Article(id=1210516747698967082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1756, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1638892800000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-08, revisedDate=1642435200000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282965, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282965, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282965, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282965, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3067, endPage=3076, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516752946041818, articleId=1210516747698967082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment of 3D organoids model of cardiac hypertrophy and its application in the mechanistic analysis of cardiovascular traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1210516747279536651, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebrovascular Related Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with the traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture, three-dimensional (3D) organoid can better simulate the physiological and pathological microenvironment of organs and tissues. In this study, 3D cardiac organoids were constructed using cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), cardiac myocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from hearts of 1-3-day Sprague-Dawley (SD) neonatal rats. The experimental scheme was approved by the Experimental Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and met the standards of experimental animal welfare and ethics. Optimal seeding cell density and culture time were determined by observing the sphere diameter and pulsation. The hierarchical structure and cardiac-like function were evaluated by fluorescence staining. The results showed that the cardiac-like microspheres constructed with cell number of 1×104 still beated spontaneously even after 34 days in culture, and maintained characteristic cellular hierarchical structure. Then, based on these cardiac microspheres, a phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy model was established and evaluated by mitochondrial mass, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Guanxinning Injection (GXNI) was tested to verify that the established model can be used for myocardial hypertrophy drug screen. The results showed that GXNI significantly reversed the enlargement of cardiac microsphere area and diameter, the increase of mitochondrial mass, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by PE, and reduced upregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). In conclusion, this study successfully established a 3D in vitro model of cardiac remodeling induced by cardiac hypertrophy. In this new system, cardiac microspheres not only have cardiac-like morphology and extracellular matrix components, but also exhibit spontaneous and rhythmic systolic and diastolic function. Therefore, the cardiac microsphere is an effective model to investigate the pathological mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and screen related drugs.

, correspAuthors=Yan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-wen FAN, Yu-han ZHAO, Guang-xu XIAO, Guan-wei FAN, Yan ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516756356010192, articleId=1210516747698967082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=3D类器官心脏肥大模型的建立及在心血管病治疗中药作用机制解析中的应用, columnId=1210516747543777820, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

与传统二维(2D) 单层培养模式相比, 三维(3D) 类器官培养能更好地模拟器官组织的生理及病理状态。本研究利用1~3天新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞(CFs)、心肌细胞(CMs) 和内皮细胞(ECs) 构建了3D心脏类器官体。动物实验方案经天津中医药大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审查, 符合相关规范。通过观察类心脏直径和搏动情况确定了最佳接种细胞数和培养时间。通过荧光染色对其层次结构和类心脏功能进行评价, 发现细胞数为1×104构建的类心脏微球不仅培养34天后仍可自发性搏动且保持特征细胞层次结构。基于此类心脏微球用苯肾上腺素(PE) 为诱导剂构建了心脏肥大模型, 并通过线粒体质量、细胞内Ca2+浓度、线粒体膜电位等指标进行评价。为进一步验证所建立模型可用于防治心肌肥大药物的筛选, 本研究选用冠心宁注射液(GXNI) 进行评价。结果表明GXNI显著逆转了PE导致的心脏微球面积和直径变大, 以及线粒体质量、细胞内Ca2+浓度的增加和线粒体膜电位的降低, 并减弱心钠肽(ANP)、脑钠肽(BNP) 和β心肌肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC) 的表达上调。本研究成功建立了诱导心脏肥大导致心脏重塑的3D类心脏体外模型, 在此体系中, 心脏球状体具有类心脏形态及细胞外基质成分, 且表现出自发及节律的收缩舒张功能, 提示类心脏微球有潜力作为研究心脏肥大病理机制及筛选相关药物的有效模型。

, correspAuthors=朱彦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱彦,Tel: 15822700439, Fax: 86-22-27429103, E-mail:
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Nat Med, 2008, 14: 213-221., articleTitle=Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516764547486323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, awardId=2018YFC1704502, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516764690092666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, awardId=2018ZX01031301, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX01031301), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516764778173054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, awardId=81873037, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516756586696937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516756595085547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, companyId=1210516756586696937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516756859326729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, companyId=1210516756842549513, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 天津中医药处方与证学转化研究重点 实验室, 天津 300193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516761439506943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=h6fMR6VP+RJTCc5mIvitTA==, figureFileBig=lSmPmxEzwU+A/iqKzqHlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761527587333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schematic diagram of three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), cardiac myocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Cardiac cells were extracted from the hearts of 1-3-day-old neonatal rats and co-cultured to form a unique globule in a suspension well plate , figureFileSmall=h6fMR6VP+RJTCc5mIvitTA==, figureFileBig=lSmPmxEzwU+A/iqKzqHlUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761842160155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0Aj3bLNPzXpUeiGDiPnOqA==, figureFileBig=Trye0k7fwF+KOwKH1XBeEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761972183589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Growth process of isolated heart cells into organoid microspheres. Representative bright field images of CFs, ECs and CMs co-cultured in suspension for different days were shown. Scale bar, 50 μm , figureFileSmall=0Aj3bLNPzXpUeiGDiPnOqA==, figureFileBig=Trye0k7fwF+KOwKH1XBeEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762093818409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Lbf0yVBtcnUkCpfkHltdiw==, figureFileBig=K4yBIKjASulrtTnvmHy3MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762202870322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Morphological analysis of 3D cardiac microspheres under different culture conditions. A: Distribution of CMs, CFs and ECs in cardioids. Cells were stained with antibodies against CMs, CFs and ECs markers: <i>α</i>-actinin, vimentin and CD31, and observed by high content confocal microscopy; B: Cardiac like cells were cultured for 34 days and observed under light microscope for 7, 14, 21 and 34 days, respectively; C: Antibody staining of cells in high connotation after 34 days of cardioid; D: The extracellular matrix is mainly divided into laminin and exists in the whole globule. Scale bar, 50 μm , figureFileSmall=Lbf0yVBtcnUkCpfkHltdiw==, figureFileBig=K4yBIKjASulrtTnvmHy3MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762374836794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OpuFoxXl136ZIqyy57YIuQ==, figureFileBig=VIpTy1hAimmHLBMS9/PN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763591184962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Morphological analysis of 3D cardiac microspheres induced by different concentrations of phenylephrine (PE). A: Images of cardiac microspheres in brightfield and <i>α</i>-actinin protein expression induce by PE with 20, 100, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; B: Quantitative results of the diameter of 20, 100, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PE induced cardiac microspheres; C: Operetta image of the effect of mitochondrial function after PE induced cardiac microsphere injury; D: Effect of mitochondrial quality; E: Effect of calcium concentration; F: Effect of mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar, 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=OpuFoxXl136ZIqyy57YIuQ==, figureFileBig=VIpTy1hAimmHLBMS9/PN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763691848264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=muOhMrIhW/njXMkz5LxtFg==, figureFileBig=BZVXqbC/8Baj4QE6XMQDzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763796705870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of PE on CFs and ECs. A: Operetta image of the CD31 protein expression induce by PE (500 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: Expression of CD31, the marker of ECs, induced by PE; C: Effect of PE on proliferation of CFs in rats. Scale bar, 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 , figureFileSmall=muOhMrIhW/njXMkz5LxtFg==, figureFileBig=BZVXqbC/8Baj4QE6XMQDzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763888980567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aITAdV2SZyNzhoA0pNxkKA==, figureFileBig=+UT8GwITBFO99bzWLFB7ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763956089433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Morphological analysis of Guanxinning Injection (GXNI) after PE induced cardiac injury. A: Brightfield and Operetta image of cardiac microspheres; B: GXNI on PE induced cardiac hypertrophy; C: Operetta image of effect of mitochondrial function; D: Effect of mitochondrial quality; E: Effect of calcium concentration; F: Effect of mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar, 50 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=aITAdV2SZyNzhoA0pNxkKA==, figureFileBig=+UT8GwITBFO99bzWLFB7ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516764039975517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oELS8TIddvPZVP6ZnzL6Yg==, figureFileBig=Lxw1tSmx1btxFt706gkQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516764165804646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effect of GXNI on cardiac hypertrophy markers induced by PE. A: Gene expression of the <i>ANP</i>; B: Gene expression of the <i>BNP</i>; C: Gene expression of the <i>β-MHC. n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=oELS8TIddvPZVP6ZnzL6Yg==, figureFileBig=Lxw1tSmx1btxFt706gkQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516764274856553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
ANPF: CATGGGCTCCTTCTCCATCA
R: TGGCCTGGGAGCCAAA
BNPF: CGGGCTGAGGTTGTTTTAGG
R: GCCGCAGGCAGAGTCAGA
β-MHCF: CACCAGCCTCATCAACCAGAAGAAG
R: TCCTCTGCGTTCCTACACTCCTG
GAPDHF: ATGATTCTACCCACGGCAAG
R: CTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGTT
), ArticleFig(id=1210516764362936941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516747698967082, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequences for real-time quantitative PCR. F: Forward; R: Reverse; ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; β-MHC: β-Myosin heavy chain; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
ANPF: CATGGGCTCCTTCTCCATCA
R: TGGCCTGGGAGCCAAA
BNPF: CGGGCTGAGGTTGTTTTAGG
R: GCCGCAGGCAGAGTCAGA
β-MHCF: CACCAGCCTCATCAACCAGAAGAAG
R: TCCTCTGCGTTCCTACACTCCTG
GAPDHF: ATGATTCTACCCACGGCAAG
R: CTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGTT
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3D类器官心脏肥大模型的建立及在心血管病治疗中药作用机制解析中的应用
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范斯文 1, 2 , 赵玉涵 1, 2 , 肖光旭 1, 2 , 樊官伟 1, 3 , 朱彦 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022,57(10): 3067-3076
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022, 57(10): 3067-3076
3D类器官心脏肥大模型的建立及在心血管病治疗中药作用机制解析中的应用
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范斯文1, 2, 赵玉涵1, 2, 肖光旭1, 2, 樊官伟1, 3, 朱彦1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学, 省部共建组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 300193
  • 2.天津国际生物医药联合研究院, 中药新药研发中心, 天津 300457
  • 3.天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 天津中医药处方与证学转化研究重点 实验室, 天津 300193

通讯作者:

*朱彦,Tel: 15822700439, Fax: 86-22-27429103, E-mail:
Establishment of 3D organoids model of cardiac hypertrophy and its application in the mechanistic analysis of cardiovascular traditional Chinese medicine
Si-wen FAN1, 2, Yu-han ZHAO1, 2, Guang-xu XIAO1, 2, Guan-wei FAN1, 3, Yan ZHU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
  • 2. Chinese Medicine New Drug Research and Development Center, International Biomedical Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1756
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与传统二维(2D) 单层培养模式相比, 三维(3D) 类器官培养能更好地模拟器官组织的生理及病理状态。本研究利用1~3天新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞(CFs)、心肌细胞(CMs) 和内皮细胞(ECs) 构建了3D心脏类器官体。动物实验方案经天津中医药大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审查, 符合相关规范。通过观察类心脏直径和搏动情况确定了最佳接种细胞数和培养时间。通过荧光染色对其层次结构和类心脏功能进行评价, 发现细胞数为1×104构建的类心脏微球不仅培养34天后仍可自发性搏动且保持特征细胞层次结构。基于此类心脏微球用苯肾上腺素(PE) 为诱导剂构建了心脏肥大模型, 并通过线粒体质量、细胞内Ca2+浓度、线粒体膜电位等指标进行评价。为进一步验证所建立模型可用于防治心肌肥大药物的筛选, 本研究选用冠心宁注射液(GXNI) 进行评价。结果表明GXNI显著逆转了PE导致的心脏微球面积和直径变大, 以及线粒体质量、细胞内Ca2+浓度的增加和线粒体膜电位的降低, 并减弱心钠肽(ANP)、脑钠肽(BNP) 和β心肌肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC) 的表达上调。本研究成功建立了诱导心脏肥大导致心脏重塑的3D类心脏体外模型, 在此体系中, 心脏球状体具有类心脏形态及细胞外基质成分, 且表现出自发及节律的收缩舒张功能, 提示类心脏微球有潜力作为研究心脏肥大病理机制及筛选相关药物的有效模型。

类器官  /  类心脏微球  /  心脏肥大  /  体外模型  /  中医药  /  中药注射剂  /  高内涵影像

Compared with the traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture, three-dimensional (3D) organoid can better simulate the physiological and pathological microenvironment of organs and tissues. In this study, 3D cardiac organoids were constructed using cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), cardiac myocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from hearts of 1-3-day Sprague-Dawley (SD) neonatal rats. The experimental scheme was approved by the Experimental Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and met the standards of experimental animal welfare and ethics. Optimal seeding cell density and culture time were determined by observing the sphere diameter and pulsation. The hierarchical structure and cardiac-like function were evaluated by fluorescence staining. The results showed that the cardiac-like microspheres constructed with cell number of 1×104 still beated spontaneously even after 34 days in culture, and maintained characteristic cellular hierarchical structure. Then, based on these cardiac microspheres, a phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy model was established and evaluated by mitochondrial mass, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Guanxinning Injection (GXNI) was tested to verify that the established model can be used for myocardial hypertrophy drug screen. The results showed that GXNI significantly reversed the enlargement of cardiac microsphere area and diameter, the increase of mitochondrial mass, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by PE, and reduced upregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). In conclusion, this study successfully established a 3D in vitro model of cardiac remodeling induced by cardiac hypertrophy. In this new system, cardiac microspheres not only have cardiac-like morphology and extracellular matrix components, but also exhibit spontaneous and rhythmic systolic and diastolic function. Therefore, the cardiac microsphere is an effective model to investigate the pathological mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy and screen related drugs.

organoid  /  cardiac microsphere  /  cardiac hypertrophy  /  in vitro model  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  traditional Chinese medicine injection  /  high content imaging
范斯文, 赵玉涵, 肖光旭, 樊官伟, 朱彦. 3D类器官心脏肥大模型的建立及在心血管病治疗中药作用机制解析中的应用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3067 -3076 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1756
Si-wen FAN, Yu-han ZHAO, Guang-xu XIAO, Guan-wei FAN, Yan ZHU. Establishment of 3D organoids model of cardiac hypertrophy and its application in the mechanistic analysis of cardiovascular traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3067 -3076 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1756
心力衰竭是常见致命疾病[1], 是各种心血管疾病的末期阶段, 被称为心血管病的最后战场[2]。基于二维(2D) 单层细胞培养模型的心力衰竭研究已有很多成果, 但因缺乏细胞间相互作用和细胞质基质, 2D单层培养不能充分模拟器官组织的生理及病理过程。三维(3D) 类器官培养在基因表达、促生存、分化和凋亡方面与体内情况更为相似, 可为细胞间相互作用提供适宜环境[3]。目前已成功体外培养出有生理结构和功能的类组织器官模型, 具有很好的临床应用前景[4, 5]。但心脏类器官研究进展缓慢, 亟需开发可模拟体内心脏发生的体外模型和有助于心脏发育的类器官, 以便更好了解心脏功能, 为药物研究和心脏病理模型提供技术支持。此外也有研究者证明利用多功能干细胞培养体外类心脏具有极大潜力[6]。心脏结构复杂, 不仅是简单空腔结构, 其由多层组织和不同细胞类型组成, 细胞的协同工作确保心脏正常运作[7]。心脏结构的复杂性严重阻碍了3D心脏类器官的研究, 目前尚缺乏方法相对简单、重复性较高的可模拟人体心脏的3D立体模型。
病理性心脏重塑是所有心血管疾病发展并进展为心力衰竭的共同病理过程, 细胞肥大是心脏重构发展进程中最重要的部分[8, 9], 通过分离心脏细胞共培养可用于建立新型3D体外模型。苯肾上腺素(phenylephrine, PE) 是促细胞肥大药物, 可触发类心脏微球肥大引起的心脏重塑及影响线粒体功能, 因此选用PE进行诱导。在此新3D体系中, 心脏球状体不仅具有典型的心脏形态、产生细胞外基质成分, 而且表现出类心脏的自发且节律的收缩舒张功能。与在血管球状体中观察到的情况类似[10], 分离的心脏细胞在3D环境中聚集和重组, 通过自组装产生一个具有微血管结构的可自发性搏动的3D体外模型。
为证明PE诱导的体外3D类心脏器官的病理性心脏肥大模型的可逆性, 本研究应用冠心宁注射剂(GXNI) 进行模型验证。GXNI是临床常用中药注射剂, 用于冠心病、心绞痛的治疗[11-13], 研究表明其可显著降低心肌梗死面积, 减少心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及抗心脏肥大作用[14, 15]。据作者所知, 本研究所构建模型是首个心脏肥大体外3D模型。鉴于2D细胞无法模拟乍得肌病期间体内观察到的纤维化和肥大引起的心脏重塑, 且缺乏细胞和细胞外基质相互作用, 不具有心脏的生理功能, 阻碍细胞的功能完整表达[16], 故本研究所构建的3D体外模型比2D模型能更好地模拟心脏肥大病理过程, 将对心脏肥大病理机制的深入探究和相关药物的研发起到重要推动作用[17]
实验动物   用于提取原代心脏细胞的1~3日龄SD (Sprague-Dawley) 大鼠新生乳鼠(雌雄不分) 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 证书编号: SCXK Jing 2017-0005。动物实验方案经天津中医药大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会审查, 符合相关规范。
试剂、耗材和仪器   Medium 199、胰蛋白酶(Gibco公司); PE、4%多聚甲醛(索莱宝生物技术有限公司); CellMax优级胎牛血清(FBS, 兰州百灵有限公司); Ⅱ型胶原酶(Worthington公司); Hoechst 33342、MitoTracker Deep Red FM荧光染料(Invitrogen公司); α-actinin一抗(11313-2-AP, 兔多抗, Proteintech公司); vimentin一抗(ab24525, 鸡多抗)、laminin一抗(ab11575, 兔多抗)、Alexa Fluor 488 (驴抗小鼠二抗)、Alexa Fluor 555 (羊抗兔二抗)、Alexa Fluor 647 (羊抗鸡二抗) (Abcam公司); CD31一抗(3528S, 小鼠单抗, CST公司); Rhodamine 123 (Sigma公司); Rhod-2 (日本同仁化学公司); GXNI (批号200917A2, 国药准字Z13020779, 神威药业集团有限公司); CCK-8试剂盒(MCE公司); EasyPure® RNA试剂盒(全式金生物技术公司); Bestar™ qPCR masmix (上海星汉生物科技有限公司); 倒置显微镜(DMIL, Leica公司); Operetta高内涵多细胞成像系统、超低吸附U型96孔板(MS-9096UZ) (PerkinElmer公司); cDNA合成试剂盒、荧光定量PCR系统(LightCycler®480) (Roche公司)。
心脏细胞分离和培养   取10只1~3日龄的SD大鼠乳鼠(雌雄不分), 在75%乙醇中浸泡5~10 s, 在无菌条件下快速取出心脏, 置于盛有冰磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, 含1%双抗) 的平皿中, 剪去心耳, 反复冲洗干净血液。将心脏剪碎至1 mm2大小, 用5 mL枪头吸至锥形瓶中, 分别吸取2.0 mL 0.06%胰蛋白酶和0.1% Ⅱ型胶原酶在37 ℃水浴中消化5~6次, 每次5 min。收集除第1次消化外所得的消化液, 及时加入终止培养基(含10% FBS) 终止消化, 并将消化液合并200目筛过滤除去未消化组织块。于1 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃上清, 将细胞沉淀用终止消化培养基充分轻柔吹打成心脏的单细胞悬液, 离心后重悬于含10% FBS的M199培养基, 进行后续实验。
3D心脏类器官模型的形成和确立   将乳鼠心脏细胞分别以每孔5×103、1×104、5×104、1×105的细胞数悬滴在含5% FBS的M199培养基的超低吸附U型96孔板中, 经1、2、3、4、7和14天培养, 各细胞间通过自组装形式可形成有层次结构的可自发性搏动的类心脏模型。每3天更换1次培养基, 通过倒置显微镜观察, 在各细胞紧密连接形成1个完整的球体后开始进行后续实验。由于心脏是由约30%的心脏成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts, CFs)、约64%的心肌细胞(cardiac myocytes, CMs) 和小于6%的内皮细胞(endothelial cells, ECs) 组成[18], 因此为了证明类器官模型的成功建立, 用这3种典型细胞的对应标记物(CFs: vimentin; ECs: CD31; CMs: α-actinin) 进行心脏球状体的后续免疫荧光检测。
免疫荧光实验   类心脏球体在4%多聚甲醛中固定30 min, 以渗透缓冲液(0.5% Triton-X-100、0.1% Tween-20) 打孔15~20 min, 并在封闭缓冲液(5%牛血清白蛋白) 中室温放置2 h。一抗在封闭缓冲液中稀释(α-actinin, 1∶400; vimentin, 1∶100; CD31, 1∶100), 并与球状体在4 ℃孵育过夜。类心脏球在室温用PBST (PBS, 0.05% Tween-20)、PBS、渗透缓冲液洗3次, 与用封闭缓冲液稀释的荧光二抗在室温避光孵育2 h。用高内涵多细胞成像系统进行拍摄, 用Harmony 3.0软件对Operetta成像进行细胞组成及分布分析。
PE诱导类心脏心衰模型的建立及分组   为确定PE在类心脏微球模型的用药浓度, 用不含血清的M199培养基将PE储备液(纯水配制, 超声使其充分溶解, 浓度为10 mg·L-1) 依次稀释为20、100、500、1 000、2 000 μmol·L-1工作液。将类心脏微球进行分组: 正常对照组(control) 和不同浓度PE组(20、100、500、1 000、2 000 μmol·L-1)。待类心脏微球完全形成圆形并搏动后, 弃上清液, 除对照组加入M199培养基, 其余各组分别加入不同浓度PE溶液, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱孵育72 h后, 进行后续实验, 实验重复3次。
高内涵多指标对类心脏线粒体功能的评价   将原代心脏细胞数以每孔1×104个、体积100 μL接种至超低吸附U型96孔培养板, 培养至7天完全形成球状并开始出现自发性搏动。进行类心脏微球预给药及造模后, 将孔内液体换为含Hoechst 33342 (0.1 μg·mL-1)、MitoTracker Deep Red FM (0.1 μg·mL-1)、Rhodamine 123 (3 μg·mL-1) 和Rhod-2 AM (3 μg·mL-1) 不同荧光染料的M199培养基, 37 ℃下避光孵育30 min。用预热PBS洗3次, 每次5 min, 每孔加入100 μL PBS。根据荧光探针不同的激发和发射波长设定成像条件, 进行全自动活细胞成像。用Harmony 3.0软件对Operetta成像进行分析, 读取不同荧光染料荧光值。Hoechst 33342、MitoTracker Deep Red FM、Rhodamine 123和Rhod-2 AM荧光分别表示细胞核、线粒体质量(mitochondrial mass)、线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm) 和细胞内Ca2+水平4个指标。
RT (real-time quantitative)-PCR法分析心脏肥大标志物的表达   用EasyPure® RNA试剂盒以20~30个微球为一组提取总RNA样本, 用cDNA合成试剂盒生成cDNA模板。以甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH) 为内参, 检测各样本的心钠肽(atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP)、脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide, BNP) 和β心肌肌球蛋白重链(β-myosin heavy chain, β-MHC) 的mRNA表达水平。PCR引物由上海生工生物技术公司合成(表 1)。
CCK-8法检测细胞增殖   将生长状态良好的成纤维细胞消化, 以每毫升1×104个细胞接种于96孔板中, 每组设6个复孔, 每孔体积100 μL。细胞贴壁后于无血清培养液同步化24 h, 用500 μmol·L-1 PE干预72 h后, 各孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液, 于37 ℃孵育4 h, 检测450 nm波长处吸光度值。
统计学分析   结果由至少3次独立实验获得。数据以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示。组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 使用GraphPad Prism 8软件计算, P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
从SD大鼠乳鼠心脏分离的细胞悬液中含有约30% CFs、64% CMs和小于6%的ECs[18], 经共培养生成心脏球状体(图 1)。为优化初始细胞种板数, 通过酶解乳鼠心脏细胞, 以每孔5×103、1×104、5×104、1×105的细胞数分别悬滴在U型96孔板中。心脏细胞在2~3天内开始聚集成多个小球体, 在7天内形成独特的全圆形心脏球体并自发性跳动。
类心脏微球的形态观察结果如图 2所示。随着球状体大小和培养时间的增加, 较高细胞数量组成的类心脏微球(1×105细胞数) 中可见明显核心坏死的形成, 微球崩裂导致周围细胞碎片增多。在培养的14天内, 初始种板数为1×105的组别, 其球体直径超过160 μm, 心脏微球中心坏死以及微球过大而瓦解使其没有规律的搏动甚至不搏动。初始种板数为5×103、1×104、5×104的组别, 微球直径保持在140 μm以下, 可确保球中心氧的浓度, 使球体不会瓦解且可有规律的搏动。因此, 后续对以5×103、1×104、5×104为初始种板数的心脏微球组别做进一步筛选。
在完全形成心脏球状体后, 分别用CFs、ECs和CMs标记物vimentin、CD31和α-actinin抗体进行检测, 并用Hoechst 33342为细胞核进行染色(图 3), 其中红色、橙色、绿色和蓝色荧光分别表示vimentin、α-actinin、CD31和细胞核的分布。通过高内涵成像系统分析不同浓度心脏微球中各种细胞通过自组装形成具有层次结构的排列分布情况, 结果表明, 各浓度的心脏微球内皮细胞在心脏球状体内表达呈阳性, 表明在心脏微球中产生了微血管结构。CMs存在于整个类心脏微球内部, 与CD31阳性的ECs相邻, CFs附着于CMs和ECs周围, 在整个微球的外部。而初始种板细胞数为5×104的组别细胞圆润度较差, 存在微球瓦解并产生细胞碎片附着现象(图 3A)。
已有研究为确保球体有足够氧气供应而对氧气轮廓进行了硅预测[19], 提示平均半径小于88 μm的球状体中心氧值下降最小。也有研究通过验证球中心细胞的坏死程度及ATP浓度而确定球体直径不能超过150 μm为最佳研究条件[20]。由于初始种板数5×103细胞组的微球过小, 且结构层次不清晰, 操作难度大, 因此确定1×104个细胞为类心脏微球模型的初始种板数(体积100 μL)。在以1×104个细胞种板后, 进行34天培养, 发现球体仍可自发性跳动且细胞内部有明显层次结构(图 3BC)。层连接蛋白laminin是心脏细胞质外基质的主要成分[21], 因此通过检测laminin的表达进行了心脏微球的功能评价(图 3D), 以证明所建立的心脏球体作为心脏类器官模型成立。本研究结果显示, 细胞各结构的排列分布和7天后无显著变化, 提示在细胞形成微球后可进行后续实验。
应用PE (心肌肥厚的病理发病过程中发挥重要作用的神经体液因素) 建立类心脏微球心脏肥大模型[22]。为评价PE对类心脏微球的影响, 将类心脏微球分别在20、100、500、1 000、2 000 μmol·L-1 PE溶液中培养72 h。通过光镜观察心脏微球形态(图 4A), 即类心脏微球的直径变化以判断其肥大程度。与对照组相比, 当PE浓度为100 μmol·L-1时, 心脏微球直径开始呈显著性增加, 在100~2 000 μmol·L-1时对心脏微球直径呈剂量依赖的递增效应(图 4B)。当PE浓度为500 μmol·L-1或更高时, 心脏微球出现不规律的搏动及过快(> 140次/分钟) 或过慢(< 60次/分钟) 的搏动频率。通过高内涵多细胞成像系统分析PE对线粒体功能的影响, 结果显示, 当PE浓度为500 μmol·L-1或更高时, 与正常对照组相比, 心脏微球的MitoTracker、Rhod-2荧光强度明显增强, 表明线粒体质量增加, 细胞内Ca2+显著升高; 心脏微球Rhodamine 123的荧光强度减弱, 说明线粒体膜电位显著降低(P < 0.05) (图 4C~F)。综上, 用500 μmol·L-1 PE处理即可增加微球直径大小, 从而导致类心脏的肥大、影响类心脏的搏动率并影响线粒体功能, 表明类心脏发生了心脏肥大的心室重构, 因此选用500 μmol·L-1 PE浓度为后续实验使用剂量。
为评价3D类心脏中各细胞在PE诱导下的作用并明确引起心脏肥大的具体原因, 通过高内涵多细胞成像系统分析ECs标识物CD31在500 μmol·L-1 PE诱导下的荧光强度。与对照组相比, PE诱导组的CD31荧光强度显著增强(P < 0.05), 说明类心脏内的ECs增殖(图 5AB)。另外, 通过CCK-8法检测PE对CFs的增殖影响。与对照组相比, PE诱导组的CFs细胞数显著增加(P < 0.05, 图 5C), 提示PE引起的3D类心脏肥大不仅由CMs肥大引起, 也由ECs和CFs增殖引起。
本研究将所建立的新型3D微球心脏肥大体外模型首次运用到中药中, 给予由丹参-川芎药对组成的GXNI, 结果表明(图 6AB), 应用500 μmol·L-1 PE作用于心脏微球72 h, 心脏微球面积变大, 微球直径升高(P < 0.01)。给予GXNI可逆转PE的促肥大效应, 使微球直径减小(P < 0.05)。而当GXNI预给药后再进行造模, 72 h后, GXNI可不同程度减弱线粒体呼吸作用的异常升高, 降低线粒体质量, 降低细胞内Ca2+浓度, 减缓钙超载。此外, GXNI还可明显升高线粒体膜电位水平, 与模型组(PE组) 相比具有显著性差异(P < 0.05)。如图 6C~F所示, 与对照组相比, PE诱导后线粒体功能均有所影响, 加入GXNI后, 线粒体质量和Ca2+均有下降趋势, 但无显著性差异, 线粒体膜电位有显著性升高(P < 0.05)。
为评估类心脏肥大机制, 进行了相关标志物ANP、BNP和β-MHC的检测。PE造模后, 与正常对照组相比, 心脏微球中的ANPBNPβ-MHC的mRNA表达均明显升高(P < 0.01)。与PE模型组相比, GXNI给药后上述标志物表达明显减低(P < 0.05), 表明GXNI具有改善PE诱导的心肌肥大的作用(图 7)。
本研究成功构建了具有自发性搏动和细胞质基质的体外3D类心脏模型。通过类心脏模型证明PE诱导心衰后发生了病理性心脏肥大, 并促进了ECs及CFs的增殖。结果表明3D类心脏微球是研究心脏肥大的良好体外模型, 其包含肥大心脏典型的细胞和形态学特征, 且与体内不同类型的细胞在心脏之间进行信号传导的过程相类似。通过将中药注射剂应用在类心脏模型上, 证明了其对心脏肥大的药效。
心脏肥厚是心脏重塑向心脏疾病进展的必然过程, 可用于研究未来发生心脏重塑的心血管疾病患者的潜在治疗靶点。心脏肥大是心力衰竭的慢性生理过程, 而心衰典型的病理学特征之一是心肌能量代谢障碍。线粒体作为心肌细胞内的产能细胞器, 其功能障碍会导致细胞能量代谢紊乱, 影响心肌细胞生存[23]。因此本研究通过PE诱导3D类心脏建立了不可逆转的病理性心脏肥厚的疾病模型。有研究表明PE作为重要的神经内分泌激素可给予心肌细胞诱导心肌肥大等病理反应[22, 24, 25]。已有对于PE作用于ECs和CFs导致收缩功能和纤维化的报道[26], PE和肾上腺素受体能促进血管新生, 使ECs增殖[27]。因此PE诱导的类心脏肥大是由心肌细胞肥大及ECs和CFs的增殖共同引起的。
目前已有针对2D原代心肌细胞培养的改良和探索研究[28]。研究表明培养96 h后, 细胞间可相互连接并形成具有多个同步自律性搏动的细胞团或细胞簇, 其搏动频率为每分钟55~65次[29]。CMs和CFs的共培养已被用于体外研究超过20年[30], 但在3D培养上进展缓慢。近期有团队[31]使用人类多能干细胞成功培养出全球首个可自发形成空腔、自主跳动的体外自组织心脏类器官模型, 同时在受损后心脏成纤维细胞可自主迁移修复损伤。还有研究者[32]利用3D类器官技术, 使用小鼠胚胎干细胞构建出了首个类似于正在发育的心脏3D功能性类器官, 该类器官具有接近体内对应物的功能特性同时包括完整的4个腔室及传导系统细胞, 与发育中的心脏非常相似。Han等[20]将体外培养的干细胞心脏微球成功植入心梗疾病小鼠体内, 生成的微血管组织与2D细胞相比有显著治疗效果。Ong等[33]开发了3D生物打印心脏补丁。通过3D生物打印的心脏贴片在接近人体搏动率后植入大鼠体内, 发现可与大鼠心脏天然融合[34]。上述结果均表明3D心脏类器官体外模型研究取得很大进展。
多细胞球状体中各细胞间通过分泌的细胞质基质进行重组, 可更好再现体内形态, 并在未来有潜力用于干细胞来源的心脏细胞[35]。单层无血管结构的心肌细胞转化为高度排列的、多层的、血管化的3D立体类器官组织在临床和药理研究中具有广泛应用价值[36-39], 例如体外心脏模型可用作药物和毒性筛选平台。也有新兴研究利用去细胞化和再细胞化及3D生物打印技术构建3D心脏组织, 以实现体内修复和潜在的器官置换[40, 41]。不过, 虽然通过组织工程技术构建了3D心脏类器官, 通过生物材料形成支架来组装细胞, 但这些改造器官并无人类心脏生理反应, 往往不能作为良好的疾病模型[31]
本研究中的多细胞心脏3D体外模型不使用生物材料, 包括了心脏的主要细胞成分, 即CFs、CMs和ECs, 在培养34天后, 类器官仍具备稳定搏动率、一定的细胞增殖能力和微血管阳性表达, 证明体外3D类心脏模型成功建立。采用的无支架自组装形式构建的3D类心脏微球可避免生物材料相关问题(免疫原性、纤维组织形成、生物材料降解、降解产物毒性), 且方法简单, 重复性好。多细胞类心脏模型不仅可用于高通量和初步机制研究, 还可缓解研究中过度使用动物的问题。本研究成功构建了新的心脏肥大体外类器官模型并首次用于评价中药药效, 将为心血管疾病相关研究提供参考。
作者贡献: 范斯文负责实验验证、数据统计和文章撰写; 赵玉涵和肖光旭参与部分实验验证与数据采集; 朱彦和樊官伟负责总体研究方案设计、论文审阅指导及研究经费支持。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502)
  • 国家科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX01031301)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1756
  • 接收时间:2021-12-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-08
  • 修回日期:2022-01-18
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502)
国家科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX01031301)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037)
作者信息
    1.天津中医药大学, 省部共建组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 300193
    2.天津国际生物医药联合研究院, 中药新药研发中心, 天津 300457
    3.天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 天津中医药处方与证学转化研究重点 实验室, 天津 300193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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