Article(id=1208489273859359370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489266397692345, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1628, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1636905600000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-15, revisedDate=1638720000000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766055895533, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1639238400000, pubDateStr=2021-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766055895533, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766055895533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766055895533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208489266397692345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='12', pageStart='3203', pageEnd='3554', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766055893754, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766136983434, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208829381217227030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489266397692345, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208829381217227031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208489266397692345, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3370, endPage=3376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208489274345898672, articleId=1208489273859359370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification and functional characterization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase genes family in Tripterygium wilfordii, columnId=1208489267291079103, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Biosynthesis of Plant Natural Products and Synthetic Biology for Their Production, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a valuable medicinal plant, with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and other pharmacological activities. Triterpenoids are one of the main active components that exert pharmacological effects. However, the content of triterpenoids dominated by triptolide is very low in Tripterygium wilfordii, and the analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids in Tripterygium wilfordii provides an effective new idea for obtaining these compounds. 2, 3-Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are the key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of triterpene skeleton diversity. Based on the genome and transcriptome data of Tripterygium wilfordii, 16 OSC genes were identified and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 TwOSC proteins could be mainly classified as four groups. They are β-amyrin synthase group, friedelin synthase group, multifunctional amyrin synthase and cycloartenol synthase group. TwOSC6 was successfully cloned. Functional characterization analysis revealed that TwOSC6 can catalyze the formation of α-amyrin and β-amyrin. This indicates that TwOSC6 is a multifunctional amyrin synthase. This provides new gene resources for the diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii triterpenoids, as well as new gene elements for biosynthesis triterpenoids.

, correspAuthors=Wei GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan LIU, Li-chan TU, Yun LU, Meng XIA, Wei GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208489278208852929, articleId=1208489273859359370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=雷公藤中2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因家族分析及功能表征, columnId=1208489268524204487, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:植物天然产物生物合成及合成生物学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雷公藤具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫抑制等多种药理活性, 是极具研究价值的药用植物。三萜类化合物是其发挥药理作用的主要活性成分之一, 然而以雷公藤红素为主的三萜化合物在植物中含量低, 化学合成困难, 难以得到理想的产量。因此, 解析雷公藤中三萜化合物生物合成途径, 为异源合成这些化合物提供了行之有效的新思路。2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶(OSC) 是催化形成三萜母核多样性的关键酶基因, 本研究基于雷公藤基因组和转录组数据, 共挖掘出16条OSC基因, 并对16条基因进行了生物信息学分析。系统进化树显示16条TwOSC蛋白主要聚为β-香树脂醇合酶、木栓酮合酶、多功能香树脂醇合酶和环阿屯醇合酶四支。成功克隆得到了TwOSC6, 酵母表达和体外发酵结果显示TwOSC6可催化2, 3-氧化鲨烯生成α-香树脂醇和β-香树脂醇, 属于多功能香树脂醇合酶。以上研究为雷公藤三萜化合物的多样性提供了新的基因资源, 为三萜化合物的生物合成提供了新的基因元件。

, correspAuthors=高伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高伟,Tel: 86-10-83916572, E-mail:
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Mol Biol Evol, 2018, 35: 1547-1549., articleTitle=MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208489287457293132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, awardId=81973418, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973418), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208489287587316576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, awardId=2020YFA0908000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0908000), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208489278552785889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208489278565368804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, companyId=1208489278552785889, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Gene Quantity of amino acids Molecular weight/kDa PI GenBank Location
TwOSC1 763 87.85 6.26 XM_038869109.1 Chr01:7826994-7832114
TwOSC2 763 87.65 5.99 XM_038845497.1 Chr01:7887967-7893111
TwOSC3 611 70.78 5.82 XM_038843004.1 Chr01:7836525-7841185
TwOSC4 694 80.13 6.13 XM_038855641.1 Chr02:9291030-9295851
TwOSC5 779 89.07 6.44 XM_038844316.1 Chr04:3824215-3836183
TwOSC6 762 87.99 6.34 XM_038849963.1 Chr07:2865933-2872294
TwOSC7 759 86.05 6.37 XM_038854108.1 Chr09:11823416-11836614
TwOSC8 765 88.42 6.15 XM_038858298.1 Chr10:8171748-8177354
TwOSC9 761 87.73 5.95 XM_038860902.1 Chr12:2798501-2803484
TwOSC10 765 88.01 5.91 XM_038861801.1 Chr12:2811651-2815449
TwOSC11 767 87.98 7.53 XM_038864955.1 Chr13:15036700-15041216
TwOSC12 768 87.92 6.41 XM_038864954.1 Chr13:15036700-15041216
TwOSC13 760 87.88 6.07 XM_038866587.1 Chr14:3732688-3739202
TwOSC14 763 87.66 5.82 XM_038838351.1 Chr22:3315580-3321187
TwOSC15 762 87.00 6.00 XM_038837156.1 Chr22:3304062-3314975
TwOSC16 763 87.74 6.21 XM_038841071.1 Chr23:8733490-8745206
), ArticleFig(id=1208489287054639895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The informations of TwOSC genes and its coding protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Quantity of amino acids Molecular weight/kDa PI GenBank Location
TwOSC1 763 87.85 6.26 XM_038869109.1 Chr01:7826994-7832114
TwOSC2 763 87.65 5.99 XM_038845497.1 Chr01:7887967-7893111
TwOSC3 611 70.78 5.82 XM_038843004.1 Chr01:7836525-7841185
TwOSC4 694 80.13 6.13 XM_038855641.1 Chr02:9291030-9295851
TwOSC5 779 89.07 6.44 XM_038844316.1 Chr04:3824215-3836183
TwOSC6 762 87.99 6.34 XM_038849963.1 Chr07:2865933-2872294
TwOSC7 759 86.05 6.37 XM_038854108.1 Chr09:11823416-11836614
TwOSC8 765 88.42 6.15 XM_038858298.1 Chr10:8171748-8177354
TwOSC9 761 87.73 5.95 XM_038860902.1 Chr12:2798501-2803484
TwOSC10 765 88.01 5.91 XM_038861801.1 Chr12:2811651-2815449
TwOSC11 767 87.98 7.53 XM_038864955.1 Chr13:15036700-15041216
TwOSC12 768 87.92 6.41 XM_038864954.1 Chr13:15036700-15041216
TwOSC13 760 87.88 6.07 XM_038866587.1 Chr14:3732688-3739202
TwOSC14 763 87.66 5.82 XM_038838351.1 Chr22:3315580-3321187
TwOSC15 762 87.00 6.00 XM_038837156.1 Chr22:3304062-3314975
TwOSC16 763 87.74 6.21 XM_038841071.1 Chr23:8733490-8745206
), ArticleFig(id=1208489287205634857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208489273859359370, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Primer sequence (5' to 3')
TwOSC6-F1 ATGTGGAGGCTTAAGGT
TwOSC6-R1 TTACACGTCTGGAGCAC
TwOSC6-F2 AAGCTTGGTACCGAGCTCGGATCCATGTG GAGGCTTAAGGT
TwOSC6-R2 GGCCCTCTAGATGCATGCTCGAGTTACAC GTCTGGAGCAC
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Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer name Primer sequence (5' to 3')
TwOSC6-F1 ATGTGGAGGCTTAAGGT
TwOSC6-R1 TTACACGTCTGGAGCAC
TwOSC6-F2 AAGCTTGGTACCGAGCTCGGATCCATGTG GAGGCTTAAGGT
TwOSC6-R2 GGCCCTCTAGATGCATGCTCGAGTTACAC GTCTGGAGCAC
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雷公藤中2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因家族分析及功能表征
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刘远 1 , 屠李婵 2 , 卢鋆 1 , 夏梦 1 , 高伟 1, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:植物天然产物生物合成及合成生物学 2021,56(12): 3370-3376
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:植物天然产物生物合成及合成生物学 2021, 56(12): 3370-3376
雷公藤中2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因家族分析及功能表征
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刘远1, 屠李婵2, 卢鋆1, 夏梦1, 高伟1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
  • 2.浙大城市学院医学院, 浙江 杭州 310015
  • 3.首都医科大学北京世纪坛医院, 北京 100038

通讯作者:

*高伟,Tel: 86-10-83916572, E-mail:
Identification and functional characterization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase genes family in Tripterygium wilfordii
Yuan LIU1, Li-chan TU2, Yun LU1, Meng XIA1, Wei GAO1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 2. School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
  • 3. Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
出版时间: 2021-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1628
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雷公藤具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫抑制等多种药理活性, 是极具研究价值的药用植物。三萜类化合物是其发挥药理作用的主要活性成分之一, 然而以雷公藤红素为主的三萜化合物在植物中含量低, 化学合成困难, 难以得到理想的产量。因此, 解析雷公藤中三萜化合物生物合成途径, 为异源合成这些化合物提供了行之有效的新思路。2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶(OSC) 是催化形成三萜母核多样性的关键酶基因, 本研究基于雷公藤基因组和转录组数据, 共挖掘出16条OSC基因, 并对16条基因进行了生物信息学分析。系统进化树显示16条TwOSC蛋白主要聚为β-香树脂醇合酶、木栓酮合酶、多功能香树脂醇合酶和环阿屯醇合酶四支。成功克隆得到了TwOSC6, 酵母表达和体外发酵结果显示TwOSC6可催化2, 3-氧化鲨烯生成α-香树脂醇和β-香树脂醇, 属于多功能香树脂醇合酶。以上研究为雷公藤三萜化合物的多样性提供了新的基因资源, 为三萜化合物的生物合成提供了新的基因元件。

雷公藤  /  2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶  /  三萜  /  α-香树脂醇  /  功能鉴定

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a valuable medicinal plant, with anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and other pharmacological activities. Triterpenoids are one of the main active components that exert pharmacological effects. However, the content of triterpenoids dominated by triptolide is very low in Tripterygium wilfordii, and the analysis of the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids in Tripterygium wilfordii provides an effective new idea for obtaining these compounds. 2, 3-Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are the key enzyme that catalyzes the formation of triterpene skeleton diversity. Based on the genome and transcriptome data of Tripterygium wilfordii, 16 OSC genes were identified and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 TwOSC proteins could be mainly classified as four groups. They are β-amyrin synthase group, friedelin synthase group, multifunctional amyrin synthase and cycloartenol synthase group. TwOSC6 was successfully cloned. Functional characterization analysis revealed that TwOSC6 can catalyze the formation of α-amyrin and β-amyrin. This indicates that TwOSC6 is a multifunctional amyrin synthase. This provides new gene resources for the diversity of Tripterygium wilfordii triterpenoids, as well as new gene elements for biosynthesis triterpenoids.

Tripterygium wilfordii  /  2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase  /  triterpenoid  /  α-amyrin  /  function characterization
刘远, 屠李婵, 卢鋆, 夏梦, 高伟. 雷公藤中2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因家族分析及功能表征. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (12) : 3370 -3376 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1628
Yuan LIU, Li-chan TU, Yun LU, Meng XIA, Wei GAO. Identification and functional characterization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase genes family in Tripterygium wilfordii[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (12) : 3370 -3376 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1628
雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.) 是中药雷公藤的植物来源, 为卫矛科雷公藤属植物, 具有良好的药用价值, 其根、茎、叶均可入药。其中萜类是雷公藤的主要药理活性成分, 三萜化合物雷公藤红素以其良好的抗炎、抗肿瘤以及抗肥胖作用[1, 2]而备受国内外研究者关注。现代药理活性研究已在雷公藤红素药理作用机制方面取得许多重要研究进展, 研究发现雷公藤红素可以通过抑制Hsp90-Cdc37结合, 抑制血管生成、肿瘤侵袭和迁移以及影响细胞凋亡与自噬等发挥抗肿瘤作用; 同时, 雷公藤红素具有瘦素增敏作用, 在抗肥胖药物开发利用方面具有良好的前景[3, 4]。随着雷公藤中药用活性成分的深入开发利用, 雷公藤红素等三萜类化合物的获取将成为一个值得关注的问题。雷公藤的生长年限较长, 次生代谢产物在植物体内含量较低, 使得雷公藤红素等三萜化合物的开发利用受到了一定的限制。合成生物学为雷公藤红素等三萜的获取提供了一个新的方式, 目前合成生物学已经在许多天然产物的合成方面取得了很好的研究进展[5-8]。通过分子生药学手段, 探究天然产物形成的分子机制, 解析其生物合成途径, 再通过体外异源重组的方式, 将植物来源的酶在酿酒酵母等中表达, 可以实现雷公藤红素等三萜化合物的“不种而获”。
MVA和MEP途径产生的IPP和DMAPP是三萜类化合物的共同前体, 二者可以在法呢基焦磷酸合酶作用下形成法呢基焦磷酸(FPP), 鲨烯合酶(squalene synthase) 催化两分子的FPP缩合, 形成链状的鲨烯, 鲨烯在鲨烯环氧酶(squalene epoxidase, SQE) 作用下形成植物三萜和甾醇化合物的共同前体2, 3-氧化鲨烯。作者课题组前期在雷公藤三萜类化合物生物合成途径解析及合成生物学研究方面已经取得了一定的研究成果。已经克隆得到了7条雷公藤鲨烯环氧酶基因, 利用ERG1基因缺陷的酵母工程菌验证了其功能, 同时基于茉莉酸甲酯诱导表达分析和组织表达特异性, 推测在雷公藤根中高表达且响应茉莉酸甲酯诱导的TwSQE1 (MF989106) 可能与雷公藤红素生物合成相关[9]。根据转录组数据, 克隆得到了生成木栓酮的2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶(2, 3-oxidosqualene cyclase, OSC) 基因两条, 通过底物饲喂和RNA干扰实验证实了木栓酮是雷公藤红素前体, 结合合成生物学手段, 将木栓酮产量提升至37.07 mg·L-1 [10]
2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶又称三萜环化酶, 被认为是三萜生物合成中的第一个关键酶基因, 与后修饰酶基因, 包括细胞色素P450、糖基转移酶、酰基转移酶等, 共同影响着三萜结构的多样性[11, 12]。氧化鲨烯环化酶属于超家族酶, 在植物体内具有较高保守性, 包含DCTAE及MXCYCR等保守区域, 可以催化2, 3-氧化鲨烯质子化、环化、重排和去质子化形成拟南芥宁醇、环阿屯醇、羊毛甾醇、达玛烷二烯醇、羽扇豆醇、α-香树脂醇、β-香树脂醇、木栓酮等三萜骨架[13-15]。对雷公藤中的OSC基因进行系统的研究, 有助于研究雷公藤三萜化合物的生物合成机制, 对探究雷公藤中三萜化合物形成的分子机制具有重要意义。
本文通过对雷公藤基因组和转录组数据进行分析, 利用隐马尔可夫模型检索, 结合BlastP分析策略, 从雷公藤全基因组蛋白数据中筛选得到了16条OSC基因。生物信息分析表明16条OSC基因编码611~779个氨基酸, 具有相似的保守基序。多重序列对比显示除了TwOSC16外, 其他蛋白均含有DCTAE保守基序, 其中14条OSC包括MWCXXR序列。进化树显示16条OSC蛋白主要聚为4组, 分别为β-香树脂醇合酶组、木栓酮合酶组、多功能香树脂醇合酶组和环阿屯醇合酶组。系统进化树显示TwOSC4和TwOSC6与雷公藤中其他OSC蛋白相聚较远, 由于TwOSC4前期已经克隆得到(Genbank编号: MK541923), 并且经验证不具备催化形成β-香树脂醇或α-香树脂醇的功能[16]。因此本文重点对TwOSC6基因进行功能研究, 期望为雷公藤三萜化合物的母核形成多样性研究提供新的候选基因元件。
试剂  雷公藤植物来自福建永安国有林场; 雷公藤基因组下载自NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome, GenBank Project: PRJNA689611); 琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒、FastKing cDNA第一链合成试剂盒和RNA纯化试剂盒均购自天根生化科技(北京) 有限公司; Phusion® Hot Start Flex 2X Master Mix (美国NEB公司); 大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞pEASY®-Blunt Zero vector载体(北京全式金生物技术有限公司); 引物合成及测序(北京睿博兴科生物科技有限公司); α-香树脂醇(纯度98%) 购自Sigma-Aldrich; β-香树脂醇(纯度95%) 购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
OSC基因家族鉴定  从Pfam官网(http://pfam.xfam.org/) 下载2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因的隐马尔可夫模型PF13243和PF13249, 利用PF13243.hmm和PF13249.hmm文件, 采用Hmmsearch工具, 选取默认参数, 检索雷公藤全基因组蛋白数据, 得到候选基因序列。将候选基因使用NCBI在线BlastP工具, 进行分析, 选取注释为2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶基因的序列且为最长转录本OSC基因, 用于后续的分析。
生物信息学分析  采用MEME在线网站(https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme) 对OSC基因进行保守基序分析; 采用ExPASy (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 分析蛋白分子质量、等电点等; 采用MCScanX和TBtools对OSC基因染色体定位和共线性情况进行分析及结果可视化[17]; 采用Jalview进行多重序列对比结果可视化[18]; 采用Muscle进行OSC氨基酸序列对比, 将对比后的序列采用MEGA-X基于最大似然法(maximum likelihood)[19], 构建系统进化树, 步长设为1 000。构建系统进化树所用其他物种的OSC蛋白下载自NCBI、MiFRS (APG38073.1)、PdFRS (ART66198.1)、PjbAS (AKN23431.1)、PgbAS (ASB17950.1)、GibAS (ARB43794.1)、TcLUS (QBO24615.1)、ToLUS (BAA86932.1)、AaLUS (AJE29379.1)、AcLUS (PSS20732.1)、PaCAS(XP_021806956.1)、PyCAS (PQQ11009.1)、PjCAS (ALB38665.1)、KsCAS (AUC63275.1)、PsCAS (AMT75535.1)、MdOSC3 (ACM89977.1)、BfOSC1 (BBI55114.1)。采用TMHMM-2.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0) 对蛋白跨膜结构进行预测; 采用PRABI-GERLAND (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl) 进行二级结构预测, 使用SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) 进行二级结构分析和蛋白三维同源建模。
总RNA提取和cDNA合成  将雷公藤新鲜的根、茎、叶组织, 于液氮中研磨粉碎, 取约0.05 g于2 mL EP管中, 按照改良的CTAB法提取不同组织的总RNA [2×CTAB缓冲液: 2%的CTAB、100 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)、25 mmol·L-1的EDTA、2 mol·L-1的NaCl], 利用RNA纯化试剂盒进行精制, 1.0%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA质量, NanoDropTM One超微量紫外-可见光分光光度计测量浓度。质量合格的RNA按照FastKing RT Kit (with gDNase) 说明书合成雷公藤第一链cDNA。
基因克隆与表达载体构建  参考雷公藤基因组注释信息, 获得雷公藤2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶TwOSC6基因序列和开放阅读框, 设计引物, 进行cDNA克隆, 将雷公藤不同组织部位的cDNA取少量混合, 作为克隆OSC基因的模板。根据Phusion® Hot Start Flex 2X Master Mix使用说明配制反应体系: Phusion® Hot Start Flex 2X Master Mix 25 μL, 正反向引物各2.5 μL, cDNA 2 μL, ddH2O 18 μL。反应程序: 98 ℃ 30 s; 98 ℃ 10 s, 55 ℃ 15 s, 72 ℃ 60 s, 重复35个循环; 72 ℃ 5 min。将PCR产物切胶回收后连接pEASY®-Blunt Zero vector载体, 转化至大肠杆菌Trans1-T1克隆感受态细胞中。采用构建表达载体引物扩增含有载体同源臂的目的基因, PCR产物切胶回收; 将酵母表达载体pYES2采用BamHI和XhoⅠ进行双酶切处理, 将酶切后的产物切胶回收; 采用pEASY®-Basic Seamless Cloning and Assembly Kit试剂盒将载体和目的基因片段进行重组连接, 获得重组质粒pYES2-TwOSC6, 转化至Trans1-T1克隆感受态细胞中, 涂布在含有100 mg·L-1 Amp的LB固体平板上过夜培养, 选取单克隆菌落, 于1 mL LB+100 mg·L-1 Amp的液体培养基中培养数小时后, 进行PCR实验, 并将阳性结果送测序验证。
TwOSC体外功能验证    将对照质粒pYES2和重组质粒pYES2-TwOSC6分别转化至羊毛甾醇缺陷的酵母菌株中, 按照A600 = 0.1接菌到30 mL的Sc-Ura + 2%葡萄糖的培养基中, 30 ℃、200 r·min-1培养12 h, 更换Sc-Ura+2%半乳糖培养基, 继续培养48 h。离心收集菌体, 加入10 mL 20% KOH和50% EtOH溶液, 加热回流5 min提取产物, 上清液用等体积的正己烷萃取3次。合并3次萃取液, 旋蒸蒸干溶剂后, 用2 mL正己烷复溶, 过0.22 μm微孔滤膜后进GC/MS分析。
GC/MS检测发酵产物  使用安捷伦7250 GC/Q-TOF对发酵产物进行检测, 使用DB-5 MS气相色谱柱(30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.10 μm), 进样量为1 μL, 流速为1 mL·min-1, 升温程序: 50 ℃, 随后以50 ℃·min-1梯度升温至290 ℃, 290 ℃保持5 min, 随后以20 ℃·min-1梯度升温至305 ℃, 305 ℃保持9 min; 离子源温度250 ℃, 电离能70 eV, 质量扫描范围为m/z 50~550。
基于隐马尔可夫模型检索和BlastP结果, 从雷公藤基因组中分析得到24条候选OSC基因, 选取其中最长的转录本, 进一步得到了16条OSC基因。16条基因编码氨基酸长度在611~779之间, ExPASy在线分析结果显示分子质量为70.78~89.07 kDa, 理论等电点为5.82~7.53。染色体定位分析显示16条基因不均匀分布在1、2、4、7、9、10、12、13、14、22和23等11条染色体(表 1)。共线性分析可以帮助预测同源序列, 辅助分析物种的进化事件, MCScanX运算结果显示, 雷公藤OSC基因之间存在共线性关系, 结果采用Circos图展示(图 1)。从图中可以看出, TwOSC4TwOSC6具有较高同源性, 与系统进化树结果一致。
采用MEME软件预测了OSC蛋白的10个motif (图 2), 发现大部分TwOSC蛋白具有这10个motif, TwOSC3和TwOSC4相对于其他OSC蛋白, 缺失部分motif; TwOSC3缺失C端的两个motif, 而TwOSC4缺少N端的一个motif, 保守基序的缺失可能对其发挥功能有影响。其中研究相对较多的保守序列DCTAE和MWCXXR分别包含在motif 4和motif 1中, 有研究表明DCTAE与底物识别有关, 而MWCXXR可能与控制β-香树脂醇的形成有关。多重序列对比结果显示, TwOSC1~16蛋白具有较高的同源性, 除了TwOSC16外, 均包含DCTAE保守域, 另外有14条OSC包括MWCXXR序列, TwOSC6包含MFCYCR, TwOSC10包含IWCYCR序列(图 3)。与其他植物来源OSC基因一起构建系统进化树分析, 发现16条OSC蛋白主要聚为4支(图 4)。其中有TwOSC1、2、3、9、13、14聚在了β-香树脂醇合酶组, TwOSC8和TwOSC10聚在了木栓酮合酶组, TwOSC5、7、11、12、15、16聚在了环阿屯醇合酶组。TwOSC4TwOSC6与之前报道的多功能香树脂醇合酶MdOSC1和BfOSC3聚为一支。木栓酮是雷公藤红素的前体, 因此对与其他植物中木栓酮合酶聚为一支的TwOSC8TwOSC10进行分析, 结果表明这两条基因对应之前报道的雷公藤中的多功能木栓酮合酶基因TwOSC3 (Genbank编号: KY885469) 和TwOSC1 (Genbank编号: KY885467)[10], 说明系统进化树聚类分析与前期实验结果一致, 能作为OSC功能分类的依据。
系统进化分析表明TwOSC4和TwOSC6蛋白与多功能香树脂醇合酶聚成一支, 由于TwOSC4基因对应之前报道的TwOSC7 (Genbank编号: MK541923), 该基因功能已经做了研究, 因此针对TwOSC6基因进行了功能研究。利用TwOSC6序列设计特异性扩增引物(表 2), 以雷公藤组织cDNA为模板进行PCR反应, 获得TwOSC6的全长开放阅读框。测序结果显示TwOSC6开放阅读框为2 289 bp, 编码762个氨基酸。对TwOSC6进行跨膜结构分析显示TwOSC6不存在跨膜结构(图 5), TwOSC6蛋白的二级结构预测显示, TwOSC6无规则卷曲占48.03%, α-螺旋结构占24.28%, 延伸链占27.69%。采用SWISS-MODEL网站进行同源建模, 以人的羊毛甾醇合酶1w6k (与TwOSC6同源性为39.48%) 为模板建模, 三维模型如图 5b所示, 结果以cartoon形式显示。
TwOSC6构建至酵母表达载体pYES2获得表达载体pYES2-TwOSC6, 将质粒pYES2 (对照组)、重组质粒pYES2-TwOSC6分别转入羊毛甾醇合酶缺陷的酵母菌株(购买自ATCC, 细胞株编号4 021 900-ERG7, -ura), 进行发酵, 对发酵产物提取和GC/Q-TOF检测。图 6a显示, 与pYES2对照组相比, pYES2-TwOSC6组出现了两个新的产物峰(峰1和峰2)。其中在14.44 min出现产物峰1, 质谱碎片如图 6b所示, 对比峰1和β-香树脂醇的保留时间和质谱碎片信息, 发现两者之间的质谱碎片信息基本一致, 推测产物1为β-香树脂醇。在14.95 min出现的产物峰2, 质谱碎片如图 6b所示, 对比峰2与α-香树脂醇的保留时间和质谱碎片信息, 发现二者之间质谱碎片信息基本一致, 推测产物2为α-香树脂醇。通过酵母体内功能研究表明TwOSC6具有催化2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化成α-香树脂醇和β-香树脂醇的功能, 其中α-香树脂醇为主产物。
雷公藤中含有多种三萜化合物, 然而较低的含量限制了这些三萜化合物的获得。2, 3-氧化鲨烯环化酶是三萜骨架形成的关键酶基因, 本文从雷公藤基因组中鉴定了16条OSC基因, 对得到的16条OSC基因编码的蛋白进行了保守基序预测, 发现16条OSC蛋白具有多个保守motif, 与其他OSC蛋白相比, TwOSC3缺少C端的两个保守motif; TwOSC4缺少N端的一个motif, 这些保守基序的缺失可能对其功能会有一定的影响。在前期研究中, 发现克隆得到的TwOSC4在酵母发酵中未检测到香树脂醇产物[16], 本文对TwOSC4进行保守基序分析, 发现TwOSC4缺失N端的一个motif, 因此推测这个区域的缺失可能是影响其功能的原因之一。在下一步的研究中, 对于缺失motif的蛋白, 可以通过同源重组等手段人为补齐motif, 研究是否可以使得这些基因恢复原有功能。植物在不断的进化过程中, 氨基酸的突变和缺失可能会引发功能的丧失或者改变。共线性分析发现TwOSC1TwOSC2TwOSC3分布在雷公藤1号染色体相邻位置, 与TwOSC13存在共线性关系, 而TwOSC3缺失C端缺失两个motif, 在后续的研究中, 可以对这4条基因的功能进行进一步研究, 分析4条OSC基因功能是否发生了分化。
对雷公藤中16条OSC蛋白进行系统进化树分析, 发现16条OSC蛋白主要聚为4支, 分别为β-香树脂醇合酶组、木栓酮合酶组、多功能香树脂醇合酶和环阿屯醇合酶组。以雷公藤组织cDNA为模板, 克隆得到了TwOSC6, 酵母发酵实验发现TwOSC6在羊毛甾醇合酶缺陷酵母中表达时, 可以形成α-香树脂醇和β-香树脂醇, 其中α-香树脂醇为主要产物。上述研究, 为雷公藤中三萜化合物的生物合成提供了新的候选基因元件。合成生物学生产高价值的天然产物, 需要完整的通路基因元件作为前提条件。保守基序和系统进化树分析对于预测基因功能具有很好的参考价值, 雷公藤中具有不同母核类型的三萜化合物, 基于基因组和注释文件可以得到丰富的基因资源, 这些基因元件可以为后续的合成生物学研究提供更多的选择。
作者贡献: 刘远撰写了论文; 高伟构思并设计了实验方案; 刘远、屠李婵、卢鋆完成了实验部分; 屠李婵、夏梦分析了相关实验数据; 所有作者均阅读并参与了修改这篇文章。
利益冲突: 本文的作者无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973418)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0908000)
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2021年第56卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1628
  • 接收时间:2021-11-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-15
  • 修回日期:2021-12-06
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973418)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFA0908000)
作者信息
    1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
    2.浙大城市学院医学院, 浙江 杭州 310015
    3.首都医科大学北京世纪坛医院, 北京 100038

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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