Article(id=1209788329629971195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209788321396552074, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0937, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1624809600000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-28, revisedDate=1633622400000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766365614563, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1644595200000, pubDateStr=2022-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766365614563, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766365614563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766365614563, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209788321396552074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='251', pageEnd='546', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766365612600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766370652531, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209809460445451136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209788321396552074, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209809460445451137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1209788321396552074, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=474, endPage=479, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209788330854707995, articleId=1209788329629971195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the cross-linking degree of PVPP by NMR technology and its powder compressibility, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) echo method was used to determine the cross-linking degree and cross-linking density of crospovidone (PVPP) from different manufacturers. Based on the seven physical properties of PVPP, a fingerprint spectrum (radar chart) of twenty secondary quality indicators were obtained, and three compressibility evaluation indicators, index of the parameter (IP), index of parametric profile (IPP), index of good compression (IGC) were calculated by the fingerprint spectrum. It was found that the cross-linking degree and compressibility index IP of PVPP showed a strong correlation (r=0.816) by the correlation analysis, indicating that the cross-linking degree is one of the key quality attributes for evaluating the compressibility of PVPP.

, correspAuthors=Hui-min SUN, Jia-sheng TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jue WANG, Li HU, Mei-qin WU, Rui YANG, Hui-min SUN, Jia-sheng TU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209788332402406284, articleId=1209788329629971195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=NMR技术测定PVPP交联度及其粉体可压缩性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用低场核磁共振技术Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)回波法测定了不同厂家交联聚维酮(crospovidone,PVPP)的交联度和交联密度,在交联聚维酮7个物理属性基础上建立了20个二级质量指标的物理指纹图谱,通过指纹图谱计算得到3个可压性评价指标:参数指数(index of parameter,IP)、参数轮廓指数(index of parametric profile,IPP)、良好可压性指数(index of good compression,IGC)。相关性分析发现交联聚维酮的交联度与可压性指标IP的相关性系数为0.816,呈现强相关性,表明交联聚维酮的交联度是影响其可压性的重要质量指标之一。

, correspAuthors=孙会敏, 涂家生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙会敏, Tel: 86-10-53852486, E-mail: ;
涂家生, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=T+o0C83c9homDnBiaCO3zA==, magXml=+6zAtU/BLXnSgmaSleMGGQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1essCNyV4Uk7NRRZOjcU+Q==, pdfFileSize=3118069, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Asg9MiUS0IH5Q99WsJuvVg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=C830GHhrO4X7fO+MmpJWbg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者

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2.中国药科大学, 国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209809049865032079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209809049869226384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, companyId=1209809049865032079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Physical propertyEvaluation indexPhysical quantity/unitNumerical range (x#)Conversion formula
Water absorptionExpansion rateS/mL·g-11–10x
Maximum water absorptionV/mL1–10x
Water absorption rateν/mL·s-10–0.2540x
FluidityAngle of reposeAR/°60–010 - x/6
Carr indexIc60–010 - x/6
Hausner ratioIH3–1(30 - 10x)/2
Kawakita equation constant aa0–110x
AccumulationBulk densityDa/g·cm-30–110x
Tapped densityDc/g·cm-30–110x
CompressibilityInter-particle porosityIe0–52x
Specific surface areaBET/m2·g-10–65x/3
UniformityParticle size D10D10/μm100–010 - x/10
Particle size D50D50/μm200–010 - x/20
Particle size D90D90/μm300–010 - x/30
Volume average diameterD[4, 3]/μm200–010 - x/20
Area average diameterD[3, 2]/μm100–010 - x/10
Size distribution widthSpan/μm3–1(30 - 10x)/2
FillingKawakita equation constant 1/b1/b70–010 - x/7
Kuno equation constant kk0–0.1100x
StabilityLoss on dryingHR/%15–010 - 2x/3
), ArticleFig(id=1209809058278805576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical quality attributes, evaluation indexes and standardized conversion. #Measured value directly obtained from experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Physical propertyEvaluation indexPhysical quantity/unitNumerical range (x#)Conversion formula
Water absorptionExpansion rateS/mL·g-11–10x
Maximum water absorptionV/mL1–10x
Water absorption rateν/mL·s-10–0.2540x
FluidityAngle of reposeAR/°60–010 - x/6
Carr indexIc60–010 - x/6
Hausner ratioIH3–1(30 - 10x)/2
Kawakita equation constant aa0–110x
AccumulationBulk densityDa/g·cm-30–110x
Tapped densityDc/g·cm-30–110x
CompressibilityInter-particle porosityIe0–52x
Specific surface areaBET/m2·g-10–65x/3
UniformityParticle size D10D10/μm100–010 - x/10
Particle size D50D50/μm200–010 - x/20
Particle size D90D90/μm300–010 - x/30
Volume average diameterD[4, 3]/μm200–010 - x/20
Area average diameterD[3, 2]/μm100–010 - x/10
Size distribution widthSpan/μm3–1(30 - 10x)/2
FillingKawakita equation constant 1/b1/b70–010 - x/7
Kuno equation constant kk0–0.1100x
StabilityLoss on dryingHR/%15–010 - 2x/3
), ArticleFig(id=1209809058375274578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleCrosslinking degreeA (crosslinking proportion/%)B (suspension chain weight/%)Crosslinking density/ ×10-4 mol·mL-1Mc/×10-4 kg·mol-1
P-1-214.5814.5885.422.0944 776
P-3-416.8616.8683.144.0562 465
P-4-423.5623.5676.445.7311 745
P-5-422.5122.5177.495.4841 823
P-6-213.7613.7686.243.7192 689
P-8-510.8710.8789.131.9835 043
P-9-717.4117.4182.595.4991 819
), ArticleFig(id=1209809058526269538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cross-linking degree and cross-linking density of crospovidone from different manufacturers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleCrosslinking degreeA (crosslinking proportion/%)B (suspension chain weight/%)Crosslinking density/ ×10-4 mol·mL-1Mc/×10-4 kg·mol-1
P-1-214.5814.5885.422.0944 776
P-3-416.8616.8683.144.0562 465
P-4-423.5623.5676.445.7311 745
P-5-422.5122.5177.495.4841 823
P-6-213.7613.7686.243.7192 689
P-8-510.8710.8789.131.9835 043
P-9-717.4117.4182.595.4991 819
), ArticleFig(id=1209809058681458798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1209788329629971195, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleIPIPPIGC
P-1-20.405.445.35
P-3-40.554.934.85
P-4-40.505.235.15
P-5-40.555.145.06
P-6-20.354.614.53
P-8-50.254.284.21
P-9-70.504.894.81
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Compressibility evaluation indexes of crospovidone form different manufacturers. IP: Index of parameter; IPP: Index of parametric profile; IGC: Index of good compression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleIPIPPIGC
P-1-20.405.445.35
P-3-40.554.934.85
P-4-40.505.235.15
P-5-40.555.145.06
P-6-20.354.614.53
P-8-50.254.284.21
P-9-70.504.894.81
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NMR技术测定PVPP交联度及其粉体可压缩性研究
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王珏 1, 2, # , 胡丽 3, # , 武美芹 2 , 杨锐 1 , 孙会敏 1, * , 涂家生 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(2): 474-479
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(2): 474-479
NMR技术测定PVPP交联度及其粉体可压缩性研究
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王珏1, 2, #, 胡丽3, #, 武美芹2, 杨锐1, 孙会敏1, * , 涂家生2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 国家药品监督管理局药用辅料质量研究与评价重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.中国药科大学, 国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 3.成都盛迪医药有限公司, 四川 成都 610000

通讯作者:

*孙会敏, Tel: 86-10-53852486, E-mail: ;
涂家生, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail:
Study on the cross-linking degree of PVPP by NMR technology and its powder compressibility
Jue WANG1, 2, Li HU3, Mei-qin WU2, Rui YANG1, Hui-min SUN1, * , Jia-sheng TU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 3. Chengdu Suncadia Medicine Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
出版时间: 2022-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0937
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本文采用低场核磁共振技术Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)回波法测定了不同厂家交联聚维酮(crospovidone,PVPP)的交联度和交联密度,在交联聚维酮7个物理属性基础上建立了20个二级质量指标的物理指纹图谱,通过指纹图谱计算得到3个可压性评价指标:参数指数(index of parameter,IP)、参数轮廓指数(index of parametric profile,IPP)、良好可压性指数(index of good compression,IGC)。相关性分析发现交联聚维酮的交联度与可压性指标IP的相关性系数为0.816,呈现强相关性,表明交联聚维酮的交联度是影响其可压性的重要质量指标之一。

交联聚维酮  /  交联度  /  交联密度  /  核磁共振  /  可压性  /  物理指纹图谱

In this paper, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) echo method was used to determine the cross-linking degree and cross-linking density of crospovidone (PVPP) from different manufacturers. Based on the seven physical properties of PVPP, a fingerprint spectrum (radar chart) of twenty secondary quality indicators were obtained, and three compressibility evaluation indicators, index of the parameter (IP), index of parametric profile (IPP), index of good compression (IGC) were calculated by the fingerprint spectrum. It was found that the cross-linking degree and compressibility index IP of PVPP showed a strong correlation (r=0.816) by the correlation analysis, indicating that the cross-linking degree is one of the key quality attributes for evaluating the compressibility of PVPP.

crospovidone  /  crosslinking degree  /  crosslinking density  /  NMR  /  compressibility  /  physical fingerprint
王珏, 胡丽, 武美芹, 杨锐, 孙会敏, 涂家生. NMR技术测定PVPP交联度及其粉体可压缩性研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (2) : 474 -479 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0937
Jue WANG, Li HU, Mei-qin WU, Rui YANG, Hui-min SUN, Jia-sheng TU. Study on the cross-linking degree of PVPP by NMR technology and its powder compressibility[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (2) : 474 -479 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0937
交联聚维酮(crospovidone, PVPP) 是由单体N-乙烯-2-吡咯烷酮(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, NVP) 合成交联的水不溶性高分子交联聚合物, 具备独特的网状性能结构, 在药物制剂中常用作崩解剂。分子式为(C6H9NO)n, 其中n代表NVP链节的平均数, 结构式和网状结构示意图如图 1所示。对于弹性高分子而言, 分子内存在3种链结构: 两端受到交联点束缚的交联链(a), 链段运动性很差; 一端受到交联点束缚的悬垂链(b), 链段运动性好于交联链; 以及体系中未受到束缚的自由链(c)。
高分子链的交联程度通过交联度或交联密度进行表征。在橡胶工业中, 交联度通常指总结构单元中被交联的结构单元占有多少, 就是交联聚合物包含多少交联键, 通常用交联链占所有类型链段的比例表示; 交联密度通常与两个相邻交联点间链的数均分子量(number average weight between crosslinks, Mc) 有关, 且Mc越小, 交联密度越大, 表示单位体积的交联键越多, 交联程度越大[1]。交联提高了聚合物的力学性能、热稳定性、耐磨性、耐溶剂性及抗蠕变性。交联结构中没有分子间滑移, 在受力时交联点间链段伸长, 撤消力时链段恢复蜷曲, 使交联度较小的聚合物具有弹性, 同时提高了强度和硬度。在橡胶工业中交联度和交联密度是橡胶结构的重要表征指标之一, 测定方法有很多; 而在医药工业中交联高分子聚合物的交联度通常是用间接的方法得到, 并且交联度(或交联密度) 对材料性能影响的研究报道很少。
事实上, 测定高分子聚合物交联度(或交联密度) 的方法有很多种, 如化学法、力学测试法和平衡溶胀法等, 但化学法的反应体系复杂, 定量关系准确度不高; 力学测试法对高交联密度的测定误差较大; 平衡溶胀法测定周期长[2]。低场核磁共振(NMR) 技术测定聚合物交联度(或交联密度) 操作简单、样品无损、准确度高, 在橡胶工业中测定橡胶交联度(或交联密度) 已有很广泛的应用[3-6]
本文将低场核磁共振技术测定交联度和交联密度的方法用于药用辅料交联聚维酮的测定中, 通过建立基于交联聚维酮7个物理属性的20个质量评价指标的物理指纹图谱计算其可压性评价指数, 即参数指数(index of parameter, IP)、参数轮廓指数(index of parametric profile, IPP) 及良好可压性指数(index of good compression, IGC)。通过相关性分析发现, Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) 回波法测定的交联聚维酮的交联度与可压性评价指数IP之间具有显著相关性。
材料与仪器   VTMR20-010V-I低场核磁共振成像分析仪(苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司); 粉体综合特性测试仪(丹东百特仪器有限公司, BT-1000); 激光粒度仪(丹东百特仪器有限公司, BT-902); 全自动比表面积孔径分析仪(北京精微高博科学技术有限公司, BK200C-01); 膨胀度测定管(北京博兴实验玻璃仪器厂); 交联聚维酮(厂家A, 批号: F205C180301; 厂家B, 批号: 181008; 厂家C, 批号: 20172017; 厂家D, 批号: 050218008; 厂家E, 批号: 0002246331; 厂家F, 批号: 05100282587; 厂家G, 批号: 01776829U0)。
实验原理  由于交联聚维酮分子中3种交联形式的链结构即交联链、悬垂链和自由链(图 1) 上H质子受到的束缚力依次减弱, 且弛豫时间(t2) 反映了各个链的自由度的大小, 因此通过对比各自的弛豫时间, 并通过Bi-exponential模型式(1) 可以得出交联度和交联密度的信息。
Bi-exponential模型
$ \frac{{M}_{t}}{{M}_{0}}={A}_{0}·\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-t/{t}_{2A})+{B}_{0}·\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-t/{t}_{2B})+{C}_{0} $
其中: $ \frac{{M}_{t}}{{M}_{0}} $为归一化后横向弛豫随时间的变化, M0为横向弛豫的最大值, Mt为横向弛豫在t时间时的横向弛豫值, A0B0分别表示交联链的核磁共振信号和非交联链的核磁共振信号, C0无实际物理意义。t2为内部交联链和悬垂链部分信号的横向弛豫时间。交联度通过式(2) 计算得到。
$ \mathrm{交}\mathrm{联}\mathrm{度}={A}_{0}/({A}_{0}+{B}_{0}) $
另外, 通过样品的核磁衰减图通过外推法即可得到式(3):
$ \begin{array}{l}M\left(t\right)=A·\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left\{-\frac{t}{{t}_{2}}-\frac{1}{2}q{M}_\text{rl}{t}^{2}\right\}+B·\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left\{-\frac{t}{{t}_{2}}-\right.\\ \left.\frac{1}{2}q{M}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{l}}{t}^{2}\right\}+C·\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left\{-\frac{t}{{t}_{2, \mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}}\right\}\end{array} $
其中: q为高于玻璃化转变温度(Tg) 的二阶矩与刚性晶格二阶矩间的比率因子, 即各向异性的参数, Mrl为远低于玻璃化转变温度(Tg) 的温度下刚性晶格的二阶矩。
交联密度:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{1}{\rho }\left(\frac{2}{f\times \frac{\xi \times {T}_{2}^{av}}{a\times {T}_{2}^{rl}}\times {C}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\times \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{u}}}{n}}\right) $
其中: Cd为交联密度, ρ为样品密度, $ {T}_{2}^{av} $为化学与物理交联参数(μs), f为网络交联参数; ξ为转换参数, a为统计链段中旋转主键系数, C为质子间距及局部链段运动参数, $ {T}_{2}^{rl} $为刚性极限值(μs), Mu为平均分子质量(g·mol-1), n为重复单元内的主链键数。
$ \frac{1}{{T}_{2}^{av}}=\sum ({f}^{i}/{T}_{2}^{i}) $
${f}^{i}=\frac{{A}_{0}^{i}}{{A}_{0}+{B}_{0}}… \text{(Bi-exponential模型)}$
$ {f}^{i}=\frac{{A}_{0}^{i}}{{A}_{0}+{B}_{0}+{C}_{0}}\\ \text{(Weibull and bi-exponential模型)}$
为方便计算, 参考文献[2]将以上交联密度的公式(4)~(7) 简化, 并以Mc表示, 详见式(8):
$ {M}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{3c{M}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}}}{5n\sqrt[]{q}} $
其中: c = 7.2, 为Kuhn链段内的主链键数; Mru是重复单元内的摩尔质量, 单位为g·mol-1, n为重复单元内的主链键数, q是高于玻璃化转变温度(Tg) 的二阶矩与刚性晶格二阶矩间的比率因子, 通过式(3) 计算得到。
将质子横向弛豫曲线利用Bi-exponential模型公式(3) 拟合可以得到二阶矩的比率因子q, 将q代入交联密度式(8) 可计算分子交联点间的相对分子质量Mc
核磁共振实验参数  CPMG序列: 射频频率的主值(SF) = 21 MHz, 射频频率的偏移量(O1) = 574 830.34 Hz, 硬脉冲90度脉宽(P1) = 3 μs, 硬脉冲180度脉宽(P2) = 6.24 μs, SW (采样带宽) = 200 kHz, 重复采样间隔时间(TW) = 1 000 ms, 采样时间(RFD) = 0.08 ms, 模拟增益(RG1) = 20 db, 数字增益(DRG1) = 3, 前置放大增益(PRG) = 3, 累加采样次数(NS) = 32, TE (回波时间) = 0.1 ms, 回波个数(NECH) = 1 000。
物理指纹图谱的建立  根据PVPP物理性质和功能特性, 从吸水性、流动性、堆积性、可压性、均一性、充填性和稳定性7个方面综合评价其作为崩解剂的性能。分别用下面20个质量指标进行表征: 膨胀率(S)、最大吸水量(V)、吸水速率(ν)、休止角(AR)、松密度(Da)、振实密度(Dc)、卡尔指数(Ic)、豪斯纳比(IH)、颗粒间空隙率(Ie)、比表面积(BET)、粒径D10、粒径D50、粒径D90、体积平均径D[4, 3]、面积平均径D[3, 2]、粒度分布宽度(span)、川北方程常数a、川北方程常数1/b、久野方程常数k和干燥失重HR (%)。采用粉体综合特性测试仪, 按照《中国药典》 2020年版四部通则0993测定堆密度、振实密度, 按照USP43通则1174测定休止角, 并由此计算卡尔指数[7]、豪斯纳比值和颗粒间空隙率, 按照文献方法计算川北方程常数a和1/b[8]以及久野方程常数k[9]; 采用全自动比表面积孔径分析仪, 按照《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0991测定比表面积(BET), 粒径D10、D50、D90, 体积平均径, 面积平均径和粒度分布宽度; 按照《中国药典》2020年版四部通则2101测定膨胀率; 按照文献[10]方法测定最大吸水量和吸水速率。另取样品约1.0 g, 精密称定, 在105 ℃条件下干燥3 h, 计算减失的重量, 即为干燥失重HR (%)。
根据各项指标的性质将20个质量指标的实际测定值按照表 1进行标准化转换, 使所有测定值落在0~10内, 并绘制雷达图; 以各指标标准值的平均值绘制雷达图, 作为对照图谱[11]
可压性参数的计算  在PVPP物理指纹图谱建立的基础上计算可压性评价指数: IP、IPP及IGC, 对PVPP可压性进行评价。IP定义为半径值≥ 5的物理指标个数占物理指纹图谱中物理指标总数的百分比; IPP定义为所有物理指标半径值的平均数; IGC公式为:
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{I}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\times f $
其中: f为可靠性因子, f =正多边形面积/圆的面积(半径为10), 由于本研究构建的物理指纹图谱共有20个指标, 因此f = 0.984。
交联度/交联密度与可压性的相关性分析  相关性分析是用来揭示变量之间是否存在相关性及相关密切程度的一种统计学方法, 相关系数r越接近1, 说明两组数据的正相关性越好, r越接近-1, 说明两组数据的负相关性越好, 式(10) 是计算公式。
$ r=\frac{\sum (x-\stackrel{-}{x})(y-\stackrel{-}{y})}{\sqrt[]{{\sum (x-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{2}{\sum (y-\stackrel{-}{y})}^{2}}} $
利用式(10) 分别计算交联度/交联密度与可压性参数IP、IPP和IGC之间的相关性系数。
CPMG回波法是核磁共振技术中常用于测量横向弛豫的一种脉冲序列, 它更适合在主磁场均匀性较差的低场NMR谱仪测量质子横向弛豫。本实验将来自7个厂家的交联聚维酮样品进行了质子横向弛豫的测量(图 2), 然后通过计算得到交联聚维酮的交联度和交联密度。交联度、Mc、交联密度、交联链及悬垂链含量占比的结果详见表 2
结果表明, 7个厂家PVPP交联度相对标准偏差分别为27.0%和39.0%, 说明各厂家产品之间的交联度和交联密度差异较大。P-4-4和P-5-4两个厂家PVPP的交联度和交联密度均高于其他厂家, Mc小于其余厂家, 表明样品分子中两个交联点间链的分子量较小, 但是交联键所占比例较大。这意味着P-4-4和P-5-4两个样品的机械强度和硬度都可能大于其他产品。P-8-5厂家PVPP的交联度和交联密度均最小, Mc值最大, 有可能宏观上表现出的机械强度和硬度不如其他厂家。
物理指纹图谱可用于同种辅料不同批次不同来源的质量一致性评价, 包括直观评价法和相似度法。直观评价法是将物理指纹图谱叠加, 以显示辅料在各指标上的相似或差异程度; 相似度评价法是通过夹角余弦法, 从整体角度比较辅料的相似性。物理指纹图谱是一种可以评价辅料制备工艺可重复性和可控性的工具。
分别测定7个厂家7批样品的20种指标并按表 1转化为标准值后绘制样品雷达图, 每个样品对应一个物理指纹图谱(雷达图), 详见图 3; 以各指标标准值的平均值绘制雷达图, 作为对照图谱。雷达图可以直观地反映出数值≥ 5的物理指标的个数, 从而计算IP、IPP和IGC。
可压性是物料压制片剂时的成型性能。物料具有弹性和塑性两种性功能, 塑性较强的物料易产生塑性变形, 可产生较强的结合力, 可压性较好, 所得片剂的硬度较大; 弹性较强的物料, 由于弹性还原, 可压性一般较差。按照IP和IPP的定义及IGC计算公式(9), 计算PVPP的可压性评价指数, 结果见表 3。当IP ≥ 0.5, IPP ≥ 5, IGC ≥ 5[12]时, PVPP具有良好的压缩成型性。由表 3可以看出, 样品P-3-4、P-4-4、P-5-4和P-9-7的IP、IPP及IGC值均在各自阈值以上, 表明这4个PVPP样品具有较好的压缩成型性。
由于PVPP的交联度(或交联密度) 大小会影响其力学性能, 因此, 将交联度的测试值与PVPP的可压性指标进行了比较, 并利用式(10) 计算了相关性系数。结果表明, 交联度与可压性指标的相关性系数为0.816, 呈显著的相关关系。因此, 可以推断, PVPP中交联链的比例(即交联度) 是影响PVPP可压性的重要因素。
本文为交联聚合物药用辅料分子结构的交联度表征提供了一种新的方法, 同时发现了交联聚维酮的交联度和其粉体的可压性呈显著的相关性, 建立了交联聚维酮高分子材料的微观结构与宏观性能间的联系。但对交联度和交联密度实验本身而言, 采用低场核磁共振技术测定的交联度和交联密度是相对值, 特征参数需采用其他方法得到聚合物本身的特性值方可准确测定绝对值。此外, 利用物理指纹图谱的方法综合评价粉体可压性是比单一指标评价粉体可压性更为科学的手段, 可压性指标与交联度的相关性证明了这一点。交联度是评价交联聚维酮可压性的关键质量属性之一。
作者贡献: 王珏和胡丽负责实验、文献检索和文章撰写; 武美芹负责绘制插图; 杨锐负责绘制表格; 孙会敏和涂家生为通讯作者, 负责实验设计和把关以及文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家科技重大新药创制专项(2017ZX09101001006)
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2022年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-0937
  • 接收时间:2021-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2022-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-28
  • 修回日期:2021-10-08
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国家科技重大新药创制专项(2017ZX09101001006)
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    1.中国食品药品检定研究院, 国家药品监督管理局药用辅料质量研究与评价重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.中国药科大学, 国家药品监督管理局药物制剂及辅料研究与评价重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    3.成都盛迪医药有限公司, 四川 成都 610000

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*孙会敏, Tel: 86-10-53852486, E-mail: ;
涂家生, Tel: 86-25-83271305, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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