | 103 | 47 |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809074816946879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
SAR of the compounds with different substituent at the peptide skeleton. a: SARS CoV-1 infected Vero 76 cells
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| Compd. | R1 | R2 | SARS CoV-1 3Cpro a IC50/nmol·L-1 | SARS CoV-1a EC50/μmol·L-1 |
| 23 |  | H | 7 | 10 |
| 24 |  | H | 4 | 5 |
| 25 |  | CH3 | 83 | 19 |
| 26 |  | H | 20 | 10 |
| 27 |  | H | 34 | 44 |
| 28 |  | H | 44 | 14 |
| 29 |  | H | 103 | 47 |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809075039245015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | SARS CoV-2 3Cpro Ki/nmol·L-1 | Vera E6 EC50/nmol·L-1 | MDCK-LEa Papp×10-6 cm·s-1 | HLM CLintb /mL·min-1·mg-1 | Rat oral bioavailability F/% | Fa×Fg /% |
| 24 |  | 0.271 | 231 | < 0.207 | 7.47 | 1.4 | 3.3 |
| 30 |  | 27.7 | 1 364 | 0.945 | 34.4 | 7.6 | 38 |
| 31 |  | 230 | 5 593 | 10.3 | 337 | - | - |
| 32 |  | 7.93 | 909 | 1.56 | 127 | 10 | 84 |
| 33 |  | 12.1 | 85.3 | 13.1 | 30.3 | 33 | 100 |
| 34 |  | 3.11 | 74.5 | 1.71 | 24.5 | 50 | 96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809075165074150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=
Structure evolution of the candidate compound and typical parameters. a: Papp from apical to basolateral direction was determined in Madin-Darby canine kidney-low efflux (MDCK-LE) cells; b: CLint refers to total intrinsic clearance obtained from scaling of half-lives of test compounds in NADPH-supplemented HLMs
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compd. | Structure | SARS CoV-2 3Cpro Ki/nmol·L-1 | Vera E6 EC50/nmol·L-1 | MDCK-LEa Papp×10-6 cm·s-1 | HLM CLintb /mL·min-1·mg-1 | Rat oral bioavailability F/% | Fa×Fg /% |
| 24 |  | 0.271 | 231 | < 0.207 | 7.47 | 1.4 | 3.3 |
| 30 |  | 27.7 | 1 364 | 0.945 | 34.4 | 7.6 | 38 |
| 31 |  | 230 | 5 593 | 10.3 | 337 | - | - |
| 32 |  | 7.93 | 909 | 1.56 | 127 | 10 | 84 |
| 33 |  | 12.1 | 85.3 | 13.1 | 30.3 | 33 | 100 |
| 34 |  | 3.11 | 74.5 | 1.71 | 24.5 | 50 | 96 |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809075358012157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| No. | Description |
| 1 | Activity: All coronavirus types known to infect humans, including β-coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, HKU1, OC43, and MERS-CoV) as well as α-coronaviruses (229E and NL63) |
| 2 | Selectivity: No inhibitory effects were noted against mammalian cysteine (caspase 2, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L), serine (chymotrypsin, elastase, and thrombin) and aspartyl (cathepsin D) proteases at the highest concentration tested (100 μmol·L-1) |
| 3 | Potency for COVID-19 virus-infected mice: Significant reduction of lung viral titers |
| 4 | Histopathological analysis and immunostaining of lungs: From COVID-19 virus infected mice showed that 34 limits cellular infiltration and protects lung tissue from damage caused by virus replication |
| 5 | Immunohistochemical analysis: Using a viral nucleocapsid antibody to detect viral antigen levels in the lungs revealed that 34 inhibits virus replication in a dose-dependent manner |
| 6 | Plasma clearance (CLp): CLp exhibited moderate in rats and monkeys, with elimination half-lives (t1/2) of 5 h and < 1 h, respectively, after intravenous dosing |
| 7 | Metabolic stability: In NADPH-supplemented HLMs, 34 demonstrated moderate CLint (24.5 μL·min-1·mg-1), which was significantly inhibited (≥ 82%) by the selective CYP3A4/5 inhibitor ketoconazole |
| 8 | Favorable off-target selectivity profile: In a broad panel of G protein-coupled receptors, kinases, transporters, and phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor screens, and was devoid of activity against the cardiac ion channels Kv1.1, Cav1.2, and Nav1.5 |
| 9 | Genetic toxicity: 34 is not mutagenic or clastogenic and is negative in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay |
| 10 | Regulatory toxicity: Repeat oral dosing of 34 in 2-week regulatory toxicity studies in monkeys (60 to 600 mg·kg-1) and rats (40 to 1 000 mg·kg-1) led to dose-dependent increases in both maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area-under-the-plasma concentration versus time curves (AUCs) |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809075462869766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788335363592677, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=
Highlight of biological property for candidate 34
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 |
| No. | Description |
| 1 | Activity: All coronavirus types known to infect humans, including β-coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, HKU1, OC43, and MERS-CoV) as well as α-coronaviruses (229E and NL63) |
| 2 | Selectivity: No inhibitory effects were noted against mammalian cysteine (caspase 2, cathepsin B, and cathepsin L), serine (chymotrypsin, elastase, and thrombin) and aspartyl (cathepsin D) proteases at the highest concentration tested (100 μmol·L-1) |
| 3 | Potency for COVID-19 virus-infected mice: Significant reduction of lung viral titers |
| 4 | Histopathological analysis and immunostaining of lungs: From COVID-19 virus infected mice showed that 34 limits cellular infiltration and protects lung tissue from damage caused by virus replication |
| 5 | Immunohistochemical analysis: Using a viral nucleocapsid antibody to detect viral antigen levels in the lungs revealed that 34 inhibits virus replication in a dose-dependent manner |
| 6 | Plasma clearance (CLp): CLp exhibited moderate in rats and monkeys, with elimination half-lives (t1/2) of 5 h and < 1 h, respectively, after intravenous dosing |
| 7 | Metabolic stability: In NADPH-supplemented HLMs, 34 demonstrated moderate CLint (24.5 μL·min-1·mg-1), which was significantly inhibited (≥ 82%) by the selective CYP3A4/5 inhibitor ketoconazole |
| 8 | Favorable off-target selectivity profile: In a broad panel of G protein-coupled receptors, kinases, transporters, and phosphodiesterase enzyme inhibitor screens, and was devoid of activity against the cardiac ion channels Kv1.1, Cav1.2, and Nav1.5 |
| 9 | Genetic toxicity: 34 is not mutagenic or clastogenic and is negative in an in vivo rat micronucleus assay |
| 10 | Regulatory toxicity: Repeat oral dosing of 34 in 2-week regulatory toxicity studies in monkeys (60 to 600 mg·kg-1) and rats (40 to 1 000 mg·kg-1) led to dose-dependent increases in both maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area-under-the-plasma concentration versus time curves (AUCs) |
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