Article(id=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1629648000000, receivedDateStr=2021-08-23, revisedDate=1631894400000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766366604376, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1647014400000, pubDateStr=2022-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766366604376, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766366604376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766366604376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209792462298674131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='547', pageEnd='844', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766366599868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766370620295, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209809325250450301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209809325250450302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209792462298674131, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=568, endPage=575, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209792481806389284, articleId=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanisms of type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle atrophy and the effects of commonly used hypoglycemic drugs: a review, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-ying YANG, Guan-hua DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei-dai LIANG, Xiu-ying YANG, Guan-hua DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209792483207286871, articleId=1209792481202409481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=2型糖尿病诱导骨骼肌萎缩机制及常用降糖药影响研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2型糖尿病是一种以糖脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素绝对或相对缺乏为特征的高消耗代谢性疾病, 可诱导产生骨骼肌萎缩。高血糖、高血脂、胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子异常释放可引发骨骼肌组织信号转导异常, 使蛋白质合成及降解失衡而引起肌萎缩。正常情况下, 胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF-1)/胰岛素可激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (AKT), AKT既可以通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 增加蛋白质的合成, 也可以使叉头框蛋白O转录因子(FoxO) 磷酸化从而抑制某些泛素连接酶(如MAFbx/atrogin-1和MuRF1) 或自噬相关基因的转录。2型糖尿病状态下的IGF-1/PI3K/AKT通路减弱是导致骨骼肌萎缩的重要因素。有研究表明, 现有常用抗糖尿病药物在调控骨骼肌蛋白的合成与降解方面存在差异。文献报道, 具有抗2型糖尿病肌萎缩作用的药物包括噻唑烷二酮类、胰高血糖素样肽类似物、葡萄糖钠协同转运蛋白2抑制剂等; 仍旧存在争议或者对骨骼肌萎缩具有促进作用的药物包括二甲双胍和部分磺酰脲类及非磺酰脲类胰岛素促分泌剂。本文通过对目前常用的抗2型糖尿病药物进行梳理分析, 及所涉及的相关机制进行总结, 为抗糖尿病药物在2型糖尿病中的合理应用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=杨秀颖, 杜冠华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨秀颖, Tel: 86-10-63165313, E-mail: ;
杜冠华, Tel: 通信作者: 86-10-63165184, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bFk4betaz5j04jm9yDWGNg==, magXml=eEuX3xn/1ar6bZqh3rxktQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NQj2VkWqBqd2vWkUq/bMmw==, pdfFileSize=1300287, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zeE9BwGWS0QAHWajbP+kLw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=n0D54I0lv+y3gwRbD+mPpA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=梁眉黛, 杨秀颖, 杜冠华)}, authors=[Author(id=1209809065593664015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209809065711104540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809065593664015, language=EN, stringName=Mei-dai LIANG, firstName=Mei-dai, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209809065878876719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809065593664015, language=CN, stringName=梁眉黛, firstName=眉黛, middleName=null, lastName=梁, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809065463640576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065467834881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065476223490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1209809066000511544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lucia@imm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209809066130534984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809066000511544, language=EN, stringName=Xiu-ying YANG, firstName=Xiu-ying, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209809066247975506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809066000511544, language=CN, stringName=杨秀颖, firstName=秀颖, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809065463640576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065467834881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065476223490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1209809066449302115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dugh@imm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1209809066717737589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809066449302115, language=EN, stringName=Guan-hua DU, firstName=Guan-hua, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1209809066847761024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, authorId=1209809066449302115, language=CN, stringName=杜冠华, firstName=冠华, middleName=null, lastName=杜, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809065463640576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065467834881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065476223490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1209809067057476247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=type 2 diabetes), Keyword(id=1209809067200082597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=antidiabetic drug), Keyword(id=1209809067338494637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=skeletal muscle atrophy), Keyword(id=1209809067451740856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=mTOR), Keyword(id=1209809067585958590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=ubiquitin ligase), Keyword(id=1209809067745342154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=2型糖尿病), Keyword(id=1209809067883754197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=抗糖尿病药物), Keyword(id=1209809068080886504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=骨骼肌萎缩), Keyword(id=1209809068185744114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白), Keyword(id=1209809068303184641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=泛素连接酶)], refs=[Reference(id=1209809070559720405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1111/pedi.12787, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=20, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=Pediatr Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Malone JI, Hansen BC. Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite?[J]. Pediatr Diabetes, 2019, 20: 5-9., articleTitle=Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809070710715364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=157, issue=null, pageStart=107843, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes Res Clin Pract, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2019, 157: 107843., articleTitle=Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809070840738799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1007/s13539-012-0074-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=163, pageEnd=179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fanzani A, Conraads VM, Penna F, et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2012, 3: 163-179., articleTitle=Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071054648317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000479, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=545, pageEnd=552, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=Curr Opin Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monaco CMF, Perry CGR, Hawke TJ. Diabetic myopathy: current molecular understanding of this novel neuromuscular disorder[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30: 545-552., articleTitle=Diabetic myopathy: current molecular understanding of this novel neuromuscular disorder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071193059339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/dc06-2537, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=1507, pageEnd=1512, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Strotmeyer ES, et al. Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study[J]. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30: 1507-1512., articleTitle=Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071352442909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=190, pageEnd=200, url=http://www.yxxb.com.cn:8081/aps/CN/abstract/abstract18127.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang YX, Zhang R, Yang J, et al. Relationship between fatigue caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and 5-HT degradation in skeletal muscle[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 190-200, articleTitle=Relationship between fatigue caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and 5-HT degradation in skeletal muscle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071507632170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70034-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=819, pageEnd=829, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kalyani RR, Corriere M, Ferrucci L. Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2014, 2: 819-829., articleTitle=Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071637655607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.3390/nu11102432, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=2432, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Evans PL, McMillin SL, Weyrauch LA, et al. Regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transport and glucose metabolism by exercise training[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11: 2432., articleTitle=Regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transport and glucose metabolism by exercise training, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071780261959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154416, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=154416, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fiorentino TV, Monroy A, Kamath S, et al. Pioglitazone corrects dysregulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP synthesis in type 2 diabetes[J]. Metabolism, 2021, 114: 154416., articleTitle=Pioglitazone corrects dysregulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP synthesis in type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071855759443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.7150/ijbs.27173, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=1483, pageEnd=1496, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=Int J Biol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang X, Liu G, Guo J, et al. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2018, 14: 1483-1496., articleTitle=The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809071998365797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=94, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=Exerc Immunol Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Perry BD, Caldow MK, Brennan-Speranza TC, et al. Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise[J]. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2016, 22: 94-109., articleTitle=Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072136777839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2013.07.012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=368, pageEnd=379, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Pan J, Dong Y, et al. Stat3 activation links a C/EBPδ to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass[J]. Cell Metab, 2013, 18: 368-379., articleTitle=Stat3 activation links a C/EBPδ to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072270995580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-0677, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=760, pageEnd=767, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sriwijitkamol A, Christ-Roberts C, Berria R, et al. Reduced skeletal muscle inhibitor of κBβ content is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes, 2006, 55: 760-767., articleTitle=Reduced skeletal muscle inhibitor of κBβ content is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072409407631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.481, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=67, issue=null, pageStart=481, pageEnd=507, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=Annu Rev Biochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fruman DA, Meyers RE, Cantley LC. Phosphoinositide kinases[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 1998, 67: 481-507., articleTitle=Phosphoinositide kinases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072535236767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1038/ncb1101-1014, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=1014, pageEnd=1019, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Cell Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, et al. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2001, 3: 1014-1019., articleTitle=Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072698814638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/diab.47.8.1281, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=1281, pageEnd=1286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Krook A, Roth RA, Jiang XJ, et al. Insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity is reduced in skeletal muscle from NIDDM subjects[J]. Diabetes, 1998, 47: 1281-1286., articleTitle=Insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity is reduced in skeletal muscle from NIDDM subjects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072833032380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1113/EP087585, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=104, issue=null, pageStart=1518, pageEnd=1531, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Exp Physiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ato S, Kido K, Sato K, et al. Type 2 diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy but does not impair resistance training-mediated myonuclear accretion and muscle mass gain in rats[J]. Exp Physiol, 2019, 104: 1518-1531., articleTitle=Type 2 diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy but does not impair resistance training-mediated myonuclear accretion and muscle mass gain in rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809072979833037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00400-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=117, issue=null, pageStart=399, pageEnd=412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, et al. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy[J]. Cell, 2004, 117: 399-412., articleTitle=Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073114050778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1038/onc.2008.23, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=27, issue=null, pageStart=2300, pageEnd=2311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Oncogene, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ho KK, Myatt SS, Lam EWF. Many forks in the path: cycling with FoxO[J]. Oncogene, 2008, 27: 2300-2311., articleTitle=Many forks in the path: cycling with FoxO, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073256657132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00211-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=395, pageEnd=403, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Mol Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke BA, et al. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors[J]. Mol Cell, 2004, 14: 395-403., articleTitle=The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073441206524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.3164/jcbn.18-114, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=23, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Biochem Nutr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Osaka T, et al. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin can suppress muscle atrophy in db/db mice by suppressing the expression of foxo1[J]. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2019, 65: 23-28., articleTitle=The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin can suppress muscle atrophy in db/db mice by suppressing the expression of foxo1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073621561612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1172/JCI86522, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=126, issue=null, pageStart=3433, pageEnd=3446, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Invest, refType=null, unstructuredReference=O'Neill BT, Lee KY, Klaus K, et al. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate FoxO-mediated signaling in muscle proteostasis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126: 3433-3446., articleTitle=Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate FoxO-mediated signaling in muscle proteostasis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073793528091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1007/s00109-008-0373-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=86, issue=null, pageStart=1113, pageEnd=1126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=J Mol Med (Berl), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li H, Malhotra S, Kumar A. Nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy[J]. J Mol Med (Berl), 2008, 86: 1113-1126., articleTitle=Nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809073919357224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0023999, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=e23999, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Andreasen AS, Kelly M, Berg RMG, et al. Type 2 diabetes is associated with altered NF-κB DNA binding activity, JNK phosphorylation, and AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle after LPS[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6: e23999., articleTitle=Type 2 diabetes is associated with altered NF-κB DNA binding activity, JNK phosphorylation, and AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle after LPS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074200375610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=2004, issue=null, pageStart=tr9, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Sci STKE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Horvath CM. The Jak-STAT pathway stimulated by interleukin 6[J]. Sci STKE, 2004, 2004: tr9., articleTitle=The Jak-STAT pathway stimulated by interleukin 6, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074347176261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1042/bj20020508, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=365, issue=null, pageStart=561, pageEnd=575, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=Biochem J, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ramji DP, Foka P. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: structure, function and regulation[J]. Biochem J, 2002, 365: 561-575., articleTitle=CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: structure, function and regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074460422480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1074/jbc.274.19.13563, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=274, issue=null, pageStart=13563, pageEnd=13568, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=J Biol Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hajduch E, Rencurel F, Balendran A, et al. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a novel regulator of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle[J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274: 13563-13568., articleTitle=Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a novel regulator of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074611417437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1002/jcb.27852, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=120, issue=null, pageStart=5677, pageEnd=5686, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=J Cell Biochem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hasan MM, Shalaby SM, El-Gendy J, et al. Beneficial effects of metformin on muscle atrophy induced by obesity in rats[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120: 5677-5686., articleTitle=Beneficial effects of metformin on muscle atrophy induced by obesity in rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074770801004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=e13039, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Aging Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Walton RG, Dungan CM, Long DE, et al. Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: the MASTERS trial[J]. Aging Cell, 2019, 18: e13039., articleTitle=Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: the MASTERS trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809074921795954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1210/en.2006-0251, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=147, issue=null, pageStart=4160, pageEnd=4168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Endocrinology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Hu Z, Hu J, et al. Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling[J]. Endocrinology, 2006, 147: 4160-4168., articleTitle=Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075047625086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1093/hmg/ddu445, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=24, issue=null, pageStart=314, pageEnd=329, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=Hum Mol Genet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Iida M, Katsuno M, Nakatsuji H, et al. Pioglitazone suppresses neuronal and muscular degeneration caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors[J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2015, 24: 314-329., articleTitle=Pioglitazone suppresses neuronal and muscular degeneration caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075198620045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1093/cvr/cvw182, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=111, issue=null, pageStart=338, pageEnd=347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Cardiovasc Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Takada S, Masaki Y, Kinugawa S, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improved exercise capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice with heart failure via activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2016, 111: 338-347., articleTitle=Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improved exercise capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice with heart failure via activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075311866265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2019.154044, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=103, issue=null, pageStart=154044, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gurjar AA, Kushwaha S, Chattopadhyay S, et al. Long acting GLP-1 analog liraglutide ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents[J]. Metabolism, 2020, 103: 154044., articleTitle=Long acting GLP-1 analog liraglutide ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075446084010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.3389/fphar.2020.00090, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=90, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Front Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nguyen TTN, Choi H, Jun HS. Preventive effects of dulaglutide on disuse muscle atrophy through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis by induction of Hsp72 expression[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 90., articleTitle=Preventive effects of dulaglutide on disuse muscle atrophy through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis by induction of Hsp72 expression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075613856186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1002/jcsm.12434, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=903, pageEnd=918, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hong Y, Lee JH, Jeong KW, et al. Amelioration of muscle wasting by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in muscle atrophy[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2019, 10: 903-918., articleTitle=Amelioration of muscle wasting by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in muscle atrophy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075764851147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/db20-1137-P, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=69, issue=null, pageStart=1137, pageEnd=P, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bamba RYP. Anti-skeletal muscle atrophy effect of luseogliflozin via lipidome modification in db/db mice[J]. Diabetes, 2020, 69: 1137-P., articleTitle=Anti-skeletal muscle atrophy effect of luseogliflozin via lipidome modification in db/db mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809075886485979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.028, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=794, issue=null, pageStart=37, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Naznin F, Sakoda H, Okada T, et al. Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, attenuates obesity-induced inflammation in the nodose ganglion, hypothalamus, and skeletal muscle of mice[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2017, 794: 37-44., articleTitle=Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, attenuates obesity-induced inflammation in the nodose ganglion, hypothalamus, and skeletal muscle of mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076066841070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1111/jdi.13179, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=653, pageEnd=661, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=J Diabetes Investig, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamakage H, Tanaka M, Inoue T, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and myokines and muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2020, 11: 653-661., articleTitle=Effects of dapagliflozin on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and myokines and muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076184281594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=e00028, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Pharmacol Res Perspect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mele A, Calzolaro S, Cannone G, et al. Database search of spontaneous reports and pharmacological investigations on the sulfonylureas and glinides-induced atrophy in skeletal muscle[J]. Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2014, 2: e00028., articleTitle=Database search of spontaneous reports and pharmacological investigations on the sulfonylureas and glinides-induced atrophy in skeletal muscle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076452717069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/dc11-1032, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=2381, pageEnd=2386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee CG, Boyko EJ, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34: 2381-2386., articleTitle=Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076612100629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00622.2006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=292, issue=null, pageStart=E1555, pageEnd=E1567, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Krawiec BJ, Nystrom GJ, Frost RA, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase agonists increase mRNA content of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 in C2C12 cells[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 292: E1555-E1567., articleTitle=AMP-activated protein kinase agonists increase mRNA content of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 in C2C12 cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076763095591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=352, pageEnd=359, url=http://www.yxxb.com.cn:8081/aps/CN/abstract/abstract18076.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yi H, Jun P, Xuan P, et al. Updated research progress of selective PPARγ modulators[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 352-359, articleTitle=Updated research progress of selective PPARγ modulators, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809076897313333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1210/endo.139.12.6364, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=139, issue=null, pageStart=5034, pageEnd=5041, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=Endocrinology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zierath JR, Ryder JW, Doebber T, et al. Role of skeletal muscle in thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer (PPARγ agonist) action[J]. Endocrinology, 1998, 139: 5034-5041., articleTitle=Role of skeletal muscle in thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer (PPARγ agonist) action, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077169943117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01237.x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=806, pageEnd=814, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes Obes Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rabøl R, Boushel R, Almdal T, et al. Opposite effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2010, 12: 806-814., articleTitle=Opposite effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077329326687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2165/00003495-200464120-00006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=1339, pageEnd=1358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=Drugs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rendell M. The role of sulphonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Drugs, 2004, 64: 1339-1358., articleTitle=The role of sulphonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077476127339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.3389/fendo.2020.00178, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=178, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gilbert MP, Pratley RE. GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy: review of head-to-head clinical trials[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2020, 11: 178., articleTitle=GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy: review of head-to-head clinical trials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077560013433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1002/dmrr.2957, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=e2957, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes Metab Res Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bouchi R, Fukuda T, Takeuchi T, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors attenuates the decline of skeletal muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2018, 34: e2957., articleTitle=Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors attenuates the decline of skeletal muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077677453959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.016, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=896, pageEnd=901, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=J Am Med Dir Assoc, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Fava I, et al. Sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients: role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2016, 17: 896-901., articleTitle=Sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients: role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077807477392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.14740/jocmr4078, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=122, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=J Clin Med Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ishii S, Nagai Y, Kato H, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on muscle mass and the muscle/fat ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. J Clin Med Res, 2020, 12: 122-126., articleTitle=Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on muscle mass and the muscle/fat ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809077908140704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1186/s12933-017-0639-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=154, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Cardiovasc Diabetol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Takemoto Y, et al. DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2017, 16: 154., articleTitle=DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078029775538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.2337/db11-1073, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=61, issue=null, pageStart=888, pageEnd=896, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Diabetes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chai W, Dong Z, Wang N, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism[J]. Diabetes, 2012, 61: 888-896., articleTitle=Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078172381889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=153, pageEnd=165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones[J]. Cell Metab, 2006, 3: 153-165., articleTitle=The biology of incretin hormones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078285628107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1007/s40520-015-0525-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=1251, pageEnd=1257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Aging Clin Exp Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Perna S, Guido D, Bologna C, et al. Liraglutide and obesity in elderly: efficacy in fat loss and safety in order to prevent sarcopenia. A perspective case series study[J]. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2016, 28: 1251-1257., articleTitle=Liraglutide and obesity in elderly: efficacy in fat loss and safety in order to prevent sarcopenia. A perspective case series study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078537286372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=2020, issue=null, pageStart=9368583, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=J Diabetes Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu CN, Tien KJ. The impact of antidiabetic agents on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes: a literature review[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2020, 2020: 9368583., articleTitle=The impact of antidiabetic agents on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes: a literature review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078675698422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1517/14740338.2015.1034105, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=795, pageEnd=800, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Expert Opin Drug Saf, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yabe D, Nishikino R, Kaneko M, et al. Short-term impacts of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in Japanese clinical practice: considerations for their appropriate use to avoid serious adverse events[J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2015, 14: 795-800., articleTitle=Short-term impacts of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in Japanese clinical practice: considerations for their appropriate use to avoid serious adverse events, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078809916171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao F, Hall S, Bach LA. Myopathy secondary to empagliflozin therapy in type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep, 2020. DOI: 10.1530/EDM-20-0017., articleTitle=Myopathy secondary to empagliflozin therapy in type 2 diabetes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809078923162389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=292, issue=null, pageStart=E485, pageEnd=E493, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Todd MK, Watt MJ, Le J, et al. Thiazolidinediones enhance skeletal muscle triacylglycerol synthesis while protecting against fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 292: E485-E493., articleTitle=Thiazolidinediones enhance skeletal muscle triacylglycerol synthesis while protecting against fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809079044797224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.09.028, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=203, issue=null, pageStart=293, pageEnd=301, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=Exp Neurol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Perry T, Holloway HW, Weerasuriya A, et al. Evidence of GLP-1-mediated neuroprotection in an animal model of pyridoxine-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy[J]. Exp Neurol, 2007, 203: 293-301., articleTitle=Evidence of GLP-1-mediated neuroprotection in an animal model of pyridoxine-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209809079162237748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=2013, issue=null, pageStart=315848, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomed Res Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamamoto K, Amako M, Yamamoto Y, et al. Therapeutic effect of exendin-4, a long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on nerve regeneration after the crush nerve injury[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013: 315848., articleTitle=Therapeutic effect of exendin-4, a long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on nerve regeneration after the crush nerve injury, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1209809069272068964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=2018ZX09711001-012, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809069393703790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=2018ZX09711001-003-005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-003-005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809069532115831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=2017YFG0112900, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2017YFG0112900), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809069653750657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=81470159, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81470159), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809069804745611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=81770847, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81770847), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809069997683613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=CAMS-I2M, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(CAMS-I2M), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809070115124136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=2016-I2M-3-007, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2016-I2M-3-007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209809070274507706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, awardId=2017-I2M-1-010, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2017-I2M-1-010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809065463640576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065467834881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809065476223490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, companyId=1209809065463640576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209809068529677082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7PzkOEK9KAW++qQ/1Q2uCA==, figureFileBig=JkO6b10PJhhVNiHl93xwIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809068630340389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases; AKT: Protein kinase B (PKB); mTOR: Mammalian target protein of rapamycin; TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i>; IL-6: Interleukin 6; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; IKK: I<i>κ</i>B kinase; I<i>κ</i>B: Inhibitor of NF-<i>κ</i>B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FoxO: Forkhead box protein O; NF-<i>κ</i>B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein. Thanks for <a href="https://smart.servier.com/providing" target="_blank">https://smart.servier.com/providing</a> image set , figureFileSmall=7PzkOEK9KAW++qQ/1Q2uCA==, figureFileBig=JkO6b10PJhhVNiHl93xwIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209809068789723958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug categoryDrug nameEffect on muscular atrophyMechanism on muscle atrophy
BiguanidesMetforminInhibitPGC-1α-FoxO3[28]
PromoteActivates the major mTORC1 inhibitory kinase AMPK[29]
ThiazolidinedionesRosiglitazoneInhibitPI3K/AKT[30]
PioglitazoneInhibitNF-κB[31]
DPP-4 inhibitorMK-0626 (sitastatin analogue)InhibitPhosphorylation of AMPK, increases GLP-1 levels[32]
Glucagon-like peptide analoguesLiraglutideInhibitInhibition of muscular atrophy related genes and enhances the expression of myogenic factors[33]
DulaglutideInhibitAMPK/Hsp72/inflammatory cytokines[34]
Exendin-4InhibitActivates the PKA and AKT signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB proteins[35]
SGLT2 inhibitorLuseogliflozinInhibitIncreases FoxO1 expression[36]
CanagliflozinInhibitReduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage accumulation, and mRNA levels of atrogin-1[37]
DapagliflozinInhibitDecreases myostatin levels[38]
SulfonylureasGlibenclamidePromoteK+-ATP channel block and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity enhancement[39]
GglimepiridePromote
Non-sulfonylureasTolbutamidePromote
NateglinidePromote
RepaglinidePromote
), ArticleFig(id=1209809069049770826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209792481202409481, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of antidiabetic drugs on muscle atrophy, including the controversial drugs and the drugs inhibiting or promoting skeletal muscle atrophy. PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; Hsp72: Heat shock protein 72; PKA: Protein kinase A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug categoryDrug nameEffect on muscular atrophyMechanism on muscle atrophy
BiguanidesMetforminInhibitPGC-1α-FoxO3[28]
PromoteActivates the major mTORC1 inhibitory kinase AMPK[29]
ThiazolidinedionesRosiglitazoneInhibitPI3K/AKT[30]
PioglitazoneInhibitNF-κB[31]
DPP-4 inhibitorMK-0626 (sitastatin analogue)InhibitPhosphorylation of AMPK, increases GLP-1 levels[32]
Glucagon-like peptide analoguesLiraglutideInhibitInhibition of muscular atrophy related genes and enhances the expression of myogenic factors[33]
DulaglutideInhibitAMPK/Hsp72/inflammatory cytokines[34]
Exendin-4InhibitActivates the PKA and AKT signaling pathways, inhibits the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB proteins[35]
SGLT2 inhibitorLuseogliflozinInhibitIncreases FoxO1 expression[36]
CanagliflozinInhibitReduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage accumulation, and mRNA levels of atrogin-1[37]
DapagliflozinInhibitDecreases myostatin levels[38]
SulfonylureasGlibenclamidePromoteK+-ATP channel block and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity enhancement[39]
GglimepiridePromote
Non-sulfonylureasTolbutamidePromote
NateglinidePromote
RepaglinidePromote
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
2型糖尿病诱导骨骼肌萎缩机制及常用降糖药影响研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
梁眉黛 , 杨秀颖 * , 杜冠华 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(3): 568-575
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(3): 568-575
2型糖尿病诱导骨骼肌萎缩机制及常用降糖药影响研究进展
全屏
梁眉黛, 杨秀颖* , 杜冠华*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*杨秀颖, Tel: 86-10-63165313, E-mail: ;
杜冠华, Tel: 通信作者: 86-10-63165184, E-mail:
The mechanisms of type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle atrophy and the effects of commonly used hypoglycemic drugs: a review
Mei-dai LIANG, Xiu-ying YANG* , Guan-hua DU*
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217
文章导航
收藏切换

2型糖尿病是一种以糖脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素绝对或相对缺乏为特征的高消耗代谢性疾病, 可诱导产生骨骼肌萎缩。高血糖、高血脂、胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子异常释放可引发骨骼肌组织信号转导异常, 使蛋白质合成及降解失衡而引起肌萎缩。正常情况下, 胰岛素样生长因子1 (IGF-1)/胰岛素可激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (AKT), AKT既可以通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 增加蛋白质的合成, 也可以使叉头框蛋白O转录因子(FoxO) 磷酸化从而抑制某些泛素连接酶(如MAFbx/atrogin-1和MuRF1) 或自噬相关基因的转录。2型糖尿病状态下的IGF-1/PI3K/AKT通路减弱是导致骨骼肌萎缩的重要因素。有研究表明, 现有常用抗糖尿病药物在调控骨骼肌蛋白的合成与降解方面存在差异。文献报道, 具有抗2型糖尿病肌萎缩作用的药物包括噻唑烷二酮类、胰高血糖素样肽类似物、葡萄糖钠协同转运蛋白2抑制剂等; 仍旧存在争议或者对骨骼肌萎缩具有促进作用的药物包括二甲双胍和部分磺酰脲类及非磺酰脲类胰岛素促分泌剂。本文通过对目前常用的抗2型糖尿病药物进行梳理分析, 及所涉及的相关机制进行总结, 为抗糖尿病药物在2型糖尿病中的合理应用提供参考。

2型糖尿病  /  抗糖尿病药物  /  骨骼肌萎缩  /  哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白  /  泛素连接酶

Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.

type 2 diabetes  /  antidiabetic drug  /  skeletal muscle atrophy  /  mTOR  /  ubiquitin ligase
梁眉黛, 杨秀颖, 杜冠华. 2型糖尿病诱导骨骼肌萎缩机制及常用降糖药影响研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (3) : 568 -575 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217
Mei-dai LIANG, Xiu-ying YANG, Guan-hua DU. The mechanisms of type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle atrophy and the effects of commonly used hypoglycemic drugs: a review[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (3) : 568 -575 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217
2型糖尿病产生的直接原因是胰岛β细胞功能缺陷使胰岛素分泌减少, 或外周组织对胰岛素不敏感, 即胰岛素抵抗。这是一种以血糖升高为特征的慢性代谢性疾病[1]。2019年全球糖尿病患病率估计为9.3%, 即全球有近5亿糖尿病患者, 预计到2030年将增加到10.2%[2]。骨骼肌萎缩是肌肉质量的减少, 发生在蛋白质降解速率超过蛋白质合成速率时, 主要表现为肌肉质量减少, 从而导致肌纤维横截面积减少和肌肉力量下降[3]。而糖尿病是引起骨骼肌萎缩的一个重要诱因[4, 5], 也是导致骨骼肌功能下降从而引起疲劳的原因[6]。目前的研究表明, 2型糖尿病中存在的胰岛素抵抗现象可导致自噬、肌肉蛋白降解和线粒体功能障碍, 使患者的肌肉质量或力量亦或两者的丧失[7]
骨骼肌不仅负责运动, 还是机体主要的物质和能量代谢器官, 正常骨骼肌功能的维持可改善糖代谢障碍。骨骼肌的糖代谢过程为[8]: 首先己糖激酶将运输到骨骼肌中的葡萄糖磷酸化形成6-磷酸葡萄糖, 从而在细胞中通过4种代谢途径代谢, 包括糖原合成、糖酵解、己糖胺通路和磷酸戊糖途径; 糖原是骨骼肌中葡萄糖的多糖储存形式; 糖酵解包括无氧与有氧途径, 在调节骨骼肌收缩功能中起关键作用; 己糖胺途径的激活与骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗之间存在直接的正相关关系; 磷酸戊糖途径的激活也为肌肉修复过程提供了底物。因此, 同时改善糖代谢并防治糖尿病性骨骼肌萎缩的药物可能具有独特的治疗优势。本文首先简述了骨骼肌萎缩的相关机制, 其次总结了常用抗2型糖尿病药物对肌萎缩的影响及作用, 最后对这些药物的作用进行分类与说明。
诱导2型糖尿病骨骼肌萎缩机制目前尚不清楚, 主要是高糖、高脂、胰岛素抵抗及炎症因子异常释放等多方因素共同作用的结果。在骨骼肌中, 线粒体通过碳水化合物和脂质的酶促氧化反应获得主要能量三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP), 以维持骨骼肌细胞的功能和结构的完整性, 而2型糖尿病肌肉氧化能力降低和线粒体功能受损密切相关。长期的高代谢状态可提高细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的负荷从而造成线粒体功能障碍, 并导致和加重骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗, 进一步损害糖脂代谢稳态[9]。2型糖尿病患者骨骼肌中能量代谢异常如葡萄糖代谢失衡以及过量的循环游离脂肪酸, 可削弱磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT)[10]。患者促炎症细胞因子的释放, 使得核因子活化B细胞κ轻链增强子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB) 抑制蛋白IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB)/NF-κB途径活性增加。在下游水平, 抑制促进蛋白合成途径如雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR), 及促进蛋白降解途径如叉头框蛋白O转录因子(forkhead box O, FoxO)[11]、泛素蛋白-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS)、自噬及转录激活蛋白3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 等[12, 13]活化, 最终引起肌萎缩。具体表现为肌纤维大小和类型变化以及代谢功能的改变等(图 1)。
胰岛素样生长因子1 (insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1) 和胰岛素是肌肉质量的关键激素调节因子。IGF-1与其受体结合后, 激活脂质激酶家族成员PI3K, 后者可将磷脂酰肌醇3位的羟基磷酸化使其直接充当第二信使[14]。在与肌萎缩相关的众多信号通路中, IGF-1/PI3K/AKT途径是骨骼肌肥大的关键调节通路, 激活后可在体内预防肌肉萎缩[15]
IGF-1/PI3K/AKT下游的mTOR是骨骼肌中蛋白质合成的主要调节因子, 它的激活可由AKT通过胰岛素或IGF-1刺激所产生[11]。2型糖尿病患者骨骼肌中葡萄糖代谢失衡以及过量的循环游离脂肪酸会削弱PI3K/AKT信号, 患者体内胰岛素浓度长期偏高导致的胰岛素抵抗会进一步加剧PI3K/AKT信号, 产生恶性循环[10]。除此以外, 2型糖尿病显著降低了骨骼肌mTOR复合体1 (mTOR complex 1, mTORC1) 的活性(包括p70S6K Thr389和4E-BP1 Thr37/46的磷酸化), 同时骨骼肌中胰岛素刺激的AKT激酶活性也会降低[16, 17]
FoxO转录因子也参与骨骼肌蛋白降解。FoxOs类转录因子是FOX类转录因子的一个亚家族[18]。目前为止, 在哺乳动物细胞中已鉴定出4种亚型(FoxO1、FoxO3a、FoxO4和FoxO6)[19]。在2型糖尿病的患者中IGF-1/PI3K/AKT信号降低, 降低FoxO转录因子的磷酸化导致其核转位, 增加了MuRF1和atrogin-1的转录[11, 20]。在Okamura等[21]的研究中发现, 2型糖尿病(db/db) 小鼠存在肌萎缩, 骨骼肌中的FoxO1表达高于db/m小鼠。胰岛素或IGF-1诱导的胰岛素受体(insulin receptor, IR)/IGF-1受体(IGF-1R) 信号级联通过抑制FoxO1/3/4介导的自噬和蛋白降解过程, 以维持肌肉质量[22]
炎症信号可通过NF-κB信号途径, 诱导骨骼肌萎缩[23]。NF-κB是一个转录因子家族, 调节促炎基因的表达, 在未受刺激的细胞中, NF-κB主要位于胞浆中[13]。在2型糖尿病患者中促炎症细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和白细胞介素-6 (interleukin 6, IL-6) 的含量会增高, 从而激活细胞内信号通路, 其中NF-κB激活的主要事件是由IκB激酶介导的IκB磷酸化, 从而使得IκB快速泛素化并被蛋白酶体降解, 促进NF-κB从IκB上分离, 并从细胞质转位到细胞核, 与靶基因结合, 增强了编码炎症介质的大量基因转录, 如TNF-α和IL-6; 而循环中TNF-α的增加还可能磷酸化和激活骨骼肌中细胞内信号分子c-Jun N-末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinases, JNK), 并诱导胰岛素受体底物-1 (insulin substrate receptor-1, IRS-1) 的丝氨酸磷酸化, 抑制胰岛素信号的转导[13, 24]。也有研究表明在患有2型糖尿病的受试者的肌肉中IκB蛋白丰度降低, 即IκB/NF-κB通路活性过度, 同时也说明IκB/NF-κB途径活性增加与肌肉胰岛素抵抗息息相关[13]
如前所述, 在2型糖尿病患者中促炎症细胞因子IL-6的含量会增高, 而STAT3是由促炎细胞因子(如IL-6) 激活的信号转录蛋白[25]。STAT3通过CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins, C/EBP) 诱发骨骼肌萎缩。C/EBP是一个转录因子家族, 目前已经分离并鉴定了该家族的至少6个成员(C/EBPα~C/EBP zeta), 它们在控制细胞增殖和分化、代谢、炎症和许多其他反应中起到了关键作用[26]。研究者们使用C/EBPδ KO小鼠和具有C/EBPδ或肌生长抑制素基因敲低功能的C2C12肌管, 确定了p-STAT3通过C/EBPδ刺激肌肉生长抑制因子从而引发肌肉萎缩[12]
有研究表明, 大鼠和人类骨骼肌都表达5-HT2A受体, 5-HT和特异性5-HT2A激动剂可以通过一种不依赖于参与胰岛素信号通路的成分机制快速刺激骨骼肌中的葡萄糖摄取[27]。2型糖尿病性疲劳是骨骼肌5-HT2A受体、5-HT合成缺陷及5-HT降解的增加导致的, 5-HT2A受体通过介导单胺氧化酶A (monoamine oxidase A, MAO-A) 表达、5-HT合成, 间接调控5-HT降解; 而MAO-A在介导5-HT降解的同时, 调控细胞炎症、线粒体的ROS产生及膜电位去极化, 抑制线粒体功能, 并激活炎症信号通路如NF-κB信号通路, 从而促进骨骼肌炎症因子产生, 使骨骼肌收缩无力、患者产生疲劳感; 5-HT2A受体拮抗剂盐酸沙格雷酯与5-HT合成抑制剂卡比多巴合用可有效地消除2型糖尿病模型小鼠的疲劳状态, 增加骨骼肌线粒体ATP合成、增加体重[6]
常用抗2型糖尿病药物多基于纠正导致人类血糖升高的两个主要病理生理改变: 血糖升高、胰岛素绝对或相对减少。如胰岛素增敏剂包括双胍类及噻唑烷二酮类(thiazolidinediones, TZDs) 药物, 它们通过增强周围组织对胰岛素的敏感性促进肌肉等外周组织对葡萄糖利用和减轻胰岛素抵抗来降低血糖; 促进胰岛素分泌类药物, 包括磺酰脲类和非磺酰脲类、二肽基肽酶-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4, DPP-4) 抑制剂、胰高血糖素样肽类似物等, 它们主要通过促进胰腺释放胰岛素来降低血糖水平; 而通过其他机制降低血糖药物主要包括钠/葡萄糖共转运蛋白2 (sodium-glucose transport protein 2, SGLT2) 抑制剂等, 见表 1[28-39]
二甲双胍作为治疗2型糖尿病的最常用药物之一, 可促进葡萄糖的吸收及利用, 增强胰岛素敏感性, 从而降低糖尿病患者的血糖。它是一种腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 激动剂, 目前二甲双胍对骨骼肌蛋白平衡的影响仍存在争议[28, 29, 40, 41]。在一项多中心研究实验中, 65岁及以上的健康成年人进行14周的渐进式阻力训练可以增加总瘦肉质量和大腿肌肉质量。但是, 二甲双胍给药(1 700 mg·d-1, 12周以上) 抑制了肌肉质量的增加, 推测是因为二甲双胍激活了主要的mTORC1抑制激酶AMPK, 下游mTORC1激活的急性和/或慢性钝化导致受试者的总瘦肉质量减少[29]。根据Krawiec等[41]报道, 二甲双胍(2.0 mmol·L-1, 0~24 h, 以4 h为间隔的时间点进行测定) 可激活AMPK, 在培养的肌肉中诱导萎缩性基因MurF1和MAFb, 并呈响应剂量依赖性增加。
而有研究表明, 使用二甲双胍可以使男性糖尿病患者的肌肉质量损失明显减弱[40]。二甲双胍可以改善高脂饮食(high-fat diet, HFD) 诱导的肥胖症中的肌肉萎缩, 在HFD模型大鼠中进行二甲双胍的治疗[给予HFD和二甲双胍(320 mg·d-1), 以1 mL·kg-1·d-1灌胃给药, 持续4周] 能够增加比目鱼肌中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, PGC-1α) 的水平并降低FoxO3、atrogin-1/MAFbx和MuRF-1的水平, 这可能涉及到PGC-1α-FoxO3途径调节[28]。这两种截然不同的作用报道提示二甲双胍对骨骼肌的作用复杂, 在不同病理生理条件下可能具有不同的作用, 因此推测二甲双胍在老年或不存在胰岛素抵抗的患者可能对骨骼肌有不利的影响, 需要进一步深入研究。
噻唑烷酮类化合物是一类胰岛素增敏剂, 高度选择性激动过氧化物酶体-增殖体活化受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, PPARγ), 主要包括曲格列酮、罗格列酮、吡格列酮等[42]。研究发现, 噻唑烷二酮类PPARγ激动剂的体内给药可改善胰岛素刺激的骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取[43]。自发性2型糖尿病db/db小鼠给予罗格列酮(8 mg·kg-1·d-1, 35天), 可改善胰岛素抵抗指数和PI3K/AKT信号异常, 抑制FoxO及下游的E3泛素蛋白酶体atrogin-1/MAFbx和MuRF1[30], 并降低肌肉中caspase-3的活性, 从而抑制蛋白降解。另外, 罗格列酮还降低了糖皮质激素水平, 增加了循环脂联素的含量。吡格列酮也可缓解脊髓和延髓性肌萎缩症模型小鼠中的肌萎缩[31]。除此以外, 在一项2型糖尿病受试者的研究中显示吡格列酮(30 mg·d-1, 12周) 和罗格列酮(4 mg·d-1, 12周) 对2型糖尿病患者骨骼肌线粒体呼吸体现出相反的作用, 前者增加后者降低[44], 提示不同的噻唑烷酮类化合物对骨骼肌可能具有不同的作用。
磺脲类药物是较早用于临床的胰岛素释放促进剂。其作用机制是占据ATP敏感钾通道上的一个特定位置导致钾通道关闭, 随后细胞膜去极化, Ca2+通道开放并内流刺激胰岛素释放[45]。Mele等[39]评估了胰岛素释放促进药物引起小鼠肌肉类型依赖性的萎缩, 将药物与右手指短屈肌(flexor digitorum brevis, FDB)、指长伸肌(extensor digitorum longus, EDL) 和比目鱼肌(soleus, SOL) 分别孵育, 发现与对照组比, 所有磺酰脲类(1×10-4 mol·L-1)、格列内酯类(1×10-4 mol·L-1) 在3种肌肉分别孵育24 h后, 蛋白质含量/肌肉重量均显著降低, 其中瑞格列奈(1×10-4 mol·L-1)、格列本脲(1×10-4 mol·L-1) 和甲苯磺丁酰胺(5×10-4 mol·L-1) 导致萎缩性FDB肌肉的线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性增强, 表明线粒体靶标可能参与了萎缩过程。同时, 研究者们在美国食品药品监督管理局-不良反应报告系统(FDA adverse event reporting system, FDA-AERS) 数据库搜索了与人类使用这些药物有关的萎缩相关信号, 发现在8个月的时间里, 0.27%的格列本脲报告出现肌肉萎缩, 而同一观察期间的托布丁胺、格列美脲、瑞格列奈和那格列奈均未出现肌肉萎缩, 推测药物引起的萎缩可能与K+-ATP通道阻滞和线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的增强有关[39]。琥珀酸脱氢酶活性也是线粒体氧化磷酸化水平的标志之一, 因此其活性增强与骨骼肌萎缩的关系还需要进一步确认。
DPP-4是体内降解肠促胰岛素的主要酶, 存在于循环系统中, 并在多种细胞表达, 可使胰高血糖素样肽(glucagon-like peptide 1, GLP-1) 和葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP) 失活。DPP-4抑制剂可快速抑制DPP-4活性, 阻断肠促胰岛素(GIP和GLP-1) 降解来刺激胰岛素分泌和抑制胃排空[46]。研究者们在一项观察研究中发现, DPP-4抑制剂针对老年糖尿病患者除了具有更好的血糖控制和炎症控制外, 还可以有效防止肌肉质量及其功能的丧失, 保持患者的体重、力量和身体机能指标, 并且可以有效防止2型糖尿病患者随着年龄的增长而逐渐减少的肌肉量[47, 48]。在DPP-4抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者影响研究中发现, 西他列汀(25~50 mg, 24周) 显示了肌肉和肌肉/脂肪比率的增加[49]。另外, DPP-4抑制剂利格列汀(0.083 g·kg-1, 4周) 可改善klotho-/-小鼠的早衰及肌肉萎缩[50]。Takada等[32]发现西他列汀类似物MK-0626 (1 mg·kg-1·d-1, 4周) 改善了心肌梗死小鼠的骨骼肌异常和运动能力。
GLP-1是主要的肠降血糖素激素, 由肠道在食物存在时分泌, 并有效刺激葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌[51]。GLP-1通过直接激活在胰岛β细胞上表达的特异性G蛋白偶联受体(GLP-1受体) 来刺激葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌, 并抑制胰岛α细胞的胰高血糖素分泌来降低葡萄糖的含量[52]
利拉鲁肽是一种长效GLP-1类似物。研究表明, 利拉鲁肽可改善骨骼肌萎缩。Perna等[53]研究发现, 利拉鲁肽(3 mg·d-1, 24周) 可减轻超重和肥胖的2型糖尿病老年人体重, 在减少脂肪量的同时稳定骨骼肌质量。除此以外, 利拉鲁肽对冻伤(200  μg·kg-1, 每日两次, 12 h至4天)[33]、去神经支配(200  μg·kg-1, 每日两次, 3或7天)[33]、废用性肌肉萎缩(600 µg·kg-1·d-1, 11天)[34]、地塞米松诱导(200  μg·kg-1, 每日两次, 14天)[33]、卵巢切除诱发(30 0 μg·kg-1, 12周)[33]及Duchenne型肌营养不良(1 mg·kg-1·w-1, 3周)[35]的骨骼肌萎缩模型动物具有保护作用, 并能改善肌肉功能, 其抗萎缩作用包括抑制肌萎缩相关基因和增强肌源性因子的表达[33]。利拉鲁肽对骨骼肌的影响不仅涉及糖脂代谢的调节, 还可改善炎症状态[34]
Exendin-4是GLP-1的长效强效激动剂。Hong等[35]研究发现exendin-4可在体内外水平抑制地塞米松诱导的C2C12肌管细胞(20 nmol·L-1, 6 h)、小鼠模型(100 ng·d-1, 12天) 中肌生长抑制素(myostatin, MSTN) 和肌肉萎缩因子(如atrogin-1和MuRF-1) 的表达, 促进增强肌源性因子(MyoG和MyoD) 表达。该作用与GLP-1受体激活后的蛋白激酶A (protein kinase A, PKA) 和AKT信号通路激活, 并抑制磷酸化NF-κB蛋白的表达相关[35]。Exendin-4 (100 ng·d-1, 8周) 还可抑制慢性肾脏病小鼠肌肉萎缩[35]
SGLT2抑制剂代表一类新型的促进糖排出类降糖药, 通过选择性抑制SGLT2功能, 防止葡萄糖从肾脏重吸收并促进其在尿液中的排泄[54]。达格列净(dapagliflozin) 是一种选择性SGLT2抑制剂, 2型糖尿病患者给予达格列净(5 mg·d-1, 12和24周) 可显著降低MSTN水平并维持骨骼肌质量[38]。Okamura等[21]研究发现, SGLT2抑制剂鲁格列净(luseogliflozin, 添加于饲料中, 0.01% w/w, 8周) 可改善db/db小鼠的肌萎缩并抑制FoxO1表达, 该作用可能与降低骨骼肌中硬脂酸含量, 并抑制硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1 (stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1, SCD1) 的相关表达有关[36]。除此以外, Naznin等[37]发现SGLT2抑制剂坎格列净(canagliflozin, 约为30 mg·kg-1·d-1, 8周) 不仅可降低HFD喂养的肥胖小鼠骨骼肌中的炎性细胞因子水平、巨噬细胞累积以及特定萎缩因子atrogin-1的mRNA水平, 并且还增加了胰岛素样生长因子1的mRNA水平, 防止肌肉质量损失, 恢复了肌肉的收缩力。
另外也有证据发现, 使用SGLT2抑制剂治疗会导致肌肉质量下降, 甚至可能会加速糖尿病相关的肌肉减少症[55, 56]。鉴于目前临床数据有限, SGLT2抑制剂与骨骼肌蛋白质平衡的关系还有待进一步研究确认[54]
本文对诱导2型糖尿病骨骼肌萎缩的机制进行了汇总, 并对目前常用的抗2型糖尿病药物对肌萎缩的机制进行梳理分析。基于现有研究表明, 抗糖尿病药物大多可以调控骨骼肌的蛋白平衡, 该作用可能与对骨骼肌的能量代谢调控相关。如噻唑烷二酮类药物中的代表药物罗格列酮与吡格列酮可以改善肌萎缩模型中的药理学表型及相关因子的表达[30, 31, 57]; DPP-4抑制剂利格列汀和西他列汀及其类似物均可以改善不同模型中肌肉萎缩的水平[32, 49, 50]; 长效GLP-1类似物利拉鲁肽、长效GLP-1受体激动剂杜拉鲁肽及exendin-4治疗可以缓解肌肉萎缩并降低相关萎缩基因的表达[33-35, 53, 58, 59]; 使用SGLT2抑制剂达格列净、鲁格列净和坎格列净治疗对维持或者改善萎缩模型中肌肉的质量或者横截面积都有明显的效果[36-38]。以上结果说明, 这些药物可以在降低血糖的同时, 还可缓解肌萎缩。尽管如此, 还有报道表明一些降糖药物可能具有促进骨骼肌萎缩的作用, 如二甲双胍的作用仍有待确认; 磺酰脲类和非磺酰脲类的一些药物体现出萎缩的促进作用, 见表 1[39]。本文为系统全面了解现有的主要抗2型糖尿病药物对骨骼肌的作用提供参考, 还为2型糖尿病患者更加合理选择用药提供了依据。
作者贡献: 梁眉黛负责文章撰写及资料搜集; 杨秀颖拟定文章框架, 并审校全文; 杜冠华审校全文, 提供指导性建议。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-012)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-003-005)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2017YFG0112900)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81470159)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81770847)
  • 中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(CAMS-I2M)
  • 中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2016-I2M-3-007)
  • 中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2017-I2M-1-010)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Malone JI, Hansen BC. Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite?[J]. Pediatr Diabetes, 2019, 20: 5-9.
[2]
Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2019, 157: 107843.
[3]
Fanzani A, Conraads VM, Penna F, et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2012, 3: 163-179.
[4]
Monaco CMF, Perry CGR, Hawke TJ. Diabetic myopathy: current molecular understanding of this novel neuromuscular disorder[J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2017, 30: 545-552.
[5]
Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Strotmeyer ES, et al. Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study[J]. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30: 1507-1512.
[6]
Zhang YX, Zhang R, Yang J, et al. Relationship between fatigue caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus and 5-HT degradation in skeletal muscle[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 190-200 http://www.yxxb.com.cn:8081/aps/CN/abstract/abstract18127.shtml
[7]
Kalyani RR, Corriere M, Ferrucci L. Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2014, 2: 819-829.
[8]
Evans PL, McMillin SL, Weyrauch LA, et al. Regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transport and glucose metabolism by exercise training[J]. Nutrients, 2019, 11: 2432.
[9]
Fiorentino TV, Monroy A, Kamath S, et al. Pioglitazone corrects dysregulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP synthesis in type 2 diabetes[J]. Metabolism, 2021, 114: 154416.
[10]
Huang X, Liu G, Guo J, et al. The PI3K/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2018, 14: 1483-1496.
[11]
Perry BD, Caldow MK, Brennan-Speranza TC, et al. Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise[J]. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2016, 22: 94-109.
[12]
Zhang L, Pan J, Dong Y, et al. Stat3 activation links a C/EBPδ to myostatin pathway to stimulate loss of muscle mass[J]. Cell Metab, 2013, 18: 368-379.
[13]
Sriwijitkamol A, Christ-Roberts C, Berria R, et al. Reduced skeletal muscle inhibitor of κBβ content is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes, 2006, 55: 760-767.
[14]
Fruman DA, Meyers RE, Cantley LC. Phosphoinositide kinases[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 1998, 67: 481-507.
[15]
Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, et al. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2001, 3: 1014-1019.
[16]
Krook A, Roth RA, Jiang XJ, et al. Insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity is reduced in skeletal muscle from NIDDM subjects[J]. Diabetes, 1998, 47: 1281-1286.
[17]
Ato S, Kido K, Sato K, et al. Type 2 diabetes causes skeletal muscle atrophy but does not impair resistance training-mediated myonuclear accretion and muscle mass gain in rats[J]. Exp Physiol, 2019, 104: 1518-1531.
[18]
Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A, et al. Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy[J]. Cell, 2004, 117: 399-412.
[19]
Ho KK, Myatt SS, Lam EWF. Many forks in the path: cycling with FoxO[J]. Oncogene, 2008, 27: 2300-2311.
[20]
Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke BA, et al. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors[J]. Mol Cell, 2004, 14: 395-403.
[21]
Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Osaka T, et al. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor luseogliflozin can suppress muscle atrophy in db/db mice by suppressing the expression of foxo1[J]. J Clin Biochem Nutr, 2019, 65: 23-28.
[22]
O'Neill BT, Lee KY, Klaus K, et al. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate FoxO-mediated signaling in muscle proteostasis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2016, 126: 3433-3446.
[23]
Li H, Malhotra S, Kumar A. Nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy[J]. J Mol Med (Berl), 2008, 86: 1113-1126.
[24]
Andreasen AS, Kelly M, Berg RMG, et al. Type 2 diabetes is associated with altered NF-κB DNA binding activity, JNK phosphorylation, and AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle after LPS[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6: e23999.
[25]
Horvath CM. The Jak-STAT pathway stimulated by interleukin 6[J]. Sci STKE, 2004, 2004: tr9.
[26]
Ramji DP, Foka P. CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins: structure, function and regulation[J]. Biochem J, 2002, 365: 561-575.
[27]
Hajduch E, Rencurel F, Balendran A, et al. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a novel regulator of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle[J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274: 13563-13568.
[28]
Hasan MM, Shalaby SM, El-Gendy J, et al. Beneficial effects of metformin on muscle atrophy induced by obesity in rats[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2019, 120: 5677-5686.
[29]
Walton RG, Dungan CM, Long DE, et al. Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: the MASTERS trial[J]. Aging Cell, 2019, 18: e13039.
[30]
Wang X, Hu Z, Hu J, et al. Insulin resistance accelerates muscle protein degradation: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by defects in muscle cell signaling[J]. Endocrinology, 2006, 147: 4160-4168.
[31]
Iida M, Katsuno M, Nakatsuji H, et al. Pioglitazone suppresses neuronal and muscular degeneration caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors[J]. Hum Mol Genet, 2015, 24: 314-329.
[32]
Takada S, Masaki Y, Kinugawa S, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improved exercise capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice with heart failure via activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2016, 111: 338-347.
[33]
Gurjar AA, Kushwaha S, Chattopadhyay S, et al. Long acting GLP-1 analog liraglutide ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents[J]. Metabolism, 2020, 103: 154044.
[34]
Nguyen TTN, Choi H, Jun HS. Preventive effects of dulaglutide on disuse muscle atrophy through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis by induction of Hsp72 expression[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 90.
[35]
Hong Y, Lee JH, Jeong KW, et al. Amelioration of muscle wasting by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in muscle atrophy[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2019, 10: 903-918.
[36]
Bamba RYP. Anti-skeletal muscle atrophy effect of luseogliflozin via lipidome modification in db/db mice[J]. Diabetes, 2020, 69: 1137-P.
[37]
Naznin F, Sakoda H, Okada T, et al. Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, attenuates obesity-induced inflammation in the nodose ganglion, hypothalamus, and skeletal muscle of mice[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2017, 794: 37-44.
[38]
Yamakage H, Tanaka M, Inoue T, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 and myokines and muscle mass in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial[J]. J Diabetes Investig, 2020, 11: 653-661.
[39]
Mele A, Calzolaro S, Cannone G, et al. Database search of spontaneous reports and pharmacological investigations on the sulfonylureas and glinides-induced atrophy in skeletal muscle[J]. Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2014, 2: e00028.
[40]
Lee CG, Boyko EJ, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Insulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34: 2381-2386.
[41]
Krawiec BJ, Nystrom GJ, Frost RA, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase agonists increase mRNA content of the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 in C2C12 cells[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 292: E1555-E1567.
[42]
Yi H, Jun P, Xuan P, et al. Updated research progress of selective PPARγ modulators[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2021, 56: 352-359 http://www.yxxb.com.cn:8081/aps/CN/abstract/abstract18076.shtml
[43]
Zierath JR, Ryder JW, Doebber T, et al. Role of skeletal muscle in thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer (PPARγ agonist) action[J]. Endocrinology, 1998, 139: 5034-5041.
[44]
Rabøl R, Boushel R, Almdal T, et al. Opposite effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2010, 12: 806-814.
[45]
Rendell M. The role of sulphonylureas in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Drugs, 2004, 64: 1339-1358.
[46]
Gilbert MP, Pratley RE. GLP-1 analogs and DPP-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy: review of head-to-head clinical trials[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2020, 11: 178.
[47]
Bouchi R, Fukuda T, Takeuchi T, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors attenuates the decline of skeletal muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2018, 34: e2957.
[48]
Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Fava I, et al. Sarcopenia in elderly diabetic patients: role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors[J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2016, 17: 896-901.
[49]
Ishii S, Nagai Y, Kato H, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on muscle mass and the muscle/fat ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. J Clin Med Res, 2020, 12: 122-126.
[50]
Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Takemoto Y, et al. DPP-4 inhibition with linagliptin ameliorates the progression of premature aging in klotho-/- mice[J]. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2017, 16: 154.
[51]
Chai W, Dong Z, Wang N, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism[J]. Diabetes, 2012, 61: 888-896.
[52]
Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones[J]. Cell Metab, 2006, 3: 153-165.
[53]
Perna S, Guido D, Bologna C, et al. Liraglutide and obesity in elderly: efficacy in fat loss and safety in order to prevent sarcopenia. A perspective case series study[J]. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2016, 28: 1251-1257.
[54]
Wu CN, Tien KJ. The impact of antidiabetic agents on sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes: a literature review[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2020, 2020: 9368583.
[55]
Yabe D, Nishikino R, Kaneko M, et al. Short-term impacts of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in Japanese clinical practice: considerations for their appropriate use to avoid serious adverse events[J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2015, 14: 795-800.
[56]
Gao F, Hall S, Bach LA. Myopathy secondary to empagliflozin therapy in type 2 diabetes [J]. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep, 2020. DOI: 10.1530/EDM-20-0017.
[57]
Todd MK, Watt MJ, Le J, et al. Thiazolidinediones enhance skeletal muscle triacylglycerol synthesis while protecting against fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 292: E485-E493.
[58]
Perry T, Holloway HW, Weerasuriya A, et al. Evidence of GLP-1-mediated neuroprotection in an animal model of pyridoxine-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy[J]. Exp Neurol, 2007, 203: 293-301.
[59]
Yamamoto K, Amako M, Yamamoto Y, et al. Therapeutic effect of exendin-4, a long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on nerve regeneration after the crush nerve injury[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013: 315848.
2022年第57卷第3期
PDF下载
233
107
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217
  • 接收时间:2021-08-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-03-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-23
  • 修回日期:2021-09-18
基金
国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-012)
国家科技重大专项(2018ZX09711001-003-005)
国家科技重大专项(2017YFG0112900)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81470159)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81770847)
中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(CAMS-I2M)
中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2016-I2M-3-007)
中国医学科学院创新工程医科院创新工程(2017-I2M-1-010)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 药物靶点研究与新药筛选北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*杨秀颖, Tel: 86-10-63165313, E-mail: ;
杜冠华, Tel: 通信作者: 86-10-63165184, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1217
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏