Article(id=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629648000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-23, revisedDate=1631894400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766366604376, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647014400000, pubDateStr=2022-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766366604376, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766366604376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766366604376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209792462298674131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='547', pageEnd='844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766366599868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766370620295, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209809325250450301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209809325250450302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=568, endPage=575, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209792481806389284, articleId=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanisms of type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle atrophy and the effects of commonly used hypoglycemic drugs: a review, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.
, correspAuthors=Xiu-ying YANG, Guan-hua DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei-dai LIANG, Xiu-ying YANG, Guan-hua DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209792483207286871, articleId=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=2型糖尿病诱导骨骼肌萎缩机制及常用降糖药影响研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
2型糖尿病是一种以糖脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素绝对或相对缺乏为特征的高消耗代谢性疾病, 可诱导产生骨骼肌萎缩。高血糖、高血脂、胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子异常释放可引发骨骼肌组织信号转导异常, 使蛋白质合成及降解失衡而引起肌萎缩。正常情况下, 胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF-1)/胰岛素可激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (AKT), AKT既可以通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 增加蛋白质的合成, 也可以使叉头框蛋白O转录因子(FoxO) 磷酸化从而抑制某些泛素连接酶(如MAFbx/atrogin-1和MuRF1) 或自噬相关基因的转录。2型糖尿病状态下的IGF-1/PI3K/AKT通路减弱是导致骨骼肌萎缩的重要因素。有研究表明, 现有常用抗糖尿病药物在调控骨骼肌蛋白的合成与降解方面存在差异。文献报道, 具有抗2型糖尿病肌萎缩作用的药物包括噻唑烷二酮类、胰高血糖素样肽类似物、葡萄糖钠协同转运蛋白2抑制剂等; 仍旧存在争议或者对骨骼肌萎缩具有促进作用的药物包括二甲双胍和部分磺酰脲类及非磺酰脲类胰岛素促分泌剂。本文通过对目前常用的抗2型糖尿病药物进行梳理分析, 及所涉及的相关机制进行总结, 为抗糖尿病药物在2型糖尿病中的合理应用提供参考。
, correspAuthors=杨秀颖, 杜冠华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases; AKT: Protein kinase B (PKB); mTOR: Mammalian target protein of rapamycin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6: Interleukin 6; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IKK: IκB kinase; IκB: Inhibitor of NF-κB; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FoxO: Forkhead box protein O; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein. Thanks for https://smart.servier.com/providing image set , figureFileSmall=7PzkOEK9KAW++qQ/1Q2uCA==, figureFileBig=JkO6b10PJhhVNiHl93xwIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809068789723958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Drug category | Drug name | Effect on muscular atrophy | Mechanism on muscle atrophy |
| Biguanides | Metformin | Inhibit | PGC-1α-FoxO3[28] |
| | Promote | Activates the major mTORC1 inhibitory kinase AMPK[29] |
| Thiazolidinediones | Rosiglitazone | Inhibit | PI3K/AKT[30] |
| Pioglitazone | Inhibit | NF-κB[31] |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | MK-0626 (sitastatin analogue) | Inhibit | Phosphorylation of AMPK, increases GLP-1 levels[32] |
| Glucagon-like peptide analogues | Liraglutide | Inhibit | Inhibition of muscular atrophy related genes and enhances the expression of myogenic factors[33] |
| Dulaglutide | Inhibit | AMPK/Hsp72/inflammatory cytokines[34] |
| Exendin-4 | Inhibit | Activates the PKA and AKT signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB proteins[35] |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | Luseogliflozin | Inhibit | Increases FoxO1 expression[36] |
| Canagliflozin | Inhibit | Reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage accumulation, and mRNA levels of atrogin-1[37] |
| Dapagliflozin | Inhibit | Decreases myostatin levels[38] |
| Sulfonylureas | Glibenclamide | Promote | K+-ATP channel block and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity enhancement[39] |
| Gglimepiride | Promote | |
| Non-sulfonylureas | Tolbutamide | Promote | |
| Nateglinide | Promote | |
| Repaglinide | Promote | |
), ArticleFig(id=1209809069049770826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Effects of antidiabetic drugs on muscle atrophy, including the controversial drugs and the drugs inhibiting or promoting skeletal muscle atrophy. PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; Hsp72: Heat shock protein 72; PKA: Protein kinase A
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Drug category | Drug name | Effect on muscular atrophy | Mechanism on muscle atrophy |
| Biguanides | Metformin | Inhibit | PGC-1α-FoxO3[28] |
| | Promote | Activates the major mTORC1 inhibitory kinase AMPK[29] |
| Thiazolidinediones | Rosiglitazone | Inhibit | PI3K/AKT[30] |
| Pioglitazone | Inhibit | NF-κB[31] |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | MK-0626 (sitastatin analogue) | Inhibit | Phosphorylation of AMPK, increases GLP-1 levels[32] |
| Glucagon-like peptide analogues | Liraglutide | Inhibit | Inhibition of muscular atrophy related genes and enhances the expression of myogenic factors[33] |
| Dulaglutide | Inhibit | AMPK/Hsp72/inflammatory cytokines[34] |
| Exendin-4 | Inhibit | Activates the PKA and AKT signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB proteins[35] |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | Luseogliflozin | Inhibit | Increases FoxO1 expression[36] |
| Canagliflozin | Inhibit | Reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage accumulation, and mRNA levels of atrogin-1[37] |
| Dapagliflozin | Inhibit | Decreases myostatin levels[38] |
| Sulfonylureas | Glibenclamide | Promote | K+-ATP channel block and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity enhancement[39] |
| Gglimepiride | Promote | |
| Non-sulfonylureas | Tolbutamide | Promote | |
| Nateglinide | Promote | |
| Repaglinide | Promote | |
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